18th & 19th Centuries

Ce service (34 pièces répertoriées) a pu appartenir à : Don Diego Manuel de BERREDA YEBRA Y BARREDA, né le 14 avril 1685 il reçu sa légitimité le 3 Septembre 1706. Il fut approuvé comme Chevalier de Calatrava en 1705, l’on suppose qu’il abandona son habit religieux. Il fut Oidor  des Canaries et se maria  deux fois :
_ En 1eres noces avec Doña maria Teresa AÑASCO, il eu une fille unique Doña Isabel de BARREDA YEBRA, qui épousa Don Francisco MESIA RUIZ DE BERGARA.
_ En 2èmes noces avec Nicolasa FABAL Y MELO,

The Environment Agency was the Government agency that dealed with waste management, one of the health problems in workers was helminths infection, illness caused by an infection of Worms Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH). The most important of these worms were roundworms (worm Ascaris lumbricoides), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) and whip worms (Trichuris trichiura). Helminths infection occured in people who often did not use Personal Protective Equipment (APD) while working in the trash and accompanied by personal hygiene which was not good. This research aimed to know the relation of habitual use of personal protective equipment and personal hygiene with occurrence of helminths infection on garbage workers in the city of Yogyakarta. This research was observational studies analytic with delightful cross sectional. The sampling of this research was (non random sampling) by approach purposive sampling. Samples in this research were 44 officers trash. Data collection by means of interviews applied structured questionnaire and microscopic examination of a litter for feces officers helminths infection to identify the incident of illness. The data analysis applied the fisher's exact test. The result show, no significant relation existed between the habit of the use of a Personal Protective Equipment (APD) with an occurrence of helminths infection (p = 0,289). A significant relation existed between personal hygiene with an occurrence of helminth infection (p = 0.015). For the conclusion, There was no relation between personal protective equipment with the infection and there was significant relation between helminths infection and hygiene with personal hygiene and helminth infection at the garbage in Yogyakarta city.

France de la fin de l'Ancien régime est issue de la société féodale médiévale, qui avait elle même succédé à l'antiquité romaine ou au monde gallo-romain. Ce changement de société, qui se situe à l'époque carolingienne, au IXe siècle, dans ce qu'on appelle le haut Moyen Äge s'est déroulé dans une longue transition, une interpénétration d'un monde mourant, et qui survit encore aujourd'hui par des noms, des routes, des chefs lieux, le droit, le latin et les langues romanes, la structure de l'église catholique que le monde romain nous a légué, et la féodalité naissante qui se sont superposés avant d'aboutir à l'Europe chrétienne et féodale. Il y a bien eu transmission : la nouvelle société a puisé largement dans celle qui mourrait et qu'on voulut faire revivre à la Renaissance et au siècle des lumières par le retour à l'antiquité dans les arts et les moeurs 1 . -I -LA FRANCE DU XVIIIE SIECLE : UNE SOCIETE D'ORDRES La société féodale est une société fortement inégalitaire de par sa structure même qui divise les hommes en trois catégories, ceux qui prient (oratores), ceux qui se battent (milites) et ceux qui travaillent (laboratores). Cette inégalité est juridique, constitutionnelle. Plus encore elle est garante à la fois de la stabilité interne et de l'expansion de ce monde. Qu'est-ce donc que l'égalité au XVIIIe siècle ? Dans le dictionnaire de Trévoux de 1732, elle est ainsi définie :« Parité, exacte ressemblance ; juste proportion entre les choses, ou les personnes, ce qui rend égal en quantité, en qualité. Aequalitas. Il y a entre ces deux lignes de l'égalité. Entre ces deux personnes il y a égalité d'âge, de condition. L'amitié a besoin de quelque égalité ; mais c'est plutôt d'une égalité qu'elle se fait elle-même, que d'une égalité qu'elle y trouve. » Il faut attendre l'Encyclopédie pour trouver une définition plus politique de l'égalité et l'idée selon laquelle tous les citoyens peuvent participer également au

Paysan normand en costume ancien; carte postale, collection des frères Neurdein, Paris 1906. À ce jour, le mystère de Toussaint Toupin reste tout entier. Un jeune Normand « retontit » dans la jeune colonie de Nouvelle-France avec un secret bien gardé… Ou encore, peut-on croire que sa réputation le précédait? Ainsi donc, le marin Toussaint Toupin débarque à Québec en 1630 alors âgé de 23 ans. Le mystère plane autour de ce jeune navigateur qui commandait le respect de tous, militaires et clergé inclus. D'après un commentaire daté du 23

use the term "Scottish Enlightenment" to describe the group of Scottish intellectuals clustered in Edinburgh in the 18 th century. All of the writers I focus on frequently met and corresponded with each other, and their works reflect a cluster of shared assumptions albeit with significant differences of opinion as well.

Это перевод на русский язык нашей же статьи о французском художнике Жиле-Поле Барбье (1768-1831), работавшем в России с 1796 года. Она представляет рождение, происхождение, художественное образование Барбье, и первые годы его художественного творчества, предшествующие его приезду в Россию.

The paper investigates the "British period" of life and work of the French artist Gilles-Paul Barbier (1768-1828). He spent in England only five years and moved to Russia. His British artistic legace is not extensive, his life was never researched, and he is practically forgotten. The paper establishes the details of his life and work in England, clarifies and corrects some general information, and introduces for academic use documents which remained unknown until now.

Manuel Covo' s impressive first book provides a new interpretation of the economic geography of the revolutionary Atlantic world. Focusing on commercial relationships and the political projects they enabled and foreclosed, Covo aims to "decenter" more familiar sites of analysis, such as Paris and Philadelphia, and underscore "the centrality of Saint-Domingue as the hub of global capitalism in the age of revolutions" (2). The colony served as a hub through which trade, people, and ideas about "commercial republicanism" flowed between France and a newly independent United States. Since the middle of the eighteenth century the thirteen colonies had been increasingly important trading partners for Saint-Domingue, supplying grain and timber to a booming monocrop slave economy. Some French officials even hoped that the War of Independence would turn the US into a hinterland of their richest colony-"the fort and the granary of Saint-Domingue" (19)-and that the US might turn to France as a "metropole of adoption" (39). But they had the relationship backwards. What Covo' s forensic study reveals is that American mercantile (https://eh.net) JOIN EHA DONATE   Search...

