17th-Century Studies

The prevailing belief, dating from Adam Smith, that the balance- of-trade was the dominant facet of English economic policy since the time of Thomas Mun, is questioned. It is argued that Samuel Fortrey is a more likely "founder" for this doctrine and that the influence of the balance-of-trade is due almost entirely to politics. THE POLITICAL BALANCE OF TRADE . . . ? ? "Before they learn there Is a God to be worshipped they learn there are Frenchmen to be detested," Fougebert de Montbron, quoted by Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century * It is well-known that concern for the Balance-of-Trade is the distinguishing mark of the economic thought of the century prior to Adam Smith. No one would deny that the balance-of-trade is one impor- tant aspect of trade. What is striking is the enormous importance attached to the Balance-of-Trade under the Mercantile System. Was the almost hysterical stress laid upon the Balance-of-Trade a sign of demented economic thought or was the hysteria a cover for some noneconomic objectives of the pamphleteers? Adam Smith attributed the Balance-of-Trade doctrinea phase I shall use throughout to indicate the near exclusive emphasis given to this concept -to a failure to distinguish real from nominal wealth and suggested that the doctrine originated with Thomas Mun In the 1620s. In this paper, I shall try to focus more precisely on the rise of the Balance-of-Trade (interpreted in the extreme sense noted above) in order to suggest that Thomas Mun had very little to do with the rise of this doctrine. Rather, Samuel Fortrey appears to have been the most influential figure in arousing popular concern. This suggests that the doctrine of the Balance-of-Trade may have been a cover for discussing the non- economic dangers of the Anglo-French Trade and, if the conjecture is reasonable, it would require a substantial change in our view about "Mercantilism." A long-established tradition in the history of economic thought credits the East India merchant, Thomas Mun, with being the chief

EARLY MODERN EUROPE WAS enthralled by China and its main protago-nist from the late sixteenth century onwards, Confucius. This ancient sage was the subject of books and pamphlets, his likeness was depicted in print and on porcelain and his teachings were discussed in the pages of newspapers and journals throughout Europe. In 1740, the French writer Jean Baptise Boyer, marquis d’Argens, even dedicated his Lettres chinoises to the soul of this long departed Chinese savant: ‘Manes du plus grand homme qu’ait produit l’Univers, souffrez que je vous donne un témoignage du profond respect que j’ai pour votre mémoire’.

Separated in time by a millennium and in space by thousands of miles, D’Argens's dedication seems counter-intuitive. Dedications were usually aimed at remunerated (or prospectively remunerated or otherwise beneficial) patronage, and D’Argens could hardly have expected the soul of Confucius to grant him any earthly rewards in exchange for a flattering inscription. Yet there was more to be gained here than direct financial compensation. By ‘teaching the public what my feelings are for the greatest man the universe has produced’, D’Argens's dedication appealed in both sentiment and subject to the ever-growing number of early modern readers clamouring for knowledge about China. One result of this inquisitiveness has already been noted in Petiver's particular interest in and naming of specimens sent from China; D’Argens responded to the eagerness for knowledge of China with an epistolary novel: a genre that had only recently come into being.

As the Western humanities have increasingly focused on global per-spectives in the last couple of decades, scholars have emphasised the interconnectedness between cultures in Asia and Europe. A wide range of topics have been covered, often with a focus on the interactions facilitating the transmission of goods such as porcelain, lacquerware, silks and spices as well as shared knowledge about medicine, philosophy, writing systems and how this dissemination of goods and knowledge impacted upon the respective societies into which they were introduced.

The role of the Jesuits in the early European study of China and Con-fucius has been emphasised by, among others, David Mungello, who considers these premodern interactions as a form of ‘proto-sinology’.

Coloquio Internacional "Voces del archivo. Actores, actrices y contextos en el mundo moderno", organizado por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas en Sevilla, los días 22 y 23 de mayo de 2025.

