Advanced Manufacturing

In today's intricate and competitive business landscape, organizations must leverage robust strategies and exhibit agility to thrive. The effective implementation of these strategies is pivotal and fundamentally anchored in human capital, which operates best within a supportive organizational environment. A key component of this environment is psychological safety-the assurance that team members can voice their ideas and engage in risk-taking without the dread of negative repercussions. Leadership is instrumental in cultivating this psychological safety, fostering an atmosphere conducive to collaboration, innovation, and continuous learning. This literature review highlights the critical role of psychological safety in the efficacy of strategy implementation, asserting that leaders have a responsibility to intentionally create a constructive environment. Such a space invites and values employee contributions, thereby driving organizational success through effective strategy implementation.

Some treatments of metals and alloys in electrolyte give opportunities to modify their surfaces. The surface layers after electrical discharge treatment in electrolyte have different structure in comparison with the metal matrix, determining different properties such as higher hardness, strength and corrosion resistance. In this study altering of the surface of tool steels after electrical discharge treatment in electrolyte is investigated. Different process conditions are compared and resultant microstructures are investigated by optical microscopy and XRD. Results show improved surface properties and change in microstructure and chemical composition of the modified surfaces.

Additive manufacturing has the potential to make a longstanding impact on the manufacturing world and is a core element of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Additive manufacturing signifies a new disruptive path on how we will produce parts and products. Several studies suggest this technology could foster sustainability into manufacturing systems based on its potential of optimizing material consumption, creating new shapes, customizing designs and shortening production times that, all combined, will greatly transform some of the existing business models. Although it requires reaching a certain level of design maturity to completely insert this technology in an industrial setting, additive manufacturing has the potential to favorably impact the manufacturing sector by reducing costs in production, logistics, inventories, and in the development and industrialization of a new product. The transformation of the industry and the acceleration of the adopting rate of new technologies is ...

Applications of coated surface are swiftly increasing in present industrial context. Recently, the electro-discharge route is being explored for surface modification in terms of alloying and layer deposition. Electro-discharge machining parameters and response to surface deposition is of the research interest in electro-discharge coating. In this regard, electro-discharged surface modifications have been characterized in the present investigations. The effect of relevant EDM parameters (current, Pulse duration, duty factor, density of electrode material) on various surface alloying responses such as surface micro hardness, chemical composition of the alloying surface, surface deposition layer thickness has been studied. The EDM electrode is specially made of tungsten powder by semi-sintering process. Negative or reverse polarity is used for better results of layer deposition of electrode material of tungsten powder and carbon particles within the dielectric liquid used for machining. Considering ample of general applications in engineering, work piece is of low carbon steel/HSS has been identified. It is observed that tungsten carbide layer has been deposited on the work piece which shows better functional characteristics for the applications. Low to medium current (2-5 A), Low density of electrode material (7.15-8.03 kg/cm 3) and low duty factor (3-5) are favorable conditions for better deposition of the layer.

As NASA, the Department of Defense and the aerospace industry in general strive to develop capabilities to explore near-Earth, Cis-lunar and deep space, the need to create more cost effective techniques of propulsion system design, manufacturing and test is imperative in the current budget constrained environment. The physics of space exploration have not changed, but the manner in which systems are developed and certified needs to change if there is going to be any hope of designing and building the high performance liquid propulsion systems necessary to deliver crew and cargo to the further reaches of space. To further the objective of developing these systems, the Marshall Space Flight Center is currently in the process of formulating a Liquid Propulsion Systems testbed, which will enable rapid integration of components to be tested and assessed for performance in integrated systems. The manifestation of this testbed is a breadboard engine configuration (BBE) with facility suppor...

Nowadays, in order for small and medium scale enterprises to excel in performance, it is necessary to have congruency among the manufacturing functions and the operational priorities. In this paper a model is presented to know the relationship between the manufacturing functions, operation priorities and manufacturing performance. Using data collected from small and medium scale manufacturing enterprises in Mumbai and suburban region, this study examines the seven hypothesis based on the relationship between manufacturing functions, priorities and performance. The structural equation model is tested using Amos7 software to test the hypothesis. The results show that there exists a positive relation between manufacturing functions and operation priorities as four out of six the dimensions measured such as Process control and implementation, Management of resources, Management of people, and Partnership with supplier are positively related, while two dimensions Training and developing and Teamwork are not positively related. Findings also support strong impact of operation priorities with growth in productivity as a measure of performance.

A tecnologia tem se mostrado uma vantagem competitiva em nossos ambientes industriais. Desde atividades básicas como plantio e agropecuária até a transformação e desenvolvimento do produto acabado, ela pode ser empregada a fim que agregue valor, segurança e lucratividade para as indústrias. Este artigo científico aborda a relevância das redes industriais na era da Indústria 4.0, com foco na implantação e organização de redes que integram dispositivos IoT-Internet Of Things (Internet das Coisas)-para otimizar processos e gerar vantagens competitivas. Serão explorados os diferentes tipos de redes industriais, protocolos de comunicação, tecnologias de conectividade para dispositivos IoT e equipamentos utilizados. Além disso, serão analisados os desafios e oportunidades na implementação de redes IIoT, como segurança, escalabilidade e interoperabilidade. Por fim, serão apresentados estudos de caso que demonstram como a adoção de redes IIoT pode gerar benefícios tangíveis para as indústrias, como aumento da eficiência, redução de custos e melhoria da qualidade dos produtos e serviços.

To optimize the welding process of the upper frame of the hydropower unit, a thermal elastic-plastic (TEP) finite element model of the typical T-joint of the upper frame was established, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the model were verified by welding tests. The effect of welding speed and interlayer cooling time on welding residual stress and deformation was analyzed, and a welding process in line with the requirements was obtained. Based on the results of the TEP calculation, the inherent strain was obtained, and the inherent strain method (ISM) was used to predict the overall deformation of the upper frame under three welding sequence schemes, and the optimal welding sequence was obtained.