En este capítulo se analiza la condición de protegido del mestizo Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez (1758-1819): primero por la corte de Madrid y, posteriormente, por las autoridades revolucionarias americanas. Rodríguez se destacó por su autodidactismo, así como por su labor como bibliotecario de la Real Biblioteca Pública de Santa Fe, desde donde acumuló, gestionó, donó y promocionó libros en el Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Se indaga por las tácticas y las estrategias que desplegó para conseguir, preservar y acrecentar los efectos de la protección por las vías tradicionales de un sistema estamental, estructuralmente diferenciado, durante el tránsito del periodo colonial al republicano. La sociología de la estratificación, la historia de las bibliotecas y la historia cultural invitan a ponderar el influjo de la cultura escrita en el periodo de las revoluciones atlánticas. El estudio demuestra que la conexión en redes de sociabilidad a nivel local e imperial —así como el acceso a la cultura letrada en un contexto ilustrado— posibilitaron el ascenso social de sujetos coloniales y la adquisición de una condición inédita de poder y distinción entre agentes de sectores subalternos.

Az anekdota a 19. század második felében a magyar szépirodalomnak és a populáris irodalomnak is központi fogalma. Ez volt az az időszak, amikor formálódni kezdett egy "új olvasóközönség," amikor a magas műveltség és az írni-olvasni tudás elváltak egymástól. 1 Az 1868-as népiskolai törvény életbelépése nyomán is fokozatosan gyarapodott az olvasni tudók száma, megjelent az igény a könnyen érthető, szórakoztató olvasmányok iránt, ami a könyvkiadást is jelentősen átalakította. Az előző időszakhoz képest tömegméretűvé vált a nyomtatás, és elsősorban ponyvákat, valamint kalendáriumokat jelentettek meg, utóbbiakat kiadási számban csak a tankönyvek és az iskolai értesítők szárnyalták túl. 2 A korszak populáris

La Bataille de ‘Las Navas de Tolosa’, (Inspirée d'une gravure d'Antonio TEMPESTA);
S’est déroulée le lundi 16 juillet 1212 autour du château de ‘Las Navas de Tolosa’,  province de Jaén, en Espagne, entre, d'un côté, une coalition de plusieurs États chrétiens de la Péninsule Ibérique, secondée par des troupes de croisés  en provenance de plusieurs nations européennes et, de l'autre, des troupes musulmanes provenant de tout le Maghreb ainsi que des territoires d’ Al-Andalus, sous le commandement de Muhammed an Nâsir de la dynastie berbère des Almohades. Remportée par les armées chrétiennes, la bataille marque une étape décisive de la ’Reconquista’* et accélère sensiblement le délitement de la domination almohade, ainsi que l'effacement de la présence musulmane dans la Péninsule Ibérique.

As linhas de fronteira dividiram populações, demarcaram territórios, legitimaram ocupações. Mas, para lá de todo o esforço de delimitação de territórios, surgiram os apelos e/ou a repulsão de pessoas, criando-se o fenómeno da emigração, por definição um efeito directo das compartimentações nacionais do mercado de trabalho, cujo equilíbrio ignora fronteiras e tende à globalidade. Desde sempre, as pessoas movem-se, verificando-se processos mais ou menos complexos de intercâmbio de população. A imigração galega no Norte de Portugal é apenas um exemplo desses movimentos, afinal com longa história no espaço intra-peninsular, normalmente de sentido Norte-Sul, mas girando também em torno de polarizações urbanas. Em situações de sociedade tradicional, carentes de modernidade, tais movimentos são explicados genericamente por desequilíbrios de população e de regime de propriedade, se bem que estes desequilíbrios apresentem razões históricas mais profundas que se repercutem em toda a organização social. Para lá da movimentações de galegos que podemos remontar à Reconquista, os movimentos migratórios de trabalho detectam-se em Portugal, de uma forma regular, desde os séculos XVII e XVIII, quando surgiram oportunidades sazonais ao ritmo cíclico de produções agrícolas para mercados relativamente vastos (trigo do Alentejo, vinho do Douro). A estas fainas agrícolas (preparação de terra e sementeiras e depois as colheitas respectivas), acorriam não só galegos como populações portuguesas do Minho, Trás-os-Montes e Beiras, ou seja, de localidades onde a terra era escassa e a

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Literaturautomat (1829) beschrieben, der über 4 × 10^155 Einakter generieren kann, was die Anzahl der Atome im Universum weit übersteigt. Die 1200 Textfragmente, die als Quelle für den Generator dienen, sind in dem Band »Neunhundert neun und neunzig und noch etliche Almanachs-Lustspiele durch den Würfel« abgedruckt und dort zufällig angeordnet. In 200 Würfen wird mithilfe einer Tabelle ein Einakter generiert. Einakter des 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhunderts waren zu ihrer Zeit populär, sind von der Forschung bisher aber weitgehend unbeachtet geblieben. Georg Nikolaus Bärmann bezieht sich mit seinem ironischen, aber eben auch sehr konkreten Projekt auf den hohen Bedarf an solchen Stücken, als er diesen gedruckten Einaktergenerator entwickelte, der laut Deckblatt Einakter für 133 Jahre produzieren kann. Der Beitrag beschreibt die mehrstufige Digitalisierung dieses Werks und die Entwicklung einer Webanwendung, die es ermöglicht, das analoge Spiel in einer digitalen Umgebung genauer in den Blick zu nehmen.

В статье рассматривается освоение новых культурных практик населением на примере виноторговли в Сергиевском посаде конца XVIII -начала XIX в. Демонстрируется освоение новых культурных форм досуга в сфере услуг и изменения в образе жизни. Законодательно закрепленное распределение спиртных напитков за разными типами заведений виноторговли означало одновременное закрепление за каждым типом культурных практик. Традиционная для России практика продажи простого хлебного вина без всяких закусок осуществлялась только в кабаках и питейных домах, предназначенных исключительно для простонародья (крестьян в лаптях). Специфика этой торговли предъявляла самые минимальные требования к самим помещениям, уровню обслуживания посетителей. В заведениях нового европейского типа (трактирах, гербергах) все было иначе: категория посетителей, внутреннее убранство, ассортимент напитков (алкогольных, слабоалкогольных и безалкогольных), наличие закусок, сервировка, а для развлечения -бильярд. Они были, говоря современным языком, культурно-досуговыми центрами. В повседневной жизни стремление повысить уровень продаж приводило к стиранию жестких сословных перегородок, снимало ограничения для имевших средства и желание представителей простонародья, охотно посещавших не предназначенные для них заведения. Происходило естественное освоение новых культурных практик широкими слоями населения.

