13th century England

The first half of the 1970's is marked by a series of political and economic crisis in the United States. This situation benefits the New Right, a more radical branch of American conservatism that seeks to consolid itself through an inflammatory rhetoric strongly influenced by individualistic ethics, moralism, and religion. Released in 1974, the Death Wish movie, starring Charles Bronson, assimilates this current's values and ideas, serving as a precursor to the ultra-conservatism that would characterize the political culture of the Reagan Era the next decade. This work aims to trace, through the analysis of the movie's production, circulation and reception, in conjunction with its historical context, the path taken by the Gun Culture in American society until its definitive establishment, its dissemination and its assimilation in countries like Brazil.

Formed in January 2018, King’s Lynn Under Siege (KLUS) is a community archaeology project investigating the role played by this Norfolk town during the ‘English’ Civil Wars of the mid-seventeenth century, and the impact that the conflict had on its citizens.

This article, published in the Battlefields Trust’s Battlefield magazine, introduces the project, and provides an overview of the 1643 siege of King’s Lynn and the town’s subsequent refortification.

A transcultural analysis of mythography’s about universal floods in ancient
civilizations reveals important narrative splits, which make explicit the problem of trying to unify them. In our text, we will seek to present and discuss some issues related to flood/deluge myths in civilizations from the Levant, passing through India and reaching China, an important counterpoint to Western narratives. This comparison allows us to understand the different epistemes from which these myths have been worked and disseminated, and the challenges for a heterotopic claim of narrative fusion

A transcultural analysis of mythography’s about universal floods in ancient civilizations reveals important narrative splits, which make explicit the problem of trying to unify them. In our text, we will seek to present and discuss some issues related to flood/deluge myths in civilizations from the Levant, passing through India and reaching China, an important counterpoint to Western narratives. This comparison allows us to understand the different epistemes from which these myths have been worked and disseminated, and the challenges for a heterotopic claim of narrative fusion.

In 1242, the earl of Leicester, Simon de Montfort, quipped that his brother-in-law and monarch, King Henry III of England, should be locked up like Charles the Simple. 1 Recalling these words, the aphorism 'ever a true word is spoken in jest' comes instantly to mind, for some twenty years later, Henry III did become a prisoner, and Simon de Montfort was his jailer. For a period of ifteen months, between the crushing defeat of the royal army at Lewes on 14 May 1264, and Montfort's brutal murder at Evesham on 4 August 1265, Henry III lost control of his seal, his household and his kingdom as he was forced to accept the appointment of new oficials at the centre and periphery of government. This was not the irst time in his long reign that Henry lost power over his kingdom. Between June 1258 and January 1261, the king relinquished the great seal to a group of ifteen barons, without whom he could not govern. 2 Between July and October 1263, the seal was taken from the king again. 3 However, on neither occasion were Henry III's authority and physical freedom severely restricted. Between November 1259 and April 1260, Henry circumvented baronial control through his prolonged absence in France to ratify the Treaty of Paris. 4 In 1263, restrictions on royal authority were removed when the king slipped from Montfort's grasp and joined his son and heir at Windsor castle. Learning from past mistakes, the baronial reformers (Simon de Montfort in particular) made sure that Henry's loss of power between the battles of Lewes and Evesham was near total. From the Ordinance imposed in June 1264, which provided for the governance of the realm by a group of nine councillors, chosen by three electors (Simon de Montfort, the earl of Gloucester Gilbert de Clare and the bishop of Chichester Stephen Berksted), it is apparent that Henry had little control over his kingdom's precocious bureaucracy. The extent of the king's political emasculation can be gleaned from the chancery rolls. To perpetuate the iction that the new council was fulilling Henry III's mandate, chancery missives were issued in the king's name throughout his captivity, just as they had been during the period of baronial reform between 1258 and 1260. Nonetheless, the chancery rolls can tell * I am grateful to David Carpenter and Huw Ridgeway for reading a draft of this paper and to those people who gave comments and criticisms in Paris. A version of this paper was also presented at the Institute of Historical Research, and thanks to those who offered further suggestions and improvements on this occasion. Muddles and omissions that remain are my fault.

