17th century England

This essay examines the French Revolution through the lens of revisionist historiography, arguing against the Marxist interpretation that frames the event primarily as a social revolution and a class struggle. While Marxist scholars view the revolution as a bourgeois class uprising marking capitalism's rise, revisionist historians emphasize the political nature of the Revolution, highlighting the influence of ideological shifts, individual agency, and contingent events. This essay will demonstrate through analysis of critical events, for example, the transition of the Estates-General into the National Assembly and the political philosophy in the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, personal choices together with political crises determined revolutionary developments. The argument contends a more detailed understanding of the Revolution requires recognizing the complexity of motivations beyond economic factors, ultimately providing a richer interpretation of its causes and enduring legacy in shaping modern democratic ideals.

# 1. The Elizabethan Period as Cultural Miracle: A Brief Survey 0. Course Description 0.1 Course Modules • The course comprises two modules:-Sixteen hours (8 lectures) devoted to the historical and cultural context of Elizabethan drama, including a presentation of Shakespeare's biography and works [top right: Shakespeare portrait, 19 th-c. engraving].-Eight hours (4 lectures) devoted to a close reading of Shakespeare's Macbeth. 0.2 Course Documents-PowerPoint files-Audio podcasts corresponding to the twelve lectures • These documents will be available on the course's virtual university web page. • Note that there will not be any course notes in printout form ("syllabus") for this course. # 1.2

Grossman\u27s book is a collection of essays on Lanyer, who was first brought to public attention by A. L. Rowse\u27s problematic identification of her as Shakespeare\u27s dark lady. Scholarly and popular interest in Lanyer has grown even stronger since Susanne Woods\u27s 1993 edition of her poems for the Brown University Women\u27s Writers Projects, published by Oxford University Press. Grossman\u27s collection brings together a number of the top Renaissance literary1 cultural scholars who work on Lanyer. A number of themes, such as patronage, female community, and depiction of Biblical women, are developed by the different authors and link the essays in the collection together. Equally valuable is Teague\u27s study of Makin, which also includes an edition of Makin\u27s best known work, An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen. This piece demonstrates Makin\u27s own learning and argues that girls as well as boys deserve an education. Makin gives examples of learned w...

This report concerns an underwater excavation and assesment that the Cultural Heritage Agency (RCE) conducted in 2018 on two shipwrecks in the Markermeer near Warder. The results of this archaeological research show that the excavated shipwreck was a small trading vessel from the first half of the sixteenth century. At the other site, the remains of a clinker-built ship were found that also dates from the mid-sixteenth century.

This article examines the history and general characteristics of the New Age Movement, then traces the development of its millennial visions between 1960 and 2000. I argue that New Age millennial visions were fluid and shifting phenomena that included both catastrophic and progressive millennial versions.

Though the age of historic upheavals and major political crises seemed to be over, the word “revolution” has made a recent comeback in Georgia, in the Ukraine and in the “Arab Springs” of 2011. Should we revise the concept of revolution? What, if anything, do these contemporary revolutions have in common? Can they be compared to the great revolutions of the past: namely the French and Soviet revolutions?

In recent years, Shakespeare has been increasingly discussed in relation to shifting understandings of language and race. Fifty years ago, Shakespeare was perceived to be iconically English, and the scholarly community acknowledged but did not devote much attention to the reception of Shakespeare in other languages; often, a reference was simply made to Shakespeare’s pervasive presence in translations, with the point simply being that the whole world loves him.

That approach has gone away, and increasingly, scholars are interested not just in the fact that the world is interested in Shakespeare, but also in how, why and where the world enters into dialog with Shakespeare. On one level, appropriations of Shakespeare, in Japan, India, and Kuwait, are worthy of study as art forms in their own right. But in addition to this, in many cases those translated versions of Shakespeare amount to more than just a response to the Bard, but in many ways a conversation with England and America. In short, England is no longer the center of the conversation about its most famous poet.

My essay here takes up this situation and offers some ways current scholars can approach new work. I discuss four moments in time, and for each one of them, I show how these moments surprise us and tell us stories that we do not expect.