Actividad realizada con la ayuda RYC2022-037696-I financiada por y por el FSE + y «En los límites de la violencia (III): la violencia lenta de los imperios modernos» (PID2021-122319NB-C22)

Cet ouvrage a pour objectif de construire un cadre épistémologique d’inspiration poppérienne permettant de simuler la construction du sens (objectif de recherche) dans le cadre de la pragmatique intégrée (cadre théorique). A chaque étape de la réflexion, les pratiques les plus courantes en sémantique actuelle sont interrogées à l’aune de l’objectif de recherche et du cadre théorique définis et les principes épistémologiques proposés sont appliqués à la description et à la modélisation d’unités et de concepts linguistiques spécifiques (adverbes déjà, encore, simplement, apparemment, étrangement ; marqueurs de discours et encore, (et) dire que, autant dire (que), comme quoi ; concept de présupposition).

Duke Carl Eugen von Württemberg spared no expense in creating magnificent and innovative opera, ballet and theatre at his court in Stuttgart by engaging renowned musicians, dancers, singers, actors, composers (Jommelli), choreographers (Noverre), costume designers (Boquet), and scenographers (Colomba) from Italy and France for his productions. As Colomba took a leave of absence in 1763-4 and N. Servandoni from Paris was appointed as his substitute, the creation of the stage decorations for the opera Demofoonte (and its ballet intermedia) is well documented in the archives. Colomba initially wanted to reuse existing decorations for 4 of the 8 stage sets – a pragmatic solution in view of his imminent absence. However, with the appointment of Servandoni, plans changed: not only were 6 new sets produced – 2 of them by Servandoni, who also created 13 new sets for the two ballets – but they were also more elaborate than originally planned, i.e. the number of flats and set pieces was increased.
None of the stage decorations for Demofoonte have survived; only the description in the festival book provides clues as to their appearance and effect. However, Portici, Atrio, Piazza, Porto di mare, Luogo magnifico etc. were typical stage decorations for an Italian opera. Comparisons with surviving stage sets, designs, presentation sheets and prints by Colomba, Servandoni and contemporary scenographers can provide further clues.
By comparing Metastasio’s indications in the libretto, the archival documents and the corresponding dramatic and musical setting, I would like to analyse the following:
Does the more elaborate design of the stage sets have an impact on the (visual) dramaturgy or stage action of the opera? Or did it merely enhance the splendour of the production?
I will concentrate on the stage sets which show multiple locations. The stage set Atrio del tempio di Apollo (II,8-10) is of particular interest for this type. Firstly, because Metastasio requires that the singers also act pantomimically in this stage set. Secondly, it also has the task of visualising the preliminary events leading up to the scene, thus it has an enhanced dramaturgical function.

Puji syukur kami panjatkan atas kehadirat allah SWT. yang telah memberikan Rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga makalah GIZI DAN DIET PADA KECACINGAN ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Tak lupa sholawat dan salam semoga terlimpahkan kepada Rasulullah Muhammad SAW. keluarganya, sahabatnya dan kepada kita selaku umatnya. Kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Kami menyadari masih banyak kekurangan dalam penulisan makalah GIZI DAN DIET PADA KECACINGAN ini sehingga kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi penyempurnaan makalah ini. Mohon maaf jika di dalam makalah ini terdapat banyak kesalahan dan kekurangan, semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semuanya.

PROGRAM STUDI DIII KEPERAWATAN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN BINA BANGSA MAJENE TAHUN 2025 ii ΚΑΤΑ PENGANTAR Puji syukur kami panjatkan Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga makalah yang berjudul "GIZI DAN DIET PADA KECACINGAN" ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini, banyak pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan, baik berupa arahan, dukungan, maupun motivasi. Oleh karena itu, penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada Dosen Pengampu, Sry Agusty Putri, SKM.,M.Kes atas bimbingannya selama proses penulisan. Terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada keluarga, teman, dan rekan-rekan yang telah memberikan dukungan moril selama penyusunan makalah ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun dari para pembaca sangat diharapkan untuk menyempurnakan karya ini. Akhir kata, semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat dan menambah wawasan bagi pembaca.