Objevy pravěkých ozdobných předmětů ve středověkých situacích náleží k ne příliš častým jevům, s kterými se můžeme setkat při archeologických výzkumech. V roce 1997 probíhal zjišťovací výzkum v prostoru hospodářského dvora pražského Klementina (Havrda 1997). V sondě F situované v severovýchodní části dvora byl při rozebírání vrstvy 607 nalezen skleněný korálek. Jednalo se o sídlištní vrstvu s keramikou s archaicky zduřelým okrajem. Povrch této 0,05m mocné vrstvy se nacházel na niveletě 186,88, tj. 0,46m nad podložím a 3,10m po současným povrchem. Vrstva byla součástí postupně narůstající stratigrafie-sídlištního horizontu, který překryl nejstarší situaci-do podloží zahloubené výrobní objekty (jámy s vypálenými stěnami, v jejichž zásypu se nacházela keramika s kalichovitou profilací okraje). Nepravidelně mírně soudkovitý korálek byl vyroben ze žlutého opakního skla a byl zdoben čtyřmi páry vrstevnatých modrobílých oček, která se vždy skládala ze dvou vrstev modrého a dvou vrstev bílého skla. Průměr korálku je 15mm a výška 12mm. Průměr otvoru v něm 5mm. Korálek nebyl nalezen celý, ale pouze jeho polovina. Druhá polovina se odlomila a snad toto jeho poškození zapříčinilo jeho ztrátu, vyvlečení ze šňůrky, na které byl navléknut, a následně uložení již poškozeného předmětu do země.

The death of Matthew de Torrington in 1227 led to the partition of the Barony of Great Torrington among his five sisters and their respective descendants.

Among these were Maria FitzMartin, wife of Richard Fleming (d Scotland 1301), who was connected with the Barony of Slane in Ireland and Bratton Fleming in Devon and Maria's cousin Nichola de Sully, who also married a Richard Fleming, whose son, Sir William Fleming, was hanged at Cardiff in 1322, being a right-hand man of Hugh Despencer, Lord of Glamorgan, and progenitor of the Fleming family of Wenvoe St George's-super-Ely and LLanmaes, whence Malefant of Glamorgan.

The royal decrees of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary contain repeated protectionist policies regarding the trade of horses. One of them, issued by king Coloman, stipulates a ban on buying Hungarian horses (“Nullus habitantium […] hungaricum equum emere audeat”). The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there was a specific type (or breed?) of Hungarian horses, and how did it evolve throughout the medieval period. Moreover, considering the advent of heavy cavalry in Hungary, as opposed to the light cavalry used traditionally by the steppe warriors, I investigated the hypothesis that the horses used by heavy knights were of a different type. In order to find answers to this two-pronged analysis I used an interdisciplinary approach, following the published research in zooarchaeology and archaeogenetics, discussing the evolution of the European types of horses, the abrupt changes brought by the steppe peoples, as well as the creation of the new type of European heavy war horse. Additionally, I will address the widely debated issue regarding the Tarpan and the Akhal-Teke horses among the conquering Hungarian tribes of the late ninth and tenth centuries.

In the 1980s, S. Ebbesen proposed, under the name of OXYNAT, a set of
postulates that could explain the peculiar history of logica modernorum in the University of Paris in the period between the 13th and 14th centuries. According to that scholar, the generalized disappearance of terminist doctrine in continental context be tween 1270-1310 is directly related to the dominance achieved by Modist theories. Conversely, the revival of logic in Paris itself from 1310-20 onwards stems from an importation of content from Oxford, where the “summulistic” tradition never knew a
moment of stagnation. The present contribution seeks to supplement OXYNAT with some additional working hypotheses. The contents of Oxonian logic do not seem to have been passively received in Paris, but rather reworked in such a way as to adapt to what had long been dominant in the European context. This may have generated two new avenues: on the one hand, a realist terminism ready to draw from the doctrine of modi significandi an additional basis for giving legitimacy to the theories of logica modernorum; on the other hand, the attitude of those who, in order to defend them selves against the exaggerations of the grammarians, tended to give new form to the nominalist-inspired approach. From this point of view, the interesting similarities between the logical-semantic theories of Buridan and Aurifaber suggest the existence of a common background, still largely to be explored.

Paola Tartakoff's work, marked by painstaking archival research, has become a reliable guide to the study of religious conversion in the later Middle Ages. From inquisitorial dossiers and other records she has examined the personal histories of Jews who converted to Christianity and documented Jewish attempts to re-Judaize lapsed Jews. The inquisitorial dossier for the converted fourteenth-century Iberian Jew Alatzar/Pere figured prominently in her first book, Between Christian and Jews: Conversion and Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 (2012), and she subsequently explored motives behind some religious conversions in "Testing Boundaries: Jewish Conversion and Cultural Fluidity in Medieval Europe, c. 1200-1391." 1 Soon after, however, she began to explore the record of medieval Christian converts to Judaism, and these conversions, subject to severe penalties, figure prominently in her Conversion, Circumcision, and Ritual Murder in Medieval Europe. There she has not only attempted to quantify the relatively small number of Christian converts to Judaism during the later Middle Ages, but she also has deftly examined their motivations. Previously, in "Martyrdom, Conversion, and Shared Cultural Repertoires in Late Medieval Europe," 2 she had examined the Jewish records of a thirteenth-century Christian convert to Judaism, Avraham ben Avraham avinu of Augsburg, who was martyred on 12 December 1264, and demonstrated that Jews and Christians shared concerns over the stability of religious identity and cultural assumptions regarding repentance and martyrdom. Although the small number of medieval Christians who converted to Judaism was far surpassed by the number of Jews who converted to Christianity, Tartakoff's "Conversion and Return to Judaism

