Agriculture

Policy failure in controlling horizontal urban expansion coupled with agricultural/cultivated land expansion typically leads to forest degradation mostly in developing countries. Peri-urban areas are havens and vulnerable and dispute areas of uncontrolled urban expansion and forest degradation. This study was aimed to assess the effect of cultivated land and urban expansion land use/land cover change (LULCC) dynamics rate on peri-urban forest degradation and implications on sustainable environment management there by identifying the derivers of LULCC. The study used Landsat images of 2002, 2010 and 2018 and examines the underlying factors. The results revealed significant conversion from forest and grass land to built-up and cultivated land. The proportion of built-up area and cultivated land increased to 75 ha yr−1 and 85 ha yr−1 of the study area from 2002 to 2018, respectively. The identified drivers were generally grouped as proximate and underlying drivers. The effect of drivin...

Background: Ethiopia is among the poorest countries where land degradation caused livelihood problem to its inhabitants. The livelihood of rural communities in Ethiopia is seriously threatened by land degradation. Land is the major natural resource that economic, social, infrastructure, and other human activities are undertaken on. Thus, land resources play an important role in shaping rural livelihoods, and lack of sustainable land management practices leads to land degradation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It also addresses the factors which influence income diversification for livelihood of households in the study area. Result: The result depicts that the major causes of land degradation are both natural and anthropogenic. Land degradation and livelihood are negatively interlinked with each other. The livelihood of the majority of the population in the study area is dependent on subsistence agriculture both farming and animal husbandry with low diversification. The survey result showed that more than half (69%) of the sample households have farm size of less than 2 ha, nearly one third (31%) have 2.0-2.5 ha, and insignificant number of farmers have more than 2.5 ha. More than 80% of the respondents pointed out that land degradation has impacts both on crop yield and livestock production. Most of the explanatory variables such as gender, age, education level, farmland size, and family size have statistical significant influence (at P < .01 and P < .05 levels) for income diversification of households, while marital status on the other hand is not statistically significant though it has positive relation with income diversification in this study. Our results suggest awareness should be created in the community about the livelihood diversification mechanisms which enabled them to engage in different income-generating activities and comprehensive watershed management should be implemented.

This descriptive comparative research examined agribusiness as an attractive place to work from the perspective of agriculture industry professionals, intending to increase youth motivation, particularly among many newly graduated students, to join the field. Eighty (80) workers responded to the Survey Questionnaire with indicators of Job Content, Economic Benefits, Career Opportunities, Social Relations, and Reputation. Also compared were moderating variables such as sex, educational attainment, and industry engagement. Results showed that the level of appeal of industry workers to Agribusiness was 3.56, indicating that Agribusiness is exceptionally desirable across all metrics. The result further shows that there is no significant difference in the level of attractiveness as perceived by the industry workers when grouped according to sex (p-value=.230), educational attainment (p-value=.511), and industry engagement (p-value=.057). This value implies that Agribusiness is equally attractive across all groups. This study recommends that the college, particularly the Bachelor of Agriculture Technology department, focus on improvement and programs that would usher the graduates to their full potential. It was suggested that agribusiness courses be designed to equip graduates with knowledge and skills in managerial and decision-making capacities.

This descriptive comparative research examined agribusiness as an attractive place to work from the perspective of agriculture industry professionals, intending to increase youth motivation, particularly among many newly graduated students, to join the field. Eighty (80) workers responded to the Survey Questionnaire with indicators of Job Content, Economic Benefits, Career Opportunities, Social Relations, and Reputation. Also compared were moderating variables such as sex, educational attainment, and industry engagement. Results showed that the level of appeal of industry workers to Agribusiness was 3.56, indicating that Agribusiness is exceptionally desirable across all metrics. The result further shows that there is no significant difference in the level of attractiveness as perceived by the industry workers when grouped according to sex (p-value=.230), educational attainment (p-value=.511), and industry engagement (p-value=.057). This value implies that Agribusiness is equally at...