Planinstvo oziroma turistika sta bila še sredi 19. stoletja domena redkih, večinoma bolje situiranih posameznikov: industrialcev, trgov cev, uradnikov, profesorjev, duhovnikov ipd., ki so si daljše poti iz mest do gora lažje finančno privoščili. Prvo planinsko društvo nasploh je bil Alpski klub (Alpine Club) s sedežem v Londonu, ki so ga leta 1857 ustanovili Angleži in katerega tradicija sega vse do danes. Ustanovni člani so bili vsi dejavni v Alpah,

Тяжба родственников купца Сергиевского посада Дмитрия Алексеева Трегубова о его наследстве с вдовой Татьяной Андреевой. Середина XIX в. ВЦентральномгосударственномархивеМосквы(ЦГАМ)вфондератушиСергиевскогопосада(Ф.73)сохранилсялюбопытныйдокумент,повествующийоперипетияхборьбыбездетнойвдовызасвоиимущественныеправасродственникамипокойного мужа.Этаженщина-купчихаТатьянаАндрееваТрегубова,вдовакупцаДмитрияАлек-сееваТрегубова,умершего23сентября1842г.ввозрасте50летот«горячки». СемьяТрегубовых-старинный,весьмауважаемыйкупеческийродСергиевского посада.Егочлены13раз(из28трехлетий)избиралисьвратушувпериодеесуществова-ниявпосадес1782по1866г.,чтовозможнотолькоприналичиивысокогообщественногоиматериальногостатуса.Занятиехлопотной,ответственнойинеоплачиваемойработойслихвойискупалосьпреимуществамистатусногоположения,а,возможно,ииными выгодами.Этосемьчеловекиз4-хразныхпоколений:ИванСавельевТрегубов,егосын МатвейИванов,внукиЕгориАндрейАлексеевы,правнукиИльяАндреев,ИваниАлек-сейИвановы,пятьраззанимавшиедолжностибургомистровивосемь-ратманов 1 .Неоднократно члены семьи Трегубовых избирались не только в ратушу, но и гласными в думу:в1813-1815гг.-АндрейАлексеевТрегубов,в1816-1818гг.-ЕгорАлексеевТрегубов,в1849-1851гг.-покаещеперсональнонеидентифицированныйТрегубов.Павел ИвановичиПавелИльичТрегубовыв1890г.быличленамиСиротскогосуда.Прихожа-неВознесенскойцерквиизбиралипредставителейсемьицерковнымистаростами,среди них:АндрейАлексеевТрегубов(1845-1847гг.),ИльяАндреевТрегубов(1861-1863гг.), АлексейАндреевТрегубов(1866г.).ВВознесенскойцерквихранилисьразнообразные богослужебныепредметы,вложенныечленамиэтойсемьивразноевремя.В1915г.2-й гильдии купец Иван Васильев Трегубов, бывший уполномоченным в Сергиево-посадской городской управе, был представлен к награждению за заслуги по Московскому епархиальномууправлению 2 . 1 Ратман -в 1699-1864 гг. член магистрата и управ благочиния. По «Регламенту или уставу Главного магистрата» 1721 г. ратманы избирались под надзором губернаторов и воевод из городских верхов. В «Табели о рангах всех чинов, воинских, статских и придворных» 1722 г. ратманы были отнесен к XII классу. В 1775 г. они лишились административных функций, сохранив за собой функции заседателей в городских судах. Два ратмана, избираемые горожанами, заседали в полицейском органе губернского города или столицы -управе благочиния, учрежденной «Уставом благочиния» 1782 г. В 1864 г. должность была упразднена вместе с магистратами. 2 См.: Четырина Н.А. Персональный состав ратуши Сергиевского посада в 1782-1866 гг. (практика формирования) // Троице-Сергиева лавра в истории, культуре и духовной жизни России: духовное служение Отечеству.

This short anthology explores the dark and unsettling world of 19th-century urban Gothic literature. Set in the shadowy streets of Victorian cities, each story unveils themes of supernatural terror, psychological unease, and social decay. With malevolent spirits, twisted minds, and crumbling urban landscapes, the collection captures the essence of Gothic horror in its most chilling form. Perfect for readers of suspense and the macabre, this anthology offers a brief yet haunting glimpse into the fears that haunted a century.

Статья посвящена изучению строительного дела в ретроспективе. Опубликованы записи двух контрактов 1837 и 1838 гг., освещающие два этапа возведения знаменитой церкви в селе Воздвиженском Московской губернии. Это документы, сохранившиеся в Центральном историческом архиве Москвы в фонде ратуши Сергиевского посада. Записи договоров в маклерских книгах (или в их аналогах) представляют особую ценность, так как большинство подлинных контрактов утрачены. Один из них посвящен организации и проведению подготовительных работ, другой заключен для возведения самого храма. Первый документ дает представление о том, как решались вопросы сохранения среды обитания, использования экологически безопасных технологий, безопасной утилизации и повторного использования отходов жизнедеятельности человека в селе Воздвиженском при разборке старой постройки. Второй документ 1838 г. описывает последовательность строительных работ, начиная с фундамента и до сводов, использованных стройматериалов и специфические особенности технологии кирпичной кладки того времени. Данные этого контракта позволяют восстановить имена контрагентов, детали повседневной жизни сезонных работников-строителей, практику оплаты труда и механизмы, гарантирующие качество строительных работ. Именно благодаря этому договору вырисовывается структура организации строительства: мастера-каменщики -десятник -подрядчик -архитектор -заказчица. В целом оба документа помогают представить и оценить некоторые строительные практики ХIХ в. в максимально приближенном варианте. Это весьма актуально для нашего современного общества, вступившего в этап развития рыночной экономики, так как опыт хозяйствования предшествующих поколений обладает несомненной ценностью. Ключевые слова: строительство, архитектура, контракт, подрядчик, заказчик, каменщик, церковь, строительные материалы. Architecture and urban development. Restructuring and restoration bricklayers, the foreman, the contractor, the architect, and the customer. On the whole, both documents help us outline and assess some of the building practices of the 19 th century. This issue is relevant nowadays, as our society has entered the phase of the market economy, while the experience accumulated by the past generations is of undeniable value.

Аннотация: Иеромонах Арсений, в миру Алексей Иванов Лобовиков (1830-1907), -автор научных публикаций по истории Троице-Сергиевой лавры и Сергиевского посада. Его работы активно используются современными историками, но о его жизни практически ничего не было известно. Обращение к архивным источникам помогло реконструировать биографию ученого монаха. А. Лобовиков происходил из среды сельского духовенства Вятской епархии, получил систематическое духовное образование и в возрасте 23 лет решил посвятить себя «обетам монашеской жизни» в Троице-Сергиевом монастыре. С этого момента определилось его послушание -работа с рукописями в библиотеке Лавры. За несколько лет он последовательно прошел несколько ступеней монашеской иерархии: зачислен послушником (1854), пострижен в монахи (1856), рукоположен в иеродиаконы (1858), а затем в иеромонахи (1860). В 1897 г. был награжден серебряной медалью на Александровской ленте для ношения на груди в память в Бозе почившего императора Александра III. Первоначальное направление исследования истории знаменитой обители к 1880-м гг. трансформировалось в изучение Сергиевского посада -поселения, возникшего из сел и слобод, окружавших монастырь. До этого момента его история находилась в тени грандиозной истории Лавры и не привлекала внимание исследователей. Статьи иеромонаха Арсения о четырех приходах города были написаны с привлечением огромного количества источников, начиная с законодательных актов и княжеских грамот, заканчивая монастырской делопроизводственной документацией и документами церковного учета населения. Они прошли серьезную научную апробацию в Обществе истории и древностей российских при Московском императорском университете и были опубликованы в его периодическом издании -Чтениях (ЧОИДР).