This study explores the coats of arms used by the morganatic branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. This powerful European dynasty ruled over much of Central Europe for centuries. For male members who were born into the Imperial and Royal Family, marrying morganatically usually meant that their descendants were barred from inheriting their father’s titles, coats of arms, and their place in the line of succession. By analysing the heraldic symbols used in these coats of arms, this study sheds light on the heraldry of these lesser-known branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Drawing on various primary and secondary sources, including historical records and genealogical charts, this study provides a detailed account of the evolution and significance of the morganatic coats of arms. This study offers new insights into the complex social and political dynamics of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty and contributes to a broader understanding of the role of heraldry in European history.

Terzo, e ultimo, di tre contributi pubblicati sulla rivista ufficiale della Provincia dei Frati Minori delle Marche, nel quale viene presentata, in forma sintetica e divulgativa, la «riforma degli studi» agognata dal filosofo francescano del XIII secolo Ruggero Bacone.
In: “La Marca francescana”, anno IX, n. 1, gennaio/febbraio 2024, pp. 24-27.

Bringing William Wallace to London for execution was a departure from normal practice, and the reason seems to have been to have him executed in front of the largest audience possible, and on the feast day of an apostle who had died like one of Wallace's victims.

Pyrometallurgical remnants, including slags and technical ceramics, offer crucial insights into Early Medieval ironworking. Iron held substantial economic significance during this era and its processing is particularly evident in settlement agglomerations and proto-urban sites across Northern and East Central Europe. Despite its importance, large-scale ironworking remains inadequately explored within broader socioeconomic contexts. Our study examines around 300 kg of pyrotechnical waste from the northern suburbium of the Mikulčice-Valy settlement agglomeration (Czech Republic) using macroscopic and metallographic (SEM-EDS, WD-XRF) methods. The findings reveal specialised blacksmithing characterised by intensity and diversity contributing to a better understanding of the operational dynamics and installations in craft-production workshops. We propose that blacksmiths capitalised on the proto-urban environment, satisfying a high demand for diverse iron commodities of a dense population actively engaged in household, agricultural and artisanal work. While elites facilitated access to raw materials and maintained relative peace, direct control over iron production and distribution among the elites appears limited, apart from valuables like weapons. This study sheds light on the complex interplay between ironworkers and political-economic structures, offering new perspectives on the mechanisms driving Early Medieval iron economies.

Historians have long been aware of the importance of the pipe rolls as a source for medieval government finance and administration. Unfortunately, they are very large and, at first sight, difficult to use. This talk gives examples of the way information from a single pipe roll, the one for 1259, can be used to tell stories about people and events. It then considers how pipe rolls have been and could be made more widely available.

the support of his natural counsellors, the baronial elite which controlled the country's landed wealth. Instead, he favoured a succession of foreign adventurers, first the relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, then his Lusignan half-brothers from Poitou, born of Henry's mother's second marriage. CHRONOLOGY 3 April Henry III raises the Royal Standard at Oxford. 5 April Attacks and captures Northampton. 11 April Takes Leicester. 12 April Occupies Nottingham. 17 April Simon attacks Rochester. 20 April Henry III marches south to relieve Rochester. 26 April Simon withdraws to London. 2 May Henry III marches into the Weald. 6 May Simon leaves London seeking battle. 9 May Henry III at Winchelsea: hears Simon has left London. 10-11 May Henry III marches to Lewes. 14 May BATTLE OF LEWES.

Untangling the successive generations of men named Gilbert Debenham who occupied a prominent role in Suffolk local government from the mid-1300s to the late-1400s has long proved a challenge. Authorities from Parkin to Wedgewood have unintentionally presented incorrect pedigrees, including family members and matches who had no historical existence and multiplying four Gilberts into five. This article traces the origin of the Debenham family, sets out their marriages, and aims to present a corrected pedigree based on primary sources.

Do  Rei  ao  marginalizado,  a floresta  terá  sido  utilizada  pelos  mais diversos    grupos    que compunham    a sociedade medieval. Como espaço importante, dela a população obtém recursos animais  e  vegetais,  é  palco  do  exercicio  da caça,    porém,    é    igualmente    um    local perigoso,  por  onde  deambulam  indivíduos que se encontram à margem da sociedade, e que  podem  atacar  e  saquear  quem  por  nela viaja.  Este  medo  encontra-se  igualmente associado  a  um  outro  tipo  de  receio –o sobrenatural.  É  na  floresta  que  se  dão  os encontros  com  seres  maravilhosos,  que encontramos  presentes  nos  mais  diversos textos literários da Idade Média. Através da leitura e análise de fontes literárias inglesas, procura-se  analisar  as  duas  dimensões  da floresta medieval –o real e o imaginário. E, assim, compreender a relação da população com  este  espaço,  com  os  seus  ocupantes  e com  os  seres  que  compõem  o  mundo  do sobrenatural. Ao mesmo tempo, com foco na cultura  popular e  na  análise  e  compreensão da  mentalidade  dos  indivíduos  dos  séculos XII e XIII.