Pelbagai usaha melibatkan inovasi dan teknologi berkaitan teknik penanaman dan pengeluaran hasil telah diberi penekanan oleh organisasi yang terlibat dalam penanaman kelapa sawit. Usaha ini bertujuan untuk menjamin kesejahteraan pekebun kecil sawit antaranya melalui interaksi dan pendedahan terhadap kaedah penanaman serta aktiviti hiliran. Oleh itu, kajian dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti tindakbalas pekebun kecil sawit terhadap pelbagai inovasi dan teknologi yang diperkenalkan oleh agensi terbabit. Hal ini perlu diberi penekanan kerana maklumat daripada pihak agensi berkaitan menjelaskan bahawa produktiviti per hektar di kawasan kajian tidak mencapai sasaran pengeluaran yang ditetapkan oleh pihak agensi. Seramai 300 orang pekebun kecil sawit di daerah Lahad Datu, Semporna dan Tawau di Sabah telah ditemubual dengan menggunakan soal selidik. Hasil kajian dianalisis secara diskriptif bagi memahami kekangan pekebun kecil sawit terhadap penggunaan inovasi dan teknologi dalam penanaman kelapa sawit di kawasan kajian. Dapatan kajian mendapati majoriti pekebun kecil menjelaskan bahawa kekangan penggunaan inovasi dan teknologi berpunca daripada faktor pemilikan tanah, masalah akses kepada kredit, akses kepada pasaran output dan input serta kekangan terhadap sumber dan bukan sumber. Kekangan tersebut telah mewujudkan jurang interaksi antara organisasi dengan pekebun kecil sawit. Jurang berkenaan telah mendorong mereka untuk terus bergantung kepada orang tengah. Oleh itu, pihak agensi dan pekebun kecil sawit perlu bekerjasama untuk menambahbaik jurang dengan memberi penekanan terhadap program inovasi dan teknologi dalam institusi pekebun kecil.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.

The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

This study provides evidence on the effectiveness of community controls in regulating the use of common agricultural land in Côte d&#39;Ivoire and tests for factors such as group size, ethnic and income heterogeneity of the group, income and resource stock levels, in explaining the variation in effectiveness across communities. The results indicate significant deterioration in community controls. These results point towards the need for a comprehensive policy framework towards agriculture in general and land tenure in particular. The study also finds that smaller and ethnically homogenous communities are better able to coordinate their actions, thereby internalizing a higher proportion of the value of land as a factor of agricultural production than their large ethnically heterogenous counterparts. No evidence is, however, found in favour of income heterogeneity hindering or facilitating collective action.

The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA.

The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

Agricultural extension approaches and methods in developing countries have been changing in recent years to reflect a new development paradigm that emphasizes sustainability, institutional change, and a participatory learning process leading to local capacity building and empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon how agricultural extension approaches and methods have adapted to these changes in recent years by analyzing the main directions of reform in extension approaches and methods and the potential Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) has for moving the extension profession towards a development paradigm that embraces learning rather than teaching processes.

Agricultural extension approaches and methods in developing countries have been changing in recent years to reflect a new development paradigm that emphasizes sustainability, institutional change, and a participatory learning process leading to local capacity building and empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon how agricultural extension approaches and methods have adapted to these changes in recent years by analyzing the main directions of reform in extension approaches and methods and the potential Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) has for moving the extension profession towards a development paradigm that embraces learning rather than teaching processes.

On June 24th and 25th, 2015, the CCC research group, as member of the Ghent Centre for Global Studies, co-organized an international conference on “Social Struggles for Land in Latin America: An Historical, Comparative and Global Perspective”, together with the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Peru) and the Red Muqui – Proposal and Action Network (Peru), at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, in the city of Lima. The conference aimed to create a more profound dialogue between researchers, institutions, social organizations and rural communities, between historical and contemporary perspectives, and between comparative (cases of different countries) and global views, on change and continuity in rural Latin America.

The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of different indigenous cultural communities (ICCs) spread across various islands. Many of these Indigenous Peoples (IP) are marginalized and do not have access to common resources enjoyed in the lowland areas. An initial assessment focusing on the evaluation of their available livelihood and resources was conducted, in order to find common solutions to existing problems. The assessment took place at the office of the tribal council of Matigsalog in barangay Datu Salumay, Marilog District, Davao City from April 11 to 13, 2023. There were about 42 participants in total for Matigsalog tribes (26 men and 16 women) who attended the meeting and there were 15 participants from the Ata tribe (7 men and 8 women). Validation of the study separately took place through a brief presentation of the results before 15 members of the tribe and a hiking visit in their farmlands. The study determined the existing livelihoods in the two areas which a...

