Agricultural Economics

The study examined the impact of deposit money banks’ credit on agricultural output in Nigeria from 1981 to 2014.Secondary data for the study was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria. The ordinary least square method was used for data analysis. Unit root was used to test for data stationarity, while Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and Heterosckedasticity white Test were used for data diagnosis. Findings of the regression analysis revealed that deposit money banks´ credit significantly and positively affected agricultural output while the result for Deposit Money Banks’ lending rate (DMBLR) shows that DMBLR has an inverse and insignificant impact on Agricultural output (AQ). Also the trend in the Deposit Money Banks’ credit to the agricultural sector has contained in the CBN bulletin increased considerably within the period under study. There was, however, a sharp decline in loan stock in 2007. Thus, the study concludes that Deposit Money banks’ credit is a viable source of finance ...

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of food and nutrition insecurity and assess the sociodemographic factors associated with food and nutrition insecurity among 146 free-living elderly persons attending a care centre in Sharpeville, South Africa. Measurement instruments included socio-demographic-, 24-hour-recall and dietary diversity questionnaires and the validated household food insecurity access scale/score (HFIAS). Data were analysed with IBM SPSS Software, version 25.0. The prevalence of food insecurity from HFIAS was 60% (n = 87), with a variety of balanced responses being employed. Significant relationships were observed between HFIAS and age (r = 0.301; p = 0.000) and with household income (r = -0.258; p = 0.007). An association was observed between HFIAS and marital status (p = 0.005). Regression analysis showed that age and being single were predictors of food and nutrition insecurity. This study indicated a problem of household food insecurity with poor dietary intakes among these elderly people, mostly due to poverty and being single. More research on associations between food security and socioeconomic variables is needed to plan and implement appropriate strategies to address food and nutrition insecurity in South Africa.

Prezentowany felieton dostarcza informacji na temat tego, że obok przemysłu (co ogólnie wiadomo) na niekorzystne zmiany środowiska przyrodniczego wpływa także intensywne  rolnictwo. Ogromne ilości wysiewanych rokrocznie nawozów sztucznych (200 mln ton rocznie!) zmieniają skład chemiczny gleby i wód (do których są one spłukiwane). Powoduję to masakrę żyjących w glebie mikroorganizmów. W rezultacie uprawiana rabunkowa gleba wydziela do atmosfery gazy cieplarniane, czyli przyczynia się do niszczenia środowiska.

The aim of the study is to find out the whether an extract of brahmi leaves might be highly putative in dementia type Alzheimer's disease. Bacopa monnierri L. is used traditionally as alternative and complementary medicine for memory deficits/enhancer. Different solvent extraction is used for protein quantitation and assessing total phenolic content in brahmi leaves. The two different ways of extraction using phenol-chloroform and TCA which also predicts to find out the protein n correlation with total phenolic content in brahmi leaves shows exceedingly raise as 86.7±5.3 mgGAE/g, this is due to the effects of polyphenolic and flavoanoid contents present in leaves of brahmi has natural antioxidants role to treat memory deficits in aging falls. Further, to characterize low molecular weight protein present in brahmi leaves isolated gel was quantified by mass spectrophotometry represent β-amyloid precursor protein, tau and GABA predominantly present in Bacopa Monnierri L. as a putative biomarker for dementia type Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty percent of the world population, or 1.2 billion live on less than $1 per day; 70% of these are rural and 90% in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Research led technological change in agriculture generates sufficient productivity growth to give high rates of return in Africa and Asia and has a substantial impact on poverty, currently reducing this number by 27 million per annum, whereas productivity growth in industry and services has no impact. The per capita "cost" of poverty

The study was conducted to assess comparative advantages of the productivity and profitability for conservation agriculture practice in Punjab. A total of 120 farmers (60 farmers adopting conservation agriculture (CA) and 60 farmers non-adopting CA) from two districts (Bahalpur and Multan) of Punjab division were selected. Descriptive statistics like sum, averages, percentages, and ratios were calculated to evaluate the nature and extent of use of advanced machinery and fertilizer data. Farmers were categorized on the basis of farm size (small, medium and large) and selected by multistage stratified sampling. Crop productivity was measured using the Enyedi's crop productivity index. The profitability of crop production was measured in terms of gross return, gross margin, net margin and benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The crop productivity of rice, mustard and soybean were increased by 0.18, 26, and 0.19 percent, 40.78% and 36.61% for rice, mustard and soybean cultivation respectively with respect to the entire region for adopting conservation agriculture practice. Ultimately, the farmers who adopted conservation agriculture were gaining more profit than the farmer whose were not adopting the conservation agriculture practice. As Pakistan is a labour intensive country and the availability of capital is A Productivity and Profitability Analysis of Agriculture Practice in Coastal Areas of Punjab

