19th and 20th Century United States

For nearly a hundred years after its creation, the French Foreign Legion consisted exclusively of infantry units, supplemented only temporarily by "mounted" infantry units, depending on the needs of the theatre of operations. These units did not exceed the size of a company, and their members used their mounts (horses, mules, camels) only to move around, and continued to fight their battles on foot. Based on this positive experience, the 1 st Foreign Cavalry Regiment was created in 1922, and was then successfully deployed in Syria and Morocco between the two World Wars, and with varying effectiveness in France, Tunisia and Germany during the Second World War. The First Indochina War broke out in 1946 and the 1 st Foreign Cavalry Regiment joined the conflict in Southeast Asia in 1947, only to leave in 1955 as one of the last French units. During the war, the ranks of the troop, composed mainly of foreign nationals, were reinforced within a short time by a significant number of local soldiers to alleviate the permanent shortage. In addition, depending on local geography, the unit was equipped with armoured and amphibious vehicles, and sometimes ships, which were used to develop new tactics and operate effectively in these new and very different circumstances. In view of its successes, the unit was greatly improved, originally consisting of 7 squadrons, and by the end of the conflict it had grown to 18 squadrons.

Since his inaugration, Mr. Donald Trump has been initiating and implementing a number of agendas aiming to manifest his slogan of "America first". This protectionism philosophy led to trade wars posing a dramatic danger on the prevalence of human rights.

This Addendum V report describes the results of a supplemental Phase I archaeological survey for the proposed construction of 13 Storm Water Management Ponds (SWMPs) and 8 Pipe Outlets (POs) (Project) not covered under previous Phase I archaeological surveys associated with modifications to the Pennsylvania Turnpike proposed road widening and reconstruction from Milepost 149.5 to Milepost 155.5 (Total Reconstruction Project: ER# 2011-0912-009) within Snake Spring and West Providence Townships, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. Phase I archaeological field investigations for these additional SWMPs and POs was conducted by GAI Consultants, Inc. (GAI) between June 23 and August 6, 2014, under contract with the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC).
In 2013, GAI conducted a Phase I archaeological survey of the initial, overall Total Reconstruction Project area, totaling 61.07 ha (150.9 ac), within 54 defined study areas (Frye and Jaillet-Wentling 2013) for the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. An historical architectural survey of the Total Reconstruction Project was conducted and results were presented under separate cover (Kenneally and Williams 2014). Since completion of the original Phase I archaeological survey, design changes resulted in the need for supplemental archaeological studies. A Phase I archaeological survey of the proposed Cornell Road wetland mitigation area was conducted in early 2014, and resulted in the identification of two archaeological sites and the submittal of a Phase II Work Plan for one of these sites (36BD0328) (Addendum I) (Frye 2014). Design changes also resulted in minor revisions to the Mainline Turnpike’s Limits of Disturbance (LOD), which was reported as Addendum II (Munford 2014). Survey for a proposed connector road between Ashcom and Lutzville Roads (the Lutzville Connector) and an adjacent SWMP and PO were documented in Addendum III (Frye and Duncan 2014). Phase I survey and Phase II testing of Site 36BD0328 for the proposed Cornell Road wetland mitigation area was submitted as Addendum IV.
This Project documents archaeological investigations undertaken for 13 SWMPs and 8 POs not included in previous archaeological surveys (Addendum V). The Project is comprised of 21 separate Areas of Potential Effect (APEs) totaling approximately 13.27 ha (32.78 ac). These APEs consist primarily of agricultural fields and woodlots within floodplain, terrace, ridgetop, and hillslope settings. 
Supplemental Phase I archaeological investigations included background research review, fieldwork, geomorphology consultation (for a floodplain setting), and laboratory analysis. Background research did not identify any previously recorded archaeological sites within the 21 APEs for this supplemental work.
Fieldwork included a pedestrian reconnaissance and subsurface testing in settings judged to possess moderate to high potential for archaeological resources. The initial pedestrian reconnaissance determined that 9.21 ha (22.78 ac) was concluded to have little to no archaeological potential due to disturbance or steep slopes and was excluded from subsurface testing. Approximately 4.0 ha (10.0 ac) maintained moderate to high archaeological potential requiring subsurface testing. Archaeological subsurface testing for the Project included excavation of 179 shovel tests and two 1x1 m (3.3x3.3 ft) test unit, resulting in the identification of two Isolated Finds (36BD/044 and 36BD/045) and two archaeological sites (36BD0336 and 36BD0337). Each of the Isolated Finds, 36BD/044 and 36BD/045, represents a single prehistoric flake recovery and, in accordance with state guidelines, are not considered a significant resource and no further investigation of this resource is recommended. Due to changes in Project design, both archaeological sites are outside the APE and will not be impacted by the Project. No further investigation of these two sites is recommended. 
GAI recommends that the two isolated finds, each comprised by a single lithic debitage artifact, are Not Eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). No further investigations of these Isolated Finds are recommended. Based on the results of the supplemental Phase I survey,  GAI concludes that the APEs for these 13 SWMPs and 8 POs will not impact archaeological resources eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional archaeological investigation of these APEs is recommended. If design plans change to incorporate additional areas not addressed in the current or previous studies, including Sites 36BD0336 and 36BD0337, then additional cultural resources studies may be required in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act.