The presented work devoted to the problematic of early Middle Ages' settlement of Cheb region does not represent the first work on the given subject. The nationalistic context of the time left its mark on studies by R. Turek, E. Šimek, and partly even A. Hejna from the 50th and 60th of the last century as well as on older German publications (to the history of research see capture 2). It is the reason of author's acceptation of the given topic without preconceived ethnically schemes

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Several historical sources mention silver mining in Zubří village near Rožnov pod Radhoštěm town in the first half of the 16th century. Critical analysis of these sources, new field observations, stratigraphic and mineralogical evaluation of the rocks were carried out to decide whether mining or prospecting for silver can have a real basis. Historical sources from the 18th and 19th centuries are likely to draw uncritically on popular folk tales and reports of fraudulent prospectors. This is evidenced by contradictions in the location of supposed mining, references to fictitious persons and unrealistic descriptions of mine workings. New field observations in Zubří brought improved knowledge of local geology. Clays and claystones from occasional excavations, soundings and outcrops were stratigraphically classified based on foraminiferal micropaleontology. The study area is built of Hauterivian to Paleocene strata of the Silesian Unit of the Carpathian Flysch Belt. At the site marked o...

The Nový hrad castle near Kunratice, Prague is a ruin of a former royal castle built at the beginning of the second decade of the 15th century by Wenceslas IV, King of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. The castle did not last long: in 1421 it was conquered by the Hussite armies and sustained serious damage. In the years to follow, the castle was not restored and fell into disrepair. Archaeological research into the castle took place in 1928-1929, and in its course some of the former castle buildings were unearthed. Unclear specialist competencies, a lack of means to complete the research and to secure the exposed masonry brought the work to a halt, resulting in the progressive dilapidation of the castle complex stretching over several decades. The first major restoration of the castle was conducted in 2009-2013, and it also involved the overall conservation of the preserved buildings. Basic archaeological excavations and building history work were carried out as well, connected with the documentation of the remaining parts of the castle. This contribution brings an overview of research into the location. It also presents new findings in the area of archaeology and building history, and charts experience associated with the restoration and presentation of long-neglected remains of castle architecture.

Abstract: The paper gives notice of the newest state of knowledge about the early gold mining in a part of South Bohemia, which in the former great era
of mining research by Jaroslav Kudrnáč clearly stood apart. There shell be formuled a basic questions of the incoming study project, based on the mining
and exploitation of the precious metalls in the region of Český Krumlov. Even though most of the sites were mapped in the 1990s, we are surprised at
their extraordinary extent and high degree of preservation as well as at the wide range of many types of aboveground relics of the gold washing sites
or placer gold mines as well which give evidence of numbers of elaborated gold washing procedures in the area of Jílecký, Malčický, Mirkovický and
Zubčický creeks (12 km2). The age of placer mines in this area is not clearly identifi able.

It has been said that one of the differences between Europeans and Americans is that Europeans think that a hundred kilometers is a long way, while Americans think that a hundred years is a long time. With this difference in mind, as an American I would like to introduce to you a very "old" roll of arms. Physically, the Gore Roll is in the form of a book, bound in full parchment. The pages measure 12½ inches by 7f inches (approximately 32 cm by 20 cm). They bear the watermarks of the well-known papermaker Honig from Zaandyk in The Netherlands. 5 (It was also Honig that made the paper on which broadsides of the American Declaration of Independence were printed and distributed in July 1776.) 6 The first page of the Gore Roll is a fly leaf, with are drawings of the arms on both sides of the next thirteen leaves, painted four to a page. The remaining leaves of the book are blank. 7