PROGRAM STUDI DIII KEPERAWATAN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN BINA BANGSA MAJENE TAHUN 2025 ii ΚΑΤΑ PENGANTAR Puji syukur kami panjatkan Kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga makalah yang berjudul "GIZI DAN DIET PADA KECACINGAN" ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini, banyak pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan, baik berupa arahan, dukungan, maupun motivasi. Oleh karena itu, penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada Dosen Pengampu, Sry Agusty Putri, SKM.,M.Kes atas bimbingannya selama proses penulisan. Terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada keluarga, teman, dan rekan-rekan yang telah memberikan dukungan moril selama penyusunan makalah ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun dari para pembaca sangat diharapkan untuk menyempurnakan karya ini. Akhir kata, semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat dan menambah wawasan bagi pembaca.

Looking for ways to combat AI usage in U.S. History Surveys? Here is one research paper assignment that I designed that may be of assistance. I won't lie, it is not perfect, and there is a lot of labor on the instructor's end, but I think it's been largely successful - even in the face of AI - at getting students to read some sources.

The paper examines the image of the monarch, created in the welcoming speeches of the Lithuanian marshals of the Chamber of Delegates in the General Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 16th and the first third of the 17th centuries. Such addresses were one of the most important elements of the ceremonial opening of the General Sejm. The welcoming speeches clearly reflected the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility’s thoughts on the positive and negative qualities of the ruler, his main duties, as well as the essence of the relations between a responsible ruler and his loyal subjects. It is emphasized that reflections on the moral foundations of royal power were closely connected with the history and current political events in Central and Eastern Europe. The author concludes that the General Sejm’s welcoming speeches are an important example of political thought and open wide opportunities for the study of the political and intellectual culture of the noble society of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early modern period.

УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ЗОГРАФСЬКИЙ ПОМ’ЯНИК XVII—XVIII СТ.: АРХЕОГРАФІЧНА РОЗВІДКА
Ukrainian Zograf Pomyanyk of 17th — 18th centuries: archaeographic exploration

Мета роботи — опрацювати за оригіналом український зографський Пом’яник XVII—XVIII ст., який міститься в рукописному конволюті у складі з російським Синодиком-пом’яником 1639 р. (Афон, Зографський монастир, шифр зберігання Зогр. 77). Провести археографічний опис всього кодексу на основі кодикологічного та палеографічного дослідження. Методологічні засади дослідження ґрунтуються на принципах історизму, наукової об’єктивності й системності, застосовані кодикологічні й палеографічні методи аналізу, що посприяло отриманню новітніх даних. Новизна роботи обумовлена знаходженням українського Пом’яника у складі рукописного конволютного кодексу, разом з російським Синодиком-пом’яником 1639 р. Вперше проведено дослідження й опис всього кодексу, основна увага приділена українському Пом’янику. Доведено окремішність українського Пом’яника від російського й штучність їх об’єднання під однією оправою. Висновки. Український зографський рукописний Пом’яник XVII—XVIII ст. є значущим національним історичним джерелом і писемною пам’яткою. Він укладався упродовж 1682 — 1769 років під час збирання зографськими монахами на землях Гетьманщини та Слобожанщини пожертв на монастир від українських гетьманів та козацької старшини, що також підтримувало існування національного духовного осередку на Афоні. Український Пом’яник, об’єднаний під однією оправою із російським Синодиком-пом’яником 1639 р., не пов’язаний із ним часом і місцем написання, мовою, типом письма й художнім оздобленням. Російський Синодик є рукописною копією, яка зроблена у 1639 в Москві церковнослов’янською мовою російської редакції, московським півуставом і скорописом, з окремими пізнішими вписуваннями XVII—XVIII ст. Український Пом’яник став укладатися тільки в 1682 р., ймовірно, в Чернігові, й доведений до 70-их років XVIII ст. Записи в ньому робилися українськими духовними та світськими особами, книжниками-писцями, канцелярськими писарями, в містах і селищах на Чернігівщині, Київщині, Переяславщині, Полтавщині, Сумщині, Харківщині та ін. Писаний рукопис церковнослов’янською мовою української редакції й староукраїнською мовою, українськими півустаними й скорописними типами письма, у художньому оздоблені використані народні рослинні елементи. Вірогідно, в одній книзі два Пом’яники були оправлені тільки в кін. XVIII – поч. XIX ст. Книга до сьогодні факсимільно не опублікована, оригінал та електронна копія залишаються малодоступними для широкого кола дослідників. Отримані нами основні кодикологічні та палеографічні метадані сприятимуть у подальшому вивченні українського зографського Пом’яника й кодексу загалом.

