16th Century (History)

Über das frühe Leben des Uri Halewi, Sohn eines Joseph ben Ephraim Halewi in Braunschweig, wissen wir wenig. Jedoch kann aus den Quellen erschlossen werden, daß er in seiner Jugend 1557 bei der Vertreibung der Juden aus Braunschweig floh und sich schon bald darauf in der prosperierenden ostfriesischen Hafenstadt Emden niederließ. Dort waren seit einigen Jahren Juden ansässig geworden; Halewi ist dabei der erste, dessen Name überliefert ist. Dieser Name erscheint allerdings in verschiedenen Varianten. In jüdischen Quellen wird er nach dem Ort seiner Niederlassung Feibisch Emden genannt, wobei Feibisch (1598 "Pheyfuss", Variante unter seinen Nachfahren: "Phoebus") eine jiddische Entsprechung des hebräischen Uri ist. In den niederländischen Quellen erscheint er verballhornt als Philips (= Feibisch) Joost (= ben Joseph). In Unterlagen der jüdischen Gemeinden von Emden und Amsterdam wird die hebräische Namensform verwendet. Nur einmal, im Emder Memorbuch, das lange nach seinem Tod erstellt wurde, wird noch der Name "Moses" seinem Namen vorangestellt, der aber sonst urkundlich nicht belegt ist. Allerdings ist ein Moses ben Jacob Halewi in Emden bekannt, der mit hebräischen Büchern handelte (1590-92) und vielleicht ein Vetter war.

This article analyzes the dynamics of the post-Mohács Ottoman timariot army, exploring the Ottoman military transformation within the Ottoman frontier districts or sub-provinces (sancak/liva), namely Semendria and Bosnia, with a specific focus on the prelude to the Ottoman–Habsburg struggle. As the Ottoman–Habsburg conflict unfolded, the Ottomans gathered formidable garrison troops along the Hungarian frontier, unprecedented in its history. Drawing insights from various undated documents spanning 1530 to 1532, this article investigates the potential Ottoman army available for military campaigns in the West, which previous research have only made estimations. A specific roll-call register provides details on the actual size of the Rumelian timariot army during the 1532 campaign. The study also examines the factors and methods contributing to the growth of the timariot army in the frontier regions and the emergence of a distinct frontier power holder typology, exemplified by clans such as the Hüsrev Bey and Yahyalı clans. The article further explores the upkeep of substantial household troops commanded by these governors (sancakbeyi), their integration into the timar system, and their role in the raids and magnitude of the slavery-based economy. It also analyzes the leaders of raids into Croatia and offers an overview of the typology of the frontier soldier.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dr. Ahmet H. Cebeci ile 2018’de yayınlamış olduğumuz 16. Asırda Hamid Sancağı adlı kitabı internet ortamında tekrar yayınlamak ve bölge hakkında yapılacak araştırmalara katkı vermektir. Bu sayede siyakat okumalarında yapmış olduğumuz hataları da düzeltmektir. Belge okumalarını yaklaşık 500 yıl önce Göller Bölgesi’nde vukûbulan coğrafî değişimin ışığında yapılmıştır.