trampské kroniky a vzpomínky členů trampských osad i místních obyvatel. V první etapě byl realizován povrchový průzkum údolí, v jehož rámci byly dokumentovány všechny povrchově patrné stopy trampských aktivit. Tři identifikované polohy byly následně testovány menším odkryvem (Vařeka-Symonds 2011). 2 Antropologický výzkum se soustředil na trampy z Plzně, kteří jezdili do údolí od 60. let a na obyvatele sousední vsi Jezerce. 3 12. 2. Historie trampů v údolí Otročínského potoka Údolí Otročínského potoka bylo navštěvováno trampy nejméně od 60. let 20. století. Výhodou této polohy byla dobrá dopravní dostupnost z Plzně vzhledem k blízkosti hlavní železniční trati se zastávkou v Milíkově. Trampský název "Kachní údolí/Duck valley" byl zřejmě na toto místo přenesen ze stejnojmenného názvu osady, která zde organizovala první doložený potlach 5. 6.-6. 6. 1965 navštívený více než 200 trampy. Potlach byl znovu realizován v roce 1966, roku 1967 se na něm podílely dvě další osady-Bílý losos a Skalnaté údolí, v roce 1968 potlach spolupořádala osada Bisoní údolí. V této době předpokládáme založení tábořiště v blízkosti areálu pro potlachy. Konec 60. let není zatím z hlediska trampských aktivit v Kachním údolí dostatečně dokumentován. 4 Počátkem 70. let začaly navštěvovat údolí další trampské komunity, které založily v roce 1972 Spojené osady Alberta sestávající z pěti osad, které reprezentoval stejný počet hvězd na osadní vlajce: Manitoba, Kamarádi osady Manitoba, Kondoři, Silverstar a Siouxové. Alberta využívala staré potlachoviště a tábořiště, které bylo opatřeno dřevěnou chatou, později zničenou. Nová chata byla vybudována v roce 1975, ovšem následovalo několik let diskontinuity, neboť Alberta jezdila na jiné místo. Další potlach byl realizován v Kachním údolí až v roce 1981, kdy byla chata ještě stále na místě. Podle vyprávění již zesnulého hajného z Jezerců, zaznamenaného trampy, bylo údolí v 80. letech často navštěvováno vojáky základní služby z přilehlého vojenského útvaru ve Stříbře (VU 8015). Trampská chata byla údajně zničena v roce 1987 v rámci vojenského cvičení. 5 2) Výzkum byl plzeňskou katedrou archeologie realizován v rámci "Summer Field School of Archaeology" ve spolupráci s Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield. 3) Výzkum prováděla M. Hertlová (2011) a L. Hollerová (2011) pod vedení T. Hirta z katedry antropologie FF ZČU v Plzni. Později se do výzkumu zapojili i pracovníci katedry archeolo

In August 1263, the king wrote to his escheators on both sides of the River Trent, informing them that John de Warenne, William de Valence and Hugh Bigod had all agreed to stand as sureties for Isabella de Forz, the widowed countess of Aumale. In return for the agreement to pay her relief, Henry III awarded Isabella seisin of the extensive estates in Yorkshire, Devon, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight that comprised her inheritance from her brother Baldwin de Revieres, the former earl of Devon. Isabella, the king informed his officials, was now expected to attend him ‘in person’ at the next parliament in London so that she might perform homage for her dead brother’s lands. 1 While the reference to Isabella’s relief in the fine rolls serves as a striking reminder of how the crown scrutinised and profited from the lives of its tenants-in-chief, Isabella’s own appearance in this context raises important questions about her political agency as a woman. In the first place, the company she ...

This article explores the transformation of Margaret de Lacy, countess of Lincoln (d. 1266), from a young and vulnerable heiress into one of the most important and wealthy noble widows of her day, whose friendship was courted by Henry III's queen. Hitherto Margaret's career has been dogged by misconceptions about her father's identity and her marriages. A fresh consideration of the evidence affords a unique window on to the social and political factors that influenced the arrangement of noble marriages in the thirteenth century and might later allow an aristocratic widow to carve out a distinctive role for herself.

Regrators and Hucksters of Bread and Ale in Sutton 268 Bibiqgra. pby 272 List of Tables in the Tex 4.1 Male and Female Brewers in Langtoft and Baston 183 4.2 Male and Female Brewers in Sutton and Lutton 4.3 Male and Female Brewers (counting Husbands representing Wives) in Langtoft and Baston 4.4 Male and Female Brewers (counting Husbands representing Wives) in Sutton and Lutton 4.5 Female Regrators and Hucksters (counting Husbands representing Wives) in

Preserving the integrity of his coinage was a prime responsibility for a medieval king of England. 1 The motives behind this were several. Simple tradition was probably a factor: medieval England had a tradition of well-managed and essentially uniform currency going back at least to the mid-tenth century, when, following the elimination of the Viking coinages of the Danelaw and culminating in the reform of Edgar, it was established as principle and policy that there should be one single coinage across the kingdom. 2 More practically, the presence of intrusive and unauthorized elements in the currency damaged the profits of the king's mints. These might also undermine public and international confidence in sterling (as the silver pennies of the king of England were becoming generally known during the twelfth century), 3 and affect the economic wellbeing of the kingdom, or at least of influential elements in it. Unlike most European rulers, the kings of England had a monopoly of minting rights, as they had not granted full rights of coinage to lesser authorities (secular and ecclesiastical lords, and civic communities), nor had the latter been able to usurp them. 4 CRIMES AGAINST THE CURRENCY 53 10 There were, of course, several changes in coinage weight standards during this period, which had consequences for the proportionate survival of older coin, and for the prevalence of clipping in later medieval England.