The 1922 collapse of the Greek Army in the Asia Minor front, itself the culmination of a bloody three-year war in Anatolia and a decade of warfare in an array of Balkan or far-away battlefields, has been elevated into a milestone of the nation’s modern history. As a consequence of defeat, the violent uprooting of more than one million Greek Orthodox Christians from Anatolia not only put an end to eight decades of Greek irredentism but also deeply transformed the social fabric of mainland Greece. “The Catastrophe”, as it is usually called in both everyday language and official discourse, is a story that every Greek learns from his childhood; not only (nor even mostly) in school, but also through various channels of socialization, identity building and ideological formation: Family members, media, established literature, political groups, local associations and even football teams, whose followers’ imagined community is often based on their founding fathers’ “1922 refugee” status. While “the Catastrophe” has rightfully gained such a pre-eminence in the Greek national narrative, this has not at all been the case with the war that led to it. Even less known is today the darkest side of the story: The atrocities perpetrated by the Greek occupation forces in the Anatolian hinterland during those three bloody years. Although never a state secret, these atrocities are rarely evoked in the public discourse and even more rarely discussed as such. The chapter deals with this repressed social memory, providing a counter-narrative based mostly on first-hand published accounts by Asia Minor War participants that both mainstream scholarly and nationalist public history usually ignore or even refuse to take into account.

Outre son statut de docteur honoris causa de plusieurs universités internationales (Oxford, Michigan, Genève…), il succède aussi à son mentor Fernand Braudel à la chaire en Histoire de la Civilisation moderne du Collège de France dès 1973 et ce jusqu'en 1999. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie est attaché à l'École des Annales, dont était membre Braudel et qui entend étudier l'histoire à partir des échanges, des sciences sociales et avec un intérêt marqué pour la vie quotidienne. En ce sens, certains de ces ouvrages (Les paysans de Languedoc, 1966 ; Histoire du climat depuis l'an Mil, 1967 ; Montaillou, 1975) sont d'une grande importance dans l'historiographie française de la seconde moitié du 20 ème siècle ainsi que pour l'histoire environnementale. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie est un historien à l'ambition totalisante et à l'intérêt prononcé pour l'étude des « structures persistantes et des rythmes inchangées de la vie rurale »1, ainsi que pour l'analyse quantitative des sources.

Caribbean narratives are highly permeated by submarine, geological and atmospheric aesthetics, too often enclosed within frameworks of unavoidable catastrophe or fetishized tropicalism that posit the geological as either a destructive or a picturesque force. Starting with colonization and the invention of the Americas, geological elements were relegated-and still seem to be-to a fossilized backdrop status, which contributed to the utterly colonial image of the archipelago as a linguistically, geopolitically fragmented entity. That said, the Caribbean landscape exists and persists in the tension emerging from human history and historiography, the material world, and the colonial logic of conquest of bodies of flesh, of land, and of knowledge. Sint Maarten's artist Deborah Jack delves into these questions in Drawn by Water: Sea Drawings in Three Acts, where she suggests the notion of "intertidal imaginaries" as abyssal spaces created by the constant movement and regeneration of the sea and tides. A site where essentialist approaches to land and water are forced to constant resignification, the intertidal entails a gravitational field affording possibilities of movement and becoming that work against hegemonical cartographies of the Caribbean and of Caribbean bodies. Shorelines encapsulate spatial-temporal tensions and (salted) mourning rituals that disrupt linear and logocentric historiographic dynamics and allow for other ways of seeing and of accessing the archipelago's histories.