Généalogie actualisée de ; Jean Etienne BARON. Faïencier à Moustiers & à Marseille chez les FAUCHIER.
         
Armes des BARON de Castellane; d’azur à un arbre d’or accompagné de deux épis de blé de part et d’autre.
Jean Estienne BARON  fils de Gaspard bourgeois  et de Jeanne Marie MARIA .

La imatge que la societat valenciana té actualment de la Renaixença es fonamenta, en bona mesura, en dues concepcions militants i oposades: d'una banda, connectada al pensament predominant en la mateixa Renaixença, una mitificació endolcida de l'obra d'alguns prohoms d'aquell moviment (Llorente, Escalante, Llombart…) que saberen «captar les essències valencianes»; de l'altra, l'avaluació crítica d'aquest mateix període i autors derivada dels estudis i les anàlisis efectuats durant les dècades dels anys 60 i 70, potser més atentes al que hauria d'haver estat la Renaixença que no al que realment va ser. Així, alguns dels més destacats investigadors valencians del segle XX, entre ells Manuel Sanchis Guarner, Joan Fuster, Ricard Blasco o Alfons Cucó, en feren un primer diagnòstic altament meritori, per al temps i el moment en què fou elaborat, però que a hores d'ara resulta insuficient i inexacte. Fruit d'aquests estudis capdavanters, l'inici de la dècada dels vuitanta es prometia molt esperançadora amb les aportacions de Vicent Simbor, del mateix Ricard Blasco, Lluís Guarner, Josep Lluís Sirera i Eduard J. Verger. El resultat de tot aquest treball és ben palés, perquè els estudis i les edicions del segle XIX produïts al País Valencià han avançat molt en els darrers vint anys . No obstant això, potser no han avançat tant com hauria calgut perquè, de fet, les noves línies de recerca encara no han arribat a impregnar el cos docent i social valencià, la major part del qual continua donant per bones les conclusions de fa trenta i quaranta anys. Unes conclusions, d'altra banda, altament negatives, molt poc benvolents amb els homes i les 219

Com és sabut, des de finals del segle XVI (1582) l'Hospital Real i General de València tenia el monopoli de l'explotació de les representacions de comèdies a València. És per això mateix que els estudis d'història del teatre profà al País Valencià s'han centrat, fonamentalment, en l'únic coliseu oficial del qual ens ha arribat documentació abundant: la Casa de Comèdies o de l'Olivera i, més parcialment, dels seus successors, la Botiga de la Balda i el Teatre Principal. Així, els estudis sobre el teatre a València durant els segles XVII i XVIII, des de Lamarca o Merimé ençà, tenen ja una tradició sòlida i ens han aportat un coneixement força notable sobre l'activitat d'aquest espai. Es tracta d'estudis minuciosos quant a temporades, obres representades, prohibicions, tipus de públic, preus de les entrades i recaptació de les funcions, arrendaments, companyies, etc. Alhora, però, cal reconéixer que malgrat tota aquesta línia frondosa d'estudis, el teatre en català al País Valencià no apareix per cap banda en l'escena oficial: ni textos, ni dramaturgs, ni actors o actrius, ni espais on aquest es poguera representar. Tant és així que sempre s'ha dubtat de si va existir realment un teatre en català coherent durant aquest període -o durant l'època moderna-atés que aquest, sembla, mai no ha generat cap documentació específica o, si més no, no ens n'ha pervingut, ni ha deixat cap petjada. En aquest estat de coses, propose un nou enfocament sobre els estudis de la dramàtica popular pròpia del País Valencià al llarg del Setcents. Al capdavall, estudiar un tipus d'activitat teatral que fins ara ha estat considerada com més hipotètica que provable. A tall de síntesi, recordaré que Arturo Zabala (1960: 16-17) estableix tres períodes en l'activitat teatral a València durant la divuitena centúria: des de l'inici del segle fins a 1748/50, moment en el qual l'arquebisbe Mayoral aconsegueix, primer, fer tancar la Casa de Comèdies heretada del segle XVI; després, enderrocar-la, i, finalment, prohibir les representacions no només per a la ciutat de València sinó, també, per a tot el Regne de València. Un segon període que va de l'any 1761 al 1779, en el qual les autoritats civils i militars de la ciutat aconseguiren l'autorització del rei per a la represa de les representacions en un antic magatzem municipal, que serà conegut com la Botiga de la Balda. Com a conseqüència de l'incendi del teatre de Saragossa en novembre de 1778 (on

With this article to analyze the roads utilized by the colonial authorities and by the patients for the preservation of the health in the Captains of Mato Grosso. It discuss this fear implies in understand that in this public political period or same actions coordinated by the colonial managers were punctual and when existed were part of the project of civilization Portuguese with the purpose of favor exclusively the installment privileged of the colonial population

Entre 1870 et 1902, la crémerie de la Petite Vache devient à Paris un lieu de sociabilité informelle fréquenté par explorateurs, médecins, administrateurs coloniaux et savants. Si l’origine du groupe est fortement liée aux cercles géographiques parisiens, sa composition évolue dans les années 1880...

Adolf Vajler (Bosanski Novi, 11 april 1895 - Zagreb, 3 januar 1969) predstavljen je prvenstveno kao jevrejski umetnik koji koristeći teme i ikonografiju istočno-evropskog jevrejskog slikarstva posvećenog pogromima s kraja 19. i početka 20. veka, stvara umetnost vezanu za iskustvo holokausta. Njegovo ratno umetničko delo javlja se ne samo kao izraz antifašističkih težnji, već i kao nastavak teme stradanja Jevreja.The name of Adolf Vajler (Adolph Weiller, Bosanski Novi, April 11, 1895 - Zagreb, January 3, 1969), an almost forgotten artist, reappeared in 1996, in the exhibition Dimensions of a period, Jewish Artists in the Anti-Fascist Struggle and as Holocaust Victims, mounted at the Jewish Community in Zagreb. He was shown there for the first time mainly as a Jewish artist and not only as an anti-Fascist fighter, as he appeared occasionally at the group exhibitions of such art until now. This new approach pointed towards the need to re-examine Vajler’s entire artistic opus since it b...