The first moment is Shakespeare’s own lifetime. The second is the life of Ira Aldridge, the first Black man to play Othello, the next is the theatrical tour of Edwin Booth, and the final moment is a recent staging of The Tempest in Paris. I argue that Shakespeare was never confined to the English language, a fact that jars with our stereotype of the past. Ira Aldridge’s remarkable career has been largely ignored by Shakespeare scholars, even as race has become central to our work. I suggest that the reason for this lapse is that his life story does not match what we want to find in the past. He fled racial persecution, not in the American South, but in New York, and then in England. He only found acceptance in Eastern Europe. I examine some primary sources in Russian to show that he was
well received by a more sophisticated and open theatrical culture in Saint Petersburg. Edwin Booth’s tour through Germany exposed gaps of cultural perception, both within Germany and between Europe and the US, that persist to this day. The recent French staging of Shakespeare was billed as a trans-European project with EU funding, but it actually reinforced stereotypes and rivalries between European countries. My overall argument is that we should examine the remote and recent past with careful attention to the historical record as well as to our own biases, to find a more rich, and sometimes more uncomfortable, account of what Shakespeare has meant to the world.

Si riproduce, nelle sue linee essenziali, l’intervento tenuto presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Roma La Sapienza, il 6 marzo 2024, in occasione della presentazione del volume di Mario Caravale: ."Legge, consuetudine, tradizione. Note sulla dottrina tra Medioevo e prima età moderna".

The origins of the King’s Lynn Under Siege community archaeology project can be traced back to 2012 when a group of archaeologists and military historians came together to investigate a siege from the British Civil Wars. For the first 18 months, the project, then known as ‘Newark Under Siege’ focused on the Hawton redoubt site, one of the works constructed by the Parliamentarian besiegers of Newark upon Trent. Unfortunately, due to circumstances outside of its control, the project had to move away from Newark, and for a while was known simply as ‘Under Siege’. This nomad existence lasted until the beginning of 2018 when the project finally settled in King’s Lynn.

The time spent in Newark was certainly not wasted, however, and in 2014 it published its first report in the Fortress Study Group’s Casemate magazine. This report includes the research from the project’s time in Hawton, as well as an analysis of recovered musket balls, and a discussion about the use of cavalry in sieges.

Introduzione: Arma et leges: la duplice maiestas e la pedagogia del diritto
"Namque necesse est maiestatem imperatoriam non solum armis decoratam, sed etiam legibus armatam esse, ut utroque tempore et bellorum et pacis recte possit gubernari" [^1]. "È necessario che la maestà imperiale sia decorata non solo con le armi, ma anche con le leggi, affinché in ogni tempo, sia in pace che in guerra, possa rettamente governare."

This article juxtaposes the writings of three seventeenth-century authors—the Moroccan Sufi al-Ḥasan al-Yūsī (d. 1691), the Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō (d. 1694), and the English physician Thomas Browne (d. 1682)—and asks what type of theoretical framing is productive considering all three authors’ general lack of interest in geographic and literary worlds beyond their own. All three were profoundly religious, all three referred back to a literary canon produced in places they themselves had never visited, and all three attained literary prominence if not canonical status in the literary traditions they mastered. The article moves past recent discussions of the dilemmas of world and global literature to focus, in light of the contemporary hegemony of English and the Anglophone academy, on parallel symmetries of these authors’ literary efforts in their evocation of past canons and contemporary religious projects.

Wandering Wharves. The urban context of Amsterdam’s private shipyards from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century Amsterdam has always worn many hats, but the maritime component has remained visible and relevant to this day. The largely artificial microdelta formed by the mouth of the Amstel on the IJ, the canal belt, the ports, and docks have been the blueprint for the city for centuries. The commercial activities overseas, on the rivers, to the hinterland, and on the inland waterways, had a large claim to the city’s space. This included warehouses, berths for ships, transshipment, and buildings in which that trade was directly or indirectly facilitated or regulated. One branch of industry that entailed a relatively large space claim was shipbuilding as the city was home to a lucrative market for shipbuilding and repair. As the city grew, this had consequences for this industry and the shipyards made demands for their
location too: wanting clear water for the departure of the ships and wide
canals or harbours for repairs and finishing. In addition, a reliable passage
to the IJ and thus to the rest of the world was also a requirement. The
increase in scale from the nineteenth century onwards therefore made the
large-scale shipbuilding and repair at the old locations increasingly difficult
and eventually impossible. This article follows the wanderings of the Amsterdam shipyards and tries to explain what caused this dynamic.