Currently, the development of information technology in all fields is very rapid, including in the manufacturing sector, thus making the social environment of manufacturing change a lot. Traditional manufacturing research focuses on applying technology, such as production models, supplier arrangements, automation, advanced machines in the manufacturing industry, etc. Global competition and increasingly diverse customer demands are a phenomenon that occurs today. Social manufacturing is a new distributed, collaborative, and intelligent manufacturing, that every consumer can participate in the entire process of product design, manufacture, and even marketing. This study aims to examine the development of social manufacturing systems and the latest research in social manufacturing. The method used is to review the latest papers related to social manufacturing that provide a new paradigm for the manufacturing industry, then map based on the concepts, frameworks, and technologies used. The results of this review paper are in the form of mapping research papers taken from the database of a reputable international journal, Scopus. The mapping includes data on the author, co-author, terms on social manufacturing paper, year of publication, type of document and publisher. This systematic literature review can be one of the references for basic research on social manufacturing.

Currently, the development of information technology in all fields is very rapid, including in the manufacturing sector, thus making the social environment of manufacturing change a lot. Traditional manufacturing research focuses on applying technology, such as production models, supplier arrangements, automation, advanced machines in the manufacturing industry, etc. Global competition and increasingly diverse customer demands are a phenomenon that occurs today. Social manufacturing is a new distributed, collaborative, and intelligent manufacturing, that every consumer can participate in the entire process of product design, manufacture, and even marketing. This study aims to examine the development of social manufacturing systems and the latest research in social manufacturing. The method used is to review the latest papers related to social manufacturing that provide a new paradigm for the manufacturing industry, then map based on the concepts, frameworks, and technologies used. T...

Welding is a manufacturing process, which uses heat or pressure to form a homogeneous weld when joining homogeneous or heterogeneous metal materials or thermoplastics. The last decade has been characterized by the intensive development of unconventional welding processes, which use friction as an energy source, and in developed countries have taken primacy over conventional welding processes. The modern welding process, known as Friction Stir Welding (FSW), offers many advantages over conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and Metal Inert Gas (MIG) processes, both in terms of weld quality and environmental protection and in terms of saving time and materials needed to perform quality welding. This paper presents TIG, MIG and FSW welding technologies, with all the advantages and disadvantages, and the possibilities of their application in welding AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy (6xxx series), characterized by medium strength and outstanding corrosion resistance.

En el trabajo se trata de identificar cuáles son las principales variables que intervienen en el desarrollo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI) de manera de poder utilizar ese conocimiento para hacer propuestas que guíen la planificación y la acción para lograr el mejor desarrollo de Venezuela en este campo. Para lograrlo se han revisado las experiencias seguidas en los últimos 50 años en algunos países desarrollados (Estados Unidos, China, Alemania y Finlandia) y en países en desarrollo, destacados de América Latina (Brasil, Argentina y México). Se han revisado los enfoques, planes, organización institucional y resultados en las políticas tecnológicas y de innovación, la estructura de sus industrias y qué están haciendo para desarrollar las industrias creativas. Para cada país se idéntica un conjunto de aprendizajes útiles para comprender los factores claves que intervienen en sus actuaciones en CTI. Para finalizar se hace un resumen de los principales aprendizajes para países desarrollados y en desarrollo

Distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) offers a path to a circular economy. • Custom colors can increase value of DRAM polymers. optimal method, assessment criteria include the application of root mean square (RMS) and the color difference (ΔE CIE-2000). Three case studies were conducted, and the Nelder-Mead method was found to provide an optimal balance between the precision of color differences and the RMS, essential for producing high-quality colors. This research has provided a free tool that will now enable prosumers to convert their plastic waste into specific custom colors to enable DRAM.

In the present study, the nickel aluminide NiAl-based composite, reinforced with yttrium oxide Y2O3 with addition of titanium, was prepared by sintering at 1350 ° C for one and a half hours under an atmosphere of argon gas. Experimental investigation on electrical discharge machining of NiAl composite is performed with a view to correlate the process parameters with the responses for indicating the effect of the alloying addition on the machining performance of NiAl. Electro-discharge machining was used to study the machinability of the prepared composite. The machinability of NiAl was investigated based on the material removal rate, electrode wear rate, white layer thickness, and the surface roughness of the machined samples. The machining tests were performed under a wide range of machining parameters involving the pulse current (Ip) (8, 12, and 20) Amp. , pulse on time (TON) (45, 60, and 80) µsec, and pulse off time (TOFF) (20, 35, and 50) µsec, keeping the other parameters at fixed values. Electro-discharge machining process has been successfully modeled using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) within "Minitab 17" and model adequacy checking is also carried out. The second-order response models have been validated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at constant significance levels of 0.05 was used to predict the most affecting parameters on the machining outputs. Optimization plots indicated that the maximum material removal rate (9.9312 µm) can obtained at (TON = 80 µs, TOFF = 20 µm, and Ip = 17.8182 Amp.), minimum electrode wear rate (0.2552 µm) can achieved at (TON = 45 µs, TOFF = 50 µm, and Ip = 8 Amp.), minimum surface roughness can gained at (TON = 45 µs, TOFF = 50 µm, and Ip = 8 Amp.), and minimum white layer thickness (4.9335 µm) can gotten using machining conditions of (TON = 45 µs, TOFF = 50 µm, and Ip = 8 Amp.