Linguistic and cultural domination is a powerful mechanism of control, and its analysis is essential to understanding the long-term effects of colonialism. Under British colonial rule, the imposition of English as the language of power and the introduction of Western culture marginalized the pride of Bengali language and culture, creating a class divide and fostering a sense of inferiority among the colonized. The Pakistan era further exacerbated these challenges, with efforts to impose Urdu sparking widespread resistance and culminating in the historic Language Movement of 1952. Despite systemic suppression, the resilience of the Bengali people in preserving their cultural identity manifested itself through intellectual, artistic, and grassroots efforts. By analyzing policies imposed by these ruling authorities, the research highlights the marginalization of the Bengali language and culture. It will also emphasize the social and cultural consequences of domination.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Cousas q tem tanta graça, tam doces para ouuyr, termya por de maa rraça, se as nam deesse empremyr. Eu vejo bem como vou, & vos, senhor, como hys: & poys eu quys, contente estou como quem bem acertou. Garcia de rresende, ín Cancioneiro Geral, tom. Ill, p. 333. S Recordações de Jacome Ratton são um dos mais curiosos livros da nossa literatura do começo do século xix. Como livro de memórias, raríssimos entre nós, esta obra tem chamado as atenções de todos os curiosos da vida portuguesa, de todos os eruditos e historiadores a quem interessa o movimento de ressurgimento artístico levado a cabo pelo Marquês de Pombal, e o viver da sociedade burguesa do fim do século xviii e começo do século xix. E um deli-1 casa de commercio, que ficou unida á de Lisboa; e me deixarão em França entregue a meus Avós paternos. ' §3. Minha vinda a Portugal. Minha entrada no Commercio. Minha admissão na Sociedade. Em huma jornada que meu tio, Jacome Bellon, fez a França, donde voltou casado com Maria Purat, me trouxe comsigo, e me entregou, a 7 de Maio de 1747 a meus Pais residentes em Lisboa, em cuja companhia recebi a minha educação, e aprendi o commercio no seu escritório, no qual entrei antes de contar 14 annos de idade; e antes de completar os 17, fui admittido com interesse na Sociedade, que até entaõ corria debaixo da firma de Bellon e Ratton, e depois com a de Bellon, Ratton, e filho, continuando deste modo, até o fim de 1758, em que meus Pais, e tio largarão o commercio, e me cederão a liquidação, e continuação de todo elle. §4. Minha i.a Jornada a França, e com que fim. Instancias de meus Pais para me casar: como accedi: com que pessoa, e como foi pedida. Como o meu objecto n'esta producçaõ he fazer-me conhecer tal qual sou por factos passados, cumpre-me naÕ omittir cousa alguma que a isto diga respeito. A circunstancia de ser filho único excitou em meus Pais o desejo de me casarem, -IO visto durante a minha demora de oito dias naquella cidade, no anno antecedente. O mesmo foi fallar naquella Senhora que obrigarem-me a hir pedi-la no mesmo dia a sua irmaã, D\ Maria de Clamouse, casada com Mr. Darot Negociante Francez em Lisboa, os quaes me receberão mui bem; e no dia seguinte foi meu Pai comigo ratificar o meu pedimento, que sendo acceito por Mr. e Mde. Darot, escrevemos logo dali ao Pai da dita Senhora, por hum próprio que nos trouxe a resposta aflirmativa, a qual produzio huma união nunca dantes premeditada, que fez a felicidade da minha vida, e que devi ás instancias de meus Pais. Do mesmo modo gozaõ de igual felicidade meu filho Diogo, e minha neta Da. Júlia Francisca Daupias, cuja uniaõ eu suggeri na viagem que elle fez a instancias minhas por Inglaterra, Hollanda, e França, depois de viuvo de Da. Mariana Eulália de Mello falecida do primeiro parto; celebrando-se as segundas núpcias em Macon, no anno de 1800, em rasaõ de eu ter mandado educar a dita minha neta, e seu irmaõ em Paris conforme a recommendaçaõ de seus pais. §5 . 1 Meu casamento, filhos que delle houve, e seus estabelecimentos. Em o principio de Janeiro de 1738, casei, na Cidade do Porto, com D. Anna Isabel Clamouse, filha mais nova de Bernardo Clamouse, ja viuvo de D. Genoveva Hartsoeker, Negociante Francez, e Cônsul honorário da Naçaõ Franceza na dita Cidade; e do meu feliz consorcio tive quatro filhos, e quatro filhas. O primogénito dos filhos, por nome Ber--IInardo, faleceo de bexigas na idade de 10 annos, achando-se no collegio de Tournus. O 2., chamado Diogo, agora o mais velho, e meu sucessor em Portugal, reside nas mesmas casas, de que eu fui tirado, e preso; e se acha casado, em segundas núpcias, com sua sobrinha D. Júlia Francisca Daupias. O 3. chamado Henrique Jozé, deixou de ser meu sócio haverá doze annos, e largando o commercio se retirou com sua mulher, e filhos para França, a viver junto com suas irmaãs. O 4. chamado Jozé Luiz, deixando igualmente de ser meu sócio ha cinco annos, passou com sua mulher, e hum filho em consequência das infelizes circunstancias do commercio em Portugal, a estabelecer huma casa de commercio em Londres, na companhia do qual me acho presentemente, por effeito da minha injusta deportação. As quatro filhas foraõ educadas em França, na companhia dos meus Pais, que successivamente mas pediaõ para este fim, e aos quaes as nao podia negar. A ia. chamada D. Francisca Júlia, foi casada com Gabriel Joaõ Lourenço Daupias, por cujo motivo o fiz meu sócio em 1780, sobrevivendo ella ao casamento pouco mais de dous annos, e elle pouco mais de três, falecerão deixando hum filho, e huma filha, que tomei ao meu cuidado. A filha he a espoza de meu filho, e successor Diogo Ratton, e o filho acha-se hoje casado, e estabelecido com casa de commercio em Paris. As outras três filhas D. Anna, D. Luzia, e D. Sophia educadas, como ja disse, por meus Pais, na Cidade de Macon em França, ali casarão, a 1. com Mr. de Mure, a 2. com Mr. Aujas, e a 3. com Mr. du Ruisseau ja falecido. 12 §6 . So ci ed ad e co m Bo ni fa s, e ou tr os . Contava eu 22 annos de idade, pouco mais, ou menos, quando meu Pai, e meu tio largando o commercio me deixarão, no fim de 1758, a liquidação, e continuação de suas casas em Lisboa, e Porto, dando-me por sócios durante seis annos ; em Lisboa Paulo Bonifas ; e no Porto Joaõ Baptista Bourgeois, e Carlos Dubar, sendo a firma, Ratton, Bonifas, e Companhia. Estes três sócios entrarão sem fundos pró- prios, devendo a casa laborar sobre os meus, representados por 24 contos de reis effectivos, e outras iguaes quantias de meu Pai, e tio, que deixarão na casa, como sócios commendatarios, levando cada hum huma outava parte de interesse sobre os lucros, que houvesse, e arriscando somente as suas entradas em caso de perdas, as quaes houve com eífeito; mas que elles, e eu somente supportamos. A paz inesperada de 1763, nos causou grandes perdas sobre géneros mandados a paizes estrangeiros; pelo que acabou a dita sociedade no fim do anno de 1764, e fiquei continuando o commercio em meu próprio nome. Extinguio-se a casa do Porto, tendo meu tio falecido em 1761, e creio que a bem testado, ficando a viuva com dous filhos, e huma filha todos menores, aos quaes se deu tutor; e a viuva passou depois a segundas núpcias com hum Gaudêncio Fontana. -i3 - §7-Retirada de meus Pais para França, e seu falecimento. No principio do anno de 1759, se retirarão meus Pais a Paris, aonde meu Pai adquirio hum dos cargos de Secretario do Rei, de ia. classe, que o ennobreceo, e a toda a sua descendência, cujo cargo he equivalente ao foro de fidalgo cavaleiro em Portugal. Poucos annos depois foraõ fixar a sua residência na cidade de Macon, Departamento de Saone e Loire, aonde também adquirirão bens de raiz, e falleceraÕ, meu Pai em 1779, e minha Mai em 1794; e como eu fosse o seu único filho fiquei sendo seu herdeiro universal. §8 . Minha hida a Macon, e circunstancias respectivas a meus filhos. Em consequência do falecimento de meu Pai, fui, em 1783, fazer huma visita de quatro mezes a minha Mai, na companhia da qual se achavaõ as duas minhas filhas, D. Luzia e D. Sophia, ainda solteiras, e D. Anna na companhia de seu marido, Mr. de Mure, que tinha passado á Alexandria do Egipto, na qualidade do Cônsul Geral da França. Deve saber-se, que antes de enviar meus filhos para a companhia de meus Pais em França, procurei o Beneplácito do Senhor Rei D. Jozé; por ter ja naquelle tempo a honra de ser seu vassalo. Dos meus três filhos existentes, somente o primogénito, Diogo Ratton, he que foi educado em França, aonde que todos a lerão, e approvarao, como consta do (Doe. No. 7.) § 11. Vivendo eu sempre em perfeito harmonia com todos os meus parentes, e de minha defuncta espoza, por effeito dos seus respeitáveis caracteres, me julgo na obrigação de expor aqui, para que se me naõ faça carga, a causa de minhas desavenças com a pessoa de meu concunhado Francisco Palyart, Negociante respeitável da praça de Lisboa, e com razaõ, pelo seu bem merecido credito; e vem a ser a condueta, que teve a meu respeito, na occasiaõ em que Verdier, e minha casa, separamos, no anno de 1794, os nossos inter e s s e s a respeito da fabrica de fiação, que tínhamos estabelecido em Thomar, e de que adiante darei conta: separação, que da minha parte, e de meus filhos proveio somente da incompatibilidade de génios, e que buscamos para nossa reciproca tranquilidade, propondo a Verdier a escolha, ou de ficar encarregado daquella fabrica, ou de no-la ceder, com a reciproca obrigação, de que, aquelle que com ella ficasse seria obrigado a pagar ao outro, no espaço de seis annos, o capital por elle desembolçado, tudo sem juros; porque o estabelecimento nada tinha rendido até aquelle tempo; á excepção de cousa de vinte contos de reis, que a minha casa tinha despendido de mais, os quaes, se elle Verdier se resolvesse a ficar com a fabrica, pagaria com juros nos prazos, em que conviessemos: proposta a todas as vistas a mais -45minha própria experiência me ensinou a emendar; mas naõ sem prejuízo de grande despeza, que junta com a indispensável foi assaz excessiva. Ao mesmo tempo que se trabalhava nas obras de vailados com a actividade expressada, se hiaõ construindo as accommodaçoens, e alojamentos para 24 famílias de criados; no que se occupava hum numero proporcionado de pedreiros, carpinteiros, e trabalhadores, de modo que, desde maio até o S. Miguel, se apromptaraõ os alojamentos dos criados, abegoaria, celleiros, palheiros, e até se repararão as casas para a minha habitação, e de minha família, quando ali hiamos passar algum tempo. Quanto ás arramadas para se recolherem os bois de lavoura, foraõ construídas pelos criados com esteios e varas de madeira, tecidas de palha--carga, e caniço, cujos esteios e varas, semelhantes ás das parreiras, mandei comprar a hum pinhal distante huma legoa, e pertencente a Excellentissima casa de Nisa: tal era o deplorável estado, em que se achava aquelle prédio, que nem madeira havia para tao insignificante construcçao. Todas as minhas esperanças se fundavaõ em...