Even some of John Milton's greatest admirers will admit that Paradise Lost is a work beset by contradictions. His decision to make an episode from the Bible, the fall of Adam and Eve, the subject of his epic masterwork was fraught with unintended consequences. Imposing the world of epic onto the biblical story is an uneasy marriage at best. Making the biblical Satan into an epic protagonist, for example, creates the well-known Satanist controversy. Likewise, representing the Christian God using conventions from ancient epic is the source of the debate surrounding Milton's God.  These are real conflicts and difficulties. But I will show how epic and Bible actually need each other in Paradise Lost. They complement each other on one level even while they inevitably conflict on other levels. Epic and Bible need each other by the logic of Renaissance aesthetics as theorized by Eric Gans.

Title: Gender and Family Networks in Early Modern Italy
Author: Megan Moran
Series: Gendering the Late Medieval & Early Modern World
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

Women from the Ricasoli and Spinelli families formed a wide variety of social networks within and beyond Florence through their letters as they negotiated interpersonal relationships and lineage concerns to actively contribute to their families in early modern Italy. Women were located at the center of social networks through their work in bridging their natal and marital families, cultivating commercial contacts, negotiating family obligations and the demands of religious institutions, facilitating introductions for family and friends, and forming political patronage ties. This book argues that a network model offers a framework of analysis in which to deconstruct patriarchy as a single system of institutionalized dominance in early modern Italy. Networks account for female agency as an interactive force that shaped the kinships ties, affective relationships, material connections, and political positions of these elite families as women constructed their own narratives and negotiated their own positions in family life.

https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789462984578/gender-and-family-networks-in-early-modern-italy

aldo trucchio L'IDEOLOGIA DELLA NEUTRALIZZAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI Cercare i nostri eguali osare riconoscerli lasciare che ci giudichino guidarli esser guidati con loro volere il bene fare con loro il male e il bene la realtà servire negare mutare. A proposito dello scritto Zum ewigen Frieden di Kant, tradotto solitamente 'Per la pace perpetua', non si ribadisce abbastanza spesso che il titolo è ironico: si rifà difatti all'insegna di una famosa osteria olandese, che alla scritta accompagnava il disegno di un cimitero -come a dire che grazie alla birra si trovano serenità e riposo. 'Zum' è allora da tradurre piuttosto con 'alla', in maniera più consona al nome di una osteria ('alla vecchia cantina' e non 'per la vecchia cantina'). Inoltre il termine 'ewigen' è quello utilizzato nelle preghiere per indicare l'eternità. In effetti, il titolo kantiano dovrebbe essere trasposto con un ironico 'Alla pace eterna'. Ed è proprio questa ironia a conferire senso a un testo politicamente fragile, poiché il titolo serve appunto a sottolineare la consapevolezza del suo assoluto utopismo: altrove, difatti, va cercato il vero pensiero politico di Kant, soprattutto a partire dalla Critica del giudizio (cfr. soprattutto Arendt 1982). Ma l'ironia kantiana, tutto sommato ottimistica, è stata superata dalle tragedie della storia. Il pacifismo giuridico inaugurato da Kant e perpetuato da Kelsen (e poi da Bobbio e Habermas), che indica nel diritto e nelle istituzioni internazionali lo strumento per realizzare la pace e tutelare i diritti fondamentali degli uomini, è risultato del tutto fallimentare. La formula kelseniana 'peace through law' nasceva dall'idea che il fallimento della Società delle Nazioni fosse dovuto al fatto che al suo vertice era stato messo un consiglio di tipo politico e non una corte indipendente, un'autorità giudiziaria neutrale e imparziale. Secondo Kelsen, sempre sulla scorta della concezione kantiana del diritto internazionale come 'cosmopolitico', tale Corte avrebbe dovuto giudicare anche chi, svolgendo attività di governo, si brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Open Archive University of Naples L'Orientale