Удк 72.025.4:902/904(051) ББк 85.11я5+85.118я5 а87 Учредитель: Институт археологии РАН Редакционная коллегия: Антипов Илья Владимирович, кандидат искусствоведения, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (Россия); Баталов Андрей Леонидович, доктор искусствоведения, Музеи Московского Кремля (Россия); Беляев Леонид Андреевич, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор исторических наук, Институт археологии РАН (Россия); Богданович Елена, доктор искусствоведения (Сербия); Вдовиченко Марина Викторовна, кандидат искусствоведения, Институт археологии РАН, заместитель главного редактора (Россия); Вздорнов Герольд Иванович, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор искусствоведения, Государственный научно-исследовательский институт реставрации (Россия); Гайдуков Пётр Григорьевич, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор исторических наук, Институт археологии РАН (Россия); Гиппиус Алексей Алексеевич, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор филологических наук, Институт славяноведения (Россия); Ёлшин Денис Дмитриевич, кандидат исторических наук, Государственный Эрмитаж (Россия); Жервэ Алексей Владимирович, Государственный музей истории религии (Россия); Иоаннисян Олег Михайлович, кандидат исторических наук, Государственный Эрмитаж (Россия); Казарян Армен Юрьевич, член-коррес пондент РААСН, доктор искусствоведения, Научно-исследовательский институт теории и истории архитектуры и градостроительства (филиал ФГБУ «ЦНИИП Минстроя России» (Россия); Коваль Владимир Юрьевич, кандидат исторических наук, Институт археологии РАН (Россия); Крадин Николай Николаевич, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор исторических наук, Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока ДВО РАН (Россия); Левандаускас Витаутас, доктор гуманитарных наук, Университет Витовта Великого (Литва); Макаров Николай Андреевич, академик РАН, доктор исторических наук, Институт археологии РАН (Россия); Петрушонис Витаутас, доктор гуманитарных наук, Вильнюсский технический университет им. Гедиминаса (Литва), Седов Владимир Валентинович, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор искусствоведения, Институт археологии РАН, главный редактор (Россия); Ситдиков Айрат Габитович, доктор исторических наук, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет (Россия); Толстиков Владимир Петрович, кандидат исторических наук, Государственный музей изобразительных искусств им. А. С. Пушкина (Россия); Яганов Андрей Викторович, Институт археологии РАН (Россия)

The paper examines the image of the monarch, created in the welcoming speeches of the Lithuanian marshals of the Chamber of Delegates in the General Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 16th and the first third of the 17th centuries. Such addresses were one of the most important elements of the ceremonial opening of the General Sejm. The welcoming speeches clearly reflected the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility’s thoughts on the positive and negative qualities of the ruler, his main duties, as well as the essence of the relations between a responsible ruler and his loyal subjects. It is emphasized that reflections on the moral foundations of royal power were closely connected with the history and current political events in Central and Eastern Europe. The author concludes that the General Sejm’s welcoming speeches are an important example of political thought and open wide opportunities for the study of the political and intellectual culture of the noble society of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early modern period.

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
De vita Caesarum /  O živote cisárov
liber II / kniha II
Latinsko-slovenský preklad medzi doslovným medziriadkovým prekladom “interlinear” a literárnym voľným prekladom.
Snažil som sa poskytnúť preklad, ktorý je čitateľný a zrozumiteľný, čo medziriadkový “interlinear” preklad zvyčajne nie je, ale zároveň umožňuje sledovať pôvodný text.
Toto je primárne zamerané na ľudí, ktorí majú záujem sledovať pôvodný text a zároveň si chcú precvičiť svoje znalosti latinčiny.

The article “Military banners of the Court Troops and King John Casimir Vasa's Guard from the Collection of the Armemuseum in Stockholm” presents a collection of military banners belonging to the court troops and the royal guard of King John Casimir Vasa, held in the State Trophy Collection at the Armemuseum in Stockholm. The author examines the significance of military banners in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the first half of the 17th century, highlighting the lack of formal legal regulations concerning their design. This absence led to the development of customary practices, shaped by two vexillological traditions—national and foreign.

The article briefly outlines the history of the court formations and royal guard during the reign of John Casimir and provides an overview of the State Trophy Collection’s origins, as well as the existing scholarship on royal banners. The author then analyzes a set of 17 banners, categorizing them into three groups: banners of the court troops, banners of the royal guard, and unidentified banners likely associated with units closely tied to the royal court. Each banner is examined in terms of its condition, provenance, and the royal heraldry, Baroque emblems, and mottoes it bears. Possible sources of inspiration for their visual forms are also discussed. For the previously unidentified banners, the author attempts to determine their potential military affiliations.

In conclusion, the article compares this collection with the banners of court and guard troops under earlier monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—Sigismund III and Władysław IV Vasa—emphasizing the dynastic and political contexts that influenced changes in banner iconography during their respective reigns.