Barely four years after arriving in Spain in 1836, the Cuban-born writer Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda (Camagüey 1814-Madrid 1873) had become Madrid's greatest literary celebrity. By the early 1840s, Avellaneda had reached the highest echelons of Romantic Spain's growing circles of women writers, and her premieres filled the most popular theaters in the capital for 15 years. 1 Garnering extraordinary publicity and criticism, Avellaneda stood out among writers in Spain. She embodied the liberal remaking of the "illustrious woman," a theme in circulation since the 15th century that referred to exceptional intellectual women across diverse and overlapping religious, literary, and scientific traditions. Avellaneda, following in the footsteps of French literary figures such as Madame de Staël and George Sand, represented the Romantic idea that lyrical and literary expression liberated the inner emotional self. This emancipated self, I will argue, exacerbated the tensions within enlightened codes of sensibility that implied "reasonable sentiments" while holding on to these codes. 2 With the "soul of a poet and the heart of a woman," Avellaneda struggled to reconcile her image as a talented, free, and passionate woman with a liberal respectability that set reason against sentiment, public against private, and masculinity against femininity. 3 By investigating her life and work as a female literary celebrity, I also highlight the discursive contexts in which modern female subjectivities and feminisms were forged through Romanticism. 4 Avellaneda embodied the contradictions inherent in the transition to female affective individualism; that is, the belief in women's capacity, as free and equal individuals, to feel and discern who they want to love and to whom they wish to commit, a tenet of modern feminisms. As Luisa Passerini has shown, the romantic remaking of medieval courtly love played an essential role in creating assumptions about European and Western civilizing and moral superiority in the world. 5 Conceptions of love and love culture also shaped Christian narratives about women's emancipation throughout post-revolutionary Spain. 6 Christian narratives about women drew on enlightened Eurocentric discourses about religion's redemption that pitted Western civilization against the uncivilized, enslaving East and the notion that women's status defined a nation's progress and modernity. 7 This chapter has been made available under a CC-BY-ND license.

