Agricultural marketing

São 7h30 da manhã e Joana apressa o passo para se juntar às suas companheiras no trilho que percorrem desde as suas casas até à escola de campo de agricultores (ECA), a terra cedida para a aprendizagem e troca de saberes, vedada com troncos, paus e espinhos, para a proteger da entrada dos animais. O jovem José Likwafeni, técnico da ONG CODESPA, já está à espera do grupo, perto da sua motorizada. Traz sementes na mochila e uma boa dose de energia para superar o intenso calor que já se faz sentir. Hoje é dia de espalhar mais sementes, desta vez de feijão guandu, milho, massango, feijão frade e um mix contendo sementes de plantas nativas e árvores de fruto que, junto com a palma forrageira, ajudarão a proteger a terra do sol intenso e a reter a pouca humidade existente o que permitirá que as laranjeiras, limoeiros, mamoeiros, maracujazeiros, mandioca e batata doce já plantadas continuem a crescer, apesar de não haver um sistema de rega para além da paciente espera até à próxima época da chuva. As tesouras de poda são como máquinas que dão matéria orgânica e cobertura para o solo, cortando as folhas e galhos das árvores mais crescidas, como o omufiati (Colophospermum Mopani), que são alimento para as plantas em crescimento, tal como acontece na natureza, num imitar da sucessão natural.

CONTEXT: Agriculture in India is increasingly adopting Integrated Farming Systems (IFS), which combine various agricultural and nonagricultural activities to optimize resource use and improve farmers' incomes. This study focuses on the economic impacts of IFS in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, two states with distinct agro-climatic conditions, to better understand how IFS can enhance farm sustainability and economic stability. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to compare the economic outcomes of IFS in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, specifically evaluating income generation from various IFS components and models. The study seeks to identify the most effective IFS models in improving farmers' livelihoods in these regions. METHODOLOGY: A comparative descriptive design was used, with data collected from 320 respondents across 32 villages in both states. A multistage random sampling approach was applied, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was employed, including surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions. Statistical tools, such as a Z-test, were used to analyse income differences between the two states.

Financial transparency in U.S. nonprofits is essential to maintaining accountability, preventing fraud, and ensuring the responsible use of government funds. Despite existing regulatory frameworks, financial mismanagement and fraudulent activities continue to pose significant challenges. This article explores the current state of financial transparency in the nonprofit sector, highlighting key challenges, regulatory measures, internal control mechanisms, and emerging technological solutions. By examining real-world cases and best practices, the paper provides actionable recommendations for enhancing financial oversight and reducing fraud. Strengthening transparency can safeguard public trust, improve organizational efficiency, and ensure the effective utilization of public resources.

Grant compliance is a critical aspect of nonprofit governance, guaranteeing that organizations comply with the legal, fiscal, and operational requirements established by their donors. Nonprofit organizations in the United States rely heavily on grants obtained from government agencies, philanthropic organizations, and corporate donors to pursue their missions. Failure to meet grant requirements, however, can lead to devastating consequences, including financial loss, reputational damage, and restrictions on future funding. This article discusses the key issues that nonprofits face in maintaining compliance with their grants, which include financial mismanagement, inadequate reporting practices, changing regulatory requirements, and constraints in organizational capacity. Additionally, it outlines methods of enhancing compliance through the enforcement of strong internal policies, accurate financial management practices, specific training programs, and technology use to track compliance. The article also highlights the importance of accountability for enhanced transparency and the development of donor trust, which is essential for securing continuous funding and ensuring organizational sustainability. By implementing strict governance structures and proactive compliance measures, nonprofits can avoid potential pitfalls, optimize operational efficiency, and extend their reach in the communities they serve. Comprehensive case studies demonstrating effective compliance practices utilized by nonprofits will offer practical lessons on how organizations can overcome compliance-related challenges. The article further discusses the importance of strong grant compliance in maintaining long-term sustainability by building donor confidence, ensuring the financial integrity of the organization, and positioning the nonprofit for future growth. The discussion will further involve policy proposals aimed at helping nonprofits manage the intricacies surrounding compliance, thus retaining their positive status with funders and regulatory bodies. As the nonprofit landscape changes, staying well-advised about compliance requirements will become increasingly important for organizations determined to amplify their influence and achieve their missions. This handbook acts as a tool for nonprofit organizational leaders, grant administrators, and policymakers that will increase grant compliance, as well as promote responsibility where they have sway.

Climate variability, the short-term fluctuations in average weather conditions and agriculture affect each other. Climate variability affects the agroecological and growing conditions of crops and livestock, and is recently believed to be the greatest impediment to the realisation of the first Millennium Development Goal of reducing poverty and food insecurity in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. Conversely, agriculture is a major contributor to climate variability and change by emitting greenhouse gases and reducing the agroecology's potential for carbon sequestration. What however, is the empirical evidence of this inter-dependence of climate variability and agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa? In this paper, we provide some insight into the long run relationship between inter-annual variations in temperature and rainfall, and annual yields of the most important staple food crops in Northern Ghana. Applying pooled panel data of rainfall, temperature and yields of the selected crops from 1976 to 2010 to cointegration and Granger causality models, there is cogent evidence of cointegration between seasonal, total rainfall and crop yields; and causality from rainfall to crop yields in the Sudano-Guinea Savannah and Guinea Savannah zones of Northern Ghana. This suggests that inter-annual yields of the crops have been influenced by the total amounts of rainfall in the planting season. Temperature variability over the study period is however stationary, and is suspected to have minimal effect, if any, on crop yields. Overall, the results confirm the appropriateness of our attempt in modelling long-term relationships between the climate and crop yield variables.

