12th century England

The first half of the 1970's is marked by a series of political and economic crisis in the United States. This situation benefits the New Right, a more radical branch of American conservatism that seeks to consolid itself through an inflammatory rhetoric strongly influenced by individualistic ethics, moralism, and religion. Released in 1974, the Death Wish movie, starring Charles Bronson, assimilates this current's values and ideas, serving as a precursor to the ultra-conservatism that would characterize the political culture of the Reagan Era the next decade. This work aims to trace, through the analysis of the movie's production, circulation and reception, in conjunction with its historical context, the path taken by the Gun Culture in American society until its definitive establishment, its dissemination and its assimilation in countries like Brazil.

This article explores cultural aspects regarding marital dynamics within the context of a Jewish tale published in Basel in 1602. In dissecting the intricate themes of guilt, shame, and cultural gender distrust portrayed within the narrative, the article offers a nuanced perspective on these socio-cultural constructs. The story focuses on the heroic exploits of a respected rabbi whose malevolent wife turns him into a werewolf. However, the representation of the relationship between men and women in the story is largely onesided. Consequently, this study argues that this metamorphic story can be perceived as an intentional form of literary expression that depicts typical patterns of a male-centric society and highlights the direct relationship between women's voices being suppressed and patriarchal control systems that silence them. This article presents a fresh and original examination of the complexities inherent in cultural perceptions of marital dynamics.

An interdisciplinary study per kristian madsen, anders christian christensen, karl-magnus melin & orla hylleberg eriksen Cavetto moulding ceilings of the Gloslunde type An interdisciplinary study Some 27 parish churches on the Danish isles of Lolland, Falster, Møn and Zealand show remains of a certain kind of ceiling in the shape of a cavetto moulding along the walls. Only the brick built church of Gloslunde on southwestern Lolland still preserves some of the corbels needed to carry the moulding. This paper presents an investigation in Gloslunde in 2023, including dendrochronological and craft scientific analysis. The roof and ceiling in the chancel had been renewed. In the nave the cavetto moulding seems to have belonged to the first ceiling. Dendrochronological results from the roof constructions in the nave indicate a felling date within the period from 1222 to 1231. And then probably a similar dating of the erection of the nave which was added to the chancel.

• Colloquia Aquitana XII-2-3-VIII-2025 •

• L'Eglise St-Pierre-ès-liens de Monbos (XIe-XIIe s.) : Joyau de l'architecture romane en Nouvelle-Aquitaine dans le Périgord « pourpre » •

• Appel à contributions | Call for Papers | Aufruf für Beiträge  •
• (Date limite : 1-VI-2025)  •

• Ce colloque international constitue la 12e édition des Colloquia Aquitana, implantés en Nouvelle-Aquitaine depuis 2005 (https://www.colloquiaaquitana.com/?page_id=28). L’événement aura lieu les samedi 2 et dimanche 3 août 2025 en l’église Saint-Pierre de Monbos (architecture romane du XIe-XIIe s.), organisé conjointement par l’Association des Amis de l’église de Monbos, présidée par Hubert Digne (hubert.digne@gmail.com / monbos.aem3@gmail.com), l’Association des Amis de la Chapelle prieurale de Tresséroux, présidée par Arlette Dreux-Thouvenin, par l’Association Vox Nova et l’Association La B.I.R.E. (Bibliothèque Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Européenne), présidées par Illo Humphrey, PhD-HDR, médiéviste-musicologue: CNU-Section 18 | Musicologie  (illo.humphrey@free.fr / illohumphrey01@gmail.com), et ce sous l’égide de la commune de Monbos, avec le soutien du Conseil départemental de la Dordogne,  et en partenariat avec les Archives départementales de la Dordogne.