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain strains of fungi, namely, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. This fungus invades stressed crops in the field or proliferates in improperly stored feed. Aflatoxin is an important problem in Dairy products and feed. The presence of this mycotoxin in these products is an important issue, especially for children and infants, who are more susceptible than adults. Animals are exposed to aflatoxin by consuming feeds contaminated by aflatoxin-producing fungal strains during growth, harvest, or storage. When cows are fed contaminated feed, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is converted by hydroxylation to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is subsequently secreted in the milk of lactating cows. The purpose of this review is to know the level of presence of Aflatoxin in milk products and feed and also to highlight its public health significance. Aflatoxins have been implicated in human health disorders, including hepatocellular carcinoma, aflatoxicosis, chronic hepatitis, immune suppression, stunted growth in children and many others. Several researchers show that AFB1 is the most common aflatoxin in the world from most commodities at a much higher level. AFM1 was also detected as greater than the standard from milk and milk products. This indicates that many developing countries are in danger of aflatoxin contamination.

Two legal documents recently discovered among The National Archives at Kew in London provide new information about Henry Purcell's final years. The only known instances of the composer's involvement with the law, these rare archival finds shed light on his familial relations and financial circumstances at that point in his career when he was turning his attention to the London stage. The first case involves Purcell's sister-in-law Amy Howlett, who owed him £40; and the second concerns his unpaid bill at an exclusive West End retailer's. The new material confirms beyond doubt the identity of Purcell's in-laws, and shows that he was not just short of money in the 1690s, but that he was actually in debt at the time of his death. Other areas of enquiry include the élite social milieu in which the Purcells increasingly moved, and their possible place of residence in 1691-3. These aspects are discussed in relation to Purcell's enhanced public profile at that time, and within the wider context of the culture of consumption and credit in late seventeenth-century England. The two lawsuits are transcribed and translated in full, and their legal implications explicated.

Although the Barons' War, 1258-67, has been regarded as a struggle over the reform of the government fought between King Henry III and the barons, a lot of small landowners were also engaged in the movement, as was the case in Cambridgeshire. By using the eyre rolls of 1268, we can get the names of the local people who adhered to the reformer barons, or who were attacked as faithful subjects of the king. When we study the internal relations of juries of each hundred, with the help of the Hundred Rolls, we discover some interesting facts. Those jurors did not simply follow their feudal superiors' directions. We can identify the existence of cooperative groups among the twelve persons of a hundred jury. A hostile attitude can be found among those twelve. Although the routes of influence from outside were limited, in special circumstances they could stimulate the potential hostility among the local people and make them rise up in open hostility. Thus we can see what the justice in the eyre and the verdicts of the jury meant to local people. The Barons' War, 1258-1267, has been regarded as a struggle fought between King Henry III and the barons over government reform. How were the people in local communities engaged in the reform movement? How did the reformer barons influence each local community? Were people in these communities discontented with the king's misrule, and were they eager to collaborate in the reform movement? Or did the reformer barons intend to absorb the demands for the reform of royal government from their tenants as well as from local communities, and establish a new government? What kind of political ideas did the local people form, and how? How did the barons get to know their intentions? E.F. Jacob once analysed the rolls of the eyre held in the period of the reform and rebellion, and came to the conclusion that distraint by the lords over their KEIZO ASAJI is Professor of European History at Kobe College, Japan. He got an MA at Kyoto University, Japan, in 1975, and has produced several articles on the constitutional history of medieval England. He spent a year and a half in Cambridge, including a one-year visiting fellowship at Clare Hall, in 1987-1989.

Although the Barons' War, 1258-67, has been regarded as a struggle over the reform of the government fought between King Henry III and the barons, a lot of small landowners were also engaged in the movement, as was the case in Cambridgeshire. By using the eyre rolls of 1268, we can get the names of the local people who adhered to the reformer barons, or who were attacked as faithful subjects of the king. When we study the internal relations of juries of each hundred, with the help of the Hundred Rolls, we discover some interesting facts. Those jurors did not simply follow their feudal superiors' directions. We can identify the existence of cooperative groups among the twelve persons of a hundred jury. A hostile attitude can be found among those twelve. Although the routes of influence from outside were limited, in special circumstances they could stimulate the potential hostility among the local people and make them rise up in open hostility. Thus we can see what the justice in the eyre and the verdicts of the jury meant to local people. The Barons' War, 1258-1267, has been regarded as a struggle fought between King Henry III and the barons over government reform. How were the people in local communities engaged in the reform movement? How did the reformer barons influence each local community? Were people in these communities discontented with the king's misrule, and were they eager to collaborate in the reform movement? Or did the reformer barons intend to absorb the demands for the reform of royal government from their tenants as well as from local communities, and establish a new government? What kind of political ideas did the local people form, and how? How did the barons get to know their intentions? E.F. Jacob once analysed the rolls of the eyre held in the period of the reform and rebellion, and came to the conclusion that distraint by the lords over their KEIZO ASAJI is Professor of European History at Kobe College, Japan. He got an MA at Kyoto University, Japan, in 1975, and has produced several articles on the constitutional history of medieval England. He spent a year and a half in Cambridge, including a one-year visiting fellowship at Clare Hall, in 1987-1989.