The study aimed to analyze the technical efficiency and profitability of potato production by smallholder farmers in Dinsho District of Bale Zone of Ethiopia. Cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 production year from 147 surveyed households was utilized in achieving these objectives. Non-parametric net crop revenue analysis and Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier approach were used to analyze enterprise profitability and to estimate the technical efficiency levels in potato production, respectively. The result of net crop revenue analysis indicated that potato production was profitable wherein the producers had earned net return of about 11,740.9 ETB (Ethiopian Birr). Further analysis of the gross and net income data showed wide variation of the results between harvesting seasons and off-peak season. The test result of Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier indicated that the relative deviation from the frontier due to inefficiency was 94%. The mean technical efficiency of farmers in the production of potato was 0.89. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that area of the plots, amounts of NPS fertilizers, amount of seed and labor in man-days were positive and significant determinants of production level. The estimated SPF model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that age, age square, education, land ownership status, extension contact, number of plots (fragmentation), household size and livestock significantly determined efficiency level of farmers in potato production in the study area. To this end, the attention of policy makers to improve agricultural production should not revolve solely around the introduction and dissemination of new technology to increase yield, but also more attention should be given to improve the existing level of efficiency.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’optimisation des prix à la production en Côte d’Ivoire, en particulier dans les secteurs agricoles stratégiques tels que le cacao et le café. La recherche adopte une approche multidimensionnelle, intégrant des théories d’équilibre général, des modèles économétriques et des méthodes stochastiques. Nous analysons l’impact des prix à la production sur les prix à l’exportation et la balance commerciale. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’une stratégie de prix optimale renforce la compétitivité des produits agricoles ivoiriens, améliore la rentabilité des producteurs et renforce la stabilité macroéconomique du pays. L’étude fournit également des recommandations politiques pour les mécanismes de stabilisation des prix, le soutien institutionnel et les outils de gestion des risques afin d’atténuer la volatilité des marchés

This article is a critical review of the Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Issues in Tanzania (otherwise known as the Sbivji Report (URT, 1994». The review provides a global perspective within which the process of the compilation of the report as well as its contents may be assessed. An assessment of the ujamaa period in Tanzania's socio-economic history is also offered as part of the global perspective. Also discussed are issues of gender inequality and the role of the World Bank, and how Ibese impinge on discourses on land issues in Tanzania.

Contract farming has been heralded as the panacea to the ailing agricultural output in Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular. Traditionally Zimbabwe cotton industry was dominated by one government owned buyer, but with trade liberalization other players came into the market increasing demand for cotton. The majority of producers have always been the rural small scale farmer whose major handicap has always been lack of resource intensity. The research involved cotton farmers and companies in Gokwe north in Zimbabwe. Fifty people were contacted in all and desk research on contract farming in the country and southern Africa was conducted. To complement the primary data, the research considered annual reports of cotton companies in Zimbabwe from the period 2009 to 2014.This model was adopted by the cotton industry in Zimbabwe but it has been marred by side marketing. In response to side marketing, the cotton industry has adopted several strategies including lobbying for legislati...

Organic farming is an alternative technology to address environmental issues. Organic farming is cultivated would increase farmers' profits. Purpose : This study aimed to analyze the factors that influence consumer demand for organic vegetables. Design/methodology/approach : Research is located at modern of market Frismart of Ambon City takes place in May-June, 2015. Method of determining the location of the research is purposive sampling with consideration at Frismart of Ambon City is one of retail market of organic vegetables. Methods The samples are accidental sampling totaling 35 people who met by chance when they visit the frismart. Data were analyzed quantitatively against the factors that influence consumer demand for organic vegetables. Findings : The results of simultaneous analysis show that the factors that significantly affect demand for organic vegetables in Frismart Ambon is: The price of organic vegetables ( X 1 ), the price of vegetables non-organic ( X 2 ), the ...

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'deki mevcut buğday bitkisel ürün sigortası için farklı coğrafi tehlike bölgeleri bazında hasar tutarları incelenmiş ve aktüeryal adil primler hesaplanmıştır. Tarım Sigortaları Havuzu (TARSİM) tarafından belirlenen coğrafi tehlike bölgeleri dikkate alınarak 2010-2014 yılları arasında buğday bitkisel ürün sigortası için dolu teminatı veren sigorta poliçelerinde ödenen hasar tutarları istatistiksel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Her bir tehlike bölgesi hasar verisine uygun istatistiksel dağılım belirlendikten sonra aktüeryal denge göz önünde bulundurularak farklı prim hesaplama prensipleri ve yükleme faktörlerine göre aktüeryal primler hesaplanmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, Diyarbakır yöresinde çeltik tarımı yapan çiftçilerin üretimden hasada kadar geçen sürede yaptıkları tarımsal faaliyetleri ve çiftçilerin organik tarıma bakış açılarını belirlemek amacıyla 2009 yılında çeltik tarımı yapan 234 çiftçiden tesadüfi olarak seçilen 24 çiftçiye uygulanan anket çalışmasının sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan anket çalışması çerçevesinde, bölgedeki çeltik üretim şekli, üretim miktarı, kimyasal gübre ve ilaç kullanımı, karşılaştığı önemli sorunlar, ürünlerin pazarlanması, organik tarım hakkındaki düşünceleri gibi konularda sorular sorulmuş ve alınan cevaplar üzerinde değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Anket formuna verilen cevaplar doğrultusunda, çiftçilerin %85.7'sinin organik tarım yapmaya istekli olduklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bölgedeki çiftçilerin %79.2'si toprağı işlemediklerini, %75'i taşlı arazide, %87.5'i eğimli arazilerde çeltik yetiştirdiklerini ve %93.8 çeşit olarak Karacadağ çeşidini kullandıklarını ifade etmişlerdir.