Autor: Pbro. Luis Gilberto Santander Ramírez (Recopilador)
Editorial: Publicación independiente, San Cristóbal, 2021


El segundo tomo de Sanmiguel a través de sus cartas profundiza en el pensamiento y legado espiritual de Monseñor Tomás Antonio Sanmiguel, complementando la dimensión histórica y documental del primer volumen. En esta entrega, el Pbro. Luis Gilberto Santander Ramírez incorpora el Retrato espiritual del Siervo de Dios elaborado por el Pbro. Carlos Javier García Mora, lo que permite una aproximación más íntima a la figura del primer obispo del Táchira.

Este volumen destaca la coherencia entre el pensamiento y la acción de Sanmiguel, evidenciada en su correspondencia y en su incansable labor pastoral. Se exploran facetas clave de su ministerio, como su lucha por la educación religiosa en las escuelas públicas, la promoción del progreso material y espiritual del Táchira, su relación con el papado y su defensa del sacramento del matrimonio. Asimismo, el libro enfatiza su humildad, su amor por la Virgen María y su dedicación a la formación del clero, reflejada en la fundación del Seminario Diocesano.

Un aspecto particularmente valioso de este tomo es su enfoque en la resiliencia de Sanmiguel ante la adversidad. La lectura de sus cartas revela su profundo sentido de misión y su capacidad para superar obstáculos, incluso cuando su propio bienestar personal estaba en juego. Su relación con los gobernantes de la época y su papel como mediador entre el poder civil y eclesiástico son analizados con detalle, mostrando su habilidad diplomática y su inquebrantable compromiso con la fe.

En conjunto, este segundo tomo no solo complementa el primero, sino que lo eleva al dotarlo de una dimensión espiritual y pastoral más profunda. Es una obra indispensable para quienes buscan comprender la figura de Sanmiguel más allá de los eventos históricos y adentrarse en su pensamiento y legado moral.

Nota: La carga del archivo se realizó bien a solicitud del autor o con su autorización.

Con el inicio de la Guerra de 1895, el obispado de La Habana estuvo envuelto en una situación extremadamente polémica. Los lazos que ataron al clero hispano con la Corona y la propia proyección conservadora de la institución eclesiástica frente a la sociedad insular impulsaron a los líderes diocesanos a tomar partido en el conflicto bélico. En esta lógica, por medio de la investigación efectuada en el Archivo del Arzobispado de La Habana, en el presente artículo se define la posición asumida por el obispado de La Habana ante la Guerra del 95, se explican las consecuencias del conflicto para dicha institución eclesiástica y se analizan los resultados de las políticas de restauración para el obispado en la posguerra.

This article evaluates the vulnerability index of three elements associated with the historical and fortified heritage of Santa Catalina Island, a volcanic promontory located in the northwest of the Colombian Caribbean. The extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season intensified the loss of valuable heritage assets of the Raizal community. Taking into account their intangible and historical values, the analysis focuses on the impacts of climate change on these elements over time, with the aim of contributing to scientific debate on the awareness and protection of cultural heritage for future generations.

"Tal vez se arguya, invocando una razón que pudiera parecer decisiva, a saber: que es el pueblo norteamericano quien libremente traza su porvenir y que es preciso aceptar su sentencia, adecúese o no a las inclinaciones de nuestro espíritu. El argumento sería irrebatible si el lector norteamericano, antes de emitir su voto, meditase lo que éste puede implicar; desgraciadamente no es así..."