• L’objectif des Colloquia Aquitana XII-2025 est de mettre de nouveau en relief, dans le contexte géographique de l’ancien diocèse de Sarlat, ce joyau de l’art roman qu’est l’église Saint-Pierre de Monbos, puis de réunir des intervenants et spécialistes régionaux et internationaux.
• Les thèmes transdisciplinaires sont comme suit : archivistique, héraldique, architecture, sculpture, musique, musicologie [monodie et polyphonie], paléographie musicale, organologie [l'art de fabriquer des instruments de musique], liturgie, spiritualité monastique, l'Abbaye Saint-Martial de Limoges, littérature et poésie occitanes, histoire de l’art, histoire politique et religieuse, culture régionale, toponymie, topographie, géographie, agriculture, etc., en rapport avec la région. Le colloque sera agrémenté par des concerts de spécialistes de musique médiévale, des tables-rondes, des ateliers, et, en vedette, par l’exposition : « Aliénor d’Aquitaine [*1122-†1204], reine des lettres occitanes », prêtée pour l’occasion par les Archives Départementales de la Dordogne.

• Nota bene : Les Colloquia Aquitana XII-2025 sont couverts par le contrat d’assurance GMF : U114534.001E •

• © Illo Humphrey | Médiéviste-Musicologue | PhD-HDR | CNU-18 •
• Directeur-Fondateur des Colloquia Aquitana •
• Scripsi et subscripsi •

amount of labor and ingenuity which went into tracking down the sources and the care and good sense that went into making the text. The usefulness of the edition is greatly enhanced by indices of scriptural citations, names, significant words, and subjects, although there is unfortunately no bibliography. Thomson is to be thanked and congratulated on having provided us with an excellent edition of an important text.

When Henry II accepted the Leinster king Diarmait Mac Murchada as his liegeman in 1166, he forged a bond between the English crown and Ireland that has never been undone. Ireland was to be changed forever as a result of the momentous events that followed – so much so that it is normal for professional historians to specialise in either the pre- or post-invasion period. Here, for the first time, is an account of the impact of the English invasion on the Irish kingdoms in the context of their strategies across the whole twelfth century.

Ireland’s leading men battled for spheres of influence, for recognition of their hegemonies and, ultimately, for the coveted title of ‘king of Ireland’. But what did it mean to be the king of Ireland when no one dynasty had secured their hold on it? This book takes a close look at each pretender, asking what it meant to them – and whether the political dynamics surrounding the role had an impact on the course of the invasion itself.

https://liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781835538449

This is a Vietnamese Doctor's Thesis in Hand and Fingers Surgery. I just want to share this thesis so as to everyone can get access to medical knowledge. I'm not the author. In the thesis there is the author's name. He is "leminhhoan". If you want to cite this, please put this name "leminhhoan" as the author. (I don't know his email so i can't put him in the "co author" category)

This paper presents an analysis of lead from the original roof of the Cistercian abbey Church of Sorø which burned in 1247, compared to fragments of lead from the coffin of Archbishop Absalon, who was buried in Sorø 1201. His coffin was made of south English lead and the roof by lead from around the cities of Aachen and Cologne in northwestern Germany. This is compared to the rather exclusive evidence of Absalon as a possible buyer of lead on the international market at the end of the 12 th century. A survey of extant traces of original roofing material on churches in Scania challenges the general view of lead as the predominantly used roofing material in medieval Denmark in the 12 th and 13 th centuries. Further research into the origin, use and distribution of lead is recommended.

Đặt vấn đề: Vạt chứa nhánh xuyên động mạch chày trước bao gồm các đặc điểm mô mỏng, dễ uốn và có cuống động mạch dài, kích thước lớn. Đối với các dị tật có kích thước vừa và nhỏ, vạt chứa nhánh xuyên động mạch chày trước là một lựa chọn tốt làm nguyên liệu thay thế cho các vạt tự do. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: (1) Khảo sát các dạng nguyên ủy và kích thước của động mạch chày trước; (2) Khảo sát các nhánh của động mạch chày trước. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Thiết kế nghiên cứu báo cáo hàng loạt ca được thực hiện trên 20 tử thi (40 động mạch chày trước) ngâm formol tại Bộ môn Giải phẫu học-Đại học Y Dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Các tử thi này có vùng chi dưới còn nguyên vẹn, chưa phẫu tích. Kết quả: Động mạch chày trước có đường kính trung bình là 6,11 ± 0,67mm, chiều dài là 26,80±2,16 mm. Số lượng nhánh xuyên của động mạch chày trước trung bình là 3 nhánh, chân ít nhất là 1 nhánh và nhiều nhất là 8 nhánh. Đường kính trung bình của động mạch quặt ngược chày trước là 2,55±0,41mm, độn...