Bu calismada, Diyarbakir yoresinde celtik tarimi yapan ciftcilerin uretimden hasada kadar gecen surede yaptiklari tarimsal faaliyetleri ve ciftcilerin organik tarima bakis acilarini belirlemek amaciyla 2009 yilinda celtik tarimi yapan 234 ciftciden tesadufi olarak secilen 24 ciftciye uygulanan anket calismasinin sonuclari degerlendirilmistir. Yapilan anket calismasi cercevesinde, bolgedeki celtik uretim sekli, uretim miktari, kimyasal gubre ve ilac kullanimi, karsilastigi onemli sorunlar, urunlerin pazarlanmasi, organik tarim hakkindaki dusunceleri gibi konularda sorular sorulmus ve alinan cevaplar uzerinde degerlendirme yapilmistir. Anket formuna verilen cevaplar dogrultusunda, ciftcilerin %85.7’sinin organik tarim yapmaya istekli olduklarini ifade etmislerdir. Bolgedeki ciftcilerin %79.2’si topragi islemediklerini, %75’i tasli arazide, %87.5’i egimli arazilerde celtik yetistirdiklerini ve %93.8 cesit olarak Karacadag cesidini kullandiklarini ifade etmislerdir.

The realization that agriculture input subsidies at times do not reach targeted communities has pushed many governments to consider ways of cutting subsidy costs, improve targeting of poorer households and eventual withdrawal from subsidizing agriculture. Against this background in the year 2015 Zambia adopted an e-voucher system as way to bolster FISP. This study focused on the implementation of the pilot e-voucher in Choma District in the Southern Province of Zambia. A qualitative approach was used to gather data from farmers, banks, farmer representative organizations and other key stakeholders. This study focused on key aspects of e-voucher implementation, such as beneficiary targeting, stakeholders’ roles, input distribution and redeeming processes. The study noted that e-voucher system ushered in some benefits such as increased transparency, reduction of ghost farmers, rural employment creation, increased input accessibility for farmers and lowered the government’s administrat...

Pakistan’s fruit sector is a shining example of how fast
it has grown and the opportunities that hold in the realm
of agriculture and its ability to overcome global
competition. Pakistan takes pride in diverse fruit types
that are widely spread over its vast fertile lands, making
it an important state player in the world fruit business.
This preface is a preamble for comprehensive analysis of
public policies aimed at nurturing and harnessing full
potential of Pakistan’s fruit industry. Having increased
significantly over the last decade, citrus and mangoes
have been leading exporters of Pakistani fruits. This
growth has been underscored by robust government
interventions like “National Programme for Enhancing
Command Area of Barani Areas of Pakistan” and
‘Pakistan Fruits and Vegetables Export Strategy 2023-
2027’. Such measures together with partnerships and
pro-active moves have boosted Pakistan’s capacity of
fruit production to new heights thus contributing
meaningfully to national economies as well as global
trade. In spite of natural calamities as well as market
fluctuation challenges, resilience and hope are shown by
Pakistan’s exports of fruits. The government’s
dedication to promoting fruit farming plus enabling
regulations combined with a series.

This study explores Pakistan's potential in the growing
global halal meat market, fueled by the rising Muslim
population and global demand. Despite a strong Muslim
demographic and established industry, Pakistan faces
challenges like inadequate infrastructure, outdated
slaughterhouses, weak cold chains, and certification
gaps, hindering export growth. Comparisons with top
exporters like India and Brazil highlight these
deficiencies. The paper suggests modernizing
infrastructure, strengthening certification systems,
diversifying products, and improving stakeholder
collaboration. It also reviews government initiatives,
such as the National Priority Sectors Export Strategy
and Halal Certification Authority, aimed at supporting
sector development. By adopting these strategies and
learning from global best practices, Pakistan can
improve its position in the halal meat market, boosting
economic growth and ensuring food security.

Extracurricular activities have big benefits for both students and the university-but we could do more to get students involved. University life for students is busy these days, not just with lectures and assessments but for many students, also the need to work to fund their studies. Extracurricular activities can not only add value to the student experience and are a key offering of universities which have some surprising benefits for both.