The significant importance of the Agricultural sub-sector is depicted through its contribution to the economic and social developments of Kenya. The study originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors. A census approach was adopted where secondary data from audited annual financial reports of all the six Agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities exchange, Kenya was used, covering the period 2015 to 2022. Descriptive analysis and panel regression analysis were applied. The findings from the panel regression analysis indicated that current ratio has significant effect on financial performance of the Agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study recommends that

referência conceitual 2 2. A expansão recente do agronegócio -questões e contradições derivadas 7 3. Dinâmicas complexas nas regiões de fronteira agrícolaanotações introdutórias 36 4. Conclusão 49 5. Referências 49 Nos últimos anos presenciamos no Brasil, a expansão em dimensões importantes, do modelo produtivo conhecido como agronegócio. Esse crescimento acelerado produziu aumentos expressivos na produção agropecuária, superávits na balança de comércio exterior, e dinamizou a economia de amplas regiões e setores, onde antes imperava a calmaria e o baixo dinamismo socioeconômico. Uma dessas regiões é conhecida hoje como sendo o "arco do desmatamento", região situada ao norte dos estados de Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins e sul do Pará, Maranhão e Piauí. Uma região que nas décadas anteriores viu brotar do meio da floresta e dos cerrados, fazendas de criação de gado e pequenas cidades, e enfrenta agora a aceleração do processo produtivo com a expansão do plantio das pastagens, da cultura da soja e algodão e a urbanização acelerada de sua população. Ocorre que, ao lado desse dinamismo econômico começam a surgir evidências de que a sustentabilidade desse modelo pode e deve ser questionada em vista da construção de novas estratégias de desenvolvimento, para uma das últimas regiões do mundo a conservar enorme biodiversidade em imensas áreas contínuas, de milhões de Kilômetros de extensão de florestas. Uma luta onde não está em jogo somente a floresta amazônica, mas possivelmente a vida de todo o planeta Terra. O presente artigo busca discutir essa evolução recente do agronegócio, sua expansão nas novas fronteiras agrícolas e seus impactos sobre aspectos ambientais e sociais, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de sua evolução. Também procura abordar questões que explicitam as forças que estariam por trás dos recentes aumentos na taxa de desmatamento, utilizando para isso da análise das dinâmicas complexas nessas regiões de fronteira agrícola. As questões que procurarei aproximar preliminarmente com o trabalho seriam:  Quais fatores impactam direta e indiretamente sobre a evolução socioeconômica da região do arco do desmatamento?  Qual a relação direta e indireta entre soja, pecuária e desmatamento?  Qual o efeito dos mercados externo e interno sobre a expansão do agronegócio?  Qual o papel das políticas públicas, em especial das políticas ambientais sobre a restrição/evolução ao agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira? Pretendo, portanto, analisar, de forma preliminar, a partir dos elementos coletados, as relações e condicionantes que levaram à expansão do agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira agrícola, e verificar como se materializam e evoluem as interfaces mercado -políticas públicas nessas regiões. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro procuro abordar brevemente os principais conceitos utilizados no texto, sem, contudo fazer uma reflexão teórica exaustiva ou definitiva sobre os mesmos. No segundo capítulo abordo a evolução sofrida pelo agronegócio brasileiro nas últimas décadas em todo o país, focando a partir do início da década de 1950, quando começa a se constituir a agricultura "moderna" que temos atualmente. No terceiro capítulo busco refletir sobre a influência de diversas políticas públicas sobre a região de fronteira agrícola brasileira, ao longo das últimas décadas. É um exercício ainda preliminar, que aponta elementos a serem aprofundados proximamente em vista da tese. No quarto capítulo desenvolvo o que seria a primeira aproximação da análise que procura levar em conta a complexidade de fatores atuando sobre a dinâmica da fronteira agrícola brasileira. Esse capítulo deveria apontar o que poderia ser a riqueza de uma análise que parte do pressuposto que a leitura da realidade deva incorporar as diversas dimensões de modo a dar conta da complexidade real das relações socioeconômicas e ambientais que perpassam a região de fronteira agrícola. Talvez este seja o capítulo em que tenha conseguido menos evoluir, dado que ele representa um capítulo de síntese, onde espero ser possível revisitar os processos, buscando interpretá-los na sua dimensão de complexidade. Contudo, o estágio atual de elaboração e domínio teórico-empírico sobre as dinâmicas regionais não me permite avançar tanto quanto gostaria, assim como o tempo de maturação de minha reflexão ainda não cumpriu seu ciclo. Espero, ainda que com essas limitações, poder contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos inerentes ao processo de constituição e evolução recente das regiões de fronteira, tanto em termos de identificação, ainda que parcial, do estado da arte sobre o tema, como também no levantamento de novas questões e indagações a serem aprofundadas proximamente, nos outros trabalhos. Para fins das análises propostas para o presente estudo utilizarei os seguintes conceitos: fronteira agrícola, territorialidade, agronegócio, e sustentabilidade. Para José de Souza Martins a fronteira se referiria as áreas pouco acessíveis e despovoadas, cuja ocupação se daria mediante a incorporação de áreas à produção para o mercado. Ele a caracteriza como "um espaço social e tempo histórico nos quais os diferentes e os desiguais se encontram e se desencontram em constantes relações de conflitos e tensão, e nos quais o outro é percebido como alguém inferior, selvagem, e que pode e é dominado e explorado (In Sayago, 2004, pág. 142). Para Bertha Becker ( ), a fronteira é um termo genérico que designa um componente do sistema espacial em formação (fronteira agrícola, mineral, de recursos naturais). Como tal, é um espaço não plenamente estruturado e por isso mesmo, potencialmente gerador de realidades novas, que, no entanto, evolui se estabilizando, surgindo novas dinâmicas, contextos diferenciados e gerando identidade cultural. (Sayago, Tourrand e Bursztyn, 2004). Em relação à Amazônia, BECKER afirma que, como resultado de uma configuração complexa a Amazônia não é mais apenas uma fronteira móvel, adquirindo uma dinâmica regional própria. Existem várias fronteiras em coexistência na região. É impossível hoje, mais do que nunca, compreender o que se passa num lugar e, consequentemente, conceber e implantar políticas públicas adequadas, sem considerar os interesses e as ações conflituosas das diferentes escalas geográficas. Para o escopo do presente trabalho estamos adotando esse conceito de BECKER onde a fronteira se caracterizaria como um componente do sistema espacial em formação, um espaço não