Internal The west end 'bothy' compartment. 52-105 Internal The Central Compartment, including dovecote. 52-69 Internal The north, east and south passages of the Central Compartment. 70-74 Internal External walls of the dovecote within the Central Compartment. 75-91 Internal Internal views of the inserted dovecote. 92-105 Internal Detailed views of flagged and concrete flooring in the Central Compartment north, east and south passages. 106-118 Internal The eastern 'whelping kennels' compartment.

Taste: Je ne sais quoi "Taste" is among those philosophical categories that are the most difficult to fully characterize. Reflection on taste, on the experience and concept of taste, flourished in modern times. It went through its history from dynamic development in the seventeenth century and theoretical career in the eighteenth century. One gets the impression that "taste" became the central category of philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the nineteenth century, interest in taste diminished significantly. Considerations of taste were closely integrated into the general philosophical attitudes of thinkers of the period. They generated disputes that form the canvas of later considerations that are already less emotional. The social transformations that we have been observing in the last few decades are forcing a renewed interest in the category of taste. At the same time, it is a colloquial category, commonly used. It is present if not in every European dictionary, then in most. In some languages it also has numerous synonyms that provide clues as to how various psycho-social states are expressed through these terms. Most often they are limited to the physiological sense of taste and are linked to cuisine, customs, recipes, and health. Taste, however, cannot just be confined

Title: Cold Tyranny and the Demonic North of Early Modern England
Author: Anne Cotterill
Series: Environmental Humanities in Pre-modern Cultures
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

The seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were among the worst years of the Little Ice Age. This volume attends to English texts from this period to trace associations between wintry physical landscapes and an icy inner landscape of human cruelty and tyranny whose rigors promote the ultimate chill of rigor mortis. Sailors seeking a polar route to the East brought terrifying reports of northern icescapes, long popularly linked with the devil. Simultaneously, concerns about increasingly cold winters at home in Britain overlapped with increased scrutiny of kingship and the church and fear of tyranny from both. Such fears were reflected in ongoing struggles between king and Parliament during the period, leading to revolution and war. The binding power of ice and the power of northern winters to deface, kill, and bury life suggested the Fall’s human parallel to winter: cold-hearted humans as tyrannical winters who deal in death.

https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463728317/cold-tyranny-and-the-demonic-north-of-early-modern-england

O processo de candidatura da Região Autónoma dos Açores à Marca do Património Europeu e subsequente atribuição desta distinção à região em 2020, em plena pandemia COVID-19, não foi um fim em si mesmo, mas sim, o início de uma nova etapa na salvaguarda e promoção do Património Cultural Subaquático dos Açores. Um dos pilares desta salvaguarda é a divulgação pública deste património, que pelas suas características específicas, não é de fácil acesso e fruição pública. De modo a contrariar esta vicissitude, a aposta em trazer este património até
ao grande público, através da criação de Centros de Conhecimento e Sensibilização e de exposições itinerantes, apresenta-se como uma das vias mais eficazes, coerentes e economicamente viáveis para alcançar os objetivos inerentes à Marca da Património Europeu: o reconhecimento e valorização pública dos cidadãos pelo seu Património.

Contributo para o estudo do Património Cultural Subaquático da ilha Graciosa, no Arquipélago dos Açores. Os autores analisam os registos de 15 naufrágios anteriormente identificados na documentação histórica,
e sumariam os trabalhos arqueológicos que estes proporcionaram e a informação publicada. A posterior pesquisa documental no Arquivo
Histórico da Marinha portuguesa forneceu novos dados sobre dois desses naufrágios, e revelou cinco outras perdas de embarcações nas costas ou ao largo da ilha, no período de 1873 a 1889

the earlier avenue, henceforward known as Dial Walk, and outside it there were dissimilar arrangements of parterres a l'Angloise, though each with plates bandes and topiary, and each giving way to hedged wildernesses. The Royal Gardener, George London, had laid 15,000 cubic yards of gravel by April 1690. Tender evergreens were introduced, but overwintered in the Brompton nursery of London and Wise. Meanwhile the Route du Roi (today's Rotten Row) was made in a straight line through Hyde Park, but when it approached the gardens it diverted southwards to enter at their southeast corner. Talman was responsible for a little summerhouse at the south end of the Dial Walk.