Ключові слова: Афон, Свята Гора, Зограф, український зографський Пом’яник XVII—XVIII ст., російський Синодик-пом’яник 1639 р., конволют, рукопис, кодикологічні та палеографічні метадані.


Dr Serhii Shumylo
Department of Classics, Ancient History, Religion and Theology, University of Exeter (Exeter, United Kingdom) 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-7766
E-mail: institute@afon.org.ua

Dr Liudmyla Hnatenko
V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine (Kyiv,Ukraine)
ORCID: 0000-0001-5287-0081


Ukrainian Zograf Pomyanyk of 17th — 18th centuries: archaeographic exploration

Our work aims to of the work is to study the original Ukrainian Zograf Synodicon [Pomyannyk or Book of Commemoration] of the 17th-18th centuries, which is contained in a manuscript convolute together with the Russian Synodicon-Pomyannyk of 1639 (Mount Athos, Zograf Monastery, storage code Zogr. 77). To conduct an archeographic description of the entire codex based on codicological and paleographic research. The methodological foundations of the research are based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and systematicity; codicological and paleographic methods of analysis were applied, which contributed to obtaining the latest data.
The novelty of the work is due to the discovery of the Ukrainian Pomyanyk in a manuscript convolute codex, together with the Russian Synodicon-Pomyannyk of 1639. For the first time, a study and description of the entire codex was conducted, paying primary attention to the Ukrainian Pomyannyk. The separateness of the Ukrainian Pomyannyk from the Russian Pomyannyk and the artificiality of their unification under one frame were proven.
Conclusions. The Ukrainian Zograf manuscript Pomyannyk of the 17th—18th centuries is a significant national historical source and written monument. It was compiled during the years 1682—1769 during the collection monks in the lands of the Hetmanate and Slobozhanshchyna (Sloboda Ukraine) of generous donations to the monastery from Ukrainian hetmans and Cossack elders, which also supported the existence of a national spiritual center on Mount Athos. The Ukrainian Pomyannyk, united under one frame with the Russian Synodicon-Book of Commemoration of 1639, is not related to it by the time and place of writing, language, type of writing and artistic decoration. The Russian Synodicon is a manuscript copy made in 1639 in Moscow in the Church Slavonic language of the Russian edition, Moscow semi-statute and cursive, with separate later entries of the 17th—18th centuries. The Ukrainian Pomyannyk began to be composed only in 1682, probably in Chernihiv, and was completed in the 1770s. Entries in it were made by Ukrainian clergy and lay persons, scribes, office clerks, in cities and towns in Chernihiv, Kyiv, Pereyaslav, Poltava, Sumy, Kharkiv, etc. The manuscript is written in Church Slavonic of the Ukrainian edition and in Old Ukrainian, in Ukrainian semi-permanent and cursive writing styles, and folk plant elements were used in artistic decoration. It is likely that two Pomyannyks were bound in one book only in the 18th century. The book has not been published in facsimile to this day, and the original and electronic copy remain inaccessible to a wide range of researchers. The basic codicological and paleographic metadata we have obtained will contribute to the further study of the Ukrainian iconographic Pomyannyk and the codex as a whole.