referência conceitual 2 2. A expansão recente do agronegócio -questões e contradições derivadas 7 3. Dinâmicas complexas nas regiões de fronteira agrícolaanotações introdutórias 36 4. Conclusão 49 5. Referências 49 Nos últimos anos presenciamos no Brasil, a expansão em dimensões importantes, do modelo produtivo conhecido como agronegócio. Esse crescimento acelerado produziu aumentos expressivos na produção agropecuária, superávits na balança de comércio exterior, e dinamizou a economia de amplas regiões e setores, onde antes imperava a calmaria e o baixo dinamismo socioeconômico. Uma dessas regiões é conhecida hoje como sendo o "arco do desmatamento", região situada ao norte dos estados de Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins e sul do Pará, Maranhão e Piauí. Uma região que nas décadas anteriores viu brotar do meio da floresta e dos cerrados, fazendas de criação de gado e pequenas cidades, e enfrenta agora a aceleração do processo produtivo com a expansão do plantio das pastagens, da cultura da soja e algodão e a urbanização acelerada de sua população. Ocorre que, ao lado desse dinamismo econômico começam a surgir evidências de que a sustentabilidade desse modelo pode e deve ser questionada em vista da construção de novas estratégias de desenvolvimento, para uma das últimas regiões do mundo a conservar enorme biodiversidade em imensas áreas contínuas, de milhões de Kilômetros de extensão de florestas. Uma luta onde não está em jogo somente a floresta amazônica, mas possivelmente a vida de todo o planeta Terra. O presente artigo busca discutir essa evolução recente do agronegócio, sua expansão nas novas fronteiras agrícolas e seus impactos sobre aspectos ambientais e sociais, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de sua evolução. Também procura abordar questões que explicitam as forças que estariam por trás dos recentes aumentos na taxa de desmatamento, utilizando para isso da análise das dinâmicas complexas nessas regiões de fronteira agrícola. As questões que procurarei aproximar preliminarmente com o trabalho seriam:  Quais fatores impactam direta e indiretamente sobre a evolução socioeconômica da região do arco do desmatamento?  Qual a relação direta e indireta entre soja, pecuária e desmatamento?  Qual o efeito dos mercados externo e interno sobre a expansão do agronegócio?  Qual o papel das políticas públicas, em especial das políticas ambientais sobre a restrição/evolução ao agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira? Pretendo, portanto, analisar, de forma preliminar, a partir dos elementos coletados, as relações e condicionantes que levaram à expansão do agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira agrícola, e verificar como se materializam e evoluem as interfaces mercado -políticas públicas nessas regiões. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro procuro abordar brevemente os principais conceitos utilizados no texto, sem, contudo fazer uma reflexão teórica exaustiva ou definitiva sobre os mesmos. No segundo capítulo abordo a evolução sofrida pelo agronegócio brasileiro nas últimas décadas em todo o país, focando a partir do início da década de 1950, quando começa a se constituir a agricultura "moderna" que temos atualmente. No terceiro capítulo busco refletir sobre a influência de diversas políticas públicas sobre a região de fronteira agrícola brasileira, ao longo das últimas décadas. É um exercício ainda preliminar, que aponta elementos a serem aprofundados proximamente em vista da tese. No quarto capítulo desenvolvo o que seria a primeira aproximação da análise que procura levar em conta a complexidade de fatores atuando sobre a dinâmica da fronteira agrícola brasileira. Esse capítulo deveria apontar o que poderia ser a riqueza de uma análise que parte do pressuposto que a leitura da realidade deva incorporar as diversas dimensões de modo a dar conta da complexidade real das relações socioeconômicas e ambientais que perpassam a região de fronteira agrícola. Talvez este seja o capítulo em que tenha conseguido menos evoluir, dado que ele representa um capítulo de síntese, onde espero ser possível revisitar os processos, buscando interpretá-los na sua dimensão de complexidade. Contudo, o estágio atual de elaboração e domínio teórico-empírico sobre as dinâmicas regionais não me permite avançar tanto quanto gostaria, assim como o tempo de maturação de minha reflexão ainda não cumpriu seu ciclo. Espero, ainda que com essas limitações, poder contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos inerentes ao processo de constituição e evolução recente das regiões de fronteira, tanto em termos de identificação, ainda que parcial, do estado da arte sobre o tema, como também no levantamento de novas questões e indagações a serem aprofundadas proximamente, nos outros trabalhos. Para fins das análises propostas para o presente estudo utilizarei os seguintes conceitos: fronteira agrícola, territorialidade, agronegócio, e sustentabilidade. Para José de Souza Martins a fronteira se referiria as áreas pouco acessíveis e despovoadas, cuja ocupação se daria mediante a incorporação de áreas à produção para o mercado. Ele a caracteriza como "um espaço social e tempo histórico nos quais os diferentes e os desiguais se encontram e se desencontram em constantes relações de conflitos e tensão, e nos quais o outro é percebido como alguém inferior, selvagem, e que pode e é dominado e explorado (In Sayago, 2004, pág. 142). Para Bertha Becker ( ), a fronteira é um termo genérico que designa um componente do sistema espacial em formação (fronteira agrícola, mineral, de recursos naturais). Como tal, é um espaço não plenamente estruturado e por isso mesmo, potencialmente gerador de realidades novas, que, no entanto, evolui se estabilizando, surgindo novas dinâmicas, contextos diferenciados e gerando identidade cultural. (Sayago, Tourrand e Bursztyn, 2004). Em relação à Amazônia, BECKER afirma que, como resultado de uma configuração complexa a Amazônia não é mais apenas uma fronteira móvel, adquirindo uma dinâmica regional própria. Existem várias fronteiras em coexistência na região. É impossível hoje, mais do que nunca, compreender o que se passa num lugar e, consequentemente, conceber e implantar políticas públicas adequadas, sem considerar os interesses e as ações conflituosas das diferentes escalas geográficas. Para o escopo do presente trabalho estamos adotando esse conceito de BECKER onde a fronteira se caracterizaria como um componente do sistema espacial em formação, um espaço não