The publication presented to the Reader is a summary of the third edition of a major project of the Janusz Kurtyka Foundation in Warsaw, titled “History, Truth, Present. How to Conduct International Relations in the Context of the Past? 3.0”. It consisted of organizing a series of debates in 2021, which addressed the subject of Poland's relations with France, the UK, and the US. Two additional discussions focused on Polish scientific diplomacy and contemporary migration crises in Europe. Each conversation touched on the international context of the topics presented, outlining their broad historical background, diagnosing the knotty problems of Poland's relations with its partners, as well as formulating appropriate prescriptions for public institutions. Once again, the foundation was able to host distinguished experts from various fields.

«Mi patria es libre, no admite mediatizaciones. Vosotros sois proteccionistas en vuestro país, yo lo soy en el mío. Os reserváis vuestras riquezas, yo las mías.De vosotros tomo la lección y vuestro ejemplo sigo. Lo que hagáis por los turcos en vuestros Estados, lo haremos los turcos en el nuestro por vuestros ciudadanos». – Ismet Pasha

Our Lady of La Vang (Đức Mẹ La Vang) is one name that Catholics in Vietnam use for the Virgin Mary. There is a pilgrimage shrine of Our Lady of La Vang that is today situated in Hải Phú Commune, Hải Lăng District, Quảng Trị Province, in the central region of Vietnam. The shrine of Our Lady of La Vang under La Vang parish belongs to the Hue Archdiocese under the administration of the Vietnamese Catholic Church. This shrine has been designated as a National Marian Shrine and a Minor Basilica as well. It is also a place of great veneration, and many devout pilgrims flock there on the occasion of the great pilgrimage festival (Đại hội hành hương), which is organized once every three years in August. Since the implementation of the policy of Renovation (Đổi Mới) in 1986, the Communist Party and the government of Vietnam have implemented a moderate policy toward religious affairs and encouraged the inclusion of cultural values from religions into the development of the country. In the process, Vietnamese scholars have examined and discussed the relationship between Catholicism and Vietnamese national culture. In particular, they have conceptualized the issue of the Vietnamization/localization of Catholicism from the perspective of culturology, a line of inquiry developed by Soviet scholars that focuses on an exploration of the nature, laws of existence, and the development of culture, the humanistic meanings of culture, and methods of studying culture (Nguyễn 2006: 6). Among other cases of the localization of Catholicism in Vietnam, the localization of Our Lady of La Vang has emerged as

Велика війна не лише дала поштовх до розвитку технічного
прогресу, сприяючи появі нових видів озброєння, але й піднесла на вищий
щабель розвитку пропагандистську діяльність. Формування образу
ворога, проти якого велася війна, а також його укорінення у суспільній
думці шляхом різноманітних методів, було одним із найважливіших
завдань урядів кожної з воюючих держав. Сполучені Штати Америки
досягнули в цій царині, мабуть, найбільшого успіху, створивши окреме
відомство, що спеціально займалося пропагандистською діяльністю.
Поряд із новими засобами пропаганди, якими були фотографія та
кіно, в США, як і в інших країнах, що брали участь у Першій світовій
війни, продовжували послуговуватися і старими, серед яких досить
поширеною була політична карикатура. В розділі аналізується
зображення в американській карикатурі Німецької імперії, її
політичного та військового керівництва в особі Вільгельма ІІ та
генерала Пауля фон Гінденбурга, образи німецької армії та населення,
розглядаються відмінності, притаманні для сюжетів карикатури
періоду нейтралітету та участі США у світовій війні.

This essay tells the story of June Purcell Guild, and the “Negro Welfare Survey of Richmond,” a project established in the 1920s to examine the status of black citizens in Richmond, VA, and provide recommendations for how the community could be improved.

Guild's project was a deeply important part of social and racial history in Richmond and Virginia but has since become obscured by the passage of time. This essay seeks to shed light on the impoverished state of Black Richmond housing illustrated in the Survey, and highlight the importance and novelty of its work, at a time of deep Southern segregation and racism.

