14C dating (Archaeology)

Eratosthenes of Cyrene's king list, preserved through Syncellus, contains enigmatic names like Phruoro and Amuthartaeus-long dismissed as fictional. This paper argues these are corrupted transmissions of genuine Late New Kingdom rulers: Ramesses VI (Nebmaatre-Meryamun)of the 20 th Dynasty and Psammuthis (Manetho, Afr. the 23 rd Dynasty). By cross-referencing Demotic-Greek phonetic shifts, monumental evidence, and Manethonian fragments, we restore these "phantom pharaohs" to history and demonstrate how Hellenistic chronographers preserved kernels of Egyptian tradition.

Dating mortar from the building phase of the church ruin in the Museum Garden
Dating the subterranean remnants of a medieval church in the garden of Sigtuna Museum has proved an elusive task since first excavated in 1915. Three hypothetical datings have been presented: c. 1080, c. 1150–1160, and c. 1220. New radiocarbon dates (Ua-84213 & Ua-84214) of charcoal in lime mortar from the church’s building phase have, after undergoing KDE plot in OxCal v4.4.4. (Bronk Ramsey 2017 & 2021), established the building period to between 1020 and 1120. Hence, the hypothetical dating c. 1080 stand firm as most plausible.

Church No.2 in the citadel of Kokalyanski Urvich was built in the early
14th c. and functioned until the end of that century, when it was eventually abandoned. At
that time, the late medieval monastery around the Church of St. Elijah the Prophet was
founded at the foot of the citadel. Church No.2, located in the citadel of Kokalyanski
Urvich, is one of the single-aisle churches with a pitched roof typical for southwestern
Bulgaria during the 12th–14th centuries. In the early years it functioned as a parish
church for the inhabitants of the citadel, and it was presumably converted into a
commemorative church for the rulers of Urvich in the mid-14th c. According to its specific
architectural design it should be referred to the tomb-churches but featuring not vertical
but horizontal arch-shaped markings in the pavement. In the second construction stage of
the church, arches were added in the ceramic pavement, and in the third construction
stage a narthex was added on the west. The few mural fragments and especially those
found on the west give grounds to date the church to the 14th c. and to ascertain that its
patron saint was St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Bishop of Myrlica.

Continuing investigation of the Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance into structure A7 at Xunantunich.  The structure contains a late Prerclassic temple that predates all other structures in the polity by 6 centuries range questions of who and why it was built.  A penultimate structure was built over the Preclassic structure after encasing the plaza face of the structure in thick marl.

кандидат исторических наук Д.А. Байтлеу; кандидат исторических наук В.К. Мерц С20 Сарыарка в историческом пространстве Евразии. К 70-летию В.В. Варфоломеева : сб. науч. тр. : науч. электрон. изд. / [отв. ред. М.В. Бедельбаева; ред. кол. Ж.А. Джумабеков и др.]. -Караганда : Издательство Карагандинского университета имени академика Е.А. Букетова, 2024. -PDF-файл (250 с.). -Системные требования: Pentium 4; 1,3 ГГц и выше; Internet Explorer, Acrobat Reader 9.0 или выше. ISBN 978-601-362-234-7 Сборник включает материалы Международной научной конференции, посвященной 70-летию Виктора Васильевича Варфоломеева -известного казахстанского археолога, ведущего специалиста по изучению бегазы-дандыбаевской культуры. В статьях нашли отражение результаты исследований в области бронзового века Евразии и актуальные вопросы изучения культуры ранних и поздних кочевников евразийских степей, а также древнего и средневекового искусства в свете новых археологических источников. В сборник включены статьи по этнографической тематике. Издание адресовано специалистам-археологам, историкам, краеведам, студенческой молодежи и всем представителям научной общественности, заинтересованным в исследовании древней истории Евразии.

In het Mechelse museum Hof van Busleyden worden zeven Besloten Hofjes bewaard uit de tijd van Margareta van Oostenrijk en Karel V. (1) Het zijn zeldzame overblijfselen van een traditie die ontstond in de late middeleeuwen en tot in de 16de eeuw doorleefde. De houten kasten herbergen kleine gepolychromeerde sculpturen van Maria, Christus, heiligen en oudtestamentische figuren, opgesteld in een 'besloten tuin'. (2) Deze Hofjes, ook wel bekend als 'paradijstuinen', zijn gerealiseerd met flora en fauna vervaardigd in zijde, perkament, glas, halfedelstenen, lovertjes en metaaldraad. In die zeer dichte vegetatie kregen ook relieken en andere devotionele objecten een plaats, onder andere een Agnus Dei in was, pelgrimsinsignes in metaal, miniaturen en inscripties op perkament, prenten op papier, kralen in glas en koraal. De tuin wordt vooraan afgesloten met een omheining en een fijn houten hekje. De meeste Hofjes hebben luiken die beschilderd zijn met heiligen en opdrachtgevers. Door te werken met ambachtelijk vervaardigde, verzamelde, gerecycleerde of gekochte ready-made artefacten en devotionalia en deze te verenigen in een kast met een complexe iconografie is er in de Lage Landen bij de aanvang van de 16 de eeuw een unieke exemplarische vorm van historische mixed media kunst ontstaan. (3) De groep van zeven Hofjes werd door de eeuwen heen bewaard in de gebouwen van de Mechelse gasthuiszusters augustinessen. Bij de verhuizingen van de gemeenschap in 1857 en 1956 werden ze telkens meegenomen. (4) In 1999 hebben de zusters de Hofjes in langdurige bruikleen gegeven aan de Stad Mechelen. Deze groep van zeven Hofjes werd op 23 december 2011 definitief ingeschreven op de lijst van Vlaamse Topstukken. (5) In het nieuwe stadsmuseum in het historische Hof van Busleyden zullen ze vanaf 2018 een centrale plek krijgen. Eind 2016 gaan drie Hofjes tijdelijk naar de tentoonstelling 'Op zoek naar Utopia' in M, Leuven. ( ) Besloten Hofje met de heilige Ursula, Catharina en Elisabeth van Hongarije (inv. nr. BH2) (Agnus Dei uit 1513). Kast met geschilderde luiken gevuld met een rijke vegetatie, Mechelse popjes en tal van devotionalia van uiteenlopende materialen zoals papier en perkament, was, metaal, zijde, glas, been, half-edelstenen (© KIK-IRPA Brussel) Besloten Hofje met calvarie en de jacht op de eenhoorn (inv.nr. BH1) uit de vroege 16 de eeuw. De luiken zijn verloren gegaan. Het 19 de -of vroeg 20 ste -eeuwse beschermglas is eenvoudig weg te nemen. Hierdoor was de inhoud niet beveiligd tegen diefstal (© KIK-IRPA Brussel)