Nghiên cứu nhằm so sánh kết quả của GTNMC ngực có hỗ trợ của siêu âm để xác định khe liên đốt sống với GTNMC ngực thường quy dựa vào mốc giải phẫu. Nghiên cứu thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên có đối chứng trên 63 bệnh nhân phẫu thuật ngực trên tại bệnh viện Đại học Y Hà Nội từ tháng 4 – 8 năm 2018, nhóm I: 31 BN GTNMC có hỗ trợ của siêu âm; Nhóm II: 32 BN GTNMC thường quy. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ lệ phù hợp giữa xác định vị trí khe liên đốt sống trên MGP so với trên SÂ là 63,3%. So sánh kết quả của GTNMC có hỗ trợ của siêu âm so với GTNMC thường quy: số lần chọc kim qua da và sự đổi vị trí khe đốt sống ít hơn, tỷ lệ GTNMC thành công sau lần chọc đầu tiên cao hơn, mức độ đau sau mổ (điểm VAS) thấp hơn. Kết quả ban đầu cho thấy GTNMC có hỗ trợ của siêu âm có kết quả tốt hơn GTNMC thường quy dựa vào mốc giải phẫu.

If a narrative lacks the key ingredients of a compelling tale, yet still manages to cast influence over the evolution of Western literature, the question is no longer: is the Romance of Tristran valuable? Its value is vindicated by our contemporary discussion of Béroul. The question becomes: what is the nature of Béroul’s enduring value despite its shoddy design? How can we make sense of its overwhelming 12th century popularity despite our contemporary bewilderment? A question of brow-raising intrigue to the undergraduates who instinctively recoil from Béroul.

Devoid of inscriptions, titles, or written notes, the thirty-two full-page illuminations in New York's Morgan Library MS M.736 (fols. 7r-22v) tell the life and miracles of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia. Challenging the reciprocal relationship between text and image, pictorial elements such as ladders, tau-staffs, spears, and feet extend beyond the manuscript's frames and margins, providing cues to the narrator. In doing so, the manuscript’s dual scheme becomes a vital feature in bridging the gap between surface and space, as well as between viewers and listeners. On a theoretical level, my paper critically explores the opposition between "Fläche" and "Raum" (Otto Pächt) developed in reference to the Morgan cycle's miniatures, contributing to the broader discourse on the place of "surface" in art historiography.

Do  Rei  ao  marginalizado,  a floresta  terá  sido  utilizada  pelos  mais diversos    grupos    que compunham    a sociedade medieval. Como espaço importante, dela a população obtém recursos animais  e  vegetais,  é  palco  do  exercicio  da caça,    porém,    é    igualmente    um    local perigoso,  por  onde  deambulam  indivíduos que se encontram à margem da sociedade, e que  podem  atacar  e  saquear  quem  por  nela viaja.  Este  medo  encontra-se  igualmente associado  a  um  outro  tipo  de  receio –o sobrenatural.  É  na  floresta  que  se  dão  os encontros  com  seres  maravilhosos,  que encontramos  presentes  nos  mais  diversos textos literários da Idade Média. Através da leitura e análise de fontes literárias inglesas, procura-se  analisar  as  duas  dimensões  da floresta medieval –o real e o imaginário. E, assim, compreender a relação da população com  este  espaço,  com  os  seus  ocupantes  e com  os  seres  que  compõem  o  mundo  do sobrenatural. Ao mesmo tempo, com foco na cultura  popular e  na  análise  e  compreensão da  mentalidade  dos  indivíduos  dos  séculos XII e XIII.