The Dutch Political Climate and Its Correlation To the Structure and Power of the Dutch East India Trading Company. In the late 16th century, a Golden Age emerged in the Netherlands following the Dutch Revolt. This new age transformed the Dutch economy. It surfaced as a consequence of several elements: the post-1588 stabilization of the Republic, the reopening of waterways, a flow of capital from Belgium, improved strategy, the Flemish coast naval blockage, and the lifting of Philip II's embargo on ships in the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands was transformed into a commercial powerhouse of Europe. This economic boom led to the rise of various Dutch trading companies. Later, in 1602, they were merged, establishing the United East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) to initiate a monopoly in the East Indies (Israel, 1995, p. 318-320). The merchant-controlled and decentralized politics of the Dutch Republic in the 16th and 17th centuries built the policies, overall structure, and authority of the Dutch East India Company, giving it the power to act as a quasi-state internationally. Over two centuries, the Dutch East India Company established itself as one of the most powerful and profitable companies in global history.

The article examines the interconnections between the use of republican concepts and the practice of political life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the late 16th century. Dymitr Chalecki, who belonged to the petty nobility, made a brilliant political career for those times. In April 1590, he was nominated for the Land Treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chalecki put forward a program of improving the state economy and became one of the leaders of the nobility movement in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 1590s. Primary sources (mainly epistolary ones) show that Dymitr Chalecki quite often referred to such categories as law, justice, freedom, conscience, duty, patriotism, and the common good. The author emphasizes that Chalecki’s views were shaped not so much by his education, but by the traditions and practice of public life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In turn, it indicates how deeply the classical republican tradition penetrated the political consciousness of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s nobility at the end of the 16th century.

The article examines the Reformation as one of the sources of the secularization of art and simultaneously an impulse for new unintended developments with spiritual potential. It argues that the reformers' attitudes towards art helped facilitate the emergence and development of new secular subjects and renewed attention to ordinary life and its artistic reflection. In this way, it fostered a new kind of aesthetics, which some consider to be distinctly Protestant. At the center of this aesthetic is the reversal of hierarchies, affirming elements of life usually considered low and unworthy of aesthetic attention. Some view this kind of "iconoclasm" as not only Protestant but essentially Christian, as it reflects crucial Christian doctrines, namely the incarnation, where one image of God was destroyed in His becoming human. This newly emerged aesthetic is seen as both a product and a part of the transition from religious images to art in its own right, raising new questions about whether art on its own can be a source of spiritual impulses and thus opening the way towards the sacralization of art .

The city of Eger, as well as and most of the other Hungarian cities are located at springs of thermal waters, therefore, most of the Turkish baths built in Hungary are of ilija-type, however, hammams were also built. Ottoman Turks conquered Hungary for one and a half centuries in 16-17 c. To the sorry of science, historiography focused on the war, that destroyed inhabited places and humans, too. However, Turks enriched Hungary with buildings, food, flowers, and human blood, too. Even nowadays there are still Hungarian families with Turkish family names such as “Ali”, which derived from the given name Ali and turned into a surname because it refers to the Turkish origin of the respective family. In the 18th century, Turkish buildings, baths, and living houses were ruined. Ottoman Turks had built several hundred grandiose buildings, such as baths for mineral waters (the land of Hungary is extremely rich in medical waters, albeit the Turks introduced all the wellness culture and a lot of Turkish baths have still been working nowadays as well), Jamis, medreses, minarets, or turbes where significant Turkish persons are buried. The author himself visits Turkish baths in Budapest and Eger, which have been working with medicinal mineral water in the same buildings built by the Turks, such as Pasha Mehmed, and remained in good shape, and attract many tourists, too.