The intersection of data engineering and artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized modern industries using scalable, efficient, and intelligent automation. AI applications rely on robust data engineering frameworks for data ingestion, processing, and storage to feed high-quality inputs to machine learning algorithms. This paper explores the symbiosis between AI and data engineering in terms of automation, robotics, scalability, and real-time analytics. Data integration, governance, and performance optimization issues are considered, along with AI-driven solutions that streamline data workflows. The paper also addresses emerging technologies like edge computing and quantum processing, and their impact on data engineering. As AI continues to expand, optimization of data-driven architectures will be key for organizations seeking a competitive advantage in a rapidly digitizing world.

This paper introduces a study on the influence of process parameters on the machining time in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of 9CrSi tool steel. In this study, a total of experiments were performed based on full factorial design and the work-piece material was 9CrSi steel. The input parameters including cutting voltage, pulse on time, pulse off time,servervoltage, wire feed and cutting speed were selected for investigation of the effects of the input parameters on the machining time. The influence of the input parameters on the surface roughness were investigated by analysing variance. Furthermore, based on the results of the experiments, a regression equation for determining the machining time wasproposed.

To increase the process stability and improve the product quality in the sheet hydroforming with die process, it is crucial for identifying and analyzing the dependence of forming pressure on process parameters. The effects of process parameters (blank holder force, frictional condition) on the forming fluid pressure were thoroughly studied experimentally. The main objective is to establish a relationship between the forming fluid pressure and several factors such as blank holder force and friction between die and sheet. The results demonstrate that the maximum fluid pressure increases with increasing blank holder force and friction. Finally, this relationship aims to support calculations and design data and provide control during the SHF-D process.

This study investigates the interconnection between 3D printing and artificial intelligence. The accelerated evolution of 3D printing and AI technologies presents a unique opportunity to enhance digital design and manufacturing processes. This article will provide an initial theoretical framework addressing the three main themes: generative design, additive manufacturing, and artificial intelligence. Additionally, it will outline the methodology employed in the research, detailing the approach taken to explore these interconnections. Furthermore, case studies will be presented to illustrate how these three topics converge in practical applications, demonstrating the potential for innovation and efficiency in various industries.

This paper presents the results of the study of plates with a combined "steel basetitanium, oxide coating" structure, which was obtained by resistive welding and strengthening induction heat treatment. The data of measurements of hardness and preliminary test for wear resistance were given. The possibility of finishing turning on structural chromium steel X40Cr13 was shown.

Among the family of liquid composite molding techniques, bladder-assisted resin transfer molding (BARTM) enables efficient manufacturing of hollow composite parts based on tubular reinforcing textiles. However, resin injection under certain processing conditions can result in high filling times or improper parts and finding the optimal process parameters is often a difficult task. This paper studies the impregnation behavior of a biaxial braided fabric in pressuredriven BARTM under a wide range of injection and bladder pressures. Saturation experiments were accomplished by means of a specifically developed injection test rig comprising an under-sized elastomeric bladder and a monolithic transparent mold. The results obtained show significant influence of the relevant process parameters on local preform compaction, apparent global permeability and filling time. Based on the experiments, a universal moldability diagram was derived that enables identification of admissible and critical operating conditions in BARTM, which supports the finding of optimal part filling settings.

The Russian MC-21 commercial aircraft, developed by Irkut Corporation under the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), represents a significant advancement in Russia's aerospace industry. This paper explores the features of the MC-21, its competitive position against Western counterparts like the Boeing 737 MAX and Airbus A320neo, and its potential impact on the global aviation industry. Additionally, it examines the benefits the MC-21 could bring to developing nations, including countries like Sri Lanka, in terms of affordability, accessibility, and economic opportunities in aviation.

The performance of the WEDM machining process mainly depends upon the suitable selection of the appropriate machining variables. Optimization is one of the techniques used in manufacturing sectors to arrive for the best manufacturing conditions, for improving productivity of the system. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of various WEDM parameters like pulse on time, pulse off time peak current, servo voltage and wire feed rate on gap current and cutting rate in Machining of AISI D2 Steel. Second order mathematical model for the response characteristics using central composite rotatable design has been developed using MINITAB design statistical software. The design of experiments has been done using Taguchi's orthogonal array L27 (35). Each experiment was conducted under different conditions of input parameters as per the L27 array. The interrelation ship of various input parameters on response characteristics has been evaluated.

This paper explores the transformative role of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in revolutionizing urban waste management and its integration into sustainable urban planning. IoT-enabled systems provide real-time data monitoring and analytics, optimizing waste collection routes, reducing operational costs, and enhancing environmental outcomes. The study examines the critical technical, economic, and social challenges associated with IoT adoption, including connectivity, scalability, and public acceptance, alongside cost implications. It highlights emerging trends, such as AI and blockchain integration, which promise to elevate data-driven decision-making and transparency in waste management systems. The paper also addresses gaps in existing research, particularly in standardizing IoT frameworks and assessing the longterm environmental impacts of IoT adoption. Recommendations emphasize best practices for deploying IoT solutions, aligning them with global sustainability goals to foster smarter, more resilient urban ecosystems. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of IoT's role, challenges, and future directions, this study provides a robust foundation for advancing research and practical applications in smart urban waste management. I.

Manufuture developed the Vision 2020, the Strategic Research Agenda and Road Maps as basics for the European Research in FP8. The vision was mainly influenced by the challenges toward competition and sustainability by transformation fr om cost orientation to adding value with technical and organizational innovations. Manufuture developed a strategic research Agenda “2020-2030” and Roadmaps to support the process of structural chang es and orientation to higher efficiency and changeability. Technology development was driven by the activation of technological potentials in the process chains from basic materials to finished pro ducts and from customer’s orders to the end of life to increase adding value. Manufuture proposed fields o f proactive actions for cooperative research in Europe across the 40 industrial sectors. Core field s of the strategic research agenda are part of the Factory of the Future (FOF) and Digital Manufacturi ng program and on the way now for implementation. Als...