Cashew processing is a vital contributor to economic growth in Tanzania, renowned for its cashew nut production. However, despite the country's historical prominence in cashew production, only 5% of raw cashews undergo local processing, resulting in substantial economic losses. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities within Tanzania's cashew processing industry, focusing on limited local processing capacity, inefficient tools, raw material availability, market access, and government support. Comparative insights from Côte d'Ivoire and Mozambique further enrich our understanding of the cashew sector. It recommends increasing local processing capacity, enhancing technical expertise through training, ensuring a reliable supply of high-quality raw materials, improving market access via information systems, and strengthening government support with tailored policy frameworks. Notably, the paper emphasizes regional collaboration among African cashewproducing nations as a crucial strategy for collective growth and knowledge exchange. By drawing upon their experiences, this study aims to provide guidance for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and investors to revitalize and sustain Tanzania's cashew processing sector.

Purpose-The economic recession that Nigeria recently passed through caused distortions in economic and well-being of Nigerians. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the economic recession on households' demand for basic foodstuffs in Southwest Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected from 380 respondents drawn from urban areas of Lagos, Osun and Oyo states using multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System were employed to analyze data collected. Findings-The study showed sharp increase in the prices of basic foodstuffs during recession. Households were compelled to spend higher percentage of their monthly income on basic foodstuffs. Also, 51.1 percent of the respondents were government workers who experienced inconsistent or modulated monthly salary during the period. The percentage of households that were food insecure was 36.4 percent. Osun State had the highest monthly per capita expenditure (₦5,147.13) on foodstuffs, followed by Lagos and Oyo states while rice had the highest expenditure share (0.26), followed by yam (0.18), beans (0.106), vegetable oil (0.104) and garri (0.101).The breakdown also showed that 11.7, 18.1 and 17.7 percent of the total household monthly expenditures in Lagos, Osun and Oyo states, respectively, were spent on basic foodstuffs. Research limitations/implications-There purchasing power of naira reduced significantly during recession, thus compelled households to spend more on basic foodstuffs compared to similar purchases before economic recession. Practical implications-The reduction in purchasing power of naira affected the formal and informal sector. Irregular salary for civil servants reduced their expenditure on goods and services. Originality/value-The study is original and topical, serving as literature of accounts that transpired among the households as far as demand for basic foodstuffs is concerned during the economic recession.

Potato farming is one of the most lucrative enterprises in the Baglung district, primarily due to the favorable geographic and edaphic conditions. The major goal of our research was to analyze the marketing dynamics of Potatoes in the district, focusing on marketing channels, actors involved and major problems. A survey was undertaken with a representative sample size of 106 farmers using the simple random sampling technique and 14 traders (collectors, wholesalers and retailers) using the snowball sampling technique, encompassing all PMAMP potato zones. Data collection methods included Household Surveys, FGD, KII, along with various secondary sources of information and data analysis was done using SPSS and Ms. Excel. An indexing/scaling technique was utilized to rank the identified problems in marketing. Additionally, value chain mapping was employed to illustrate the actors, their functions, and enablers in the value chain activities related to potatoes and a SWOT analysis was done to find strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the potatoes at the producer's level. Three main marketing channels were identified, with the marketing margin at NRs. 12.24/kg and the producer's share at 79.6%. Farmers predominantly sold sorted and graded products, with transportation means ranging from tractors to porters. Market information primarily came from friends, with a 51.72% satisfaction level among farmers. Farmer's illiteracy and lack of awareness emerged as the most serious problem in marketing of potatoes followed by dominance of middlemen/intermediaries.

This article examines how stores that promote fair
trade in the city of Quito are managed. It starts by
contextualizing the fair trade movement. Then
analyzes the current commercial conditions under
which the stores operate. It ends by determining the
existing relationship between these stores’
commercial management and their use of ICT. The
final goal is to pose commercial management
strategies based on ICT that would contribute to
improving the position of these stores in the
competitive market.

We, the undersigned, certify that we have read and hereby recommend for examination of the Dissertation entitled The Contribution of Mobile Banking on Business Growth, Perceptions Of SMEs Customers of NMB Bank, Kenyatta Road Branch, Mwanza Tanzania, in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration in Cooperate Management of Mzumbe University.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Associar a noção de segurança alimentar ao termo de campesinato implica pensar em produzir também para além das famílias camponesas; quer dizer para redistribuir ou para comercializar para a população. Por isso o campesinato "produz para viver e alimentar". Mas como articular uma produção camponesa fundada na reciprocidade com a natureza e na solidariedade entre pares com um mercado nacional e internacional dominado e regulado pela troca mercantil? O artigo propõe, na sua primeira parte, responder a essa questão a partir dos fundamentos da antropologia econômica, mas também mobilizando elementos mais recentes da teoria da reciprocidade. Após Mauss, Polanyi teve um papel essencial com a proposta do conceito de economia substantiva e com a identificação da reciprocidade como modo de regulação da economia ao lado da troca e da redistribuição. A análise antropológica da reciprocidade foi completada nos anos 1990/2000 por Temple prolongando Mauss e Levi-Strauss com a análise das estruturas elementares da reciprocidade. Hoje, essa análise estrutural permite procurar na pesquisa empírica, a natureza dos valores materiais, também aquela dos valores afetivos e éticos produzidos pelas relações de reciprocidade, das quais alguns exemplos no meio camponês brasileiro são apresentados na segunda parte. Na terceira parte pergunto por que se interessar pelas práticas e relações de reciprocidade hoje no século XXI e examino como tais relações de reciprocidade estão presentes em situações mistas, ao lado das relações de troca mercantil.