Cotton plays a key role in the national economy, generating direct and indirect employment in the Agricultural and Industrial sectors. The textile and clothing industries constitute Bangladesh's economy's most significant manufacturing subsection. This study analyzes the profitability and economic feasibility of hybrid and indigenous cotton growing in the Kushtia district of Bangladesh, a substantial area for cotton production. The analysis employs a structured survey of 60 smallholder farmers;30 growing hybrid varieties and 30 growing local types to assess financial outcomes via gross return, gross margin, net return, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The findings indicate that hybrid cotton production has much greater economic returns, with a gross return of Tk. 455,000 per hectare and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.18, in contrast to Tk. 340,500 and a BCR of 1.65 for local varieties. Although hybrid farming incurs marginally elevated total expenses (Tk. 208,400 compared to Tk. 205,846), its enhanced yield and reduced input inefficiencies result in superior profitability. Research underscores the capacity of hybrid cotton to augment rural income, while advocating investment in research, training, and extension services to facilitate equitable and environmentally sustainable adoption. These findings are crucial for policymakers seeking to enhance cotton sector production and diminish Bangladesh's reliance on cotton imports.

For integrated assessment at farm level, the Farm System SIMulator model (FSSIM) was used. FSSIM is a bio-economic model developed for the European context, and was adapted and tested for Tunisian conditions to assess, ex-ante, impacts of water pricing policies at the farm level to the year 2015. The results show that all farm types are strongly dependent on the water pricing policy. Farmers that have private irrigation systems and pay for pumping mainly, are more sensitive to the progressive increase of irrigation water costs compared to farms that obtain water from public irrigation systems, who pay for the amount of water received. A sensitivity analysis showed that increasing the water price with more than 17% is not advisable to local decision makers, because the net income continued to decline, while the water consumption remained stable with further increases. Hence, there is no further gain in terms of water saving. Overall, intensive agricultural systems with private irrigation systems seem more vulnerable and unsustainable and therefore the extension of public irrigation systems and semi-intensive agriculture is recommendable to improve the sustainability of agriculture in this arid zone.

The aim of this research is tosystem of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) between plasma farmers and palm oil companies in Kalimantan Province. This research is socio-legal legal research that was carried out at PT. Ichtiar Gusti Pudi in South Amboyo Village, Ngabang Subdistrict, Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. Primary legal materials are the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 39 of 2014 concerning Plantations and the Civil Code, as well as various regulations related to oil palm plantation activities. Secondary legal materials involved legal books, especially those related to oil palm plantations included various articles and journals related to the problems in the research. Tertiary legal materials are the Law Dictionary and the Big Indonesian Dictionary, both printed and online versions. A data collection tool was in the form of interviews. Interviews were conducted with respondents and resource persons consisting of plasma farmers, managers of PT. Ichtiar Gusti Pudi in South Amboyo Village, Ngabang Subdistrict, Landak Regency, and administrators of the Maju Mandiri Cooperative, as well as Head of the Landak Regency Plantation Service. Data analysis consists of a flow of activities that occur simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The urgency of contracts or agreements in the oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) production sharing system between plasma farmers and palm oil companies is required to clarify the rights and obligations of each party, including the oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) profit sharing system between plasma farmers and palm oil plantation companies.

The Royal Government of Bhutan has been promoting agricultural cooperatives (ACs) in the country; however, the number of people joining ACs is small. This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing households' decision to join ACs in Central Bhutan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data from 384 households . Trained enumerators collected data in June and July 2018 using structured questionnaires. The binary logistic regression showed that households with older heads of household, being literate, having more family labour, more land under cultivation, owning farm machinery, being further away from a market, and having access to credit increased the likelihood of households joining ACs. Conversely, households earning off-farm income and locating far from the Renewable Natural Resources Centres decreased the likelihood of becoming member of ACs. Additionally, the gender of the head of a household and the number of cattle owned by a household showed no significant influence. As this paper is the first to empirically investigate the determinants of households' membership in ACs in Bhutan, the findings have some important policy implications. The government should continue to provide in-depth awareness to farmers on concepts and benefits of ACs in retaining existing members and recruiting new members.

Bhutanese farmers have traditionally practised integrated subsistence farming, producing crops and livestock and utilising forest products. However, they are increasingly practising entrepreneurial farming today. The study of agricultural transformation is valuable for understanding the evolution of Bhutan's agriculture systems. Therefore, the current study reviews the five components of agriculture responsible for the transformation of Bhutanese farmers from peasants to entrepreneurial farmers: urbanisation, farm mechanisation, community institutions, high-value products and youth aspirations. Given the current rate of globalisation and improvements in agribusiness, the number of entrepreneurial farmers in Bhutan is likely to rise in the future. However, relevant stakeholders must still strive to create a conducive environment for agribusiness in Bhutan.

We evaluate the fast-expanding food-energy system of double-cropped corn ethanol in the Brazilian Center-West region using a novel combination of environmental and socio-economic models. Based on this comprehensive approach, we find that this system provides renewable and affordable energy (5 billion liters of ethanol, 600 MWh of electrical power) and feed (4 thousand tonnes of distillers dried grains), reduces greenhouse gas emissions (9.3 million to 13.2 million tons of CO2e), saves land (160 thousand hectares), boosts regional income growth and consumption (0.05% to 0.6% increase in household income), improves food security, and benefits ecosystems and human health. These impacts are amplified when carbon capture and storage is coupled into the process. Key features responsible for this outcome include the integration of feedstock supply into existing practices and the use of sustainable biomass to provide process energy. Future analysis should consider region-specific factors wh...