Agriculture is crucial for the existence of humankind. Agriculture provides a significant portion of the income for many people all around the world. Additionally, it provides a large number of work possibilities for the general public. Numerous farmers desire for a return to the old-fashioned techniques of farming, which provides little profit in today’s market. Long-term economic growth and prosperity are dependent on the success of agriculture and associated companies in the United States. Agribusiness crop yields may be increased by carefully selecting the right crops and putting in place supportive infrastructure. Weather, soil fertility, water availability, water quality, crop pricing, and other factors are taken into consideration while making agricultural predictions. Machine learning is critical in crop production prediction because it can anticipate crop output based on factors such as location, meteorological conditions, and season. It is advantageous for policymakers and...

Spain is a global hotspot of transformations of agri-food land systems due to changing production intensity, diets, urbanization, market integration, and climate change. Characteristic of the Mediterranean, these expanding intersections with the migration, livelihoods, and food security strategies of immigrant farm workers urge new research into the “who,” “how,” and “why” questions of the transformation of agri-food land systems. Addressing this gap, we communicate preliminary results from field research in the Granada and Madrid areas. We use a novel conceptual framework of linkages among distinct agri-food land systems and the roles and agency of immigrant farm workers. Preliminary results integrating a combined land- and labor-centric approach address: (1) how the recent and ongoing transformations of specific agri-food land systems are indicative of close links to inexpensive, flexible labor of immigrant farm workers; (2) how the connectivity among transformations of multiple d...

Limited studies exist on the commitment of members to cooperative societies. Therefore, the study sought to measure perceptions of membership and the drivers of membership commitment of cocoa farmers&#39; cooperative societies in the Atwima Mponua District of Ashanti Region, Ghana. Data was collected from a sample of 400 cocoa farmers through a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (binary logit regression) were used in analyzing the data. Results show that cocoa farmers agree that they benefit from the cooperative and they appreciate the management, marketing and business, internal dynamics and public interest of their cooperatives. The study also discovered that farm age, access to extension service, farming experience, farmer status, cooperative benefits and internal dynamics are critical to obtaining commitment in cooperative societies. The study shows the need for the Ghana Cocoa Board to improve farmers’...

The water tank is a tool used to collect or hold water, both from wells, springs, PDAM, rainwater, etc. with the availability of water reservoirs, it can be said that the water supply will always safe control. means if one day a water source does not run properly, it will still have water reserves that can be used. However, filling the water tank in the community still requires a manual system in control and cannot monitor the water level in the tank. Therefore, in this final project a water level monitoring tool is designed that can inform the user in the water level in the tank if the water is full. And it can automatically fill water. This tool uses an Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) as a water level sensor because it is considered to have ultrasonic waves that emit and reflect into the water, the results of the emission and reflection of the waves can be calculated as high as water. In addition, using WEMOS D1 R2 and the Blynk application that will provide information on water level...

In this study, the differences between the socio economic characteristics and agricultural applications of the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not were determined in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces, and a comparative analysis was done in terms of fertilization and soil analysis applications. In each province, 3 laboratories which had the most sample acceptance number for soil analysis were selected. In 2015, a total of 200 producers were interviewed, including 60 producers from 20 producers who applied to the laboratories and benefited from soil analysis subsidies, and 40 producers with similar characteristics who did not benefit from soil analysis subsidies in the same regions. The differences between the socio-economic characteristics of the producers were determined by non-linear canonical correlation analysis. It was seen that the education level of the producers, the total size of the land they cultivated, having non-agricultural income and having agricultural insurance were the most important variables in the differences between the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not.