A study was carried out for two consecutive years (2018-19 and 2019-20) at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture Indore of Madhya Pradesh. Four cropping systems viz. Soybean -Chickpea, Maize-Chickpea, Maize-Sweet corn (Green cob) and Soybean-Onion were sown for the trial. Rabi crops were irrigated through the water stored in farm pond (rainwater harvesting structure). The study reported that during 2018-19, Soybean and maize yield was 1630 kg/ha and 4333 kg/ha respectively whereas in 2019-20 it was 919 kg/ha and 652 kg/ha respectively. Productivity of Kharif crops in second year severely affected due to excess and continue rain fall during crop growth period. Annual rainfall for the years were 756.7mm and 1565.4mm respectively whereas normal annual rainfall is 984mm Water use efficiency of soybean and Maize were 2.62 kg/ha-mm and 7.87 kg/ha-mm respectively during kharif of year 2018-19, whereas next year, WUE of soybean and Maize were 0.64 kg/ha-mm and 0.45kg/ha-mm respectively. On the basis of pooled data of economics of different system, it is clear that Soybean -Onion found the more remunerative as it recorded total net returns Rs. 189161/per hectare with B: C ratio 4.16 whereas, the lowest was recorded with Soybean -Chickpea (Rs. 64551/with B: C ratio 2.8). Yield, WUE and economics of the crops clearly indicate that climate change severely affects the kharif crops but rainwater stored in farm pond can mitigate it in rabi crops.

The study examines the impact of information communication technology on insurance marketing in post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. It identifies the imperatives for adoption of ICT to promoting efficient and efficient service delivery in the insurance industry as a strategy for attainment of the profit maximization objectives of insurance companies in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design, using responses of structured questionnaire of 50 respondents from the four selected insurance companies in Nigeria. The findings revealed that there was statistical significant relationship between effective implementation of ICT and insurance marketing strategies in Nigeria. This implies that adoption of ICT by insurance companies can enhance efficiency and quality of service delivery. It was recommended that for maximum benefits from ICT, government, regulators and other stakeholders in the insurance sector must synergize to eliminate the challenges of digital insurance marketing, as this will encourage investment in ICTs thereby ensuring the effectiveness of the insurance sector in Nigeria providing sustainably financial guarantees to the insuring public, National Assembly should enact potent laws inculcating digital insurance to reduce the cost of insurance apathy aimed at promoting, and restoring trust and confidence in the insurance business in Nigeria, and the stakeholders and management of the insurance companies must as a matter urgency their personnel towards adopting recent development in ICT in marketing research and product development.

The complexity of the supply chain plays a crucial role in the fluctuation of market prices in the essential food market. This research focuses on introducing a fully-fledged mobile solution and Web Interface called AgriXpert to the local government and domestic demand to produce all the significant information regarding crops and harvest in various regions. This builds a control mechanism for the market prices of rice/vegetable products. Also, this is an effective solution for pandemic-like situations as it helps to find the areas that have a reasonable harvest to purchase. AgriXpert is aligned with technologies like React Native for the front end and Java, Android, and PHP for the back-end services. Machine Learning algorithm was used for the predictions of market prices of each crop type in different regions. For the transportation cost minimisation in the pickup delivery process, the harvest optimisation model has been utilised here. The pricing model has also been used to monitor the price.

Farmers are at risk of GMO genetic trespass wherever genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are allowed. An 'apartheid' between GM crops and non-GM crops is doomed to fail. The consequence is that GM crops contaminate non-GM crops. GM crops sell at a discount (currently 15%). So, a farmer's crop that is So, a farmer’s crop that is contaminated by GMOs (e.g. from a neighbouring farm) will be downgraded from non-GMO to GMO, or from Certified Organic to GMO. This will result in an economic loss which is borne by the harmed farmer (rather than by the GMO farmer). The premium for non-GMO, or for Certified Organic, will be forfeited in the downgrade. Two case studies are provided (one from Canada, one from Australia) where non-GMO farmers with GMO contaminated crops have sought a legal remedy. These farmers found no remedy for GMO genetic trespass (and BigGMO multinational corporations have deep pockets for winning litigation against ‘Farmer Joe’). The Gene Technology Bill in its current iteration offers no protection to non- GMO farmers against the inevitable genetic trespass by GMOs (were GMOs to be approved for NZ agriculture). In the absence of a pre-emptive solution to the economic harms of GMO genetic trespass to the well being of NZ farmers, the Gene Technology Bill 2024 deserves to be rejected.

Özet: DNA analiziyle kimlik belirlenmesi temel olarak tıp alanında kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş ve zaman içerisinde hayvan yetiştiriciliği alanında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. DNA analizi hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde Yetiştirme, işleme ve pazarlama aşamalarında kaydedilen bilgilerin doğruluğunun araştırılmasında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada avrupa birliği tarafından çıkarılan ve 1.1.2000 tarihinden itibaren bütün üye ülkelerde yürürlüğe girecek olan (EG) Nr.820/97 sayılı yasanın gereklerinin yerine getirilebilmesi amacıyla değişik avrupa birliği ülkelerinde geliştirilen kontrol ve denetim sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması ve DNA analizlerinin bu amaçla kullanilabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: DNA analizleri, kimlik kontrolü, Avrupa birliği Anwendbarkeit der DNA-Analyse bei der Identitätskontrolle und neue Verordnung in der EU Zusammenfassung: Die Methode der Identitätskontrolle mit DNA analyze wurde zunächst beim Menschen entwickelt. Bald darauf gab es Bestrebungen, die neue Technik auf Haustiere zu übertragen.