The emergence of artificial intelligence, data science, and advanced imaging
technologies greatly impressed biomedical research, which is another critical issue discussed by transdisciplinary methods. Moreover, the emergence of these technologies had dramatically influenced biomedical research and health systems and found significant applications in related sciences such as archeology and crime science.

This paper presents the radiocarbon context of the megalithic monument El Amarejo 1, situated in the corridor of Almansa in the southern region of La Meseta in Spain. The monument was constructed using small and mediumsized masonry, comprising a short corridor and two separate chambers in which burials were carried out. The results of the 14 C analyses of each of the 11 individuals documented indicate that the monument was in use between approximately 1900 and 1200 cal BC. Bayesian modeling of the radiocarbon dates allows for the proposition of hypotheses regarding the construction, utilisation dynamics, and abandonment of the monument. The combination of these new data with the analysis of the 14 C dating of other burials from the Bronze Age of La Mancha reveals a complex and heterogeneous panorama. The evidence presented and analyzed in this paper suggests that burial practices associated with fortified settlements and their domestic areas shared space and time with the construction of megalithic monuments located near settlements.

In order to explore a new water-supply for the city of Telfs, the terrace sediments west of Telfs, Tyrol („Mieminger Plateau) have been investigated with a multi-disciplinary approach down to a depth of 110 metres. The project resulted in drilling a deep well down to a depth of 110 m from the surface. Via geophysical, geological (drillings, mapping, component analysis, geochemistry) and hydrogeological (hydrochemistry, isotope-hydrology, dye tests, monitoring) explorational methods a model for the sedimentary structure of the terrace-sediments was created, which led to a solid interpretation of the sedimentary history of the area. The deepest parts of the terrace are built up by gravel, which has been transported a short distance in a braided river system. The sedimentation of this gravel has been interrupted during an unincisive climate oscillation with the deposition of banded clays and carbonate gravel from a local catchment area. The uppermost regions of the terrace are built up...

On the occasion of the inauguration and the formal scientific opening of the iron smelting Museum in Somogyfajsz, an international archaeometailurgical workshop was organised, with participating archaeologists and archaeometallurgists from Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic,  Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Norway, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary. Before the official opening of the workshop, the participants visited the Roman and medieval monuments of Sopron and the remains of the early medieval iron smelting furnances, which are exhibited in the archaeological department of the Sopron Museum. Afterwards, the researchers observed the medieval iron ore mining pits of the forest of Kópháza, near Sopron.
This publication collects the presentations delivered in the two sessions of the workshop. They were completed with some other writings, whose authors were not able to take part in the meeting in May of 1997. The lectures of  the Ukrainian collegaues, are also published, which were held on the Metallurgical Day in Somogyfajsz in 1998, organised by the National Hungarian Mining and Metallurgical Association, together with the Industrial Archaeological and Archaeometrical Working Committee. Travelling from Sopron to Somogyfajsz, the participants of the meeting viewed the late Roman iron blooms weighing 50-60 kilograms in the Balaton Museum of Keszthely. Then, in Somogyfajsz, they observed the iron smelting workshop from the 10th century. At the same time with the discussions, a demonstrative smelting was carried out in an iron smelting unit, which was reconstructed on the model of the workshop in Somogyfajsz.

A whole specimen, not reworked and well preserved of Cladocora caespitosa has been found within the marine Quaternary deposits, outcropping along the eastern coast of the Capo San Marco Promontory. The U/Th dating of this sample has provided a minimum age of 70 ± 4 ka B.P. This dating allows to state that these marine deposits, containing the coral, are not Holocene in age.