Житие преп. Иоанна Лествичника в византийской и славянской традициях обычно предшествует тексту Лествицы. Этот текст именуется нами Основной редакцией. В византийской литературе встречается несколько версий Жития преп. Иоанна Лествичника, две из которых, условно именуемые «ранняя» и «поздняя», стали основами для славяно-русских переводов. Автором ранней версии является младший современник преп. Иоанна Лествичника, монах Раифского монастыря Даниил. Автор поздней версии (редактор) неизвестен. В поздней версии очевидно прослеживается развитие агиографического канона. Все средства редакторского арсенала посвящены одной цели: усилить сакральную составляющую текста, представив читателю идеальный образ святого — воплощение Добра. В электронном издании содержится публикация Основной редакции Жития (с толкованиями к нему) по двум греческим версиям, четырем раннеславянским переводам, старопечатному изданию (М., 1647), переводам преп. Паисия Величковского, Д.Р. Ульянинского, святителя Игнатия Брянчанинова, П.С. Делицына, «полуславянскому» и русскому переводам Оптиной пустыни. Указаны цитаты из Священного Писания, случаи вхождения фрагментов Жития в другие тексты, источники маргиналий Сергия Шелонина. Издание сопровождено воспроизведениями клейм житийных икон преп. Иоанна Лествичника.
https://art-of-scala.ru/zhitie-lestvichnika/

Resumen: El artículo expone el desarrollo de un innovador sistema constructivo-estructural, de madera de chopo de la Vega de Granada, desde el diseño de un proyecto arquitectónico. El sistema propuesto se basa en los avances realizados por el proyecto LIFE Wood for Future,

Medreseler zaman zaman mescitte, bazen müstakil olarak, çoğu zaman bir külliyenin içerisinde, bazen de Osmanlı Sarayı örneğinde olduğu gibi sarayın içerisinde yer almışlardır. Bununla birlikte medreseler sadece eğitim öğretimin yapıldığı mekânlar olarak kalmamış, İslâm kültürünü ve medeniyetini halka benimsetme ve yaygınlaştırma vazifesini de üstlenmiştir. Günümüzde artık tarihi bir olgudan öte olmayan medreselerin son dönemlerine ışık tutması bakımından Şemseddin Mısrî Efendi'nin Devvâr-ı Şemsî adlı eseri bilhassa 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda Bursa özelinde çok önemli ve tek kaynaktır. Zira adeta Bursa'nın yazılı hafızasını imâr ve ihya eden Şemseddin Mısrî, eserinde medreselerin son dönemdeki hallerini ve tekkeler ile beraber kaldırılmasını, bunun lüzumunu anlatmakla beraber o gün itibariyle eldeki medreselerin tümüne dair ulaşabildiği her bilgiyi de bizlere nakletmektedir. Bursa'daki medrese hayatı bu eserde geçen bilgiler ışığında bugünkü harflere çevrilmek suretiyle incelenmiştir.

Supomos que a dissolução da dicotomia natureza-cidade deriva da compreensão de alguns dos mitos do imaginário constituído pela episteme ocidental (Dussel, 1993). Compreende-se tal imaginário enquanto imagens preconcebidas usadas como régua do mundo, o meio imagético pelo qual interpretamos o desconhecido e com o qual nos convencemos conhecer. No limite, é uma antecipação de conceitos, verdades, lógicas e explicações que dispensa muitas vezes os fenômenos, fatos, perspectivas contraditórias e a própria e necessária instabilidade das certezas científicas. As imagens dispensaram, para sua configuração, serem testemunhadas enquanto fenômeno manifesto ao sentido da visão. Assim, o imaginário ocidental se concebe sem imagens do mundo para refletir-se sobre ele a partir de um único ponto de vista. A partir de discussão bibliográfica, analisam-se as ideias cristalizadas sobre natureza e cidade do sujeito ocidental moderno, a partir das investidas coloniais ao continente americano. Por se tratar fundamentalmente do imaginário, mobilizamos interpretações dos mitos do Paraíso Perdido e de Eldorado e confrontamos os impactos concretos da agência desse imaginário sobre o mundo. Em perspectiva de contraste apresentamos críticas e considerações das epistemologias indígenas à luz das ciências humanas-sobretudo os estudos culturais e antropológicos-, para nos apoiar e estimular a desnaturalização da dicotomia.

Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, üç aylık periyotlarla yılda dört kez yayınlanan hakemli bir dergidir. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi'nde yayınlanan tüm yazıların hukukî açıdan, dil, bilim açısından bütün sorumluluğu yazarlarına ait olup, yayın hakları telif devri yoluyla Motif Halk Oyunları Eğitim ve Öğretim Vakfı'na devredilir. Dergide yayınlanan yazıların yayın dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Yayıncının yazılı izni olmaksızın kısmen veya tamamen herhangi bir şekilde basılamaz, çoğaltılamaz. Yayın Kurulu, dergiye gönderilen yazıları yayınlayıp yayınlamamakta serbesttir. Dergiye gönderilen yazılar iade edilmez. Anket, mülakat ve gözlem gibi nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak hazırlanan makaleler, Etik Kurul Belgesi ibraz edilmesi koşulu ile yayınlanır. Dergide yer alan yazıların dijital baskı, grafik tasarım, uluslararası indekslere tanıtılması ve sekretarya giderleri için değerlendirme süreci başlangıcında Motif Halk Oyunları Eğitim ve Öğretim Vakfı'na bağış talep edilmektedir. ♦ Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is a refereed journal published quarterly, four times a year. All the responsibilities of all articles published in the Motif Academy Journal of Folklore belong to their authors in terms of legal, language and science, and their publishing rights are transferred to the Motif Folk Dances Education and Training Foundation through copyright transfer. The language of publication of the articles published in the journal is Turkish and English. It cannot be printed or reproduced in any or all manner without the written permission of the publisher. The Editorial Board is free to publish the articles sent to the journal. Articles sent to the journal are not refundable. Articles prepared using qualitative and quantitative research methods such as surveys, interviews and observations are published on condition that the Ethics Committee Document is submitted. Donations are requested to the Motif Folk Dances Education and Training Foundation at the beginning of the evaluation process for digital printing, graphic design, international indexes and the secretariat expenses of the articles in the journal.

Политическая мысль Средневековья демонстрирует взаимодействие культур Византии и Руси и интересует довольно широкий круг западных исследователей. Автор настоящей статьи убежден, что зарубежная историография является полезным дополнением для исследований, посвященных истории Руси XΙV–XVIвв. В данной статье в виде компендиума охарактеризована зарубежная историография феномена «наследств» в русской политической мысли XIV–XVI вв./ The political thought of the Middle Ages demonstrates the interaction of Byzantine and Rus' cultures. The author of the present article is convinced that foreign historiography is a useful supplement for studies devoted to the history of Rus XΙV–XVI centuries. In this article the foreign historiography of the phenomenon of "legacies" in Russian political thought of the XIV–XVI centuries is characterised in the form of a compendium.

In the 16th century, thread-worked buttons became increasingly prevalent as both functional and decorative components of dress. The concept of thread wrapped buttons was not new 1 but the prevalence, opulence and visibility saw a notable uptick in the Italian peninsula and other neighboring regions, in this time period. Fortunately, we are left with a strong base of evidence in extant garments, portraiture, and personal inventories, all of which I have explored and compared with my own practice of creating my own thread wrapped buttons. Unfortunately, no instruction manuals or modelbooks remain 2 with specific techniques for construction, or standardized names for those techniques and styles of buttons, let alone attributions for where these techniques and names trace their origins to. Therefore, the methods by which my body of work has been achieved so far are speculative and lean on a variety of methods. While many of these are plausible, I cannot currently prove them as more-or-less historically accurate as I am still hunting for more sources. Even so, I believe I have gathered enough evidence to draw some strong, reasonable understandings about not only what these were made out of and how, but also the proliferation of these accessories. At this point in my research, I posit that by considering the social, economic, and political context during the 16th century, I am able to argue that these objects were reflective of those contexts, and stand as an interdisciplinary fine craft worth attention and examination in our Society today.