Two decades of substantial economic growth in Africa have challenged the deep-seated Afro-pessimism of the 1990s and 2000s and re-invigorated the academic debate on Africa's ability to grow out of poverty in the 21 st century. Although the opinions differ widely on how sustainable current African growth trajectories are, there is a widespread consensus that a fundamental agricultural transformation is key to consolidate current and future welfare gains. This study interprets recent signs of agricultural productivity growth from a long term global historical context, arguing that the combination of present-day developments in information and communication technology, transport infrastructure, demographic growth, urbanization and in macro-economic governance form a fundamental break with African history. This break does not offer any guarantees, but it does raise the probability that Africa will complete a green revolution of its own.

Excessive use of pesticides in high-value crops proves detrimental to both health and the environment. This action research aims to evaluate farmers' food safety practices as basis in introducing interventions to empower them toward the adoption of good agricultural practices for safe and sustainable farming. In this study, bitter gourd farmers (n=30) from Rizal, Laguna, Philippines were randomly sampled and surveyed. Current agricultural practices of the farmer participants and sustainability gaps in production were determined to assess the factors that contribute to their existing knowledge. Based on the results, socio-economic variables such as age, income, poverty, years of farming, and tenancy arrangement were found to be associated with GAP-related practices. Most of the farmers were aware of the importance of reading the product label of pesticides before application, wearing protective equipment, and routine monitoring. Moreover, a training intervention that focused on the identified sustainability gaps was provided. Farmers were trained in integrated pest management, internal control system on pesticide use, and keeping records to equip them towards safe and sustainable farming. Training, monitoring, and other extension activities should be provided occasionally to the farmers for continuous adherence to these sustainable practices.

This study determined the factors that affect the decision making of farmers relative to rice crop insurance participation in Pila, Laguna, Philippines, and provide strategic insights for the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) using a survey questionnaire, Cramer’s V, phi coefficient, point-biserial correlation, and descriptive analysis. Study respondents included sixty rice farmers in Pila, Laguna: thirty PCIC-insured farmers during the second cropping season of 2018, and thirty uninsured rice farmers. Results showed that age, education, number of dependents, group affiliation, gender, civil status, years in farming, farm size, and tenure status had a moderate to strong influence over a farmer’s decision to avail of crop insurance. Moreover, farmer’s production cost, revenue, and income were positively associated with insurance status while tenure status, cost, revenue, and net income of farmers had a negative association with insurance status. Share tenant farmers are li...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of integrating Jamnapari goats into underutilized pasture lands under coconut cultivations managed by the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka. Naturally grown and improved pasture samples were collected from coconut estates in the intermediate zone of Sri Lanka. Samples were taken randomly using a quadrant, and analyzed for dry matter (DM) yield (kg/ha), crude protein (CP), and crude fiber (CF) contents. An economic feasibility analysis was carried out based on average DM yields and respective carrying capacities of pastures and related production and economics data. The mean DM yield of natural and improved pastures ranged from 2141 ± 193 kg/ha to 3314 ± 212 kg/ha and 4231 ± 407 kg/ha to 9152 ± 531 kg/ha, respectively. Accordingly, CP and CF of natural and improved pastures ranged from 6.3 ± 0.2% to 18.5 ± 0.2% and 30.0 ± 0.4% to 33 ± 0.3%, respectively. Estimated Jamnapari goat carrying capacities for natural and improved pastures were 8 heads/ha and 24 heads/ha, respectively, including does, kids, and a buck. At a 15% discount rate for 10 years, the net present value (NPV) for the coconut monoculture system was approximately 0.45 million rupees, and for integrated systems with natural and improved pastures, it was 1.4 and 4.7 million rupees, respectively. This study concluded that, when goats are integrated with improved and natural pastures rather than maintaining a monoculture, the economic feasibility and profitability will be higher.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Yemeni economy. Coffee is a product that has an important place among agricultural products. Coffee contributes to approximately 17% of Yemen's Gross Domestic Product. Approximately 54% of the total workforce in the country is employed in this production branch. Yemeni coffee is exported, providing foreign exchange input to the country's economy. However, there is a significant decrease in the amount of coffee production and export today. The aim of the thesis is to determine the factors affecting Yemeni coffee production and export. For this purpose, Sana'a province, which ranks first in coffee production, was selected as the research area. In line with the objectives of the research, field trips were organized to Beni Matar, Haraz and Al-Hayma Al-Dakhiliya, and a semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 377 coffee producers by face-to-face interviews. The obtained data were analysed with the help of the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS).
According to the results of the research, 70% of the total agricultural lands of the examined enterprises are allocated to coffee production. The average area allocated to coffee production is 13.15 ± 13.11 decares. Adini is the most produced coffee variety. The average age of coffee producers is 49. Young people are moving away from agricultural production. Water scarcity is one of the most important factors that negatively affect coffee production. Insufficient agricultural extension services, high input prices and inadequate agricultural mechanization prevent coffee producers from increasing their yields with better cultural practices. The average coffee yield is 101.55 ± 85.14 kg/da. Coffee is processed manually after production, and drying of coffee is usually carried out in primitive ways on the roofs of houses. The inadequacy of facilities in the production and processing stages causes quality losses. The advantages of the khat tree such as yield, income and ease of marketing are the most important threats to coffee production. The civil war in the country, the closure of ports, the lack of state policies for coffee and the lack of an institution to carry out branding activities negatively affect coffee exports. Yemen is the country that gave its name to Mocha coffee. Although traditional practices in production negatively affect yield, they are an advantage in terms of marketing. The name Mocha and natural production are the main emphasis that can be used in coffee exports. The name Mocha should be protected by registering it with a geographical indication as soon as possible.
Key words: Coffee, Mocha, international trade, khat tree, Yemen