In the 4 th century AD, Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, taking his information from Diodorus Siculus, i.e. Diodorus of Sicily (in a section of his history which has not otherwise survived, some of which was taken in turn from Apollodorus), stated in his chronicle that the Heraclids entered the Peloponnese 80 years after the fall of Troy, uprooting almost all the people there apart from the Arcadians. He went on to give the names of the subsequent Spartan kings in both the Agiad and Eurypontid lines, noting that Alcamenes was the 8 th generation descendent of Eurysthenes in one line whereas, in the other, Theopompus, the contemporary of Alcamenes, was the 5 th generation descendent of Procles. There were 322 years from the beginning of the reign of Eurysthenes to the end of that of Alcamenes, and 288 years from the accession of Procles to the end of the reign of Theopompus. Eusebius also noted that the Heraclids appointed Aletes king of Corinth, the first in a line of 11 Corinthian kings who reigned in total for 326 years. The final king, Telestes, was killed by his own family, the Bacchids, after reigning for 12 years. The Bacchids then maintained control of Corinth for the next 90 years through the appointment of an annual prytanis (magistrate) from amongst their number [6]. Concerning the rulers of Athens, Eusebius, following Castor of Rhodes (who, like Diodorus, lived during the 1 st century BC, a century later than Apollodorus), wrote in his chronicle that the Erechtheids had been kings of Athens for 450 years, the dynasty consisting of 15 kings from Cecrops I (a contemporary of Prometheus and Atlas) to Thymoetes (whose reign ended just before the invasion of the Peloponnese by the Heraclids). A timescale of 352 years was indicated from the start of the dynasty to the death of Theseus, and 77 years from the accession of the next Athenian king, Menestheus (in whose reign Troy fell to the Greeks) to the end of the reign of Thymoetes. Similarly, Argos had been ruled by 9 kings, from Inachus to Sthenelus, over a period of 382 years, towards the end of which Cecrops I became king of the Athenians. Danaus then drove Sthenelus out of Argos and founded a dynasty of 5 kings who ruled in total for 162 years. The Argives were then ruled from Mycenae for 215 years by a dynasty of kings including Atreus, Agamemnon (who captured Troy in his 18 th year) and Orestes, before Cometes lost the throne to the invading Heraclids. In Athens, after the end of the Erechtheid dynasty, Melanthus of Pylus (whose reign coincided with the Heraclid invasion), followed by his son Codrus, ruled in total for 58 years. Athens was then ruled by hereditary archons (magistrates) for 209 years, beginning with Medon, son of Codrus, and ending with Alcmaeon, son of Aeschylus. For the next 70 years, Athens was governed by a succession of seven archons, who each served 10-year terms. After that, archons held power for just one year each, the first of these being Creon. Aristotle (or possibly one of his students), in The Athenian Constitution, written during the 4 th century BC, presented a similar picture of the transition from kings to hereditary archons to fixed term archons, but gave fewer chronological details and said it was uncertain whether the first hereditary archon was Medon or his son Acastus. He also indicated that several archons served together, one having the senior role and, when the office became an annual one, the eponymous archon, i.e. the one who gave his name to the year, was the head of the group. In the chronicle of Eusebius, the author went on to give the complete list of kings (17 in total), hereditary archons (13 altogether) and the 7 archons who served 10-year terms. He gave reign-lengths for the kings and hereditary archons consistent with the overall timescale given by Castor, so were presumably taken from that source, but Eusebius commented that these figures could not be considered reliable, because other historians gave different timescales. According to the list, Thymoetes, the last of the Erechtheidae, was the great-grandson of Theseus, who was supposedly a contemporary of Heracles. Eusebius wrote that the Heraclids occupied the Peloponnese during the reign of Melanthus in Athens, and he went on to indicate that Aeschylus, last but one of the hereditary archons, was a contemporary of the Spartan kings Alcamenes and Theopompus [7]. Around this time, the Spartans began their rise to dominance in the Peloponnese by winning the first of their wars against the Messenians. According to the poet Tyrtaeus, writing around two generations after the event, this victory was achieved under the leadership of Theopompus. It enabled the Spartans to create a strictly hierarchical society with outsiders, mainly Messenians, at the base, these being the helots, i.e. slaves, whose labour enabled Spartan males to devote their entire time to achieving military excellence [8]. Alcamenes and Theopompus were the last Spartan kings mentioned in the chronicle of Eusebius, but we know from other sources that both lines of kings continued long after this time. However, they formed part of a structure of government which included five magistrates, known as ephors, who were elected for a one-year term, and could not be re-elected. The chief ephor, who was in some ways more powerful than either of the kings, gave his name to the year. Whether this system came into operation after the reigns of Alcamenes and Theopompus, or at a later time, is uncertain [9]. There can be little certainty about any Greek historical details from this period or earlier, and the same situation applies for more than another hundred years into the future. The first major Greek historian is generally considered to have been Hecataeus of Miletus, who lived through the transition from the 6 th to the 5 th century BC. Although little of his work has survived, we know from other sources that he expressed scepticism about the details of events described in earlier accounts, and their timescale. Nevertheless, he was not able to provide a solution to the problems. The next important historian, Herodotus, who lived half a century later, similarly expressed scepticism about events involving gods and demigods, but continued to rely on generation times (for want of anything better) to provide a timescale for historical events [10]. Perhaps because, although he was an Ionian Greek, Herodotus was born within the Persian empire in Halicarnassus, on the western coast of Asia Minor, a long way from the Greek mainland, he was interested in the customs, geography and history of all of the regions in the world in which he lived. The main thread running through his nine-book work, The Histories, was the history of the Persians, from their rise to power under Cyrus the Great to their invasions of Greece under Darius I and Xerxes I, close to the time when Herodotus was born. Interrupting this narrative were accounts, sometimes lengthy, of other people such as the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Lydians and Greeks, providing background to their interactions with the Persians. So, for example, when writing about the Greeks, he said that Lycurgus, famed for introducing the Spartan code of laws and for re-organising the army, was the uncle of King Labotas of Sparta (grandson of Agis), and acted as his regent [11]. Later, he noted that Miltiades, who led the Athenians (and their allies from Plataea) to victory over the army of Darius at Marathon, effectively ending the first Persian invasion of Greece, claimed descent from Philaeus, son of the great Ajax, who was believed to have settled in Athens. Herodotus gave no generation count, but it is known that the Philaid family in Athens were claiming in the mid-sixth century to be 12 generations removed from Ajax, and Miltiades himself was apparently 3 generations further down the line [12]. More directly, Herodotus stated that Leonidas, the Agiad king of Sparta who died at Thermopylae trying to hold back the army of Xerxes, could trace his ancestry back 20 generations to Heracles, through his father Anaxandrides and then Leon, Eurycratides, Anaxander, Eurycrates, Polydorus, Alcamenes, Telechles, Archelaus, Agesilaus, Doryssus, Leobotas, Echestratus, Agis, Eurysthenes, Aristodemus, Aristomachus, and Cleodaeus on to Hyllus, the son of Heracles. Similarly, Herodotus said that, after the Persian victory at Thermopylae and defeat at Salamis, a Greek fleet sailed to Aegina under the command of the Eurypontid king of Sparta, Leotychides II, who could also trace his ancestry back 20 generations to Heracles, through Menares, Agesilaus,