The paper shows the concept of Serbian Industry 4.0 Model based on cyber-physical manufacturing metrology model (CPM 3 ) and an integrated approach to manufacturing quality. The paper presents two directions of research: Virtual optimization of CAI process parameters for the sculptured surface inspection and Intelligent model for Inspection Planning on CMM.

A chasm is growing between the advanced technologies available for improving manufacturing operations and those effectively used in practice. The vision of Industry 4.0 is to mobilize industry to seek out these possibilities for improvement and to close the gap between opportunity and reality. However, when compared with more established improvement opportunities such as lean manufacturing, the digitalization of manufacturing lacks in both paradigmatic examples and an understanding of how to achieve the benefits. This lack is a complication of concern: Without an appropriate operations strategy to capture the value of digitalization, manufacturing companies will be unable to focus on technological investments and operational changes. To address this concern, operations management academics must develop new theory through active engagement in the practice of digitalization in manufacturing. This research presents a paradigmatic example, based on engaged scholarship, focused on effectively combining novel object-interactive and conventional manufacturing syntax for benefiting from digitalization in internal operations and the wider supply chain. The contribution to literature is a novel operations strategy-hybrid digital manufacturing-for capturing the value of Industry 4.0 technologies.

The development of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the construction industry has become an innovative solution for sustainable built environment. Many researches are undertaken globally to elucidate the significance of additive manufacturing to create safer and more flexible future construction industry. There is no doubt that AM and digitalization is set to transform the construction industry on a worldwide scale in the next few years. However, it is notable that the construction industry is only at the initiation of its automation journey and application of AM in the present constructions is still fragmented. Therefore, the researchers and industrialist have the responsibility to understand and to implement the new technology carefully beside many disruptive concepts. Hence, a review is presented in this paper on the development of Additive manufacturing in construction industry over several limitations and challenges. Furthermore, absences and requirements of precise investigations intended for future are acknowledged. This paper is focused on the widely used additive construction technology and cementitious materials specifically used for the extrusion based concrete printing.

Increasing global competition has evolved a manufacturing environment which gleans vast product variety, reduced manufacturing lead times, increased quality standards and competitive costs. Simultaneously, with a rising trend toward globalization, these manufacturing environments must be designed to cater new challenges to survive and grow in the marketplace. To deal with such multifaceted problems, new technologies support increased flexibility and automation. These objectives intended for the improvement of the manufacturing environment have been the key rationales for the introduction of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). In this paper a case study of a firm is presented with a contribution to suggest some methods of performance improvement for a flexible system of manufacturing. The study is based on the mathematical models illustrated in literature to estimate possible performance parameters like maximum production rate, make span time and overall utilization. Through this study, an effort is also made to present the improved design for existing flexible manufacturing system employed in the company. Various design and performance parameters are then evaluated and compared for the existing and improved FMS.

As 3D printing continues to grow as a viable manufacturing process, quantification of the processing options and parameters will allow for better design and modeling of printed parts, or at least to clearly understand the trade-offs between the different options. To address this, a long-term, collaborative effort has been undertaken by the authors to accurately predict the properties of 3D-printed parts. 3D Matter has developed a model, Optimatter (www.optimatter.com), to fulfill this need by predicting the properties of printed parts depending on the printing technology, material and printing parameters used. This model is aimed at increasing the range of applications where 3D printing can be a viable manufacturing process. In order to get accurate property prediction, understanding the processing-performance relationship is needed. A comparison was made of the same materials, ABS and Nylon, printed with both a professional grade Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printer and a personal grade FDM printer. The result was three main findings: there is a decrease in performance along the Z-axis for both personal and professional printing; the properties along the X/Y-axes are very similar between the professional and the personal printers; and, the properties along the Z-axis are significantly better on the professional printer than on the personal printer. These results were expanded by using the OptiMatter platform further investigating the anisotropic properties of 3D printing processes. OptiMatter's data was used to complement the data points to comprehensively ascertain the difference between the different FDM manufacturing processes. It also added two new 3D printing processes: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Stereolithography (SLA), showing that these processes were close to isotropic.

Generative manufacturing technologies are gaining more and more of importance as key enabling technologies in future manufacturing, especially when a flexible scalable manufacturing of small medium series of customized parts is required. The paper describes a new approach for design and manufacturing of complex three dimensional components building on a combination of additive manufacturing and e-printing technologies, where the micro component is made up of stacks of functionalized layers of polymer films. Special attention will be paid to the "3-d" modeling approach, requested to support the applicaton developer through provision of design rules for this integrated manufacturing concept . Both, the application concept as well as the related equipment and manufacturing integration currently are currently developed further in the project SMARTLAM, funded by the European Commission.