Much has been published on the application of genetically modified (GM) crops in Africa, but agricultural performance has hardly been addressed. This paper discusses the main consequences of GM crops on agricultural performance in Ethiopia. Three main criteria of performance - productivity, equitability and sustainability - are evaluated in the context of the Ethiopian agricultural sector. We conclude that the application of GM crops can improve the agricultural productivity and sustainability, whereas equitability cannot be stimulated and might even exacerbate the gap between socioeconomic classes. Before introducing GM crops to Ethiopian agriculture, regulatory issues should be addressed, public research should be fostered, and more ex ante values and socioeconomic studies should be included.

Rural transformation (RT) is a process in which the agricultural system undergoes transformation towards off-farm, commercial, and market-oriented ones. The research objective is to analyze the dynamics of rural transformation, farmer incomes, and poverty in rural areas in North Sumatra. This study used secondary data from Statistics Indonesia and analyzed using descriptive and tabular methods. The results show that the agricultural structure has shifted over the last two decades from low-value commodities (food crops) to high-value commodities. At the same time, non-farm employment opportunities also showed an increase. The development of high-value commodities and non-farm sectors has also contributed to reducing rural poverty rates. The plantation sub-sector is the highest contributor to agricultural GDP in North Sumatra and tends to increase yearly, in addition to the livestock and horticulture. The nonagricultural industry began to increase and contributed significantly to GDP. Per capita income in 2011-2020 has increased. Poverty depth and severity are still below the national average, meaning that efforts to alleviate poverty have been relatively successful to increase incomes and reduce poverty in rural areas, one of the strategies that need to be taken is to encourage the development of high-value commodities and expand non-agricultural employment opportunities in rural areas.

Ice cream has been manufactured commercially in the United States since the middle of the 19th century. Ice cream and frozen dessert products comprise an important and relatively stable component of the United States dairy industry. As with many other dairy products, ice cream is differentiated in several dimensions. A censored translog demand system model was employed to analyze purchases of 3 ice cream product categories. The objective of this study was to determine the effect that changes in retail prices and consumer income have on at-home ice cream consumption. The analysis was based on Nielsen 2005 home scan retail data and used marital status, age, race, education, female employment status, and location in the estimations of aggregate demand elasticities. Results revealed that price and consumer income were the main determinants of demand for ice cream products. Calculated own-price elasticities indicated relatively elastic responses by consumers for all categories except for...

Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, it's critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how this affects China's global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China's top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents' participation in the primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 -5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, international organization official documents, journals, press releases, newspapers. The overall research accepts the study's alternative hypothesis, which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in Nigeria's market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability and the investment target region.

The study examined the gender differences in the technical efficiency and profitability of yam production among farmers in Ikole-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Data were obtained from primary source using structured questionnaire and interview schedule. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 100 respondents comprising of 50 male farmers and 50 female farmers. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Stochastic Frontier Production Function models (SFPF). Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Stochastic Frontier Production Function results showed that use of fertilizer, labor, yam sett, and agrochemicals were the determinants of output of male yam farmers while use of fertilizer, labor and yam sett were the determinants of output of female yam farmers in the study area. In addition, age, farming experience, level of education and household size were the major determinants of efficiency of male yam farmers while age...

This study assessed the productivity of small-scale maize-cowpea farmers in South-Western Nigeria. One hundred and eighty respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Primary data were collected through the administration of a well-structured questionnaire and analysed using a combination of descriptive statistics, budgeting analysis, stochastic frontier translog cost and production function Analysis and multiple regression model. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Stochastic Frontier Translog Production Function results showed that the coefficients of labour, agrochemicals, farm size and seed had significant effect on the technical efficiency of maize-cowpea farmers in the study area. Most of the interaction terms among the second order coefficients significantly influenced the technical efficiency. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Stochastic Frontier Translog Cost showed that the price of agrochemicals, price of implements, and price of labour had significant effect on the total cost of production. The return to scale was 0.86 indicating that the maize-cowpea farmers were operating

The ability of Nigerian agriculture to perform its role in the development of the economy has been on the decline in the last three decades. Therefore, the 2030 Agenda's historic commitment to rid the world of the twin scourges of poverty and hunger cannot become a reality if nothing is done about improving resource productivity so as to reduce poverty. This article examined the effect of resource productivity of maize-based farmers on poverty reduction in South-West, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 180 respondents and data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The stochastic frontier production function, poverty index and probit regression model were used to analyze data from the study. Results showed that age, farming experience, cooperative membership, credit, extension visits, farm distance, and land ownership were significant determinants of efficiency of maize-based farmers. The poverty incidence, poverty gap and poverty severity were 42%, 50% and 11.2% respectively. Results further showed that efficiency and other variables were significant determinants of poverty among respondents in the study area. Policies that facilitate increased production of maize, increased level of education, increased cooperative membership, and access to credit are essential to help reducing poverty among maize-based farmers and among the rural poor in general.