https://www.exeterpress.co.uk/products/the-green-children-of-woolpit
:

Two medieval chroniclers, William of Newburgh and Ralph of Coggeshall, reported the mysterious appearance of a pair of ‘Green Children’—with green skins and speaking an unknown language—in the Suffolk village of Woolpit in the mid-twelfth century. The story is well known today, usually as a Suffolk folktale about fairies and a fairy otherworld. Retold many times, it continues to inspire novels, poetry, songs, plays, and even operas.

This book analyses the story in its historical and geographical context, and considers the numerous ways in which it has been interpreted, recounted, and reimagined by historians, folklorists, philosophers, and writers. Folklorists have mined it for ‘folktale motifs’ without considering whether it is truly a folktale. Historians have used it as a key to understanding the motives of one or other of the two chroniclers who recorded it. ‘Fortean’ researchers have tried to find a convoluted core of historical fact.

Returning to the two original Latin accounts, this book translates them afresh and analyses them side by side for the first time, allowing us to conclude that both writers were drawing on the same source. Such an interdisciplinary study is necessary when considering the many modern ‘explanations’ of the events that have been offered, from mundane to extraterrestrial. The volume presents an example of how extraordinary events reported by medieval chroniclers can be studied analytically, and will appeal not only to medievalists but to anyone interested in folklore and fairylore—and perhaps inspire others to fresh reworkings of this perpetually intriguing story.

Die Begegnungen zwischen Kaiser Heinrich VI. und Richard Löwenherz, die in den Jahren 1193 und 1194 stattfanden, waren wohl die ungewöhnlichsten Herrschertreffen des ganzen europäischen Mittelalters. Auf der einen Seite stand der wohl radikalste aller römisch-deutschen Kaiser – man denke nur an seinen „Erbreichsplan“ oder an jenes höchste Angebot“ an den Papst, das in dieser Art weder von seinem Vater noch von einem anderen seiner Vorgänger jemals unterbreitet worden sei, wie er selbst schrieb. Auf der anderen Seite war sein Gefangener der am meisten verehrte Kreuzfahrer seiner Zeit. In England wurde Richard kurz nach seinem Tode stupor mundi genannt, und er galt als Vorbild für künftige Könige. Es waren jedoch nicht nur seine Untertanen in Frankreich und England, die ihn bewunderten. Dies galt gleichfalls für seine Feinde.

that formed the heart of the revived Byzantine army (p. 27), that Constantine's victories against Bulgars and Arabs established the military preconditions necessary for Irene's expansion into Thrace (p. 58), and that it was Constantine, the "enemy" of the civil service who had taken little interest in it (p. 26), whose sizable gold reserves (collected naturally by that same "inefficient" bureaucracy) had permitted Irene to bribe the soldiers and establish herself on the throne (p. 36). Treadgold's coherent narrative, therefore, is undercut by his out-of-date institutional analysis, his long-discarded assumptions about Byzantine cultural evolution, and his unfortunate conflation of politics and culture. He has collected a great deal of material, and his book could prove a treasure house of information for the careful reader. But the reader must indeed be careful.

• Les 7 Antiphonae maiores ad Magnificat in tempore Adventus ad Vesperum •

• Sequentes Antiphonae maiores ad Magnificat incohantur die 17 decembris, et singulae ante et post Magnificat integrae sicut in Duplicibus dicuntur per ordinem usque ad diem ante Vigiliam Nativitatis.  Si vero Festum fuerit, dicuntur post Orationem Festi, pro commemoratione Adventus •
• O Sapientia | O Adonai | O Radix Iesse | O Clavis David | O Oriens splendeur | O rex gentium | O Emmanuel •