At present, sheet metal forming is gaining importance in the
manufacturing sector and this process is essentially used to produce
various engineering components having applications in railway cars,
automobile bodies, construction, farm equipment, office furniture, lighting
equipment, computer peripherals, medical appliances, etc. The formed
component having the best design, superior quality and an aesthetic look
is the demand of the present sheet metal industry. The present needs
of the sheet metal manufacturing industry are to optimise the forming
operations.
Deepdrawing is one of the sheet metal forming operations widely
used in manufacturing industries for producing cup-shaped components.
In this process, sheet metal placed between the die and blank-holder on
its periphery can be drawn into the die for forming into a cup-shaped
component. This process is extensively used for the manufacture of cups,
cans and other similar types of products. The deep drawing process is
influenced by geometric parameters as well as process parameters. Its
geometric parameters include Die Shoulder Radius (DSR), Punch Nose
Radius (PNR) and clearance between punch and die. The Blank Holder
Force (BHF), coefficient of friction, punch speed and blank temperature
are the process parameters. All these parameters have their influence on
the quality of the cup produced. A literature search reveals that PNR, and
BHFaresignificantly influencing tool design based parameters of the deep
drawing process. In any deep drawing process uniform wall thickness of
the drawn cup is the desired quality characteristic. From the literature, it
is also found that these parameters vary in their respective ranges. Experiments are conducted using DoE to optimise the
combinations of geometric and process parameters and levels that would
give minimum variation in the thickness of the cup produced in the deep
drawing process. To develop optimised deep drawing facilities using
Design of Experiments (DoE), the ranges for highly influencing parameters
are fixed after a thorough study of literature. The tool setup is designed for
optimization of highly influencingparametersusingDoEbasedonTaguchi
technique. The parameter ranges for highly influencing parameters fixed
are PNRfrom 5.5 to 10.5 mm, DSR from 5.5 to 10.5 mm and BHFfrom3
to 7 kN. The uniform thickness of the drawn cup is considered as output
characteristic and the variation in cup wall has to be as minimum as
possible. The three level values fixed for these parameters are 5.5 mm,
8 mmand10.5 mm for PNR; 5.5 mm, 8mm and 10.5 mm for DSR and
3 kN, 5kNand7kNforBHF.
Subsequently, experimental tests are conducted using L9
Orthogonal Array (OA) for optimisation of the process setup. Following
the DoE procedure, nine experiments are performed according to L9 OA
instead of conducting all the possible 27 experimental tests. During the
experimental tests, Aluminium alloy AA6111 blanks are considered as the
test material having 130 mm diameter and 0.9 mm thickness. In every test,
the thickness readings are measured at nine different points, radially from
the edge of the flange to the centre of a cup at the bottom. Considering
"Nominal is the Best" (NB) characteristic, The Signal to Noise (S/N)
ratios are determined using Qualitek- 4 software. The application of this
Taguchi based DoE software for optimisation of the deep drawing process
indicated the optimal values for the parameters considered, and these are
PNRof5.5 mm,DSRof5.5mmandBHFof7kN.Thestatistical method
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is applied to estimate the contribution of
each optimal parameter to obtain a minimum variation in the thickness of
the cup produced and it is found that PNR, DRS and BHF contributions
are 33.736 %, 07.140 % and 54.315 % respectively

Experiments are conducted using DoE to optimise the
combinations of geometric and process parameters and levels that would
give minimum variation in the thickness of the cup produced in the deep
drawing process. To develop optimised deep drawing facilities using
Design of Experiments (DoE), the ranges for highly influencing parameters
are fixed after a thorough study of literature. The tool setup is designed for
optimization of highly influencingparametersusingDoEbasedonTaguchi
technique. The parameter ranges for highly influencing parameters fixed
are PNRfrom 5.5 to 10.5 mm, DSR from 5.5 to 10.5 mm and BHFfrom3
to 7 kN. The uniform thickness of the drawn cup is considered as output
characteristic and the variation in cup wall has to be as minimum as
possible. The three level values fixed for these parameters are 5.5 mm,
8 mmand10.5 mm for PNR; 5.5 mm, 8mm and 10.5 mm for DSR and
3 kN, 5kNand7kNforBHF.
Subsequently, experimental tests are conducted using L9
Orthogonal Array (OA) for optimisation of the process setup. Following
the DoE procedure, nine experiments are performed according to L9 OA
instead of conducting all the possible 27 experimental tests. During the
experimental tests, Aluminium alloy AA6111 blanks are considered as the
test material having 130 mm diameter and 0.9 mm thickness. In every test,
the thickness readings are measured at nine different points, radially from
the edge of the flange to the centre of a cup at the bottom. Considering
"Nominal is the Best" (NB) characteristic, The Signal to Noise (S/N)
ratios are determined using Qualitek- 4 software. The application of this
Taguchi based DoE software for optimisation of the deep drawing process
indicated the optimal values for the parameters considered, and these are
PNRof5.5 mm,DSRof5.5mmandBHFof7kN.Thestatistical method
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is applied to estimate the contribution of
each optimal parameter to obtain a minimum variation in the thickness of
the cup produced and it is found that PNR, DRS and BHF contributions
are 33.736 %, 07.140 % and 54.315 % respectively

maximumpunchload is linearly proportional to the blank diameter for
all successfully drawn cups and remains constant for all oversized blanks
forming into crack induced/failed cups.
As the maximumpunch load is linearly proportional to the blank
diameter, a newconceptknownasarapidmethodofdeterminationofLDR
using only three blanks of different sizes gained significance. In the rapid
determination method, the LDR values for Aluminium alloy AA6111 and
Copper C11000 material are found. Experiments are conducted with three
different size blanks, i.e., two undersized blanks of different diameters
for determining the linearity of the punch load and one oversized blank
for finding the maximum forming load at which fracture takes place.
The LDR results found in the traditional method involving testing of
several different sized blanks and the rapid method using only three
different blank sizes are compared. The results found through the rapid
determination method of LDR are in close agreement with the traditional
method.
Further, simulation tests are conducted for Aluminium alloy
AA6111 at 30 oC temperature for confirmation of experimentally found
LDRat 30 oCtemperature. The deep drawing model is constructed using
CATIA V5 and simulations are performed using PAM-STAMP 2G®, a
simulation software. It has been observed that the experimental results at
30 oC temperature for Aluminium alloy AA6111 are in close agreement
with simulation results obtained at 30 oC temperature.
It is found through this present research that the rapid
determination of LDR is quick compared to the traditional method. This
concept of finding LDR can reduce testing time and scrap in multistage
deep-drawing operations in which two or more drawing operations are
required to form a complete cup. Results of the parameter optimisation,
the experimental tests conducted determining LDR values for Aluminium alloy AA6111andCopperC11000atdifferenttemperaturesandsimulation
tests discussed and conclusions made are presented.