A mikorrhiza a gombák és növények gyökere közötti szimbiózis, mely során kölcsönös tápanyagátadás valósul meg. Hét típusa közül erdészeti szempontból az ektomikorrhiza a legjelentősebb, ilyen gyökérkapcsolatban él a legtöbb állományalkotó fafajunk. Dolgozatunkban az erdészeti jelentőségű mikorrhizakutatás magyar szakirodalmát tekintjük át a XIX. századtól napjainkig. Több kutató foglalkozott a gombák fákra történő mesterséges oltásával, és szinte minden esetben pozitív eredményeket értek el. Összességében elmondható, hogy a mesterséges mikorrhizálás nagyban segítheti a fák tápanyagfelvételét, így ellenállóképességét és növekedését. Hasznos lehet új erdősítések során, azonban a nagy pontosságot igénylő, szakszerű és drága munkavégzés miatt hazánkban a jó eredmények ellenére sem terjedt el még a gyakorlatban. Jelenleg egyedül a szarvasgomba-termesztésben alkalmazzák. A mikorrhizálásnak a jövőben a klímaváltozás elleni küzdelemben és a nagyobb ellenállóképességű erdők telepítése érdekében lehet létjogosultsága.

Muchas de las iglesias alavesas que se construyeron entre los siglos XII y XIII se decoraron en su interior con pinturas rojas sobre un fondo de cal blanco. Las del muro absidal de la iglesia de San Martín de Tours constituyen un caso extraordinario, tanto por la cantidad de pintura conservada como por la singularidad de su temática. Partiendo de los datos obtenidos en la última restauración, este artículo aborda por vez primera un estudio completo del conjunto, estableciendo un marco cronológico para las diversas capas que se fueron sucediendo. A partir de ahí, se analiza la capa actualmente visible y que corresponde con la más antigua de todas, identificando sus principales figuras. Con ello, se ponen las bases de una cultura visual inadvertida, formada por piezas escasamente atendidas desde la historia del arte como son las lápidas o estelas de diversas cronologías, que nos permitirá desarrollar una reflexión teórica sobre los significados de estas imágenes con relación al tiempo.

Many of the churches built in Alava between the 12th and 13th centuries were decorated with red mural paintings on a white lime background. Those on the apse wall of the church of San Martín de Tours are an extraordinary case, both for the quantity of painting preserved and for the uniqueness of their subject matter. Based on the data obtained in the last restoration, this article undertakes for the first time a complete study of the paintings, first establishing a chronological framework for the different layers preserved. Afterwards, the currently visible layer that corresponds to the oldest of all is analyzed, identifying its main figures. Thus, a hitherto unnoticed visual culture emerges, made up of pieces that have received little attention from the history of art, such as tombstones or stelae of different chronologies, which will allow us to think about the meanings of these images in relation to time.

Ever since the first discovery of urn burials in eastern Serbia during the 1980s, their dating has been uncertain and based on distant analogies and typological parallels. In this paper, we present radiocarbon dates from five urn cemeteries and three associated settlement sites, showing that the initial dating (Late Bronze Age; 14th-11th BCE) is highly questionable. Instead, radiocarbon dating and modeling presented here connect the urn cemeteriescharacterized by a specific grave architecture and associated with settlements that display evidence of copper production-to a period between the 20th and 16th centuries BC. The fact that many of our dates come from cremated bones requires a discussion with regard to the circumstances of carbon exchange during cremation. The absolute dates thus far available for most urn cemeteries from the neighboring regions of the Balkans are all markedly younger (15th-11th century BC) than the data presented here and fall in the frame of the overall expansion of cremation in Europe during the Urnfield period. The new absolute dates from eastern Serbia provide a possibility to change our understanding of the Bronze Age dynamics of the 2nd millennium in the broader area of southeastern Europe and indicate a much earlier acceptance of cremation among certain groups than previously thought.