Efficient Use of Nitrogen in Cropping Systems Efficient use of N in cropping systems is often viewed from agronomic, economic, or environmental perspectives. A given N management system may provide highly efficient use of N from one perspective but be relatively inefficient from another. This chapter reviews basic factors affecting N use efficiency (NUE) from agronomic, economic, and environmental perspectives and discusses interrelationships among these perspectives. The agronomic section reviews ways of characterizing NUE based on yield and N recovery in relation to N inputs and discusses physical potentials and limitations for improving these relationships. Since Chapt. 17 (this book) deals with the role of N in attaining high yield potentials, the agronomic section in this chapter emphasizes factors affecting the slope of yield curves rather than factors affecting maximum yield levels with a nonlimiting N rate. The economic section reviews factors that determine optimum N rates and discusses economic considerations for optimizing inputs (e.g., application practices and nitrification inhibitors) that affect the slope of yield curves. The environmental section examines relationships between N fertilizer recovery and environmental impact of N fertilizer use and also environmental implications of maximizing return from N fertilizer use. I. AGRONOMIC PERSPECTIVE A. Characterizing Efficiency The phrase N use efficiency (NUE) usually has referred to relationships between yield and N rate (yield efficiency), N recovered and N rate (N recovery efficiency), or yield and N recovered (physiological efficiency). For

An intensive intrusion of nitrate into many aquifers has occurred in the last 20 years. Measures are discussed to prevent high concentrations of this pollutant in pumping wells. In the long run a less intensive use of mineral fertilizers and a diminished disposal of livestock wastes in the catchment areas of pumping wells are the presuppositions for an acceptable concentration of nitrate in groundwater. Before these measures take effect, hydraulic measures are convenient to avoid the pollution of abstracted groundwater: pumping wells have to be placed at locations with low nitrate concentrations and pumping strategies must be applied to keep the nitrate concentration below the tolerable standard of 50 mg N0 3 l" 1 . In a case study groundwater modelling is applied to forecast the effects of different measures. Résumé L'intrusion massive de nitrates dans un bon nombre de nappes souterraines s'est produite au cours de la dernière période de 20 ans. On discute dans cette communication des mesures à prendre pour éviter de fortes concentrations de ces polluants dans les puits de pompage. Pour le long terme un usage moins intensif de ces fertilisants minéraux et une diminution de l'épandage de lisieurs de l'élevage dans les bassins d'alimentation des puits de pompage sont les hypothèses de base pour arriver à une concentration acceptable de nitrates dans les eaux souterraines. Avant que ces mesures fassent leur effet, des mesures d'ordre hydraulique seraient utiles pour éviter la pollution des eaux souterraines extraites du sol: les puits de pompage doivent être implantés à des endroits à faible concentration de nitrates et des stratégies de pompage doivent être appliquées pour maintenir la concentration de nitrate en dessous du standard tolerable de 50 mg N0 3 l" 1 . Dans une étude de cas des modèles d'eaux souterraines sont utilisés pour prévoir les effets de différentes mesures.

The water resources of the Indus Basin, Pakistan are mostly exploited, however the demand for water is on a permanent rise due to population growth and associated urbanization and industrialization process. Owing to rapidly increasing population, the ...

The long-term sustainability of water for agriculture is in doubt in many regions of the world. The major withdrawals of water are for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Irrigated agriculture is major consumer of fresh water, but a large part of the ...

Impacts of agricultural transformation on biodiversity in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Agricultural practices have a series of profound transformations on natural systems. Similarly to what have happened in other regions, the introduction of agro-ecosystems in the Pampas of the province of Buenos Aires in Central Argentina has substantially modified its structure and functioning, with consequent changes for regional biodiversity. In this paper we summarize the main findings of the studies conducted by our research group regarding the impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity in Buenos Aires province during the last 2-3 decades, namely: 1) agriculturization has resulted in detectable changes in the abundance and distribution of many vertebrate species, particularly in retractions of species of birds and mammals associated with grasslands, highlighting the need to maintain pastoral landscapes with large areas of natural grasslands, as several endangered species are found exclusively in such landscapes, 2) in highly fragmented agricultural landscapes, maintenance of natural vegetation along roadsides, embankments and fences helps to retain a significant fraction of wildlife in agroecosystems, 3) the coexistence of Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) and cattle is possible under rotational grazing systems and / or under low stocking rate schemes and 4) the presence of trees is a limiting factor of the abundance of pest birds (pigeons and parrots) in the province of Buenos Aires, which raises the possibility of a proper management of these species depending on the density and type of trees to be planted.