Key words: Mount Athos, the Holy Mountain, Zograf Monastery, Zograf Synodicon, Book of Commemoration, Ukrainian Zograf Pomyannyk of the 17th-18th centuries, Russian Synodicon of 1639, convolute, manuscript, codicological and paleographic metadata.

Au XVIIe siècle, la prolifération des récits mystiques féminins prend une ampleur significative dans le cadre de l’arrivée du Carmel en France et du renouveau religieux encouragé par la Contre-Réforme. Les écrits  de  plusieurs femmes de l’époque, dont ceux d’Anne Griffon (1581-1641),  chartreuse ayant vécu au monastère du Mont-Sainte-Marie de Gosnay, dans le Pas-de-Calais, en sont des témoins marquants. Le manuscrit de cette moniale, Œuvres d'une religieuse chartreuse nommée Anne Griffon –conservé en trois copies non autographes entre la Bibliothèque Mazarine de Paris (ms 1082 et ms 1083) et la Bibliothèque de  Charleville-Mézières (ms  236) – est tombé dans l’oubli au fil du temps, en raison de la méfiance de  dom Le Masson, devenu général des chartreux vers 1675, à une époque où le mysticisme était en déclin (COGNET 1995). Cette étude vise à restituer à Anne Griffon et à son journal intime la reconnaissance qu’ils méritent. Nous présenterons, d’abord, sa vie et son œuvre. Ensuite, nous démontrerons que l’indicible s’impose comme un trait prégnant dans son texte. Ainsi, nous explorerons les formes et les fonctions de cet expédient littéraire afin de  mettre  en  lumière  son  rôle  stratégique: l’affirmation de la moniale et la préservation de sasupériorité en tant que femme élue par Dieu.

Sir William Temple, who introduced the term sharawadgi, the Sino-Japanese principle of naturalist asymmetry which was the catalyst for Romanticism, vis-a-vis the Jesuit 'encyclopaedia of Chinese thought titled "Confucius Sinarum Philosophus"' which by contrast translated 'Tao' in 'the mechanical sense of a straight piece of wood used as a ruler' rather than 'the organic...sense of a path following natural contours through a forest'.

The use of 18th-century tokens to illustrate the new spaces and buildings of the Industrial Revolution is well known, but the 17th-century series also provides insights into work and workshops. This note explores one such token, the 1678 penny token of Henry Wheddon, Marchant (merchant) in Eniskean (Enniskeane, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland). I suggest a new identification for the scene depicted, and, by considering the issuers' business, their design choice, and the political and social context of issue, draw out some of the wider implications of such designs.

The article “Military banners of the Court Troops and King John Casimir Vasa's Guard from the Collection of the Armemuseum in Stockholm” presents a collection of military banners belonging to the court troops and the royal guard of King John Casimir Vasa, held in the State Trophy Collection at the Armemuseum in Stockholm. The author examines the significance of military banners in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the first half of the 17th century, highlighting the lack of formal legal regulations concerning their design. This absence led to the development of customary practices, shaped by two vexillological traditions—national and foreign.

The article briefly outlines the history of the court formations and royal guard during the reign of John Casimir and provides an overview of the State Trophy Collection’s origins, as well as the existing scholarship on royal banners. The author then analyzes a set of 17 banners, categorizing them into three groups: banners of the court troops, banners of the royal guard, and unidentified banners likely associated with units closely tied to the royal court. Each banner is examined in terms of its condition, provenance, and the royal heraldry, Baroque emblems, and mottoes it bears. Possible sources of inspiration for their visual forms are also discussed. For the previously unidentified banners, the author attempts to determine their potential military affiliations.

In conclusion, the article compares this collection with the banners of court and guard troops under earlier monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—Sigismund III and Władysław IV Vasa—emphasizing the dynastic and political contexts that influenced changes in banner iconography during their respective reigns.