• Les grandes antiennes « Ô » qui suivent, commencent le 17 décembre, et chacune est chantée en entier à tour de rôle en double tous les jours [à l’Office des Vêpres] avant et après le Magnificat, [et ce] selon le bon ordre jusqu’au jour précédent la veille de Noël [c’est-à-dire, le 23 décembre]. Si toutefois elles sont chantées pour une fête, elles sont récitées après l’oraison de ladite fête, en souvenir de l’Avent • © Traduction : IH | ih | PhD-HDR | 19-XI-2023 •
• Ô Sagesse | Ô Seigneur | Ô Racine de Jessé | Ô clef de David | Ô orient, splendeur | Ô Roi des nations | Ô Emmanuel •

• BIBLIOGRAPHIE : Cf. Antiphonaire contenant les chants des heures monastiques copié, semble-t-il, par le moine Hartker (†1111 / 1117 [?]), Sankt Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, manuscrit 390 (Xe s.), p. 40-41 • Antiphonale monasticum pro diurnis horis juxta vota RR. DD. abbatum congregationum confœderatarum ordinis sancti Benedicti a Solesmensibus monachis restitutum, Société de Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste et Desclée et Cie. (n° 818), Tournai, 1934, p. 208-211 • René-Jean Hesbert, OSB (*1899-†1983), Corpus antiphonalium officii, 6 Tomes, Rome (Herder), 1963-1979 •

• © Illo Humphrey, PhD-HDR | Médiéviste-Musicologue | Baryton-Concertiste | Université Bordeaux Montaigne | UR 24142 Plurielles-LaPRIL | 10-XII-2023 •

Except for the general expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290, the York massacre of 1190 is arguably the most momentous and disruptive event in the history of the relationship between Christians and Jews in medieval England. Contemporaries, both Christian and Jewish, in England and elsewhere remarked on the enormity of the massacre in which around one hundred and fifty people are estimated to have died. As a subject of historiography, the York massacre can be framed in different contexts. First of all, there is the wider history of the relationship between Christians and Jews in twelfth-century England. Secondly, there is the more immediate context of the late twelfth century which witnessed an increasing hostility towards Jews in England. Thirdly, there is a crusading context. The York massacre took place during the preparatory phase of the Third Crusade, in which the English King Richard I played a leading role. This makes sense because, since its beginnings at the end of the eleventh century, the crusade movement carried with it a potential for anti-Jewish violence which intermittently led to pogroms against Jews perpetrated by crusaders. The York massacre of 1190 can, in fact, be understood as a typical example of the structural violence with which the crusading movement confronted European Jewry. It is this third frame, that is the connections between crusading and the York massacre, which will be the focus of this article.

In this article I want to discuss the importance of cultural memory within the plot of one of the lais written by Marie de France and to show that the character who is the "custodian" of cultural memory is also the one who can solve the crisis brought about by the other characters' alienation from traditions. I will argue that this cultural background is the Christian tradition, which is completed by, and not opposed to, some pre-Christian (profoundly natural, rather than super-natural) knowledge, which precedes the cultural one. I will use Jan Assmann's theory on cultural memory, in order to identify the elements of the cultural background which is defining for Eliduc, the longest lai written by Marie de France. Discussing the issue of cultural memory in this lai is relevant, as the scholar can identify the source of Guildeluec's superiority, namely her position of guardian of cultural memory. The elements of the cultural memory: Christian principles, Celtic h...