In this work we evaluate the state of the semiconductor manufacturing industry and its challenges and trends. Future trends in the industry are analyzed from three perspectives: the evolution of Industry 4.0, the advances in semiconductor materials, and the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The semiconductor manufacturing industry witnessed an acute decline in the United States and other regions in the two decades prior to the CoVid-19 pandemic. The decline was only uncovered after the chip shortage of 2021 that resulted from the severe supply chain disruption. Trends in the industry were analyzed from three perspectives: Industry 4.0, advances in materials, and the Post-pandemic era. As a result of the evolution of the fourth generation of industry (Industry 4.0), trends in semiconductor manufacturing include robotization, which caused the industry to become the largest market for industrial robotics since 2020, and an all-time peak globalization. The semiconductor industry is a very globalized industry with corporates from different parts of the world taking part in the production of the final product. Although some materials such as carbon and Gallium Nitride show promising trends to replace silicon as the material of choice. It will likely not be before two or three decades when a semiconductor material will be able to replace silicon. Challenges for the industry include the shortage of the trainedworkforce, and the added inter-country restrictions that may hinder the globalization of the industry.

This paper introduces a novel 4D printing approach for dynamic displays, using thermochromic-PLA composites embedded with FeCrAl wires activated by Joule heating. Previous studies struggled with high energy consumption, heat bleed, and slow activation. By embedding continuous resistance wires directly within the thermochromic-plastic matrix, localized, efficient heating is achieved, improving response speed and energy efficiency. The study optimizes color change by focusing on specimen thickness, current intensity, and pulse duration. A customized G-code workflow allowed for precise wire integration into 3D-printed specimens fabricated using a composite dual-nozzle co-extrusion printer, enabling controlled color changes upon activation. Experiments identified 1.5 mm as the ideal specimen thickness, balancing rapid response time (~78.5 s for 80 % color change) with effective wire concealment. A water medium significantly accelerated recovery time compared to air, emphasizing the benefits of faster heat dissipation. The color change was found to be linearly proportional to pulse-on time and the square of the current. Shorter pulses at higher currents resulted in more efficient and predictable color transformations than constant current inputs. A functional 7-segment display was fabricated, demonstrating the practical application of this technology for smart displays, sensors, and other 4D-printing applications.

Spark-assisted chemical engraving (SACE) is a non-traditional micro-machining technology based on electrochemical discharge phenomena. In SACE gravity-feed micro-drilling, various parameters including the thermal properties of the tool electrode play a significant role in the process. Based on a series of experiments using tool electrodes with different thermal properties, the effect in SACE gravity-feed micro-drilling is discussed. It is demonstrated that machining with higher thermal conductivity tool electrodes results in faster machining during the discharge regime and slower machining during the hydrodynamic regime of SACE gravity-feed micro-drilling.

This study was aimed to investigate the weld microstructure and mechanical properties of as received and cryorolled Al 5083 alloy using friction stir welding (FSW). The comparison of the weld joint and mechanical properties of as received and cryorolled Al 5083 alloy was made. The as received Al 5083 alloy was cryorolled up to 50% reduction to produce Ultrafine grained (UFG) structure. Microstructural studies revealed severely deformed grains which are elongated along the rolling direction in cryorolling condition. Various rotational speeds (865, 1140, 1500) rpm were investigated at 2° tilt angle. Both hardness and tensile properties of as received and cryorolled Al 5083 alloy decreases with increasing rotational speed. In general, the hardness and tensile properties of cryorolled Al 5083 alloy are higher compared to as received. The highest hardness (85.2 HV) was obtained at nugget zone for cryorolled Al 5083 alloy at 865 rpm. For tensile test, the peak of yield and tensile strength was achieved by cryorolled sample at 865 rpm which recorded value of 145.61 MPa and 224.21 MPa respectively. The yield and tensile strength of cryorolled sample at 865 rpm improved about 13.36% and 1.14% than as received Al 5083 alloy. The fracture surface of the cryorolled sample after tensile test consisting of welldeveloped dimples over the entire surface which indicated fractured in ductile manner.

This study provides a systematic review of the challenges and solutions in
electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, addressing key areas such as
technological advancements, workforce readiness, supply chain
optimization, sustainability practices, and lean manufacturing principles.
A total of 86 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2023
were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure rigor and
transparency. The findings reveal that technological innovations,
including automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital twin
technologies, significantly improve production efficiency and resource
optimization, though their adoption remains hindered by high
implementation costs and infrastructural incompatibilities. Workforce
challenges, including skill mismatches and labor shortages, were
identified as critical barriers, particularly in emerging economies where
education and training initiatives remain insufficient. Supply chain
inefficiencies, driven by raw material dependency and geopolitical risks,
continue to disrupt production, despite the potential of predictive analytics
and digitalization to enhance resilience. Sustainability practices, such as
circular economy strategies and energy-efficient manufacturing
processes, were found to reduce environmental impacts and operational
costs, though scalability remains a challenge. Finally, lean
manufacturing principles emerged as effective solutions for improving
productivity and reducing waste, though their success depends on
organizational commitment and workforce adaptability.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the important non-traditional machining processes. The Wire Electrical Discharge Machining plays an important role in manufacturing sectors especially industries like aerospace, automobile and general engineering etc. Intricate profiles used in prosthetics, bio medical applications can also be done in WEDM. INCONEL-825 is a nickel-based high-temperature strength super alloy found applications in aerospace, missile, nuclear power, chemical and petro chemical, heat treatment, marine and space shuttle components. The characteristics such as higher strain hardening tendency, high dynamic shear strength and poor thermal diffusivity are the major causes of difficulty in machining of this alloy. These, in turn produce higher cutting forces, highly strain hardened and toughened chips and cause surface damages extending to subsurface levels. All these effects, in general, hamper the machinability of this alloy.