There were no studies about the structure of the international fresh blueberry market in developing countries for contributing to the development of strategies and policies for the production, imports, and exports of fresh blueberries in the involved countries. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the structure of the international fresh blueberry market in the period 2001-2020. The research design was non-experimental, and longitudinal, with trends on per capita consumption, the market concentration index, and a multiple linear regression model. It was concluded that per capita consumption is led by Canada and the USA and that the concentration indices of the four main countries [CR(4)] of production, imports, and exports went from very high concentration levels to high concentration levels. The eight main countries [CR(8)] of production and exports were at a very high level and imports went from a very high level to a high level; in addition, the Herfindal-Hirschman-Index (HHI) of production was at a highly concentrated level: (a) highly concentrated level in imports in the period 2001-2018, (b) moderately concentrated from 2019 in imports, (c) highly concentrated in exports in the period 2001-2009, (d) moderately concentrated in exports in the period 2010-2018, and (e) not concentrated in exports as of 2019; in addition, the multiple linear regression model showed that per capita consumption, market share, price, and production contribute with 94.3% of the explanation of the variability of fresh blueberry exports. Finally, it was recommended to study the blueberry consumption habits and access restrictions to other international markets for increasing blueberry exports.

The shade-grown coffee agroecosystem is rich in ecosystem services (ES). In recent years, pests and the decrease in coffee prices have caused producers to change their agricultural activities. These changes in land use have resulted in alterations in the vegetation cover that lead to the loss of ES. The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of land cover and land use changes on the ES associated with coffee production in Cumbres de Huicicila, a coffee-growing region in western Mexico. For this purpose, we analyzed land cover and land use maps for the period 2007–2019, calculated the annual rate of change and estimated the future rate of change to 2030. We used a literature review through the SALSA method to identify and estimate the impact of the ES of coffee plantations under the approach of nature’s contributions to people. As a result, we found alterations with a decreasing trend in agroecosystem cover and loss of ES related to biodiversity. We hope that this rese...

Changes in the terms of trade have consequences of great significance for the overall economic performance of a country. In this paper the terms of trade (1991-2003) for Pakistan's crop sector have been worked out to reveal how the sector has performed over time in terms of profitability. Various indices were worked out to view the profitability from different angles using weights, giving due importance to all the contributing factors. The results revealed that Pakistani farmers' profitability improved slightly during the study period but at the same time overall purchasing power of the farmers dropped. Pakistani farmers are expected to loose and consumers to gain if free agricultural trade (in selected commodities) opened with the neighboring India. It is suggested that farmer friendly policies and cost effective technologies should be transferred to farmers to make agriculture an attractive investment domestically and competitive internationally.

Two sets of issues loom large on the economic horizon of Malawi: poverty alleviation and the country's vulnerability to shocks emanating from the outside world. In this paper, simulations with a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of Malawi are used to analyze aspects of these issues. The primary database that is used is a 1998 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Malawi which in part is based on the recently published Malawian Integrated Household Survey (IHS) 1997-98. The simulations explore the effects of external shocks and domestic policy changes aimed at poverty alleviation. The external shocks reflect episodes to which Malawi's economy has been exposed in recent times: changes in the international prices of tobacco and petroleum products and fluctuations in the real exchange rate. Two types of poverty-alleviating domestic policy shifts are simulated: a public works program and a land reform program. The public works program may function as an absorber of negative shocks elsewhere in the economy. The land reform program may introduce a structural change in the distribution of factor incomes in favor of the poor. The results for the simulated external shocks confirm that Malawi's economy is highly sensitive to external shocks of the magnitudes that the country has experienced in recent years. The consequences are particularly negative for the non-agricultural population. Real depreciation has a pro-rural bias and is a powerful tool for eliminating balance-of-payment difficulties. Real appreciation protects the urban population (which may be more powerful politically) and total household consumption. A more diversified production and export structure would make Malawi less vulnerable to external price shocks and reduce the pressures that lead to sharp exchange rate fluctuations. Agricultural households are less exposed to changes in Malawi's external environment since their incomes tend to be more diversified with a substantial non-agricultural component. Assuming that it is self-targeted, the expanded public works program generates significant gains for the rural poor but has a negative impact on non-agricultural households, especially in urban areas. High administrative costs and mobilization of workers that otherwise would have been employed elsewhere make the program less attractive from an over-all welfare perspective. It becomes more attractive if resulting improvements in infrastructure reduce distribution costs. The results for the land reform simulations show that a tax-based land reform program has the potential of generating substantial gains for the household groups that receive the redistributed resources. The aggregate gains and the distributional effects are reinforced if the new owners are able to maintain the production pattern of the estate sector. Matching financing from the rest of the world can play a similar role by benefiting the target groups.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper pulls together insights from related farm-household and CGE modelling for Malawi to suggest wider methodological and policy lessons for pro-poor policy analysis in poor agrarian economies. The farm-household and CGE models and ...