SUMARIO: 1. LA DISCUSIÓN DE LOS PRESUPUESTOS – 2. EL ‘MODUS VIVENDI’ CON NORTEAMERICA – 3. ATENTADO CONTRA UNA REUNIÓN FASCISTA EN PARÍS – VÍCTORIA PÍRRICA DEL FASCISMO – 4. UNA ENTREVISTA A MUSSOLINI – 5. LA CAMPAÑA ELECTORAL ALEMANA – LEY DE COPARTICIPACIÓN DE 1923 – 6. EL PRESUPUESTO INGLÉS – EL CASO DE STINNES – 7. PROPAGANDA POLÍTICA EN LOS LIBROS DE COCINA – 8. EL SENADO YANQUI POR LA REDUCCIÓN DE ARMAMENTOS – 9. LAS ELECCIONES EN INGLATERRA – LA PAZ O LA GUERRA – 10. MUSSOLINI HABLA SOBRE POLITICA EXTERIOR – 11. EN TURQUÍA PROHIBEN EL USO DEL FEZ ROJO – DE POLÍTICA INGLESA – MAÑANA, ELECCIONES EN ALEMANIA – LA PESADILLA MEXICANA – LA CAMPAÑA ELECTORAL EN FRANCIA –  12. PRIMERAS IMPRESIONES [DE LAS ELECCIONES ALEMANAS] –13. LAS ELECCIONES EN EL RUHR – LAS ELECCIONES ALEMANAS – 14. EL FASCISMO INGLÉS – 15. LA INMIGRACIÓN A LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS – 16. PROCESO CONTRA CIENTO TREINTAICUATRO COMUNISTAS – 17. LOS NACONALISTAS ALEMANES – 18. WOOD PROTESTA CONTRA LA INDEPENDENCIA DE FILIPINAS – 19. DISCURSO DE POINCARÉ – 20. PLEBISCITO EN FILIPINAS DENTRO DE UNOS QUINCE AÑOS – 21. MACDONALD ENSALZA LA FUERZA INGLESA – 22. COOLIDGE VENCE A JOHNSON EN CALIFORNIA –  PRONÓSTICO ELECTORAL EN FRANCIA – 23. JAPÓN Y LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS – 24. DECLARACIÓN BELICOSA – LA EXPOSICIÓN IMPERIAL – 25. LOS SOCIALISTAS ALEMANES – HOY, ELECCIONES EN FRANCIA – SUBSUELO ELECTORAL EN FRANCIA – 26. SESIÓN BORRASCOSA EN LA CÁMARA DE LOS COMUNES – 27. DECLARACIONES DE UN JEFE NACIONALISTA – 28. TRIUNFO DE LAS IZQUIERDAS – LAS ELECCIONES FRANCESAS – LAS ELECCIONES FRANCESAS – LO QUE HA TRIUNFADO – LA INDEPENDENCIA DE FILIPINAS – LA REVOLUCIÓN HA TERMINADO – 29. LO QUE DICE LEÓN BLUM – 30.  LA LEY DE INMIGRACIÓN – 31. DON STURZO EN DESGRACIA – EL TRIUNFO DE LAS IZQUIERDAS EN FRANCIA – 32. REUNIÓN DEL PARTIDO NACIONALISTA – LIB… ALDAD…FRAT… – 33. LO QUE PRETENDEN LOS NACIONALISTAS – 34. MANIFESTACIÓN ULTRANACIONALISTA – 25. PETRÓLEO EN EL PERÚ – AMÉRICA Y ESPAÑA – 36. LOS RAYOS INVISIBLE Y VIOLETA – 37.INGLATERRA CONSERVA A SUS INVENTORES– 38. UN BUQUE NORTEAMERICANO MOVIDO POR ELECTRICIDAD – 39. SE APRUEBA EL PROYECTO SOBRE EL PARO – NUESTRA TÁCTICA FEMINISTA – NORTEAMERICA Y EL MUNDO ASIÁTICO – LA VICTORIA FRANCESA ES LA REHABILITACIÓN DE EUROPA – 40. LAS FUERZAS AÉREAS BRITÁNICAS – 41. UN MOMENTO INTERESANTE – 42. EL GOBIERNO ALEMÁN HA DIMITIDO – 43. AMERICANOS Y JAPONESES – 44. LOS NACIONALISTAS ALEMANES – 45. TRIUNFO LABORISTA – 46. LA SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA – 47. LA CRISIS ALEMANA– 38. LA ACCIÓN CHILENA EN TACNA Y ARICA – 39. LA ELECCIONES INGLESAS – 40. LA EMIGRACIÓN NEGRA