La Bataille de ‘Las Navas de Tolosa’, (Inspirée d'une gravure d'Antonio TEMPESTA);
S’est déroulée le lundi 16 juillet 1212 autour du château de ‘Las Navas de Tolosa’,  province de Jaén, en Espagne, entre, d'un côté, une coalition de plusieurs États chrétiens de la Péninsule Ibérique, secondée par des troupes de croisés  en provenance de plusieurs nations européennes et, de l'autre, des troupes musulmanes provenant de tout le Maghreb ainsi que des territoires d’ Al-Andalus, sous le commandement de Muhammed an Nâsir de la dynastie berbère des Almohades. Remportée par les armées chrétiennes, la bataille marque une étape décisive de la ’Reconquista’* et accélère sensiblement le délitement de la domination almohade, ainsi que l'effacement de la présence musulmane dans la Péninsule Ibérique.

This paper aims to investigate the prevalence of Portuguese tin-glazed wares within the archaeological excavations of early modern Gothenburg dated 1630–1700. Since 2015, a conspicuous abundance of Portuguese tin-glazed ceramics has been discerned within the archaeological assemblages of the city, a phenomenon not replicated in other urban centres across Sweden. This study elucidates this material manifestation’s typological, chronological, and contextual dimensions, discussing the complex socio-economic, cultural, and symbolic implications inherent in its presence.
The research considers the economic ramifications of the influx of Portuguese tin-glazed wares, considering their role in trade networks, consumption patterns, and market dynamics during the early modern period. Furthermore, it examines the social dimensions by exploring how these artefacts reflect and potentially influence social stratification, identity construction, and domestic practices within Gothenburg society. Also, it proposes plausible explanations for the emergence and sustenance of the Portuguese connection evident in the archaeological record of the city, thereby contributing to a deeper comprehension of transnational exchanges and cultural entanglements in the early modern European context.

Verborgner Schatz ist der Welt nichts wert. (Sprichwort) Für viele hat der Begriff Schatzkammer mit sagenhaften Reichtümem, aufgehäuften Edelmetallschätzen und mit glänzenden Luxusgütem zu tun. Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert werden Schatzkammern aber auch als Aufbewahrungsort für Merkwürdigkeiten, Seltenes, Abstruses und Kurioses verwendet. So finden sich in diesen "Wunderkammem" Riesenschnecken, Stoßzähne vom "Einhorn", Knochen eines "Riesen" oder anatomische Präparate, etwa ein Kalb mit zwei Köpfen. Gingen aus diesen Wunderkammem naturwissenschaftliche Kabinette hervor, so verblieben die wertvollen Zimelien und Pretiosen als Demonstration der barocken Machtfulle ihres Besitzers in der eigentlichen Schatzkammer. Diese Schatz-und Wunderkammem wurden so die Vorläufer unserer heutigen Museen. In der Kunst-und Wunderkammer auf Forchtenstein entstand durch jahrhundertelange Sammeltätigkeit der Familie Esterházy eine bedeutende und reichhaltige numismatische Sammlung. Unser Wissen über die numismatischen Bestände der Schatzkammer gewinnen wir in erster Linie aus den Inventaren. Von diesen ausgehend lassen sich etliche Stücke im Original identifizieren, und zwar jene, die 1918 neben anderen Zimelien von Forchtenstein nach Budapest in das Stadtpalais der Esterházy verbracht worden sind und heute einen wichtigen Teil der Münzsammlung des ungarischen Nationalmuseums bilden. In der Burg verblieben die jetzt leider leeren, sehr aufwändig gemachten Münzschränke, Münzstempel für die Eigenprägung des Fürsten Nikolaus I. sowie 285 eher geringwertige Münzen und Medaillen.

The article examines the interconnections between the use of republican concepts and the practice of political life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the late 16th century. Dymitr Chalecki, who belonged to the petty nobility, made a brilliant political career for those times. In April 1590, he was nominated for the Land Treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chalecki put forward a program of improving the state economy and became one of the leaders of the nobility movement in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 1590s. Primary sources (mainly epistolary ones) show that Dymitr Chalecki quite often referred to such categories as law, justice, freedom, conscience, duty, patriotism, and the common good. The author emphasizes that Chalecki’s views were shaped not so much by his education, but by the traditions and practice of public life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In turn, it indicates how deeply the classical republican tradition penetrated the political consciousness of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s nobility at the end of the 16th century.