Title: Comfortable Everyday Life at the Swedish Eighteenth-Century Näs Manor
Author: Carolina Brown
Series: Visual & Material Culture, 1300-1700
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

During the eighteenth century, comfortable everyday life becomes a new ideal. The good life was no longer about grand representation or the manifestation of material opulence. The new luxury was instead the comfortably arranged life at home. This book is about the traces of this change, its approach and consequences and its anchoring in the material and social life of the Swedish manor. The comfort revolution of the eighteenth century was clearly associated with both new types of furniture and new ways of furnishing. An important aspect of the development of comfort was the new mobility and flexibility in form and function that the home and its interior now showed. Through the home of the Wadenstierna family on the country estate of Näs, north of Stockholm, the comfortable everyday life is set by their various tables – at writing desks, sewing tables, dressing tables, coffee tables and games tables.

https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789048562374/comfortable-everyday-life-at-the-swedish-eighteenth-century-naes-manor

Los esporádicos enfrentamientos hispano-ingleses, entre 1625 y 1630, tuvieron como telón de fondo el gran conflicto europeo que estaba arrasando, sobre todo, el centro y norte de Europa. España e Inglaterra se vieron arrastrados a un conflicto con implicaciones dinásticas y tintes confesionales. Madrid y Londres tuvieron que movilizar más recursos para financiar sus prolongadas campañas militares, lo que condujo a un incremento en los costos de la defensa y a una mayor presión fiscal sobre sus reinos, como sucedió a partir de la década de 1620. Debido a las fuertes demandas de la guerra, las monarquías inglesa y española buscaron potenciales aliados en un contexto europeo cada vez más complejo. España e Inglaterra pudieron superar sus posiciones irreconciliables en la necesidad mutua de entenderse y valorar su neutralidad por encima de otras razones para hacer frente a los obstáculos parlamentarios y a las resistencias políticas y sociales, intentando alcanzar acuerdos o alianzas dinásticas, alejadas de la beligerancia.

El sentido del deber, la obediencia, la obligación política, el patronazgo y la lealtad, además del servicio, sirvieron para entretejer una serie de dinámicas y comportamientos que explican el funcionamiento de las monarquías europeas y que permiten comprender toda una serie de relaciones múltiples que a su vez entretejían obligaciones mutuas de sacrificio personal, reconocimiento o mérito y remuneración o recompensa. Una de estas figuras cuyos servicios a la Corte quedaron
demostrados en una impecable trayectoria política fue la de Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar. Sus más cuarenta años de servicios a la Corona durante los reinados de Felipe II, Felipe III y Felipe IV le ganaron el pleno reconocimiento de la Monarquía.

This is the text of a presentation given at the conference Autour du clavecin d'autrefois: The Legacy of Kenneth Gilbert, June 2012, McGill University, Montreal about the pioneering viola da gamba player and teacher, Gian Lyman, who passed away fifty years ago. The essay was prepared for a volume based on the conference, Autour du clavecin d'autrefois: Essays for Kenneth Gilbert, to be published by McGill-Queen's University Press of Montreal, but that publication never materialized. The illustrations, taken from the slide presentation of the original talk, appear at the end of the paper, after her Discography.

This article undertakes a comprehensive examination of the letters patent granted by King Henry VII to John Cabot and his sons, a significant document that authorized their explorations in the late 15th century. Using a multi-dimensional approach, the study delves into the political, social, and cultural analyses of the document, elucidating the broader context of the era of exploration and its inherent power dynamics. The patent letters are further used as a prism through which the religious, social, and cultural assumptions of the period are evaluated. By peering into the underpinnings of such a pivotal period in history, the article illuminates how exploration was perceived, managed, and deployed in the context of expanding European power.