Rice is a staple food consumed by Nigeria's high and low. Rice Prices have experienced strong variations over the last few years, both upwards and downwards. This increased volatility, combined with long-term prospects of rising rice prices due to the rice import ban highlights the necessity to increase the efficiency of the rice supply chain to ensure consumer prices reflect the evolution of inputs prices. This study assesses price transmission along the rice marketing chain in Nigeria. Static and time-varying copula methods were analysed on about 155 weekly price data obtained from different sources. Results suggest a positive link between producer, wholesaler and retailer rice prices. Such positive dependence is characterized by asymmetries during extreme market events that lead price increases to be transferred more completely along the supply chain than price declines. Price transmission asymmetries suggest potential market fragmentation and discrepancies in competition intensity along the chain.

The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) has been working with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for more than two decades on the development of beta-carotene (pre-curser for vitamin A), or golden rice (GR), as an added choice for addressing Vitamin A deficiency. Biosafety approval is yet to be given, but the pre-planning for deployment has been developed.

The study focused on describing and analysing the integrated approach to agricultural cooperative marketing in Uganda: the tripartite cooperative model. It was found that structural changes and successful growth have been achieved within the agricultural cooperative marketing system. This model promoted complementarity of services by combining farmers' access to financial services through Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs), and marketing services through Rural Producer Organisations (RPOs) and Area Cooperative Enterprises (ACEs). Results of the study showed that the tripartite cooperative model focused on measures to promote financially autonomous and viable cooperatives, member participation and empowerment. The model has achieved success by linking farmers to profitable markets and granting them access to financial services. The model did, however, face challenges in the form of members no fully participating in cooperative activities and members side-selling.

Due to their highly democratic and locally autonomous nature, cooperatives have a potentially strong role in reducing poverty and social exclusion, and promoting rural and national development (Develtere et al. 2008; Birchall 2004, 2003). However, the development of cooperatives has been limited by inadequate research. There is a dearth of up to date literature on the status of African cooperatives since the liberalization of the agriculture sector in the mid-1990s (Wanyama et al. 2008). In addition, policymakers, practitioners, and others harbor outdated views on cooperatives, hampering progress in the sector. Cooperatives in Uganda, especially those involved in cash crops, successfully provided agricultural-related services to farmers until the mid-1980s. At that time, due to political instability, liberalization of markets, and mismanagement, among other reasons, almost all the cooperatives failed. However, a few survived, and cooperatives are enjoying a revival in Uganda. This policy note is based on a case study of the recent revival and reform of the agricultural cooperative sector in Uganda.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей просування промислової продукції в мережі. Розглянуті у публікації сучасні інструменти концепції Marketing 4.0 та детально представлені у
ній особливості використання їх у цифровому середовищі Інтернет лягли в основу сформульованих пропозицій щодо запровадження нових стратегій розвитку бренду, зміст яких полягає у залученні
клієнтів до розробки та оновлення концепції промислової продукції, її налаштуванні у відповідності до персональних уподобань споживачів, створенні “ідеальних” пропозицій. Використання можливостей цифрового маркетингу у поєднанні з комбінованим застосуванням новітніх стратегій просування промислової продукції дозволяє більш ефективно використовувати інструментарій динамічного ціноутворення, сприяє практичному запровадженню багато канального реалізування продукції, максимально активізує процеси залучення покупців до формування доданої вартості компанії-виробника, реально заощаджує маркетинговий бюджет, оптимізує у реальному часі рівень завантаження виробничих потужностей виробників промислової продукції

This study investigates the moisture content for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)-SB4-4C ("Ashemkungu" or "Shangedubu"), SB9-1A ("Mumuye"), and SB1-1 ("Soyabin")varetes,to enhance post-harvest management and processing practices. Recognized for their nutritional value and adaptability to arid conditions, Bambara groundnuts are underutilized despite their potential to improve food security. Moisture content is a critical factor influencing seed quality, shelf life, and susceptibility to spoilage. Using a standardized oven drying method, moisture content was determined for each variety, revealing SB9-1A had the highest moisture content (5.25 g), followed closely by SB1-1 (5.16 g) and SB4-4C (5.15 g). Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among the varieties, emphasizing the need for tailored post-harvest handling practices. The findings underscore the importance of moisture management in optimizing the quality and marketability of Bambara groundnuts, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and food security. Recommendations include the development of standardized handling protocols, further research on moisture dynamics, and the promotion of Bambara groundnut cultivation to enhance its utilization in food systems.