The sixteenth century Mediterranean has often been described as ‘a battleground’ between the two great empires of Catholic Spain in the West and the Muslim Ottomans in the East. It was a century during which the two great empires gave evidence of their formidable might. Before the rise of the Habsburg kings, Charles V and Philip II, the Catholic Kings of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, who were responsible for the unification of Spain, played as vital a part in creating the Spanish Empire as did the Ottoman sultans before the fall of Constantinople in 1453.peer-reviewe

This study is an analytical review of arches as the key architectural elements in traditional structures especially pointed arches in Mimar Sinan’s Süleymaniye Mosque in İstanbul. The question of how the pointed arches were designed and used in the classical period of the Ottoman architecture and the Sinan’s Süleymaniye Mosque as the most important example of the period discussed in addition to many studies in which the arch that participates in structural fiction as part of the bearing system was examined within the scope of the style, several types of the arches that is a subspecies are mentioned depending on the position of the centers located by the division of span. On-site measurements were made for the arch formations, also restoration projects commissioned in 2007 by the Turkish Republic Directorate General of Foundations (VGM) and approved by the Cultural and Natural Heritage Conservation District Board of Turkish Minister of Culture and Tourism were used for the dimensions with permission. For the first time in our previous studies, research carried out on 19 mosques that were built in İstanbul during the period of Sinan. The question of which variables depends on the design of pointed arches according to their location and usage rates of arches formed by division of span were examined. Arches are also classified according to their locations; interior, narthex, court and facades. The categorical properties like preferred types, places of use and grouping features are discussed and considered together with quantities like span, height, centers of intrados for understanding geometric formation principles. Thus, new types were found like 1:7, 1:9, 1:11 beside known types like (1:5) pencî arches and statistics like where and which conditions they were shown has been revealed. It has also been possible to compare buildings overused arch types that make up the form repertoires of the designer in selected works. The example of this extensive research detailed on a single building on Süleymaniye Mosque, best-known work of imperial architect Mimar Sinan. It has been revealed that pointed arches have been classified and arranged to provide speed and convenience in the design and construction process as a dominant stylistic determinant and founder of traditional construction systems.

Ο Λεωνίδας Γουργουρίνης με το νέο του μυθιστόρημα –συνέχεια του «Μαυροπετρίτη»– μας μεταφέρει με ζωντάνια στην εποχή των Ελλήνων πειρατών. Από τις πιο ξεχωριστές περιπτώσεις ήταν ο Πέτρος Λάντζας που είναι και πάλι ο ήρωας του βιβλίου: «Το Ρεσάλτο – Το Γεράκι της Μεσογείου» που κυκλοφορεί από τις εκδόσεις Αρτέον.

The traditional claim that Sir Francis Drake landed in Drakes Bay, California in 1579 has been increasingly challenged by new evidence aligning with Nehalem Bay, Oregon. This handout summarizes the key comparative points across geography, ethnography, cartography, and historical accounts to support the reevaluation of Drake's landfall site.

Great! Let's compare Drake's Bay, Nehalem Bay, and Whale Cove based on several key criteria relevant to Sir Francis Drake's 1579 anchorage, as well as their geographic, historical, and physical characteristics. 0 1 F 3 0 A Geographical Location & Features Feature Drake's Bay (CA) Nehalem Bay (OR) Whale Cove (OR) Latitude ~38° N ~45.7° N ~44.8° N Protection Open to the south/ southwest Well-protected by a sand spit Very small, extremely enclosed

Mijnheer de Rector Magnificus, zeer gewaardeerde toehoorders, beste collega's en studenten, lieve vrienden, lieve familie! In de titel Schiffbruch mit Zuschauer 1 , een kloek werk van filosoof Hans Blumenberg, gaan vier verzen van de Romeinse dichter Lucretius schuil, namelijk uit diens leerdicht over De natuur van de dingen, waar staat: 2 Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis, e terra magnum alterius spectare laborem; non quia vexari quemquamst iucunda voluptas, sed quibus ipse malis careas quia cernere suave est. * Voor de Nederlandse versie zeg ik van harte Emile van Brakel dank.