Throughout the Victorian era, women in Great Britain were known for being “the Angel in the House” since their lives were mainly devoted to the domestic sphere and to care for their husbands and children. Furthermore, representations of the figure of the ideal wife were abundant at this time and they served as the role model to follow in society. Consequently, the idea of “the Angel in the House” was used to describe women who had to become submissive and obedient to their husbands. They were depicted as weak, delicate, and powerless, among other things. In fact, this concept persisted even in the 20th century when authors like Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) started to fight against the Victorian image of the ideal women by expressing her desire to break free from it. As a matter of fact, towards the middle of the 19th century, cultural movements such as “the Woman Question” started to arise as women started to become aware of their rights and their roles. Thus, women began to disobey social structures and things started to take a different turn. 
George MacDonald (1824-1905) was a Scottish writer, poet, and Christian minister who is best known for captivating Victorian readers with his fantasy stories for children. MacDonald’s work helped to establish the fantasy genre for generations of writers after. He is often referred to as one of the founding fathers of modern fantasy writing and an inspiration for famous fantasy writers such as Lewis Carroll, C. S. Lewis, and J. R. R. Tolkien. In traditional fairy tales, women are usually portrayed as perfect, kind, passive, innocent, and beautiful, waiting for their prince charming to save them. Nevertheless, women who are ambitious are portrayed as calculated, evil, deceitful, and ugly. However, George MacDonald seems to be one of the first Victorian writes who decided to subvert the role and image of women in his work. Having being raised and influenced by the many women that conformed his family, MacDonald presents his female characters as brave, curious, intelligent, usually as the protagonists of the tales and, in fact, not weak at all. This paper aims to explain and shed some light onto the different archetypes for women found in some of MacDonald’s most famous stories: “The Golden Key” (1867), The Princess and the Goblin (1872), and At the Back of the North Wind (1871) in order to present George MacDonald as one of the first Victorian writes who reverses the role of women and takes a risk on defying Victorian gender stereotypes along with the image of “the Angel in the House” in his fantasy stories by introducing his female characters as the heroines, deities, wise women, helpers and mentors to the rest of the characters.

The Henry III Fine Rolls [2] project has delivered a new on-line edition of the surviving fine rolls from the reign of Henry III, king of England (1216? 72). The edition will also be published in book form, of which three volumes have appeared so far.(1) The earliest fine ...

andrew ayton and craig lambert in the summer of 1364 the Margarete, commanded by John Frensh, sailed out of sandwich harbour. As she headed for the Bay of Brittany to collect a cargo of salt she collided with another ship, sank and took with her £60. 1 undeterred by this experience in september Frensh was back in england requesting permission to take a further £40 in gold and £20 worth of cloth to Gascony in order to purchase wine. 2 six years later Frensh reappears in the records as commander of another Margarete. 3 Clearly the owners had reasoned that, despite the obvious risks, maritime commerce was too profitable to ignore and had promptly commissioned a new vessel, poignantly naming her the Margarete. that Frensh was willing to continue his commercial activities after such an accident highlights the resilience of Kent's seafarers. indeed, in the following decade Frensh would serve in no fewer than six naval expeditions as commander of five ships. 4 What the above vignette shows is that the later medieval ship-board community, that is shipowners, shipmasters and mariners, was a vibrant and dynamic section of medieval society, acutely aware and experienced in both the dangers and rewards of maritime enterprise. indeed, coastal settlements and the ship-board communities they produced were central to England's lifeblood. Mariners, through fishing, provided food to eat and freighted goods and other necessities by established coastal and deep sea trade routes. they were also the vehicles that drove the martial and diplomatic ambitions of medieval kings, a subject at the heart of this article.