The sustainability assessment of the tea industry in Tanzania reveals pressing challenges and opportunities within its socioeconomic and environmental frameworks. Despite being a vital cash crop and source of livelihood for over 50,000 smallholder families, Tanzania's tea production lags significantly behind competitors such as Kenya, with only 5.1% of Kenya's production metrics. The study evaluates key factors influencing the industry's sustainability, including social conditions, economic viability, environmental health, and agronomic practices. A purposive sampling technique was used to select key participants with direct involvement and expertise in the tea industry including Estate workers (50); Smallholder farmers (100); and Industry Stakeholders (15) complemented with FGDs (2), in-depth interviews with key institutions, and documentary reviews. The findings highlight systemic issues such as low worker wages, inadequate access to social services, and poor investment in modern agricultural technologies. Environmental concerns, including biodiversity loss, monoculture practices, and insufficient water management, pose further risks to the industry's future. The research concludes with recommendations for interventions that promote economic viability, social equity, and environmental stewardship, underscoring the need for strategic reforms to unlock the sector's full potential and ensure a sustainable future for Tanzanian tea production.

Keywords: Sustainability assessment, Tea industry, Tanzania, Socio-economic factors, Agricultural practices, Environmental challenges, and Smallholder farmers.

The location of Greater Zaria area in the guinea savannah provides a good physical environment for both subsistent and commercial agriculture. In Greater Zaria, both rain-fed and dry season farming are practiced by a large number of people and a significant per cent of the produce are marketed and distributed to other parts of the country. This study attempts to analyse the problems of logistics in the distribution of agricultural commodities from Greater Zaria to different parts of Nigeria. Questionnaires were designed and the purposive sampling method was used to select and interview marketers, intermediaries, vehicle drivers, channel loaders and consumers. Percentages, tables and flow line map were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that instability in the price of gasoline, harassment by law enforcement agents, extortions/multiple taxations at checkpoints, numerous stopping points/places of drivers and very poor condition of roads are seriously affecting the efficiency of freight distribution. What more, existence of numerous middlemen, channel loaders and lack of storage facilities in the source markets or collection points affects the ordering process and inventory management in Greater Zaria. All these activities not only cause delays, but also lead to loss of weight in animals as well as perishing of commodities in the logistics distribution and add to the cost price of agricultural commodities to consumers. It was therefore, recommended, among others, that government should try to ensure stability in the pricing and supply of gasoline to all nooks and crannies of the country. State governments should come up with an agreed pattern of taxation on our high ways to check extortions and multiple taxation; while our law enforcement agents should be well-trained, adequately remunerated and re-oriented to carry out their duties effectively. Only by so doing could we enhance efficiency in the logistics distribution of agricultural commodities not only from Greater Zaria, but also to and from all other parts of Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The study focused on the identification of requisite skills required by youths for entry into snail farming for poverty alleviation in the Makurdi local government area of Benue State. Seven research questions were raised and answered by the study. The study adopted a survey research design and used a sample of one hundred and three (103) respondents consisting of 47 snail farmers and 56 extension workers in the study area.
A seventy-four (74) skill item questionnaire was used for data collection for the study. One hundred and three questionnaires were administered and were all retrieved from analysis. Data collected were analyzed using mean. The study found that 12 skills in planning, 14 skills in housing, 10 skills in feeding and feeding, 10 skills in breeding, 9 skills in processing and preserving, and 10 skills in marketing of snail products are required by youths for successful entry into snail farming for poverty alleviation.

Farmers' productivity can be greatly increased by the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in agriculture. In contrast to their commercial counterparts in metropolitan areas, many subsistence farmers in rural areas have limited access to ICT tools. The efficient marketing of agricultural products must be given top priority since food security is necessary for human survival. For subsistence farmers, one of the biggest obstacles is the effective marketing of their produce to close the gap with urban commercial farmers, boost value, and prevent waste. These difficulties include food waste, delayed information access, and market accessibility because of geographic limitations.

ICT can offer a useful framework for tackling these issues. The goal of this research is to create a user-friendly web-based e-marketing platform specifically for Zambian subsistence farmers. By providing a digital platform for farmers to list their goods, including fruits, vegetables, and grains, the suggested platform expedites the marketing process. Customers can browse and choose their favourite products using the platform's user-friendly web interface. Through the site, buyers may get in touch with vendors directly to discuss rates, schedule pickup or delivery, and finish transactions.

Through a study of the literature and an examination of their present marketing difficulties, the effective dissemination of baseline data about ICT technology use by subsistence farmers was examined. The study's findings emphasise how important it is for subsistence farmers to market their goods effectively and whenever it suits them. This is addressed by the web-based e-market platform, which can be accessed on any device with an internet connection. It assists subsistence farmers in quickly marketing their produce to prevent food waste. The platform's performance evaluations show that it improves market accessibility, does away with the need for middlemen, and maximises farm output and profitability.