Designated to connect the Americas and even dubbed “Pan-Americanism on wheels,” the Pan American Highway was extensively photographed by U.S. photographers. Rather than examining photographs of engineering feats and asphalt ribbons, this article focuses on images of washerwomen and policemen captured by photographers of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads in 1940s and 1950s Central America. These images, I suggest, capture the essence of the PAHW as they not only document the physical connection of the Americas, but rather attest to the constitution and representation of the relations between its various parts, peoples, and cultures. Yet, alongside the creation of imperial visuality (Mirzoeff: 2011), these images incorporate ordinary Central American women and men within the PAHW enterprise, sowing the seeds of subversion with regard to this imperialistic documentation project

The Wedding of Gladys Vanderbilt to Count Ladislav Szechenyi and
Its Reflection in the Contemporary Press in the Habsburg Monarchy and in USA.
At the beginning of the 20th century, two prominent families-the industrialist and merchant Vanderbilt family from the USA and the old noble Szechenyi family from Hungary-were united by marriage. In January 1908, a young American millionaire Gladys Vanderbilt was married in New York to Count Ladislav Szechenyi, a chamberlain and diplomat. The young couple subsequently settled in Hungary, where they traveled between their residences. They also spent time in the east of Slovakia, first in Strážske (Örmezö) and later in Remetské Hámre. The first two of their five daughters were born here. But today only few people here, in our country know who was Gladys Vanderbilt, Countess Szechenyi and that she contributed significantly to the development of the eastern Slovakia region. To date, there has been no research that has charted not only the beginning of their relationship, but also the years they spent in our area. And since there is no literature on the subject, I decided to do an initial detailed research of the contemporary press published in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the USA. The newspaper not only reported in detail on the young couple's acquaintance, but also followed the announcement of their engagement, their marriage, their move to Europe, and finally their greeting in Strážske. Particularly interesting is the view of the newspapers in mid-October 1907, when tabloid articles were published about a "degenerate Hungarian count" who only cares about the property of his bride, or about a dollar American princess who might not be accepted by the aristocracy in Austria-Hungary.

O presente artigo analisa as flutuações dos preços dos escravos recém-desembarcados nas Américas, com ênfase especial para as colônias britânicas do Caribe e para os Estados Unidos. Parte-se do suposto de que os preços podem ajudar a determinar aspectos cruciais da história do tráfico negreiro, tais como a interconexão entre os mercados e as determinações estruturais da oferta e da demanda. Seu material empírico provém de uma base de dados publicada pela Cambridge University Press, em 1999.

This research endeavors to uncover the intricate interplay between emotional intelligence and gender dynamics within literature, acknowledging the significant role of emotions in shaping characters and narratives. Emotions serve as a lens through which societal norms and cultural expectations are reflected and refracted, influencing the portrayal of gendered perspectives on emotional intelligence. By synthesizing relevant psychological theories and conducting a thorough examination of societal influences, this study seeks to illuminate how gender differences in emotional intelligence are articulated and perpetuated in literary representations. Through a meticulous literature review, the research aims to identify patterns and disparities in the expression and perception of emotions between male and female characters. These patterns offer valuable insights into the complexities of gender roles and stereotypes embedded within literary texts, providing a nuanced understanding of societal attitudes toward emotional expression and intelligence. Furthermore, by delving into the implications of these portrayals for gender dynamics in literature, the study contributes to ongoing conversations surrounding representation and diversity within the literary landscape. Ultimately, the findings of this research endeavor to advance our understanding of emotional intelligence and gender dynamics within the literature, offering a nuanced exploration of how societal norms and cultural expectations shape the portrayal of emotions in male and female characters. By shedding light on these complexities, the study seeks to foster a deeper appreciation for the multifaceted nature of gendered perspectives on emotional intelligence in literary narratives.