The fourth industrial revolution brought a paradigm shift in the present manufacturing system and its supply chain management (SCM). The evolution of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) brought several disruptive technologies like cloud computing (CC), blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), cyberphysical systems (CPS), etc. These disruptive technologies have changed the face of the modern manufacturing system and its manufacturing supply chain (SC). Several changes in manufacturing in terms of lead time, cost reduction, agility, flexibility, and response to market sensitivity are seen in almost all types of manufacturing. I4.0's disruptive technologies influence lean SC, agile SC, leagile SC, and green SC. The current study examines how I4.0 technologies affect society on such supply chains (SCs), which leads to enhanced performance of the manufacturing SC. The effect of process innovation (PI) resulting from I4.0 innovations is also investigated. SEM-PLS-based modeling is constructed based on 195 responses received from manufacturing enterprises implementing various SC practices in managing their manufacturing SCs. The findings demonstrate a favorable correlation between I4.0 technology and the enhancement of various SCs. The result also revealed that there is a positive impact of I4.0 technologies on PI, which leads to manufacturing SC performance improvements.

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) have been helping manufacturing companies in the 21st Century to successfully manage the unpredictable, high-frequency market changes driven by global competition. However, despite the overwhelming evidence of the AMTs contribution to companies’ responsiveness to all the current global market changes, the relatively high cost of AMTs has made companies in developing economies reluctant to adopt AMTs. Research has nonetheless shown that adoption of more of the AMTs by companies in developing economies can be achieved with appropriate justification approaches and criteria. This paper summarizes the objectives and principal findings of two research projects undertaken to provide strategic justification of AMTs. The first project was concerned with widening the capability of a 3-Axis Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Vertical Machining Centre (VMC) to include turning operations as well. The most suitable programming operations for the included t...

Globally, the manufacturing industries have incredible contribution in the global economic growth and it has wide recognition in the area of poverty alleviation. The manufacturing sector is also considered as one of the significant economic contributor in the Asian sub-continent since last 1900 century. This study focuses on the leading industrial unit of metropolitan city of Karachi which is considered to be a HUB of manufacturing industries and the indigenous manufacturing of Hyderabad. The work study and work measurements tools generally provides the better output results and facilitates to the user to augment their performance during the manufacturing operations. The research work highlights the implementation of work study and motion study for productivity improvement methods during the manufacturing process. The designed framework was implemented in the manufacturing units for the achievement of study objectives. The report also shows that during the manufacturing operations w...

The Material Removal Rate (MRR) is very influencer factor in electrical discharge machining (EDM). In this work, the effect of EDM parameters such as current (10, 20 & 30A), pulse on time (50, 60 & 70 μs) and pulse off time (35, 45 & 55 μs) on MRR in stainless steel alloy 304 (ASTM A 240) was studied. All experiments are achieved based on design of
experiments methodology by adapting L9 orthogonal array.
From this work, it is observed that variant sets of EDM process
parameters are needed to obtain higher MRR for stainless steel
alloy 304. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has
been used to generate drawing relation between input parameters
and output response. The results specifies that the designed
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model provides minimum
error in MRR predicted values as 0.0927 at 20 epochs. This
results indicates that this model can be used to predict the MRR
responses effectively.

Micro-EDM is one of an important process in machining holes which is used in wide applications to fabricate medical devices and small dies.20 samples were run by using CNC EDM machine was used for machining of conducting materials such as copper alloy workpieces for tap water dielectric by supplied DC current values (4, 6 and 10A), gap distance (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5mm) and machining time (5, 7 and 10min). Voltage of (70V) was used to cut 0.7mm thickness of copper (Cu) alloy workpieces to obtain the micro holes (400, 300, 210, 200, 120, 100, 85, 75, 70) μm.
The present work demonstrates the optimization process of hole diameter producing using electrical discharge machining (EDM) by RSM (Response Surface Methodology). The current, gap distance and machining time were the control parameters of EDM. RSM method was used to design the experiment using a second–order response surface. The process has been successfully modeled using RSM and model adequacy checking is also carried out using Minitab Software. Finally, an attempt has been made to estimate the optimum machining conditions to produce the best possible responses within the experimental constraints.

Businesses achieve more industrial performance by integrating vertical
and horizontal production processes and product linkage in Industry 4.0, at the beginning of the Industrial phase. To guarantee a sustainable progression of human life including social, environmental, and economic aspects, globalization currently confronts the challenge of satisfying the swiftly growing worldwide demand for industrial products. Industry 4.0, which provides increased industrial investments, simpler procedures, and improved production collaboration, redefines the digital revolution. Sustainability in the supply chain includes implementing systemic fixes
and logistical procedures that make recycling and waste reuse easier while cutting emissions. The manufacturing industry is increasingly excited about using technology to identify areas that require improvement to reduce wastage and innovative methods by applying new techniques to become more sustainable. The study focuses on the impact of implementing the major technologies including lean production manufacturing, IOT, Blockchain, and Automated Robotics on the
environmental sustainability of Indian Manufacturing firms. It contributes to generating a pillar of research on the actual benefits of Industry 4.0 by outlining its technology elements. It elaborates on the direct impact of Industry 4.0 enabling technologies on sustainability concerning the environment.