Rongorongo, the enigmatic script of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has long resisted decipherment. This paper presents the first comprehensive decipherment of Rongorongo as a fully phonetic Polynesian syllabary. We detail a systematic methodology that aligns the script's 120+ glyphs with consonant-vowel (CV) syllables of an Eastern Polynesian language, consistent with Old Rapa Nui. Prior attempts by Barthel (1958), Fischer (1997) and others failed to achieve a consistent reading; we compare these efforts to our approach and explain why ours succeeds. Key to our decipherment is a rigorous cross-text analysis of all 26 known Rongorongo inscriptions, identification of repeated patterns, and correlation with Polynesian lexicon and grammar. Statistical validation confirms the phonetic consistency of our readings: chi-square tests and Zipf's Law analyses show the glyph frequency distribution matches natural language expectations, and deciphered texts align with word and syllable frequencies in Rapa Nui, Māori and Hawaiian corpora. We present the final glyph-to-phoneme syllabary with example translations, including the previously recognised lunar calendar sequence now read in Rapa Nui terms. A step-by-step replication guide is provided to ensure independent verification of each stage of the decipherment. The results reveal that Rongorongo texts encompass religious chants, genealogies, navigational instructions and historical records, firmly establishing Rongorongo as a true writing system rather than proto-writing. We discuss the profound linguistic and historical implications of this discovery, calling for updated museum interpretations of the tablets and academic recognition of Rongorongo as one of the world's few independent inventions of writing.

Deciphering Rongorongo as a Polynesian Syllabary: Linguistic and Statistical Validation © 2025 by Erik Kiley is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0

A research question posed in the archaeological investigation of Site 20M723 in 2013 was whether the recovered culturally modified timber is associated with LaSalle's Le Griffon, lost in 1679. This paper summarizes the requirements of dendrochronology, tomography, and radiocarbon-dating in establishing a date for the felling of the timber. The dendrochronology was not viable, but interpretation of radiocarbon data put the range of felling dates between 1700 and 1950, with the most possible date between 1820 and 1950. Based on these scientific findings, the authors discuss the possible use and identity of this timber.

The authors respond to critics by pointing out the Sumerian-Egyptian chronology problem that challenges all attempts at historical revision of the Ancient Near East and Egypt. Additionally, the historicity of Semiramis I and II is defended. Porter’s stratigraphic challenge to making the Old and Middle Kingdoms of Egypt parallel to each other is also addressed.

Caia, João Gabriel. 2025. "A «Coleção do Hospital de Évora»: valorização arqueológica e de comunidade no Museu Nacional Frei Manuel do Cenáculo". In Cenáculo: Boletim Ilustrado, 1: 7-26. ISSN: 3051-6617 Abstract: During the 1960s, a group of workers from the then Évora District Hospital organised several ‘amateur’ archaeological incursions into various dolmens in Évora. These interventions resulted in a collection of around 300 objects dating from the Late Neolithic period, sufficiently representative of the region's megaliths, which were kept at the Hospital until they were incorporated in 1989 into the then Évora Museum, now the National Museum Friar Manuel do Cenáculo (hereinafter referred to as the MNFMC). This article is the result of research carried out between February and November 2022 at the MNFMC, which resulted in the systematisation of the archaeological reality of the collection, now with hypotheses of new archaeological provenances based on cross-referencing data between objects and unpublished archives; the first historiographical approach to the activities and collecting of this ‘Admirers of the Alentejo’ group, with a new perspective on the history of science and scientific culture in the district of Évora in the 20th century, made possible by unpublished archive data and the valuable testimonies of the members of the group who are still alive - Joana Lopes and Graciete Fidalgo, whom I would like to thank again for their availability, as well as Quintino Lopes and Lília Fidalgo for their co operation; and the suggestion of the museological potential of this Collection, currently in reserves, for its extension to the community.

CAST: Los paisajes aldeanos se construyen a partir de superposiciones materiales que se estratifican a través de largos periodos, pero tienden a caracterizarse desde una imagen que es el resultado final y acumula-do de heterogéneas prácticas de habitar de numerosas generaciones en lugares recurrentes. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en La Ciénega (departamento Tafí del Valle, provincia de Tucumán), orientadas a caracterizar la variabilidad y dinámica temporal de los paisajes aldeanos del área de valles y quebradas del Noroeste argentino. En dos campañas sucesivas se concretaron  excavaciones  en  una  unidad  residencial  compuesta  y  en  un  espacio  monticular  que  permi-tieron conocer novedosos contextos materiales, datados por 11 fechados radiocarbónicos. En base a los estudios estratigráficos, arquitectónicos, materiales y cronológicos se discuten la temporalidad y las lógicas sociales que dieron sustento a la compleja estructuración del paisaje del primer milenio de la Era Común en el área de estudio.
ENG: Village landscapes are built from multiple material superpositions that are stratified over long periods but tend to be characterized by an image that is the final result of heterogeneous dwelling practices of numerous generations in recurring places. This work presents a synthesis of the archaeological research carried out in La Ciénega, aimed at characterizing the variability and temporal dynamic of the village landscapes of the Valles and Quebradas area of Northwestern Argentina. In two successive fieldwork seasons, excavations were carried out in a residential cluster and in a mound structure that allowed new material contexts to be recorded, dated by eleven radiocarbon dates. Based on stratigraphic, architectural, material and chronological studies, the temporality and social logics that supported the complex structuring of the landscape of the first millennium CE in the study area are discussed.