I n the decades before the Civil War, the Reverend Lyman Beecher and his accomplished children challenged the consciences and held the imaginations of Americans as few others of their day. When Beecher left Boston in 1832 to become the first president of Lane Theological Seminary near Cincinnati, he was considered the preeminent New England preacher, "a general and a statesman" in "the Kingdom of Christ" and a leader of Presbyterian reform. Under his leadership, Lane was charged with training Presbyterian ministers as missionaries "to hold the great West for Protestantism." Beecher' s sons and daughters followed in his venerable footsteps as pastors, educators, and leaders in the struggle against slavery. Sharing the reform passions of their period, the Beechers felt it was their mission to __________________________ The author sincerely thanks the staff at the Allen County Public Library for their great help during long hours of research. Thanks to John Beatty in particular for guiding her to the American Home Missionary Society papers. She also thanks the editor and the anonymous reader of the IMH for their suggestions. Related articles by the author are "Who' s Hiding in Our Basements? Abolitionists and the

is a revisionist military historian, and we are much the better for it. In his latest work, he provides an overdue reinterpretation of the Canadian army's battlefield performance during the Korean War. Replacing mythology with fact, he tells it like it is: the army really did not fight as well as its own official history says it did. In 1950, to the surprise of their political leadership, Canadians demanded that their armed forces be sent to South Korea to support the American-led United Nations command as it threw the North Korean hordes back across the 38th parallel. For the third time that century, Canada's miniature peacetime army was caught by the surprise of war. What had been a mighty fighting machine just five short years before was by 1950 a token home defence force, puttering along in peacetime routine, ill-prepared for any kind of deployment, much less a serious fight in a distant land. Facing the exploding manpower demands of a new expeditionary operation, there was but one option for defence planners: make the army grow quickly, rather than gradually. Under relentless political pressure to show the Canadian flag in this new type of military intervention, the army's leadership set about cutting corners. Rather than raise the initial contingent from scratch by recruiting brand new soldiers who would need months of training before they could be battle-ready, the call went out to veterans of the Second World War to join the ranks of this new, and temporary, brigade-size "Special Force." Several thousand veterans and reservists signed up and after a few months of hard training in Canada and the United States found themselves fighting in the steep hills of Korea. The first unit of the special force to get into action, Second Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, fought the most significant Canadian battle of the war, the Battle of Kap'yong in April 1951. While the United Nations command was pushing back the North Koreans, Canada's regular army was raising and training two new brigades to replace the special force. By the time the armistice was signed in July 1953, Canadians had been in the firing line for close to three years. As the

Iampersuaded no constitution was ever before so wellcalculated as ours for extensive empire&self government."¹ (Thomas Jefferson) Wieerklärt man den Aufstiegder USAvon einerbritischen Kolonie zur globalen Hegemonialmacht in einem Zeitraumv on knapp 140J ahren vond er Revolution bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg?W elche Bedeutung hat dabei die nach dem bzw.m it dem Bürgerkrieg einsetzende forcierte "Nationsbildung",d ie im Kontext der Besiedlung, der Etablierunge ines kapitalistischen Systems àl ' Américaine, der Ausbildung eines sich vonE uropa deutlich unterscheidenden Systems der Regulierung vonArbeit und Kapital, der nicht Durchsetzbarkeit sozialistischer Ideen (Sombart) und der Politik des "small government" und "laissez-faire" stattfand und konstruiert wurde? Kurz: Welche Bedeutung hatte die spezifisch amerikanische Entwicklungm it ihrem Fokus aufd en innenpolitischen und innergesellschaftlichen Problemkontext für die Entstehung bzw.E ntwicklungd er diskursi-venF ormation des "Empire for Liberty" (Jefferson), das sich spätestens mit dem Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieg in eine außenpolitische Maxime übersetzte und handlungsleitend für die offensive amerikanische Hegemonialpolitik nach dem Weltkrieg wurde, ja -mit den Worten William A. Williams -das Empire zu einem "WayofLife" machte?² Das Eingangszitat vonThomas Jefferson im Kontext der amerikanischen Revolution belegt eindrucksvoll, wie tief die Idee der Expansion in der amerikanischen Geschichte verwurzelt ist.G leichzeitig wird auch deutlich, wie eng die VorstellunganSelbstbestimmung und Freiheit gebunden war.Als Jefferson diese Zeilen an James Madison schrieb, war er weder aufeine natürliche Grenze noch aufeine bestimmtepolitische Form dieses "Empire of Liberty" festgelegt,sondern hätte sich auch eine lose Konföderation in Nordamerikavorstellen können. Entscheidend aber war, dass dieses amerikanische Empire sich vonden europäischen