Aquitaine, it is certairirtu, rt" eldest son, tffi H"n y (1156-1183), and his brothers' Richard Lionheart, Geoffrey or nri ,uny, and the rurr-uoin, John Lackland lived apart from their parents in households of their own by the time that itrey reached adolescence. The famitire of these royal youthspresentp'i-""*utptt'ofGeorgesDuby'sconceptoflesjeunes'youngmen condemned to remarn < youths > without irrdependent means, or authority long past actual adolescence, us long u, t#ir fathers h"ld ";;;;;it puoi,,'on'r' Beyond issues of parent-child relations, a number of questions urir" "ont"'ning ttt" youthfui-companions of Henry II's sons' What were the sociai lunt, of ,n.i, t'i"nO', t""igtt" of modest iamily or aristocratic heirs awaitingtheirinheritances?Weretheydrawnfromoneregionorfromallpartsofthe plantagenet << empire >? what of the ,*o "i"t"nts-clericai and knightlywithin these princelyhouseholds?Whatdothecareersot,t,"princes'eompanionsrevealaboutsocial mobility in the twelfth-century? Did the ptinttfy households proviie training grounds for royal officials, giving trrem access to offices, iunar, and wealth, once their masters assumed the rhrone? What role iii "]ri"r"L within it't-ptint"rv famitire play in the rise of a proto-bureaucracY? The famitieof the sons of the Norman and Angevin kings of England have attracted few s$dents, yet studies oiir," ting,, own household suggest approaches io study of thefamilie of Henry II's sons. rn '"."nt y"ari, scholars have done important work on the military households of Henry I and Johnl it "r" studies ,t o* liurt'ousehold knights came from varied social ranks' younger sons of noble iamilies, and ottrers irom more modesi families with barely the resources required for the ,;;;;il and equipment needed for a mounted warrior' These knightly companions hud rh;;;;retinues incl;i;;;; ;oth of knightlv status and of lesser rank' The

This article deals with oak window frames in the medieval churches of the Diocese of Lund. The medieval Diocese of Lund consisted of Scania with Bornholm, Blekinge and Halland. The region was also referred to as Skåneland and was the second largest region in medieval Denmark, with an archbishop's seat from 1104. The window frames in Lund's diocese are compared and discussed with frames from the rest of medieval Denmark, but also with frames from other parts of Europe. The frames are analysed primarily from a craftsmanship perspective, where the 12th century view of craftsmanship and church windows is also included as an important aspect of understanding the conditions for craftsmanship. The intention is to approach possible contemporary perspectives on both the technical execution, the result in the form of frames that were intended to serve as light inlets and the underlying ideological content of the church windows. By examining and comparing a larger number of frames, new knowledge has emerged that provides an insight into craftsmanship methods as well as the type of wood and quality that was preferred. In the Diocese of Lund, 41 churches have so far been documented that have, or have had, walled-in oak frames in double-hung window openings. The frames are divided into two main types: those that are made of a standing plank and those that are composed of several parts whose upper part consists of a horizontal plank. As examples of types, the following are highlighted and discussed: the plank frame from Norra Åsum church, the composite frame from Fulltofta church and the composite stone frames of Bornholm churches. The article presents a number of recent dendrochronological dates of window frames from the Diocese of Lund and compares the results with previous analyses of Danish frames. Norra Åsum church, dated to 1185, and its plank frames are placed in the context of Archbishop Absalon, the Scanian-Halland rebellion and its aftermath, the struggle for natural resources and an archaic rune stone. Norra Åsum's stone church with built-in wooden frames is also juxtaposed with the modern brick material used in the construction of Gumlösa Church, which was consecrated in 1192, and its window frames made of brick instead of wood.

Karin Becker / Vincent Moriniaux / Martine Tabeaud: L'alimentation et le temps qu'il fait Der Zusammenhang von (extremer) Witterung sowie Klimaveränderungen und Ernährung wurde in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten immer wieder diskutiert, wenn auch zumeist nur mit Bezug auf schwere Hungersnöte, wie "The Great Famine" in den 1310er-Jahren [1], die Nahrungsknappheit im Zuge des sogenannten Spörer-Minimums im 15. Jahrhundert [2] oder die Hungerkrise im Rahmen des "Jahres ohne Sommer" 1816 nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora. [3] Dass die Verknüpfung dieser Themenfelder aber auch viel weitreichendere Ansätze zulässt, beweist der vorliegende Sammelband, der insgesamt 26 Referate

Many historians have tackled the subjects of Eleanor of Aquitaine as well as the Angevin Empire. However, few have studied her role in the governance of the Plantagenet lands. This work is an attempt to remedy this situation through the study of Eleanor’s charters and letters during her time as Queen of England. Eleanor’s charters and letters demonstrate that she was a vital figure in the governance of the Angevin Empire as her husband Henry II and her sons Richard I and John I. The charters she issued during her early marriage to Henry II Plantagenet, from her ‘Court of Love’ in Poitou and imprisonment, and after Henry II’s death during the reigns of her sons, Richard I and John I will prove the important role she played in the Angevin Empire. The actions Eleanor took as Queen and the letters both to and from her during her marriage to Henry II will also support this argument.