Rural dwellers play a critical role in farming for ensuring food security. However, this indigenous people and local communities' dwell and live in harsh natural environment and have had to cope with extreme weather and adapt to environmental change for centuries in order to survive (Yieching et al., 2011). They have done this using long standing traditions practices or traditional knowledge (TK) relating to adaptive ecosystem management and sustainable use of natural resources (Krystyna et al., 2011). It is essential to note that farmers' knowledge on the use of indigenous climate change adaptation strategies is of paramount importance to the nature and type of crops produce in a locality (Nwaiwu, 2014). Indigenous peoples' knowledge focuses on elements of significance for local livelihoods, security and well-being, and as a result, it is

Economic and political convergence within a region offers numerous advantages to the constituent countries of that region. Given Iran's imperative need to bolster its trade relationships with other nations as a strategy to mitigate the economic sanctions it faces, this study places paramount significance on exploring the feasibility of enhancing Iran's economic convergence with the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). Situated at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, and historically associated with the Silk Road, this organization was established in 1992. The primary aim of BSEC is to foster cooperation among its 13 founding member countries, namely Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, North Macedonia, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The overarching goal is to promote peace, stability, and prosperity within the Black Sea region. To date, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged with the aforementioned organization in the capacity of a Sectoral Dialogue Partner (SDP). Collaboration between Iran and BSEC has encompassed a wide spectrum of domains, including but not limited to transportation, agriculture and related industries, banking and finance, combatting organized crime, culture, customs affairs, education, emergency aid, energy, environmental protection, statistical data and information exchange, healthcare and the pharmaceutical industry, information and communication technologies, organizational rejuvenation and good governance, science and technology, small and medium industries, tourism, trade, and economic development. Furthermore, several specialized working groups have been established to facilitate and oversee these collaborative efforts.

Bu calisma Genc Ciftci Proje Desteklemelerinden yararlanma duzeyini etkileyen faktorlerin belirlenmesi ve olusturulan kriterlerin faydalanmaya etki duzeyini olcmek amaciyla yurutulmustur. TR-83 bolgesinde (Tokat, Amasya, Corum, Samsun) 2016 yilinda Gida, Tarim ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi “Genc Ciftci Projesi” Destek Programina basvurmus olan ureticiler ana populasyonu olusturmustur. Ornek hacminin belirlenmesinde Neyman yonteminden yararlanilmistir. Calismada desteklemeden yararlanan 120 uretici ve yararlanamayan 140 uretici olmak uzere toplam 260 uretici ile gorusulmustur. Veriler desteklemeden yararlanma durumuna gore karsilastirmali olarak degerlendirilmistir. Desteklemeden yararlanma durumunu etkileyen faktorlerin belirlenmesi amaciyla yapilan regresyon analizi sonucunda; kadin olma, evli olma, tarim disi geliri olmama, ikamet yerinin sehir merkezine uzak olmasi, ciftci orgutlerine uye olma, tarimsal uretim konularinda egitim almis olma, tarim ile ilgili bilgi edinme amaciyla inter...

Fecha de recepción: 03/07/2023 Fecha de aceptación: 03/10/2023 Fecha de modificación: 04/10/2023 Resumen: En este artículo se hace un análisis jurídico de la nueva reforma de la política agraria común vigente para el periodo 2023-2027. En la primera parte del trabajo se hace una exposición de las bases comunitarias y constitucionales, además de una evolución histórica de los resultados y el contexto de cada una de las etapas de la PAC. En la segunda parte, se examina la nueva normativa del primer y segundo pilar de la PAC. En el primer pilar se desarrollan los tipos de ayudas y los requisitos para obtenerlas. En el segundo pilar se analizan las intervenciones de desarrollo rural más relevantes del PEPAC. Por último, se ofrecen una serie de conclusiones. El método utilizado en esta investigación combina el análisis bibliográfico con el legislativo.

fruits and vegetables. The present study was undertaken in order to estimate the economics of production and marketing of important high-value crops; to ascertain the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) and to highlight the problems faced by the producers in production and marketing of these high-value crops. The study was conducted in the Punjab state focusing on two most important fruit crops namely kinnow and guava and six vegetables such as peas, potato, onion, cauliflower, tomato and chillies. Amongst different vegetables, the net returns were as low as Rs 24,172 per ha for potato and as high as Rs 2,92,204 per ha for tomato. In case of fruit crops, the net returns from kinnow turned positive only after four years when the fruit trees started full bearing and the product started to be brought to the markets. The DRC analysis reveals a fall in profitability in fruits and vegetable cultivation with the withdrawal of subsidies. The ratios of protection and efficiency (NPC, EPC and DRC) of different vegetables and fruits showed the presence of input subsidies, taxes and trade restrictions but Punjab has a comparative advantage in producing these commodities. Wholesaler was the major marketing agency in case of vegetables and guava, with more than 60 per cent of the produce being marketed through them while Pre-harvest contractors were dominating in kinnow. Producer-consumer channel was observed to be the most efficient channel and the producer's share in consumer's rupee was found decrease with the increase in number of market intermediaries involved. Lack of scientific and technical skills, weak extension efforts by the public and private agencies and the prevalence of poor quality seeds/seedlings were perceived to be the other major production problems. Lack of market information, frequent and large fluctuations in prices, congestion in the wholesale markets and lack of cheaper grading and packing facilities to the farmers were the major marketing problems. The study highlighted the need for the provision for adequate shortterm credit facilities to high value crop growers, avoidance from purchasing large machines by the small and marginal farmers, the strict vigilance on the poor quality of seeds/seedlings and pesticides being supplied by the dealers, sale of good quality seeds and pesticide through cooperative societies, introduction of crop insurance scheme, formulation of effective price policy for these crops, and to establish processing units, cold storages and dry freezing plants in the areas where horticultural crops are grown, which can help the farmers in getting remunerative returns for the produce.