This document reports on a programme of archaeological evaluation excavation undertaken in September 2014 by The Archaeological Practice Ltd. in order to further inform a proposal for development of a site on the south side of Victoria Road, Richmond, North Yorkshire. This invasive scheme of archaeological evaluation followed an archaeological desk-based assessment produced earlier in 2014. The evaluation work involved the excavation of two trenches in order to investigate the site of proposed groundworks associated with the redevelopment of the site following demolition of existing standing buildings. The excavation revealed the survival of significant archaeological remains below deep modern overburden and floors which extended to between 0.50-0.60m bgl. The archaeological remains consisted of floor levels at 0.80m bgl, which may be medieval in origin and may represent the remains of a path or trackway along the south side of the Newbiggin back-plots. What is more certain is that a ditch, 0.65-0.90m deep, which appears in the central and south part of both trenches, though more pronounced in Trench 1, is of medieval origin, since its infill contains medieval pottery, ceramic roof tile and floor tile. It is possible that this ditch formed a boundary to the back-plots noted above, but was infilled when that boundary became formalised with the building of a wall, the line of which survives immediately east of the present site. The back-filled debris found in Trench 1 contains amongst it, as well as domestic waste, pieces of apparently unused roof tile, including two pieces fused together by molten glaze, suggesting that it is the product of kiln waste, indicating the presence of 13 th century potteries/tileries nearby. Pottery fragments retrieved from the same context are also of broadly 13 th century date. It is concluded, therefore, that the evaluation provided evidence for the survival of limited, but significant archaeological remains within the sampled part of the proposed development site.

This volume comprises a valuable collection of essays centred on the theme of royal government during the reign of Henry III. The papers draw greatly on material made newly accessible by the Henry III fine rolls project-indeed, many of the papers stem from the project's conference in 2012. The contents are divided into two sections. Section one comprises of eight articles which explore the practice and purpose of record-keeping in Henry III's England. Section two, which contains six articles, addresses the application of royal power, both centrally and in the localities. David Carpenter opens the batting with a compelling account of the great value of the fine rolls as a source. He describes the rolls' various functions and charts their developments during the reigns of King John and Henry III. Amongst wider-ranging discoveries, Carpenter's analysis confirms that Henry III displayed greater morality than his father-who, for example, hounded widows for money, when they wished to avoid remarriage (p. 17). None the less, he acknowledges that 'while Henry wanted money just as much as his father, he had none of John's energy and acuity in obtaining it' (p. 15). Next is Paul Dryburgh, who draws attention to a complementary, yet largely ignored, source, the originalia rolls, which have been often dismissed as mere summaries of the fine rolls. Countering this misconception, Dryburgh demonstrates that they served other important functions too-providing the clerks with an opportunity to review, refine and correct fine roll entries (pp. 33-4). Two predominantly legal papers follow. Paul Brand's chapter identifies the importance of the fine rolls for a host of continuing debates in legal history. These include the growth of royal justice, as litigants payed fines to have their cases heard at the common bench and the king's bench (pp. 44-6); the subject of alien status and allegiance (pp. 49-50); and the punishment of those convicted of redisseisin (pp. 52-4). The first of these topics is explored in greater detail by Tony Moore. Moore pairs evidence from the fine rolls with that extrapolated from the plea rolls in order to chart the growth of royal justice during the reign of Henry III. The evidence leads him to suggest that there was significant growth in royal justice around 1250. The agency behind this change, however, Moore sees not with Henry III, but with the litigants themselves (p. 71). The editors are to be commended for including no fewer than three papers concerned with the rest of the British Isles beyond England. Ireland is addressed by Beth Hartland who, having reached the conclusion that the Irish chancery did not produce fine rolls, offers suggestions as to why this was. Scotland is tackled by Alice Taylor, whose dynamic paper challenges several preconceptions about Scottish record-keeping. Importantly, she demonstrates that the Scottish system of audit and record was markedly different from the

Pod vodní hladinou se nacházejí jednotlivé předměty či celé struktury různého stáří, které lze ze souše detekovat jen velmi vzácně. Snaha o jejich identifikaci je dnes předmětem úsilí mnoha vědeckých týmů, které v rámci svých projektů využívají nejrůznější metody a přístroje. Cílem předloženého článku je seznámit čtenáře s pilotním projektem zaměřeným na studium říční kulturní krajiny Jizery. Jedním z jeho úkolů je identifikace míst s archeologickým potenciálem v prostoru řeky na základě interdisciplinárního přístupu zahrnujícího metody, jako jsou batymetrie, hydrologie, geofyzikální prospekce a archeologie.

Karin Becker / Vincent Moriniaux / Martine Tabeaud: L'alimentation et le temps qu'il fait Der Zusammenhang von (extremer) Witterung sowie Klimaveränderungen und Ernährung wurde in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten immer wieder diskutiert, wenn auch zumeist nur mit Bezug auf schwere Hungersnöte, wie "The Great Famine" in den 1310er-Jahren [1], die Nahrungsknappheit im Zuge des sogenannten Spörer-Minimums im 15. Jahrhundert [2] oder die Hungerkrise im Rahmen des "Jahres ohne Sommer" 1816 nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora. [3] Dass die Verknüpfung dieser Themenfelder aber auch viel weitreichendere Ansätze zulässt, beweist der vorliegende Sammelband, der insgesamt 26 Referate