As a by-product of considering the problem ‘what colour were medieval fairies?’ I noticed what seemed to be a tendency in POST-medieval sources for fairies to come not simply in a range of ‘colours’, but to do so in actual ‘sets’ of up to four (‘the black Fairies be the worst’ – James Walsh of Dorset, 1566).
Discussing the subject with Simon Young, we came up with a list, which I’ve tabulated according to the ‘colours’ described. I’ve made no distinction between ‘fairies’ and ‘spirits’. Several of the references are from literary sources, so second-hand and unreliable! Additions would be welcome – particularly if they are earlier!

This beautifully accessible, exhibition-style catalogue marks Elizabeth Savage's latest installment in her reinvention of early modern color printing history. Gorgeously produced and illustrated in full-page color with numerous detailed views, it persuasively argues for a more inclusive narrative of pre-1600 Germanic color woodcuts. Savage's approach accommodates book illustrations and wall calendars along with the bravura coloristic effects of single-sheet prints that fueled connoisseurial battles between members of the nobility. As Savage notes (p.

Hostage and captive-taking were fundamental to medieval warfare and medieval society in general. Despite their importance, however, until recently, these practices have received very little scholarly attention. In particular, the relationship between gender and these practices ...

In 1083, a priory of Benedictine monks was founded at Durham Cathedral, in the process displacing a college of secular canons that originated with the cathedral's foundation in 995. In the process, the new priory took possession of the body and cult of St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. In the early 12th century, an ambitious ideological project to legitimise the new priory and their claims to both Cuthbert's power and his historical legacy were underway, foregrounded by Symeon of Durham, blending and reinterpreting the ancient past and the near present to present a unified history that was realised in the landscape of Northern England, including Cuthbert's own Lindisfarne. This paper will examine the historical and archaeological evidence for the priory's activities in the late 11th to early 12th century, and how they represent an alternative model for cult promotion and institutional legitimisation to the shrine and its corporeal remains.

Britain having many colonies and commonwealth countries has been regarded as one of the most significant countries in the world due to its international politics. Tracing back to 12 th century, kings and queens had an authority over other countries from which Britain could benefit economically, culturally, financially, or simply socially in terms of cultural interactions. While there are a wide range of countries and regions that Britain has dominated, Bangladesh holds a crucial position as it has witnessed a colonial process and rise of British power within its boundaries. Besides having boundaries and close associations with India, which was a former colony of Britain, Bangladesh has experienced the rise of British power and penetration of Britishness in terms of society, politics, institutions, education, social norms and ultimately language. This paper aims at presenting the development of colonial power which was achieved by Britain in Bangladesh touching upon demographic aspects, cultural norms, language and institutional things by at the same time offering a general overview regarding the outcomes of colonization in Bangladesh.

Briefwechsel die Hauptquelle. Sie lebte in einem aus Briefen geknüpften Netzwerk, das sie bis in ihre letzten Lebensjahre ständig erweiterte. Da Radkau nicht nur Malwida, sondern auch ihre wichtigsten Briefpartner und-partnerinnen ausführlich zu Wort kommen lässt, kann er ihr Leben, wie er es gestaltet, zu Recht einen "Spiegel ihrer Zeit" (256) nennen. Allerdings ein scharf fokussierter Spiegel, ausgerichtet auf das gebildete Europa. Es ist eine ideale Lebenswelt, die sie sich erschaffen wollte und zu der nur Individuen Zugang fanden, die sich in dieser Bildungswelt zu bewegen wussten. Bekannte Persönlichkeiten, mit denen Malwida sich brieflich und teilweise auch im persönlichen Gespräch austauschte, bezeugen ihr "Genie der Freundschaft" (353), wie es eine deutschsprachige Chicagoer Zeitschrift in einer begeisterten Besprechung des Nachdrucks (1899) ihrer "Memoiren einer Idealistin" formuliert hat. Zu nennen sind (neben vielen anderen)