Powiew skandalu nad niezwykłą przyjaźnią między Williamsem a Poniatowskim jest dziełem C laude'a de Rulhière, który zbierał wszelkie plotki piętnujące Stanisława A ugusta od agentów konfederacji barskiej2. Jerzy Łojek interpretował tę przyjaźń jak o (sfrustrowaną) miłość hom oseksualną ze strony W illiamsa i cyniczne wykorzystywanie ze strony Stanisława. W jego popularnym eseju brakuje przypisów i roi się od błędów fakto-graficznych3. A utoram i poważniejszych rozważań są Jean Fabre, Julian Nieć, hrabia Ilchester i pani Langford-Brooke oraz Adam Zam oyski4. Niniejszy 1 Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przekład rozdziału mojej pracy doktorskiej, Stanisław August P oniatowski, his Circle and English P olitical Culture, złożonej w Uniwersytecie Oxfordzkim w końcu 1993 r. Pragnę podziękować Pani Profesor Zofii Libiszowskiej, Pani D ocen t Zofii Zielińskiej i Panu Profesorowi Robertowi Evans za cenne uwagi. 2 "Le com te Poniatowski avait prot en Pologne des intimes liaisons avec cet ambassadeur, si intim es m êmes, que l'un étant fort beau, l'autre fort dépravé, on en avait m édit" . C. B u l h i é r e , H istoire de l'anarchie de Pologne et du démembrement de cette République, ..

Huit faïenciers  & un potier travailleront à la Tour d’Aigues au XVIIIème siècle ;

Jean Baptiste  GEBELIN, Joseph JUDE, Jean Joseph GOULIAS, Louis JAUFFRET, Joseph AUDIBERT, François AUBERT, Paul BOURRELY, Jean Joseph CHRETIEN, RAPHEL Vincent.

Reservados todos os direitos. Toda a reprodução ou transmissão, por qualquer forma, seja esta mecânica, electrónica, fotocópia, gravação ou qualquer outra, sem a prévia autorização escrita do autor e editor é ilícita e passível de procedimento judicial contra o infractor.

Estudiem i atribuïm tres obres devocionals del pintor ceràmic Valentí Garcés conservades a Atzeneta del Maestrat: un parell de plafons (Sant Pasqual de 1830 i Sant Miquel) i una socolada amb escenes de la Passió que decora la capella de la comunió en l’església de Sant Bartomeu. Finalment afegim un plafó dedicat a Sant Cristòfol que atribuïm al seu fill: Manuel Garcés.
PARAULES CLAU: taulells, plafons, pintura ceràmica, devocions populars, segle XIX.

We study and attribute three devotional works by the ceramic painter Valentí Garcés preserved in Atzeneta del Maestrat: a pair of panels (San Pascual from 1830 and San Miguel) and a wainscoting with scenes from the Passion that decorates the communion chapel in the church of Sant Bartomeu. Finally, we include a panel dedicated to Saint Christopher that we attribute to his son: Manuel Garcés.
KEY WORDS: tiles, panels, ceramic painting, popular devotions, 19th century.

Artículo sobre una pintura de Juan de Miranda (1723-1805), que formó parte del programa iconográfico que  la "capilla del sagrario" tuvo en la antigua Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios en San Cristóbal de La Laguna. Se contextualiza en el medio devocional y artístico que posibilitó su existencia durante la década de 1780.

In the last year of his life, Sigmund Zois, a central figure of the Enlightenment
in Carniola and a patron of Slovenian culture, wrote the treatise Über
Krainerische Lexikographie (1819), in which he discussed, among other
things, the so-called revival of the Slovenian language at the end of the
eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. At the beginning
of this section of the treatise, Zois established that the “Carantanian” (i.e.,
“old” Slovenian) language was basically preserved among the peasants,
although a “fake” language contaminated with Germanisms had developed
in parallel. The main sources of Germanisms in the last centuries were – in
his opinion – schools, in which peasant children learned other languages
(especially Latin and German) and forgot their mother tongue. According
to Zois, the revival began mainly thanks to the school reform (compulsory
schooling), which in 1774 practically opened the doors of primary schools
to the Slovenian language as well. Zois deliberately ignored the earlier
pioneering work of Marko Pohlin. In the continuation, he listed the most
important works of the revival until 1809, including the translation of the
Bible under the leadership of Jurij Japelj and Blaž Kumerdej, Linhart’s
history of Carniola and his plays, Vodnik’s poetic and linguistic work and
Kopitar’s grammar. Since Zois was loyal to Austria, he did not mention
the strengthening of the role of the Slovenian language in schools of the
French Illyrian Provinces (1809–1813), nor did he mention – perhaps
due to his focus on Carniola – the establishment of the chair of Slovenian
language at the Graz Lyceum (1811). However, he highly praised
the Austrian language policy after 1815, including the establishment of
the Kingdom of Illyria, the increase in the number of Slovenian parish
schools, the translation of imperial patents from German into “pure”
Slovenian, and the establishment of the chair of Slovenian language at
the Ljubljana Lyceum. Among the most important works of the revival
in the last years, Zois singled out the translations of Matevž Ravnikar and
Valentin Vodnik. The text ends with an optimistic vision of the rise of the
Slovenian language in literature and science.

Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) is a picaresque novel that challenges traditional moral judgments, presenting virtue and vice as ever-shifting qualities influenced by human nature and societal norms. The novel critiques the so-called morality of 18thcentury England, arguing that true virtue lies in sincerity and good intentions rather than rigid social customs and beliefs. Through characters like Tom Jones, Blifil, Squire Allworthy, Lady Bellaston, Molly Seagrim and Sophia Western, Fielding explores themes of hypocrisy, class bias, gendered moral expectations and limitation of women autonomy of Fielding's time. By incorporating Enlightenment philosophical ideas from thinkers like Locke, Kant, and Hume, the novel illustrates the complexities of ethical behavior. Ultimately, Tom Jones advocates for a deeper understanding of virtue, one that values empathy and integrity over mere social norms.

Il processo complessivo di trasformazione e crescita di San Potito, con la relativa modificazione del paesaggio agrario e della configurazione del paese, è ampiamente attestato, nel mezzo secolo che separa i due catasti, dall’aumento della popolazione,
dall’accrescimento dei terreni coltivati, dall’estensione del costruito, con l’ampliamento
del centro abitato e l’edificazione di nuove masserie in campagna,
dalla parallela riduzione degli orti e dall’aumento considerevole dei seminativi,
cioè dei terreni coltivati a grano, prodotto che tende ad assumere un’importanza
crescente sui mercati locali.
Per tutte le ragioni esposte, e per le molte altre ancora che potranno essere
scoperte dai cittadini-lettori ai quali il lavoro di Santacroce e Russo è rivolto,
questo libro costituisce un contributo importante alla conoscenza della storia
di Terra di Lavoro e, quindi, del Mezzogiorno, in una fase fondante della successiva
contemporaneità, quello della nascita di un compagine statale moderna
nel sud d’Italia, di cui proprio lo studio accurato ed appassionato dei due autori
fornisce importanti chiavi di lettura.