After 70 years we still have very little knowledge about the Epi-Paleolithic, Prepottery Neolithic (PPN), and Pottery Neolithic (PN) periods in the eastern Mazandaran plains. Unreliable excavation methods, the application of personal taste in collecting data, and uncertain analyses are among the issues we face in Coon`s excavations at the Hotu and Kamarband caves. Additionally, there are no detailed reports of pottery from the caves by Coon. In the following years, only general information and a few pictures and drawings by archaeologists were published, which, although helpful, weren’t enough. In the last two decades, despite the excavations and field surveys that have been carried out, there have been no attempts to reinterpret the Caspian Neolithic Software (the CNS pottery type). Touq Tappeh and Tappeh Valiki, located in the Neka Plain, are two CNS sites that yielded over 2500 sherds belonging to the PN. Analysis of the pottery assemblage suggests a need to revise our assumptions about the CNS type. The diversity in production and decoration reflects household production, although they show a specific pattern at regional and inter-regional levels. It has come to our attention that while some researchers have referred to this pottery as the Djeitun/Chakhmaq style, new absolute dates tell a different story. The sherds presented in this paper can be categorized into two groups - regional and interregional- with the majority belonging to the CNS type. The dating of Touq Tappeh suggests that the PN layers belong to 6250-5800 BC. Meanwhile, dating from Hotu indicates that the PN began around 6400 BC, and at Tappeh Valiki, it started around 6600 BC. Consequently, the CNS culture in the eastern region of Mazandaran is now considered the oldest Pottery Neolithic culture in northeastern Iran.

The study presents an analysis of the internal chronology of Szarvas-Grexa-téglagyár and Székkutas-Kápolnadűlő, two Avar cemeteries in the Trans-Tisza Region. According to a widely accepted theory, both were established only in the second half of the Avar Period. This dating could be re-evaluated based on the radiocarbon results presented here. The question of when the Middle Avar belt sets could have appeared in the region is also addressed in the study in connection with the internal chronology of the two sites.

Eight categories of models for converting carbon-14 dates into real time are discussed. Six of these models are based on a creation as described in Genesis and a short age of life on earth. Differences between the models are specified, especially those that are subject to experimental testing. Such features include (1) differences between ring years and radiocarbon years in trees that should be immediately postdiluvian by creationist theories, (2) the accuracy, or lack thereof, of the dendrochronological radiocarbon calibration curve in the historical era, and (3) the possible existence of carbon-14 in antediluvian fossil material. Suggestions are offered for experimental projects that would resolve these uncertainties.

Göbekli Tepe is a unique site both in terms of its monumental architecture and the fact that it appears to be a memorial site, which together makes interpretation of the site particularly challenging and therefore especially interesting. Regrettably, no steam power construction equipment was at the disposal, rendering the present author unable to provide a personal evaluation. There has been a great deal of popular interest in the site, and much generic commentary about it without engaging with the specifics of the unique circumstance of Göbekli Tepe. Such studies will only be alluded to insofar as they inform the core discussion of Göbekli Tepe, and only then where they concern topics with a direct relevance to the interpretation of monumental architecture and ritual activity.

On the south coast of Peru, the famous geoglyphs carved into the desert surface of the Nasca region constitute a dominant feature in the prehistoric landscape. In a joint archaeological-geodetic project we used photogrammetry to map more than 1 000 of these ground drawings around Palpa, to the north of Nasca, which we later on revised in detail in the field. In this article we describe the visualisation of the geoglyphs and the landscape they are found in. Furthermore, we present the outlines of a GIS which we are currently establishing for the spatial analysis of the geoglyphs within their natural as well as cultural environment.

This paper considers the results of the investigations of two prehistoric sites in the southern part of the Blagoevgrad Valley, southwest Bulgaria: Moshtanets-Chukata and Strumsko. Being situated at the highest points of opposing hills on either side of the Struma River, these small, fortified settlements were strategically located in difficult-to-access areas allowing them control over the key routes to the Kresna Gorge and the Aegean coast to the south, the Upper Struma Valley to the north, and the Vardar Valley to the west. Radiocarbon dating of material from the sites suggests that they existed during the first quarter of the fifth millennium BC, at the beginning of the Copper Age. The study focuses on the ceramic repertoire from the sites; the most distinctive shapes and recurring combinations of technological, typological, and decorative characteristics are examined and the common elements and trends in the ceramic production of both settlements are highlighted. Based on the evidence of absolute chronology, ceramic assemblages, stratigraphic sequences, topography, and settlement layout, the author theorizes that both sites might have co-existed as parts of a single community that shared common organizational structure for at least some time of their life-cycles.

Diet is fundamental and closely interconnected with land-use, technology, and economy. When societies undergo major diet shifts, the entire human niche shifts, including all interrelated aspects of social organization. As such, larger patterns in social organization can inform us about diet in the absence of direct evidence. This study focuses specifically on patterns of land-use in the Gobi Desert of China and Mongolia, a place where direct evidence of diet is scanty due to the poor preservation of organics. The purpose is to explore diachronic changes in the spatial distribution of sites and variation in intensity of site use in order to explore proposed changes in subsistence economies. Here, a reorganization of technology, raw material use, and settlement that began in the early to middle Holocene ("Oasis 2") supports the idea of diet breadth expansion between the Palaeolithic and Bronze Age. Strategies of land-use during all three periods are considered. The findings offer a foundation from which to build testable hypotheses about local land-use and subsistence, but also a model for exploring such transitions in other regions where direct evidence is scanty (e.g., forest landscapes, many arid regions and the very deep past).

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evalua...