The present paper investigates the effects of fiber content and alkali treatment on impact property of coir fibers reinforced polyester resin composites which are partially biodegradable. The coir fibers were collected from the foliage of locally available coconut fruit through the process of water retting and mechanical extraction. The usual problem in natural fiber reinforced composites is seen in its poor adhesion between fiber and matrix, hence, in this study, specific physical and chemical treatments were administered for surface modification of the fibers. Both untreated and treated fibers were used for coir fibers reinforced polyester resin composites formations; and the impact properties were determined at three different control factors of the fiber contents. Applying Taguchi robust design technique for the greater-the-better, the highest signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) for the quality characteristics being investigated was obtained employing Minitab 16 software. The treated coir fibres reinforced polyester matrix composites were better in impact having the expected optimum impact strength of 6.2J/mm2 at the optimum setting of control factors, while that of the untreated composites have an expected optimum impact strength of 5.5J/mm2 at the optimum setting of control factors. The reinforcement combinations of control factors and chemical treatment of coir fiber contribute greatly to the impact property.

This paper presents a literature review of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) based on a source bank of about 730 AMT publications, software and institutions. After introducing AMT briefly, the study focuses on AMT resources, and history of AMT. Since AMT is a universe of technologies, production methods and methodology about computerized production the three legs of the trivet which construct the basis of AMT are introduced. 10 AMT books are recommended for the use of the researchers. This research is done by using the framework of Chan&Wu(2002). I hope this study will help the practitioners and especially the researchers of AMT.

Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS ™ ) was used to produce a compositionally graded Ti-xMo (0 ≤ x ≤ 12 wt %) specimen and nine Ti-15Mo (fixed composition) specimens at different energy densities to understand the compositionprocessing-microstructure relationships operating using additive manufacturing. The gradient was used to evaluate the effect of composition on the prior-beta grain size. The specimens deposited using different energy densities were used to assess the processing parameters influence the microstructure evolutions. The gradient specimen did not show beta grain size reduction with the Mo content. The analysis from the perspective of the two grain refinement mechanisms based on a model known as the Easton & St. John, which was originally developed for aluminum and magnesium alloys shows the lower bound in prior-beta grain refinement with the Ti-Mo system. The low growth restriction factor for the Ti-Mo system of Q = 6,5C 0 explains the unsuccessful refinement from the solute-based mechanism. The energy density and the grain size are proportional according to the results of the nine fixed composition specimens at different energy densities. More energy absorption from the material represents bigger molten pools, which in turn relates to lower cooling rates.

Laser machining plays a vital role in the manufacturing industry in producing innovative products and creating designs that were impossible by the traditional manufacturing process. Due to its consistency in achieving rapid cutting speed, high-quality cut surfaces, high precision, small heat-affected zone (HAZ), and minor work damage, laser machining has been used in various applications over the last two decades. Because of these advantages, laser machining is ideal for a wide range of thin nonmetallic materials, including PMMA sheets, PVC sheets, and wood. However, Identifying the ranges of process parameters for a specific material and optimizing those parameters is challenging. Taguchi L25 orthogonal array is designed to conduct the experimental run, where scanning speed and power are selected as controllable factors, and engraving depth is considered a response factor. A 40 mm microchannel is imprinted on PMMA using the parameters (Power =13W-50W, Scanning Speed =100mm/s-1000mm/s), and the depth of all 25 experiments is measured by microscope. The effects of process parameters are observed by plotting all experimental results. It is observed that engraving depth increases with an increase in power and decreases with an increase in scanning speed. A maximum engraving depth of 0.717mm is obtained at 50Watt power and 100mm/s scanning speed.

Manufacturing process constraints and design complexities are the main challenges that face the aftermarket automotive industry. For that reason, recently, selective laser melting (SLM) is being recognised as a viable approach in the fabrication of injection moulding tool inserts. Due to its versatility, SLM technology is capable of producing freeform designs. For the first reported time, in this study SLM is recognized for its novel application in overcoming fabrication complexities for prism shaped topology of a vehicle headlamp's reflector injection moulding tool insert. Henceforth, performance measures of the SLM-fabricated injection mould tool insert is assessed in comparison to a CNC-milled counterpart to improve quality characteristics. Tests executed and detailed in this paper are divided into two stages; the first stage assesses both fabricated tool inserts in terms of manufacturability; the second stage assesses the functionality of the end-products by measuring the surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and light reflectivity from the vehicle reflectors. The results obtained show that employing SLM technology can offer an effective and efficient alternative to subtractive manufacturing, successfully producing tool inserts with complex surface topology. Significant benefits in terms of surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and product functionality were achieved through the use of SLM technology. it was concluded that the SLM-fabricated inserts products proved to have relatively lower values of surface roughness in comparison to their CNC counterparts.

Challenges caused by design complexities during the design stages of a product must be coordinated and overcome by the selection of a suitable manufacturing approach. Additive manufacturing (AM) is capable of fabricating complex shapes, yet there are limiting aspects to surface integrity, dimensional accuracy, and, in some instances, design restrictions. Therefore, the goal is essentially to establish the complex areas of a tool during the design stage to achieve the desired quality levels for the corresponding injection moulding tool insert. When adopting a manufactur-ing approach, it is essential to acknowledge limitations and restrictions. This paper presents the development of a feature-based manufacturability assessment system (FBMAS) to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating selective laser melting (SLM), a metal-based AM technology, with subtractive manufacturing for any given part. The areas on the tool inserts that hold the most geometrical complexities to manufacture are focused on the FBMAS and the design features that are critical for the FBMAS are defined. Furthermore, the structural approach used for developing the FBMAS graphical user interface is defined while explaining how it can be operated effectively and in a user-friendly approach. The systematic approach established is successful in capturing the benefits of SLM and subtractive methods of manufacturing, whilst defining design limitations of each manufacturing method. Finally, the FBMAS developed was validated and verified against the criteria set by experts in the field, and the system’s logic was proven to be accurate when tested. The decision recommendations proved to correlate with the determined recommendations of the field experts in evaluating the feature manufacturability of the tool inserts.