This article identifies irrigated row-crop farmer factors associated with the adoption of water-conserving practices. The analysis is performed on data from a survey of irrigators in Mississippi. Regression results show that the amount of irrigated area, years of education, perception of a groundwater problem, and participation in conservation programs are positively associated with practice adoption; while number of years farming, growing rice, and pumping cost are negatively associated with adoption. However, not all factors are statistically significant for all practices. Survey results indicate that only a third of growers are aware of groundwater problems at the farm or state level; and this lack of awareness is related to whether farmers noticed a change in the depth to water distance in their irrigation wells. This evidence is consistent with a report to Congress from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) that recommends policies promoting the use of: (1) more efficient ...

Published archaeological data from the Columbus Center Cheese Factory, combined with newly analyzed federal agricultural census data for the Town of Columbus, Chenango County, New York, illuminate changing agricultural production strategies. During the second half of the 19th century, farmers in central New York State shifted from sheep raising, grain agriculture, and household production of cheese and butter to the raising of forage crops and production of fluid milk for local cheese and butter factories. The analysis reveals a close, but not perfect, relationship between farm and factory-a relationship with implications for archaeological variability among late-19th-century farmsteads.

In many case there are noticed that is not easy to transform.(ependency rice based carbohydrates to sowce of carbohydrates. Knowledge change, demographic chaige and market structure change was t momentums to initiue eonsumption pattern in case transforming demand of carbohydratds source. In that its lmportant to stady various factor implies consumption panern.Objictives of this'research is ta and sudy the implication of housewlve socioeconomics charicteristics to consumption pattern and access. Those consumption pattern and market access were focussed on varioi fooi pro&rct bt wheat, rice and cassava. This reasearch were conducted in Malang -East Java. -Dati which use d research were takcn from 20A respondence whose selected with miltistage sistematic sampling procd Characteristics of house wifes and households-age, number of people *d", og, of 17, nuibe, oj iry"rt toddlen housewifes proSession, education, family income, niusewtfes knoiledge ii yoia, and diet narlret access, are the caharacteristics that predicting has impliei famity canimption pattern. Re results has shown that all ildependent variabies *rrn ii.ulotri cowumption pattern of wheat based The research conclusion shown that house wdes and households oge,iwnbir ofpeiple under oge number of infant and toddler, housewifes proffession, education, to*ity incomel irori*if"s knowle foods and diets and marlcet access, were signifianctly influence famlly consumption pattern.

The evaluation and quantification of water consumption based on water footprint (WF) is important for sustainable utilization of water resources and is becoming one of the key bases for formulating water resources management policies. However, there are few systematic assessments of both temporal changes and spatial patterns of WF in China, and the driving of water footprint intensity (WFI) is rarely reported. Based on the research background, this paper takes China, the world’s largest developing country, as an example to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of WF through the input–output model. The total WF in China increased by 11.76% from 2002 to 2017. National WFI decreased from 550 m³/104 yuan (2002) to 152 m³/104 yuan (2017). The regions found to have the highest WF in China include Shandong, Henan, and Hebei, and regions with higher WFI are distributed in East China. From 2002 to 2017, the total WF of each province in China changed significantly. Guangdong, Fujian, and Zheji...

La investigación se desarrolló en seis campañas de frío y primavera, en los municipios Abreus y Aguada de Pasajeros con el objetivo de conocer la preferencia de Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) y los niveles de incidencia por cultivo. Se recopiló los datos archivados en la Estación de Protección de Plantas Yaguaramas sobre cuatro cultivos en los registros de áreas existentes, campos estacionarios, recorridos de itinerario, informes de campañas y el registro territorial histórico. Se analizaron los niveles de incidencia por variedades, épocas de siembra o plantación según las variables meteorológicas. Se recogieron los cultivos afectados, la frecuencia de incidencia del ácaro, el porcentaje de área con presencia, el nivel de incidencia en los cultivos y las campañas. Se informa al ácaro blanco como plaga importante, con altos porcentajes de áreas afectadas en campaña de frío y primavera para papa, frijol común, frijol caupí, pimiento a campo abierto y en casas de cultivos. Este sobrepasó el Umbral Económico de Lucha en todos los cultivos; no siendo así en frijol común que lo sobrepasó en dos campañas. En febrero-marzo, abril-mayo se presentaron las mayores incidencias para los cultivos de campo, sin preferencia marcada para pimiento en casas de cultivos. Las mayores incidencias sucedieron con temperatura mínima de 18 0 C y 94 % de humedad relativa. No se puso en evidencia la preferencia del ácaro por alguna variedad, observándose diferencias entre las épocas para el pimiento en las casas de cultivo durante la primavera.