This article analyses 17th-century warfare through 499 illustrations of battle formations from the Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet). We examined each illustration based on several key elements: symmetry; the depth of battle patterns in terms of main throws and lines; the width-to-depth ratio; the relationship between cavalry and infantry positioning; the spacing of cavalry and infantry; the formations used for both cavalry and infantry; and the number of units involved. We utilised the LOEES method within the Gretl statistical package to analyse the results. The most important results are that perfectly or nearly symmetrical formations were the most common. The number of units varied between 50 and 100. Only from the mid-1670s onward did we notice a significant increase in the number of units included in the formations.

A 16. század végi török pusztítások, majd a tizenötéves háború Veszprém környékét érintő hadi eseményei miatt a 17. század közepére-végére Nagyesztergár a bakonyi puszta helyek nívójára süllyedt. A lakosai között élt fajszi Ányosok is elszegényedve hagyták sorsára, vetették zálogba birtokaikat, aminek révén a következő század elején már a birtoktalan köznemesek közé süllyedtek.

The controversial figure of Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-
1689) has been the subject of a wide historical literature, particularly
in relation to her strong choices, such as the abdication
from the throne of Sweden and the conversion to Roman
Catholicism. Certain historians wanted to identify the reasons
for these choices in her sexual ambiguity - a presumed homosexuality
- and congenital sexual anomalies, such as hermaphroditism
and hyperandrogenism.
The article analyses psychological and medical theories on
the Queen’s sexuality in the essays, published from the Nineteenth
century up to now, integrating research with unpublished
archival documentation - letters by court doctors, private
correspondence and the Queen’s autobiography. The aim
of the article is to restore the truth about the Queen’s sexual
orientation. The anthropological examination, carried out on
the Queen’s skeleton, confirms typical female features, just as
the analysis of the recently discovered archival documentation
shows a heterosexual orientation. Christina had a masculine
attitude more because of the male education she received, the
virile role she assumed as a sovereign, her proud nature as
a lover of freedom, her adherence to libertine thought and,
above all, the male language of power during the modern age
rather than for presumed sexual anomalies

La historia inicial de la Gobernación del Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas, al sur del Virreinato del Perú, estuvo
signada por 130 años de resistencia indígena, proceso que indiscutiblemente tiñó todas las
representaciones que se construyeron sobre ella y sus ciudades. Este trabajo constituye una propuesta
para pensar el accionar de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy en este contexto y dentro de la lógica propia
de Antiguo Régimen. Nos interesa especialmente analizar cómo aparecen los grupos de naturales, la
geografía y los vecinos, la idea de Gobernación y el vínculo con la Corona en una trama de alzamientos.
Consideramos que entender a la ciudad como sujeto corporativo y los grupos indígenas que de ella
dependen en esa misma lógica, nos permitirá profundizar en las dinámicas propias de ese espacio, así
como del proyecto colonial en su conjunto. Si bien consideramos que es un tema de largo alcance, el
presente trabajo se limitará a analizar la mirada que proyecta documentación emanada de la jurisdicción
de San Salvador de Jujuy, extraída del Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Jujuy, complementada con otra
de carácter más general.