Il contributo analizza il testamento dell’abate Filizio Pizzichi, una figura influente della Firenze tardo seicentesca, in stretti rapporti personali con Cosimo III de’ Medici e con il Gran Principe Ferdinando. Le sue disposizioni testamentarie, comprendenti il lascito di numerose opere d’arte ai due sovrani toscani così come a protettori asburgici (tra cui il conte Ferdinand Ernst von Mollard e lo stesso imperatore Leopoldo I), offrono nuove prospettive sul collezionismo fiorentino tra la fine del Seicento e l’inizio del Settecento. Tra le opere menzionate figurano inedite produzioni del ceroplasta Gaetano Giulio Zumbo, che consentono di approfondire la sua attività fiorentina e le modalità di esposizione dei suoi "teatrini".

Osmanlı araştırmalarına münhasır, altı ayda bir (Nisan ve Ekim) neşredilen, açık erişimli, çift kör hakem sistemli akademik dergi A double-blind peer-reviewed open-access academic journal that is published semiannually (April and October) in the field of Ottoman Studies "Kadim oldur ki evvelin kimesne bilmeye" ücretSİz | Free oF Charge Kadim'deki makaleler, Creative Commons Alıntı-Gayriticari 4.0 (CC BY-NC) Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. Bilimsel araştırmaları kamuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyen dergi, tüm içeriğine anında Libre açık erişim sağlamaktadır. Makalelerdeki fikir ve görüşlerin sorumluluğu sadece yazarlarına ait olup Kadim'in görüşlerini yansıtmazlar. Articles in Kadim are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC) International License. Kadim provides immediate Libre open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Authors are responsible for the content of contributions; thus, opinions expressed in the articles belong to them and do not reflect the opinions or views of Kadim.

In an issue of Sebilürreşad from 1913, a regular contributor noted with some alarm and amazement the lack of any Ottoman newspapers publishing in English in England, or Urdu in India, in the light of how Reuters and the English press in his opinion seemed to routinely criticise the Ottoman Empire and highlight its flaws to the people of India 1. This excerpt gives some idea as to the lens through which certain sections of the Ottoman press had come to view the Indian subcontinent and their role in it by the early twentieth century. According to Ceren Uçan, the idea of shaping public opinion, or employing propaganda in this manner, were relatively new to the Ottoman Empire. It was only in 1911 that the state succeeded in establishing a semi-official news outlet, the Ottoman Telegraph Agency 2. In the mid-1870s for instance, the Arabic newspaper Al-Jawaib, published in Istanbul, and reportedly enjoying widespread readership across India was said to be discreetly funded by the British Foreign Office for its relatively pro-British stance 3. Additionally, it purchased a hundred copies for distribution among Indian Muslim communities to further its agenda. Interest in the developments in Colonial India was particularly pronounced during the First World War, with extensive coverage of the anti-colonial struggle in British colonies and its implications for the war's outcome. In this paper, I will focus on how Sebilürreşad narrated and represented Hindu-Muslim relations in colonial India. Various members of Sebilürreşad's editorial team and contributors had travelled to India before the war, and often had overlapping interests in emerging ideas surrounding pan-Islamism and pan-Asianism. The Ottoman press' coverage of the Indian subcontinent was coloured by various factors such as the

Roles of Food on the European Stage" -Thomas Marti, "L'arrière-cuisine au-devant de la scène. La Comedia Tinellaria ou les plaisirs d'une satire de la table" -João Pedro Gomes and Guida Cândido, "Sweet Tooth and Bitter Tables. Between Materialities and Metaphors in the Dramaturgy of Gil Vicente (D. 1536) and António Ribeiro Chiado (D. 1590)" -François Rémond, "Carnaval et carême. Métaphores alimentaires dans la farce baroque" -Théo Gibert, "Des Festins de Pierre avant Don Juan. ' L'endurcissement au péché' de Luís da Cruz à Molière" -Emilia Wilton-Godberfforde, "Dining with Dom Juan and the Dead. 'Voulez-vous souper avec moi?…'" -Silvia Manciati, "La faim d' Arlequin sur la scène de la Comédie-Italienne de Paris dans la seconde moitié du xviii e siècle" -Jan Clarke, "Food and Drink On Stage and Off (1660-1700)" -Sabine Chaouche, "'Bombance demeurez, et vous Ripaille aussi'. La Comédie-Française et l'inventivité culinaire au xviii e siècle" -Laurène Haslé, "'On mangera de véritables côtelettes' ! Mise en scène de repas sous la direction de Montigny au Théâtre du Gymnase (1844-1880)" -Debra Kelly, "Varieties of Taste. Intertwined Histories and Geographies of Theatres and Restaurants in Late Nineteenth-Century London" -Nathalie Coutelet, "Boire au café-concert. Sur scène et dans la salle" -Erika Natalia Molina-Garcia, "Taste and Time. An Essay on the Phenomenology of Hunger and Theatre" -Marie Duveau, "L'heure de se mettre à table. Cuisiner le récit dans Saïgon de Caroline Guiela Nguyen et Mère de Wajdi Mouawad" European Drama and Performance Studies 2024 -2, n o 23 Edited by Sabine Chaouche and Clara Édouard European Drama and Performance Studies Stage and Plate. Eating and Starving in European Drama and Theatres (16th-19th century) 2024 -2, n o 23

The main objective of this paper is to incorporate the three Lacanian orders in Søren Brier's cybersemiotic theory in the context Lewis Carroll's Alice texts. As an interdisciplinary framework that emphasizes the role of the observer and its symbolically-generated hieroglyph-like universe of "signification sphere" in which any attempt at accessing the objective world of information seems nonsensical, cybersemiotic is an invaluable tool for re-visiting the three orders by which, according to Lacan, we develop our sense of self and the world. Certain elements such as dream-like states, impossible word plays, paradoxes, and nonsense in the Alice books, which follow the titular character into the fantastic realms of Wonderland and the Looking Glass World, can allow for registering the Real by disclosing the self-referential nature of language and debunking the seemingly integrated façade of an imaginary and metaphoric reality founded upon the Symbolic and the Imaginary. For an in-depth analysis of how a creatively selfreflexive handling of language can evoke a space where the three Lacanian orders emerge simultaneously as one collapses onto the other, a cybersemiotic formulation of nonsense in the Alice books is introduced as the linguistic moment in which signifier-in-isolation (the Real) and signifier-in-relation paradoxically appear on the same cognitive horizon, revealing the underlying dynamics of the signification process which involves an arbitrary development of differentiated signs rendered meaningful due to a tacit consensus agreed upon over the temporal axis.