Peanut is not listed as one of the major crops in the Bulgarian agricultural sector, but its economic and fi nancial viability is promising, but unknown. We use enterprise budgets, capital budgeting techniques, risk analysis and logistic regression models to examine the fi nancial and economic structure of peanut farms and to evaluate the factors infl uencing short and long-term profi tability. The results show that peanut production is a profi table venture for most peanut farmers in Bulgaria. Long-run analyses show that peanut production may be economically feasible and producers engaged in production for a period of seven years, and at a discount rate of 13%, may generate internal rates of return (IRR) that vary from -20.57% to 67.39%. About 70% of the farms studied had IRRs greater than the discount rate. Sensitivity analyses show that profi tability of peanut production was infl uenced by yield and variable costs. There were risks at the village level associated with peanut production.

Pengelola pasar untuk konteks ini perlu dibantu dalam meningkatkan kapasitas dan pemberdayaan pasar, memanfaatkan potensi yang dimilikinya secara mandiri dan terakomodasi dalam pertumbuhan pasar, sesuai dengan ketentuan dan tuntutan perkembangan zaman. Pasar tradisional Ayamaru adalah salah satu penggerak utama perekonomian masyarakat di Distrik Ayamaru. Pengelolaan Pasar Ayamaru menuju pada pengembangan pasar yang lebih modern diharapkan pula ke depannya dapat meningkatkan pendapatan para pedagang, dengan menambah variasi komoditi, meningkatkan kualitas serta peningkatan sarana prasarana penunjang yang ada. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dengan wawancara, pengamatan (observasi) dan kepustakaan yang merupakan rujukan untuk menganalisis hasil penelitian. Sifat penelitian adalah deskriptif analisis. Penyusun menggambarkan tentang proses pengaruh pembangunan pasar rakyat terhadap pengelolaan ruang di Distrik Ayamaru dalam meningkatkan pendapatan pedagang terhadap strategi pengelolaan Pasar Ayamaru dalam meningkatkan pendapatan pedagang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terkait dengan pengaruh pembangunan pasar rakyat terhadap pengelolaan ruang di Distrik Ayamaru Kabupaten Maybrat, dengan melakukan analisis SWOT, maka dapat penulis simpulkan sebagai berikut: Strategi SO, strategi ini untuk memperbarui pengelolaan Pasar Ayamaru Kabupaten Maybrat yang telah diterapkan dengan tujuan untuk memaksimalkan kegiatan antar pegawai atau pegawai dengan pedagang. Strategi ST, promosi yang dilakukan dari mulut ke mulut atau melalui pamflet untuk mempromosikan hasil komoditi yang diperdagangkan. Strategi WO, strategi yang digunakan adalah kerjasama Pasar Ayamaru Kabupaten Maybrat, pedagang dan koperasi koperasi baik dari segi modal maupun input dan pemasaran produk. Strategi WT, penyuluhan yang diberikan seperti perlunya pengetahuan tentang menjaga kebersihan saat transaksi berlansung, penataan produk yang menarik minat konsumen.

Aims: In June, 2012 the state of Washington ended a wholesale and retail monopoly on liquor sales resulting in about five times as many stores selling liquor. Three-tier restrictions were also removed on liquor, while beer and wine availability did not increase. Substantial taxes at both the wholesale and retail levels were implemented and it was expected that prices would rise. Methods: To evaluate price changes after privatization we developed an index of about 68 brands that were popular in Washington during early 2012. Data on final liquor prices (including all taxes) in Washington were obtained through store visits and on-line sources between November 2013 and March of 2014. Primary analyses were conducted on five or six brand indexes to allow the inclusion of most stores. Results: Washington liquor prices rose by an average of 15.5% for the 750 ml size and by 4.7% for the 1.75 l size, while only small changes were seen in the bordering states of Oregon and Idaho. Prices were found to vary greatly by store type. Liquor Superstores had generally the lowest prices while drugstore, grocery and especially smaller Liquor Store prices were found to be substantially higher. Our findings indicate that liquor prices in Washington increased substantially after privatization and as compared to price changes in bordering states, with a much larger increase seen for the 750 ml size and with wide variation across store types. However, persistent drinkers looking for low prices will be able to find them in certain stores.

Since 2000, children working in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire have found themselves in the media spotlight. This situation has assumed particular importance because approximately 40% of the world's cocoa production occurs in Côte d'Ivoire. Concerned parties have since taken great interest in this thorny issue. There is a need to better understand the reality of child labor utilization in this sector. This article investigates child labor issues in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire in conjunction with schooling status of children. The study is based on a survey done in 2002, over a representative sample of more than 11,000 members of cocoa households. The multinomial logit model is used to capture choice probabilities across work and/or school options. The results reveal that child labor in cocoa farms and nonenrollment in schools are significant. Moreover, many children are involved in potentially dangerous and/or harmful tasks. Data also highlight gender and age...