Rfsuwé: Apres les douze ca mpagnes annudles n:alisies (1983• 1994), les r':sullalS oblenus placenl Lece ia parnli le s sites les plus importunls pour la comp r~hen sio n de la gen;: se et du développemenl des sociétés chaJcolilhiques peninsulai res. Panni les principaux resultaIs sc ienliftques, on sou ligne la presence d'une séquence straligraphique, quel le paiOl de fou ille que soi l considéré , qui, lorsqu'elle est compl;:le. eSI invariablement constituée par Irais couches archéalagiques -Couches 4, 3 cl 2 -cn rappa rt direct avec lrois pha ses culturd!e s, respeclivement Néolilhique ftnal, Chalcolilhique initial el ChaJcolilhique mo)'e n. La datalion par le radioc arbone de trente-six échantillons prélevés dans les divers couches a permis de dater avec p~c i sion. pour la premihe fois au Portugal, lcs trois phase s cu lturell es citées el d'établir, en conséqucnce , la chronologie de I'évolution de la culture matérielle dcs la seconde moitié du IVe millénaire av. J .C. jusqu 'à la fIO du lIIe mil!énaire av. J .C. dans la Basse Estremadura portugaise.

Au gré de ses recherches dans le domaine de la protohistoire européenne, Eugène Warmenbol a été confronté à des objets du Néolithique qu’il a pris soin d’analyser en les propulsant à la pointe de l’actualité scientifique. Nous retiendrons dans cet article des sites étudiés par l’auteur et qui ont un rapport avec la culture de Michelsberg. En particulier, les fouilles au « Plateau des Cinques » à Olloy- sur-Viroin apportent des éléments neufs dans notre approche d’une meilleure définition de l’industrie lithique d’un faciès récent du Michelsberg, échafaudée à la lumière des récentes découvertes du CReA-Patrimoine de l’ULB, au « Bois du Grand Bon Dieu » à Thuin.

North-Iranian loesses are intercalated by several paleosols, which range from weakly developed interstadial soils (Ah, CBk, or Bwk horizons of steppe soils) to strongly developed interglacial soils (Bht, Bt horizons of forest soils). The loess-soil sequences probably cover the lower Middle Pleistocene to Holocene period. Two pedostratigraphic profiles are discussed and future research for confirmation and refining of the proposed stratigraphy is suggested.

Paleoethnobotanical and stable isotope studies have demonstrated that the indigenous groups that populated the Antilles, traditionally understood as dependent exclusively on wild resources, cultivated and consumed both C 3 and C 4 plants even before the arrival of the ceramic-bearing Arawak groups. However, the relative importance of cultigens and the differential use of plants, especially maize, between populations and individuals remains unknown. In this paper we combined the analysis of stable isotopes (δ 15 N, δ 13 C co, δ 13 C en , δ 13 C ap, δ 34 S) of 27 individuals from the archaeological site of Playa del Mango, Cuba with the identification of starch grains in dental calculus. The stable isotope results indicate that the sampled population had a 70:30 C 3 /C 4 diet, where at least 65 % was based on C 3 protein. Starches from C 3 (e.g., Marantaceae, Ipomoea batatas) and C 4 plants (Zea mays) were found in similar proportions (50:50). These results support that the lack or abundance of starch grains cannot be used to infer directly the frequency at which C 3 and C 4 plants were consumed within a small population. Statistically significant differences between females and males in the carbon isotope composition of diet, and its energy portion, suggests a differential consumption of plants by sex. Playa del Mango individual diets were statistically different from those of coeval sites, supporting our previous findings that groups with different dietary traditions concurrently inhabited Cuba in precolonial times. The study demonstrates the power of combined use of stable isotope models, and starch analysis, to provide a more nuanced reconstruction of dietary practices in past human populations.

Předložený příspěvek prezentuje pohřebiště ze starší doby bronzové, které bylo prozkoumáno v roce 1985 v souvislosti s výstavbou
Jihozápadního Města v místech obytného souboru Nové Butovice (k. ú. Praha-Stodůlky). Pohřební areál tvořilo asi 25 hrobů ve třech
prostorově oddělených skupinách datovaných do mladšího období únětické kultury v Čechách. V hrobech byly zjištěny pozůstatky
kamenných či organických konstrukcí. Hrobová výbava vedle miniaturních keramických nádobek obsahovala předměty z kovů nebo
jantaru. Detailní pozornost byla poprvé na území Čech věnována funkční analýze kovových čepelí dýk, která definovala stopy vý-
robního procesu artefaktu nebo stopy jeho používání. Krátkodobé využívání pohřebiště ve spojitosti s vysokým relativním zastoupením
předmětů spojovaných s určitým statusem pohřbených ukazuje na regionálně specifický vývoj a dynamiku mladšího období únětické
kultury v Čechách.

The article discusses graves in the Carpathian Basin that contain the skulls, legs or other remains of flayed sheep. Based on the distribution of the phenomenon, the burials of the Early and Middle-Late Avar periods can clearly be distinguished from each other. In the Carpathian Basin, burials with sheepskins concentrated east of the Tisza River in the Early Avar Period and reflect connections to the Eastern European steppe. After the mid-600s, the phenomenon became common in a much wider area and the method of flaying also changed.


A cikk azokat a Kárpát-medencei sírokat tárgyalja, amelyekben különleges módon megnyúzott juhok koponyáját, lábát vagy egyéb maradványait találták meg. A jelenség térbeli elterjedése alapján egyértelműen elkülönülnek egymástól a korai, illetve a középső-késő avar kori temetkezések. A juhbőrmelléklet adás szokása a kora avar korban a Kárpát-medencében a Tiszától keletre koncentrálódott és a kelet-európai sztyeppével való kapcsolatokat tükrözi. A 600-as évek közepét követően a juhbőrös temetkezések a Kárpát-medence sokkal szélesebb területén váltak általánossá. Emellett a nyúzás módja is megváltozott a korábbi technikákhoz képest.