A L T H O U G H a very large number of books about Bolsheviks and Bolshevism have been written, surprisingly we have only now major works in English on the social and political thought of Lenin' and Trotsky.' Harding and Knei-Paz are concerned to expound the theoretical coherence and importance of their subjects. Largely they succeed, but the narrative has few surprises in store for the informed reader and inevitably there is much description of the familiar components of Lenin's and Trotsky's thought. Attempts to generalize about the impact of Bolshevism as a movement on post-revolutionary society are a logical progression from the consideration of the ideas of leading political activists. Melotti here provides a novel Marxist account of the evolution of societies which have experienced a Bolshevik r e v~l u t i o n .~ Harding's work is arranged mainly chronologically, Volume 1 ending with the beginning of the First World War. In this book we have an account of Lenin's social background and the formative influences on his thought. Harding emphasizes that in a Russian context Lenin was 'orthodox', taking a political position in many ways similar to Plekhanov, Akselrod, Potresov, and mar to^.^ In arguing Lenin's orthodoxy, Harding in my view in places minimizes differences between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks : for instance, he says that in 1905 they had a 'closeidentity'on their immediate tasksin the revolution5-study of the revolutionary struggle in St. Petersburg, a Menshevik stronghold, and Moscow, under Bolshevik leadership, would show many differences. There were also important theoretical differences between Lenin and Trotsky at this time. As Knei-Paz points out, Trotsky in 1905 looked to the self-activity of the working class as the prime actor in the revolutionary process: 'the Russian proletariat was an independent, vital revolutionary force, both in the sense of its economic-based political strength as well as that of its consciousness, idealism, and devotion to socialist goals'.6 Lenin advocated, and he was consistent in this, Party leadershipof the working class and of the revolution. Until 1914, Lenin was parochial: 'his theoretical analysis had been based on purely Russian experience. .. Lenin's economic and social history had to d o with Russia and Russia alone'.' The First World War, for Harding, provided a catalyst in Lenin's thought. 'The argument of the theorists of monopoly capitalism was that the global

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Title: Early Modern Women's Mobility, Authority, and Agency Across the Spanish Empire
Volume editors: Anne Cruz, Alejandra Franganillo Álvarez
Series: Connected Histories in the Early Modern World
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

The new parameters of a global world in the early modern period gave rise to an expansion of movement that facilitated spatial and social mobility for women of different social ranks. Through their reexamination of archival documents and travel narratives, these essays investigate the opportunities for female mobility across the Spanish Empire, narrating the journeys of women who assumed new and unpredictable roles in distant environments. Some risked transoceanic journeys to hold positions of colonial power, while nuns traveled to found convents. Portuguese and Genoese women financiers and merchants traversed the Mediterranean to command enterprises in different cities. Breaking with tradition, the noblewomen considered in these essays exercised political agency as ambassadresses and diplomatic spies at various European courts. Still other women fled across borders from oppressive marriages or cross-dressed as soldiers to perform adventurous feats in support of imperial causes. Their frequently distorted histories, authored by men, have been revised and rectified by the authors of this volume.

For more info, visit https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463723299/early-modern-women-s-mobility-authority-and-agency-across-the-spanish-empire

The new parameters of a global world in the early modern period gave rise to an expansion of movement that facilitated spatial and social mobility for women of different social ranks. Through their reexamination of archival documents and travel narratives, these essays investigate the opportunities for female mobility across the Spanish Empire, narrating the journeys of women who assumed new and unpredictable roles in distant environments. Some risked transoceanic journeys to hold positions of colonial power, while nuns traveled to found convents. Portuguese and Genoese women financiers and merchants traversed the Mediterranean to command enterprises in different cities. Breaking with tradition, the noblewomen considered in these essays exercised political agency as ambassadresses and diplomatic spies at various European courts. Still other women fled across borders from oppressive marriages or cross-dressed as soldiers to perform adventurous feats in support of imperial causes. Their frequently distorted histories, authored by men, have been revised and rectified by the authors of this volume.