Tourist village as a new trend of tourism that has been growing rapidly in Yogyakarta. Based on attractiveness, accessibility, facilities, community empowerment, marketing and promotion, institutional, and human resources, tourist villages are devided into growing, developing and developed categories. Wetland rice agrotourism offers attractions in tourist village that leads to increasing income of the perpetrators (main actors, supporting actors, and managers). This descriptive research aimed to compare agro-tourism perpetrators's income contribution to household income in various categories of tourist village in Yogyakarta. This research was purposively conducted in Gabugan, Pancoh and Pentingsari Village as representation of grow, developed, and advanced tourism villages. The result depicted that the contribution of wetland rice agrotourism to household income of all agro-tourism actors was low in all tourism village categories. This indicates that the wetland rice agro-tourism has not contributed significantly in supporting the domestic economy of the perpetrators. The results of the study show that the advanced tourism villages have a higher contribution of income compared to developing and growing tourism villages.

In preparation for the 1998 soccer World Cup, France banned the use of soccer balls made with child labor. As a result of that ban, Baden Sports, the company that supplied the soccer balls, closed down its Pakistani soccer ball operations, which used child labor, and moved production to China, where adult labor was employed. Many of the children who lost their jobs as a result of that decision became prostitutes or beggars. This paper discusses what ethical principles should be applied when determining whether child labor should be abolished or regulated.

The letter is provided in both the original French and in English translation. The attached documents are provided in English. Those wishing copies in French may request them direct from WARDA in Monrovia. The resolutions passed by the Governing Concil have already been distributed as Annex "D" to our circular of August 18.

Estabeleceu-se como objetivo deste estudo aplicar as ferramentas do custeio variavel em uma propriedade rural que realiza cultivo de soja e milho para fins de gerar informacoes gerenciais sobre as culturas e com isso melhorar o processo de decisao e conhecimento das atividades agricolas pelo produtor rural. Os procedimentos metodologicos classificam a pesquisa como descritiva, documental, bibliografica e como pesquisa de campo; ja no que se refere a coleta dos dados, foi utilizada a tecnica documental referente a producao de soja e milho no periodo de 2017/2018 os quais se obteve junto ao produtor a partir de suas anotacoes, controles e outros documentos, que foram averiguados pelas modalidades de analise documental e de conteudo. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que a cultura do milho proporcionou uma margem de contribuicao de 36,26% e a de soja de 56,88%; com relacao ao ponto de equilibrio, o milho se da em 5.765,62 e a soja em 2.763,69; com relacao a margem de seguranca, fo...

Forest pests and diseases impose a range of costs on society, related to losses in timber values, impacts on recreational opportunities and effects on forest biodiversity. Since the social costs of pests and diseases likely outweigh the private costs, it is relevant to ask whether the social benefits of disease control programmes outweigh the costs of disease control actions to the public and private sectors. The preferences and willingness to pay of the UK general public for forest disease control measures was investigated via a discrete choice experiment. In total, 605 respondents completed both the quiz and eightcard choice experiment. Some 55% to 69% of the respondents have heard about tree diseases. When prompted to name some diseases they know, 54% of respondents cite Dutch elm tree disease and 28% know about ash dieback. About 11% of the respondents protest against the choice experiment set-up saying that the costs of tree disease control should be paid exclusively by the forest industry. We find that disease control programs for publicly-owned forests and forests owned by charitable trusts are more likely to be supported than programs for private commercial forests. Higher income, greater ex-ante knowledge about tree diseases, and more frequent visits to forests are correlated with higher willingness to support disease control programs. Among those who complete the experiment, there is a strong negative sentiment against some disease control measures, such as clear felling of a forest, and chemical and biocide spraying. These results are independent from either forest type or scientific uncertainty about disease characteristics.

The lives of 85% of the people of Afghanistan depend on agriculture. Every year, sudden changes in the cost of agricultural products leave most farmers discouraged as they suffer financial losses and considered as the most vulnerable in the society. This research is focused on the effects of agricultural cost fluctuation on the life of the farmers, identify root causes, and describe the role of the agriculture department in managing these changes using questionnaires. Qarabagh, Charaseab, Paghaman, Shakerdare, and Dehsabz are selected for this study. Random sampling selected 30 farmers as respondents. Questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews are used to collect data, which were analyzed using interpretive and reflexive qualitative approaches and descriptive statistics. The research shows that price fluctuation of agricultural products discourages farmers from striving for a better life.

A study was conducted to determine the economics of different fertigation levels under mulched and unmulched conditions in chilli at tarai conditions of Uttarakhand during spring-summer seasons of 2016. The experiment was carried out in two factorial randomized block design with four fertigation levels (fertigation at 120, 100, 80 and 60 percent of RDF) along with control and RDF applied through traditional method under bicolour polyethylene mulch and unmulched condition. The results of experiment disclosed that performance of chilli was influenced by different levels of fertigation and also influenced by polyethylene mulch and unmulched conditions. As far as net return and B:C ratio was concerned, maximum net return of Rs. 2,39,205.16 per ha and B:C ratio of 3.28 was recorded in treatment combination P9M2 i.e., fertigation at 80 % of recommended dose of fertilizer applied twice a week along with polyethylene mulch.