The fifth season of excavations of Oponice Castle in 2020 was located in the lower castle’s courtyard. The research led to discovery of an original clay floor being heavily burned with charred plank and a rectangular stone-brick construction. The construction has collapsed upper part with a fallen low brick arch. The whole area was covered with numerous stove tiles and one clay mold for the production of stove tiles. The construction was identified as a pottery kiln dated to the second half of the 16th until the first half of the 17th century AD by the findings from excavated layer identified to the kiln destruction. Also, written sources mention a large fire in 1645 which destroyed the castle. The aim of this article is to use different methods of dating and refine the chronology of the context through microarchaeology and Bayesian modeling. For these purposes different types of samples were collected. The sampling focused on site formation process determination of pottery kiln use and the way of its destruction. Applying Bayesian analysis improved overall dating, through modeled time interval of the three individual sequences and helped recreated historical events during the period, when the calibration curve fluctuates.

Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed Koning Albert II-laan 19, bus 5 1210 Brussel www.vioe.be De uitgaven uit de reeks 'Rapporten Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek VIOE' bevatten de ruwe data en eerste resultaten van natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek dat werd uitgevoerd aan het VIOE. Ondertussen kan bijkomende informatie, die niet beschikbaar was bij de uitvoering van de natuurwetenschappelijke analyse, de resultaten en conclusies uit dit rapport hebben bijgestuurd of verfijnd. Wij raden de lezer dan ook aan om contact op te nemen met de auteur(s) om de meest recente bevindingen van het onderzoek na te vragen vooraleer naar dit rapport te verwijzen in eigen publicaties.

Caves are sensitive to hydrological processes including sediment transport associated with changes in external climatic conditions. When located in the proximity of prehistoric settlements, cave sediments can provide details about human activities and help to elucidate the paleoenvironment. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of lithological, geochemical, magnetic, organic matter, non-pollen palynomorphs, and charcoal data from sediment in Ciur Izbuc Cave, revealing significant paleoenvironmental and hydrodynamic changes over the past 6500 years. The first phase (6500-3500 calibrated years BP; cal BP) depicts a dynamic system with constant surface-subsurface connections, moderate-to-high erosion, and low-to-moderate sediment accumulation rates. The low charcoal levels during this phase indicate limited human impact. The second phase (3500-1400 cal BP) features contrasting depositional environments; the initial interval shows low accumulation under reduced water flow, reflective of a stable late mid-Holocene climate, while the subsequent interval reveals an abrupt shift to wetter conditions, characterized by runoff-derived minerogenic sediments. This period coincides with increased human impacts, including fire activity and land-use changes since the late Bronze Age. The third phase (1400-100 cal BP) exhibits complex hydrological dynamics, with sporadic, intense erosion linked to short-term climatic shifts. Increased charcoal concentrations and the presence of fungi indicate persistent human activity, intensifying after 300 cal BP. Our findings underscore the complex relationship between climate events, humans, and sediment dynamics in the Ciur Izbuc Cave, highlighting the utility of a multi-proxy approach in reconstructing past environmental changes.

Over the course of 150 years, a misinterpretation of time has developed an incorrect hypothesis and has become so established that it is considered a self-evident truth. After many years of historical research into the source and cause of this incorrect hypothesis, the cause turned out to be obvious, as often happens. It was the day, so common, but always ignored or overlooked, that led to a misinterpretation and the resulting incorrect hypothesis. With this knowledge and all other irrefutable historical facts, the Gregorian calendar from 1582 itself has proven that it has the same duration as the solar year. This means that the solar calendars of the ancient civilizations also had the same duration as the Gregorian calendar year. And that has far-reaching consequences.

The key to understanding the hitherto difficult A.1123 and Chronicle 25 lines 19-21 is a noncanonical Babylonian king allied with Assyria, who overthrew Enlil-nādin-apli (lines 20-21) after he attacked Assyria (line 19), and was overthrown by Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē (lines 22-25) in a ‘great rebellion’ (A.1123) that killed two Assyrian princes present in Babylonia as part of the alliance.  This allows a delayed burial - after the princes' bodies were recovered by the resulting war (line 26) - to explain how the known war in līmu Aššur-šuma-ēriš can have been triggered by the killing of princes buried late in this year (A.1123).

Since KAL 3.22 straightforwardly refers to a noncanonical 11th century Aššur-uballiṭ, ongoing bad relations initiated by this Babylonian treachery  against Assyria, which likely continued into the early reign of Marduk-šāpik-zēri, can reasonably be identified with the ongoing ‘treachery’ in BM 96947, which is unworkable when its Aššur-uballiṭ is identified as Aššur-uballiṭ I. This correlation dates this Assur-uballit soon after Tiglath-Pileser I, which is very consistent with multiple anticipations in BM 96947 that point to a dating long after Assur-uballit I. This specific dating finds strong support from a very attractive genealogical match with BM 120960, when this text is dated by orthographic "peculiarities" shared with YBC 2242.

Kehidupan manusia didunia merupakan anugrah dari Allah swt, dengan segala pemberiannya kepada manusia dapat menikmati segala kenikmatan yang bisa dirasakan oleh dirinya tetapi anugrah tersebut kadang kala manusia lupa akan dzat Allah Swt yang memberi kenikmatan tersebut