La metaphore de l’americaniste comme « passeur » connait une certaine fortune depuis quelque temps au sein des Etudes americaines en France (voir en particulier le numero 83 de la RFEA sur le theme « Civilisation americaine : problematiques et questionnements » issu du Congres de Toulouse en 1998). Litteraires, historiens ou civilisationnistes assureraient le « passage » des Etats-Unis en France, et par dela, en Europe, de la matiere americaine, sa traduction tant linguistique que culturelle,...

Book Review: The Pacific Insular Case of American Samoa: Land Rights and Law in Unincorporated US Territories, Line-Noue Memea Kruse (2018)
Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 211 pp.,
ISBN 978 3 319 69970 7 (HC), €119,99
Iati Iati
Senior Lecturer – Politics and International Relations Programme
Pacific Security Fellow – Centre for Strategic Studies
Victoria University of Wellington

The Derechos Fiscales stamps of Mexico were printed during Maximilian's Empire after June 18, 1864, perhaps in or after spring 1865, but definitely not in 1863 as catalogs have stated. Apparently, one of their intended uses was to collect a tax on public entertainment. Other than this limited information, the Derechos Fiscales stamps remain a mystery as to their exact date, purpose and whether they were ever used.

The History of THE SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION ENGINEERS, in three volumes, traces the founding, expansion, and evolution of the Society from its beginnings in the Northeast United States with a few dozen members, to a global membership of thousands, and its recognition as a leading authority on media systems technical standards.

Volume II: 1950 -1989 Television explores the advent of Television as SMPE becomes SMPTE (The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) and offers membership to television engineers, technicians, and industry entities. The development of standards for innovative technologies – such as videotape recording and electronic newsgathering, and the seminal work of the Digital Video and HDTV Study Groups – are discussed. The activities of SMPTE in motion picture standards development and its participation in the American Standards Association (ASA) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) are also detailed. Highlights include the Society’s global expansion, the appointment of its first female Executive Director, and Oscar® and Emmy® technical achievement awards for time code, as well as the iconic SMPTE color bars®.

O presente artigo analisa as flutuações dos preços dos escravos recém-desembarcados nas Américas, com ênfase especial para as colônias britânicas do Caribe e para os Estados Unidos. Parte-se do suposto de que os preços podem ajudar a determinar aspectos cruciais da história do tráfico negreiro, tais como a interconexão entre os mercados e as determinações estruturais da oferta e da demanda. Seu material empírico provém de uma base de dados publicada pela Cambridge University Press, em 1999.

Iako je u razdoblju od 1880-ih do kraja Prvoga svjetskog rata više hrvatskih likovnih umjetnika boravilo u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, oni svojim umjetničkim djelovanjem, uz izuzetak slikara Otona Ivekovića, nisu obilježili kulturni prostor hrvatske dijaspore. Prvi hrvatski umjetnik koji se aktivno povezao s iseljeništvom bio je slikar i grafičar Ivan Benković, pripadnik prve generacije studenata na novoosnovanoj Privremenoj višoj školi za umjetnost i umjetni obrt, čije je likovno stvaralaštvo dosad bilo nedovoljno istraženo. Za vrijeme boravka u Americi, od 1912. do 1918. godine, Benković je suradnjom s brojnim hrvatskim političkim i kulturnim organizacijama svojim umjetničkim angažmanom u oblikovanju vizualnog identiteta hrvatsko-američkih izdanja, kao i radovima s nacionalnom tematikom suvremenih likovnih rješenja, aktivno sudjelovao u građenju kulturnog identiteta Hrvata u Americi.