El 21 de abril de 2025, falleció el Papa Francisco a los 88 años en la Casa Santa Marta del Vaticano. Su deceso marcó el fin de un pontificado caracterizado por reformas estructurales, un enfoque pastoral hacia los marginados y una visión de Iglesia más inclusiva. Este artículo analiza las reacciones institucionales y sociales en Roma y el mundo, los cambios litúrgicos en sus exequias y el proceso de sucesión papal, destacando el impacto de su legado en la Iglesia contemporánea.

La Fundación Juan March, en colaboración con la editorial Taurus, ha iniciado el proyecto Españoles Eminentes, con el fin de contribuir a conocer más profundamente a ciertos personajes cuyas biografías han estado sujetas a interpretaciones muy diversas. El objetivo último es avanzar en el camino de una historia integradora de España. El Dr. Enrique García Hernán, investigador del CSIC especialista en la historia de la Compañía de Jesús, nos ofrece una interesante biografía histórico-ejemplar de San Ignacio de Loyola. La bibliografía sobre San Ignacio es tan amplia como dispares son sus visiones, oscilando entre la imagen de "un hombre sediento de poder, maquiavélico o un dictador de almas" y la extrema idealización religiosa de su figura. En la semblanza que nos ocupa, el autor quiere situarse en el punto de equilibrio entre estos muchos "Ignacios". Para ello ha decidido separarse de la figura del santo, tratando de centrarse "en el hombre que llegó a ser".

Ce Tableau conservé au MNAHA de Luxembourg ornait à l'origine l'extrémité Ouest de la Galerie du Roi de Fontainebleau jusqu'en 1639. Il présente deux dieux - Bacchus et Vénus - , et deux allégories très originales - l'enfant à l'envers sur le lion, et le faune au visage d'enfant rieur- pour traiter subtilement un adage récent et écourté d'Erasme: "Sans Bacchus, Vénus se refroidit".
(Reprise et approfondissement du chapitre II de ma thèse de doctorat d'histoire de l'art soutenue en 2019).

The archaeological works carried out in Praça da Figueira, between 1999 and 2001 allowed the recognition of diverse contexts of the "Royal Hospital of All-Saints", in particular two hydraulic structures: one equivalent to the filling of medieval oval well belonging to the vegetable-garden of the Dominican Convent, later reused by the hospital, and the other recognised in the NE cloister internal perimeter. The study deals with this two material contexts, analysing Portuguese fine redware productions, comparing these small vessels trying to achieve their significance in the public building.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποσκοπεί να εξετάσει κάτω από ποιες συνθήκες μητροπολίτες Κορίνθου ευεργετήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της ύστερης βυζαντινής περιόδου από τις αυτοκρατορικές και πατριαρχικές αρχές με την εκχώρηση σε αυτούς κατ' επίδοση εκκλησιαστικών εδρών, αναδεικνύοντας έτσι μία ελάχιστα γνωστή πτυχή της έτσι κι αλλιώς ομιχλώδους ιστορίας της μητροπόλεως Κορίνθου κατά την ύστερη βυζαντινή περίοδο.

The article examines two fragmentary pilgrim badges discovered in 2018 during archaeological excavations in Tallinn. The stylistic characteristics of these lead-tin badges date them to the latter half of the 15th century. An inscription in Middle Low German indicates that the badges were made for pilgrims visiting the relic of the Holy Blood in Riga and commemorate Count Gunzelin of Schwerin.

В собраниях Русского музея и Государственного Эрмитажа хранятся иконы и детали наружной росписи, происходящие из церкви Рождества Богоматери Гиморецкого погоста (ныне – Подпорожский район Ленинградской области). Большая часть икон до сих пор оставалась неопубликованной и неизвестной широкому кругу специалистов. В работе представлены результаты первого комплексного исследования всех сохранившихся живописных памятников церкви в Гимреке.