La historia inicial de la Gobernación del Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas, al sur del Virreinato del Perú, estuvo
signada por 130 años de resistencia indígena, proceso que indiscutiblemente tiñó todas las
representaciones que se construyeron sobre ella y sus ciudades. Este trabajo constituye una propuesta
para pensar el accionar de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy en este contexto y dentro de la lógica propia
de Antiguo Régimen. Nos interesa especialmente analizar cómo aparecen los grupos de naturales, la
geografía y los vecinos, la idea de Gobernación y el vínculo con la Corona en una trama de alzamientos.
Consideramos que entender a la ciudad como sujeto corporativo y los grupos indígenas que de ella
dependen en esa misma lógica, nos permitirá profundizar en las dinámicas propias de ese espacio, así
como del proyecto colonial en su conjunto. Si bien consideramos que es un tema de largo alcance, el
presente trabajo se limitará a analizar la mirada que proyecta documentación emanada de la jurisdicción
de San Salvador de Jujuy, extraída del Archivo Histórico de la Provincia de Jujuy, complementada con otra
de carácter más general.

Based on the probate inventories from 1694, the contribution presents the Carniolan property of Kamila Ursula von Grundler, Countess Maria Juliana von Attems, and Baroness Maria Isabella von Werneck. We examined in detail the information set forth in archival materials regarding household furnishings, silver-, pewter-, brass-, and copperware, majolica pottery, paintings, mirrors, books, clothes as well as jewellery and other valuables in the possession of the above-mentioned noblewomen. Our aim was to draw parallels among their property and to identify the aspects in which they differed.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio consiste en el analisis de la complementacion verbal en diez manuales de gramatica del frances publicados en Espana en los ultimos 30 anos con el fin de observar su grado de contextualizacion. Se trata de un tema especialmente controvertido y con cierta dificultad para los estudiantes espanoles de frances lengua extranjera debido a las constantes vacilaciones terminologicas, ademas de las definiciones a veces contradictorias o no coincidentes en ambas lenguas. Insistimos especialmente en algunos procedimientos de contextualizacion identificados en los diferentes textos: uso de la L1, actividades de sensibilizacion interlinguistica, discurso contrastivo y adaptaciones del discurso gramatical. EnglishThe purpose of this study is to analyze how verbal complementation is covered in ten grammar textbooks published in Spain in the last 30 years, focusing chiefly on their degree of contextualization. This is an especially controversial issue producing som...

Цель исследования - рассмотреть цикл «путешествий» Воейкова, установить генезис жанра и определить жанровые особенности описаний подмосковных усадеб. Научная новизна заключается в обращении к малоизученным прозаическим текстам Воейкова в жанре путешествий, в обосновании целесообразности исследования подмосковных «путешествий» в отдельности от южных, в привлечении архивных материалов для изучения этих текстов. В результате определены жанровые особенности описаний подмосковных усадеб, в частности относящиеся к синтезу различных жанровых признаков-воспоминаний, идиллий, элегий, прогулок, посланий. А также выявлены компоненты литературного диалога с арзамасским братством (В. А. Жуковский, А. И. Тургенев и др.).

The essay traces the history of the construction of the Hvar Arsenal and the theatre located on its upper floor—considered the oldest surviving theatrical space in the Eastern Adriatic. It examines the architectural evolution of the complex, its cultural significance, and the broader historical context in which this unique building emerged and functioned.

This article explores the intricate intertextual connections between L’Histoire du grand et admirable Royaume d’Antangil (1616), often considered the first French utopia, and early modern travel literature, particularly Dutch narratives of voyages to the East Indies. While the utopian fiction of Antangil is typically framed as an isolated literary construct, this study demonstrates its deep entanglement with contemporary travel accounts, cartographic imagination, and lexicon. Drawing on works by Linschoten, Lodewijcksz, and others, the analysis identifies concrete textual parallels in geography, structure, and vocabulary between Antangil and these voyage narratives. The paper outlines how Antangil’s geographic placement near the mythical terra australis, its descriptive method, and even its toponyms reflect direct borrowings from early 17th-century expedition reports. Through cartographic, structural, and lexical comparisons, the study reveals that the fictional empire of Antangil is constructed with surprising methodological precision from travel discourse. Ultimately, this article argues that rather than diminishing the creative originality of utopian writing, such intertextual borrowings highlight how utopian fiction and travel writing jointly participated in shaping early modern understandings of geography, cultural otherness, and imaginary worlds.