The strange parallels between the imagery of the headboard of the royal marriage bed and that in "The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz" in the early 17th century; and the genealogically retrospective rose-covered Arch welcoming Princess Elizabeth Stuart to Oppenheim on her arrival in the Palatinate after her marriage to the Elector Frederick

In his 1907 book, "Die Liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient", Joseph Braun theorized that the mitre evolved linearly from a cone-like mitra" to the "horned mitre" we know today. Using the technique of experimental archaeology, models were made of each of his four "mitra" stages. Terminology was corrected, i.e. the confusing "horned mitra" was replaced by "peaked mitre". Conclusions were reached that dismissed Braun's theory completely, finding that the four "mitras" in his linear development theory were actually three different hats -- one hat with two variations (coned and round) and two mitres -- with completely different construction methods.

The psalter was one of the most important, most copied and most read books in the Middle ages. Its primary content was the 150 psalms traditionally ascribed to King david, sometimes complemented by other material, chosen on the basis of the intended use of the book. The psalter was the backbone of the holy office, the daily hours celebrated week after week, year after year in churches and monasteries. The psalter was also a school child's first acquaintance with the Latin language, and it constituted the core of laymen's private worship, at least until the Book of Hours began to surplant it as the private book par excellence during the second half of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, psalters were used in churches, in schools and in privileged private homes throughout the Middle ages, and most people with a minimum of education had seen a psalter, even if they did not own their own copy. The psalter was in all likelihood as important in Norway as it was in the rest of Europe. In spite of its significance, the majority of the few remaining psalters and many fragments from psalters used in Norway in the Middle ages have until now remained largely unstudied.

Phonology is the study of the sound system of language. This research is very important because in English the pronunciation of the word one is very similar to the pronunciation of the word other. The limited phonology learning media is an obstacle for students to improve understanding of English Phonology. It was determined that linguistics knowledge is necessary for students to have, as is e-learning for linguistics instruction. Phonetics, phonology, syntax, and semantics, the five subfields of linguistics, are regarded as essential. Words and word production are a topic in the study of phology. Even though students are already in their teens or decades, they are not childhood anymore, their phonological system is still developing. This phonological development is also called the acquisition of phonology in language, which in this case is English. The English language skills of students in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of English teacher. This research uses library research method. The research information was gathered from phonology books, papers, and other related publications. English phonology is a topic that all foreign language learners must grasp in order to acquire the language. However, many students are still unaware of the value of studying English phonology and have little motivation in doing so. Additionally, there has been minimal research on students' preferences for learning English phonology, despite the fact that this information is important for improving learning results.
Keywords: Teaching Materials, Strategy, English Phonology

This article proposes a retro-futurist mode of science fiction based on seventeenth-century technology and culture. After a brief account of retro-futurist subgenres, named for the technology they are based on with the suffix -punk, I introduce my own poetic reworking of Francis Godwin&#39;s 1638 novel The Man in the Moone, one of a group of texts inspired by early modern New Astronomy. The novel&#39;s hero flies to the moon in a craft of his own invention drawn by a flock of migrating birds (swans in the original). Godwin&#39;s narrative is enjoyable for modern readers for its combination of vivid imagination, accurate speculation and, with hindsight, intriguing counter-factuality. My treatment aims to emphasise these aspects, eliminating other parts of the text such as the picaresque adventures that open the novel. Treated in this way, the story offers similar pleasures to more established modes such as steampunk. Godwin and his contemporaries were heavily dependent on animals for...