It is a great honour to open this pre-conference here in India. The event is organized by the IFOAM Animal Husbandry Alliance (IAHA) in collaboration with the Organic Farming Association of India (OFAI), the National Centre of Organic Farming (NCOF), the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI under ICAR), the Indian livestock development & ethno-veterinary group ANTHRA,the Swiss Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM - Organics International. The main theme of the conference is the important role of livestock in sustainable agriculture. A special focus is given to animal health issues. The goal is to identify main research and development needs for organic animal husbandry across the world. The preliminary results from thematic workshops will be discussed in a workshop at the IFOAM Organic World Congress being held in Delhi between the 9th & 11th of November 2017. The final conclusions on research and development needs will be communicated to the IFOAM Genera...

In India, Bihar has been among the less developed states, but has been showing an impressive growth pattern in recent years. While Bihar's economic structure is changing, the pattern of labour employment is also presenting a shift from farm to non-farm sector. The share of the workforce employed in agriculture has declined from over 70% to around 40% between 2004 and 2017-2018, while the share of employment in industries and services has increased substantially. The growth of non-farm employment provides opportunities to contain the pressing unemployment problem which according to the current Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2017-2018 report has recorded more than 7% of the unemployment rate (UR). The rural sector that constitutes a major portion of farm employment has also seen a growth of employment in the non-farm sector, though the rate of unemployment here has increased at a faster rate. While migration has been an important aspect of Bihar's economy, there is a need to provide employment in rural areas, particularly the rural non-farm sector that would directly affect the unemployment problem in urban centres. Thus, using the latest PLFS (2017-2018) data set, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural transformation in Bihar since bifurcation and more importantly the changing employment structure focus on rural areas.

, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), are needed for site-specific crop management, where fertilizer nutrient application rates are adjusted spatially based on local requirements. This study reports on validation testing of a previously developed ion-selective electrode (ISE) based soil macronutrient sensing system using 36 soil samples from a single site, the Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center (NIARC), and previously developed calibration models. Objectives were to (1) validate calibration models with a new array of membranes and electrodes, and ( ) evaluate the ability of the system to estimate variations in soil NO 3 -N, P, and K within a single test site. Soil extract samples were obtained using the Kelowna extractant. Electrode responses were measured with five ISEs for each of NO 3 -N, P, and K and were normalized using the baseline correction and two-point normalization methods developed in our previous work. The array of ISEs fabricated with new membranes and cobalt rod, in conjunction with the previously developed normalization methods and calibration models, accurately estimated NO 3 -N, P, and K in solution without need to recalibrate the ISE system through standard laboratory analysis of soil samples from the new test site. ISE-measured NO 3 -N, P, and K concentrations in Kelowna-based soil extracts were similar to those determined by standard instruments, validating the ability of the system to identify within-field macronutrient differences. The use of a calibration factor to adjust ISE measurements for the difference in extraction efficiency between Kelowna and standard extractants resulted in a slope near unity between soil NO 3 -N, P, and K concentrations determined by ISEs and standard methods. However, a relatively large offset in soil P concentration between calibrated ISEs and standard methods will require further investigation to identify the cause. This study showed that it was possible to transfer existing calibration equations to new membranes and electrodes through application of the baseline correction and two-point normalization methods and an adjustment for differences in extraction efficiency. This finding enhances the applicability of the ISEbased soil macronutrient sensing system and methodology for rapid soil analysis.

yang disampaikan dengan ceramah dan juga wawancara langsung kepada warga nelayan (laki-laki dan perempuan) secara komunikatif. Adapun hasil dari progam pengabdian masyarakat ini, dapat meningkatkan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) khususnya bagi nelayan perempuan selain semangat meningkatkan kesejahteraan keluarga yang telah mereka lakukan juga terus berupaya dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi melalui pengolahan, dan peningkatan penjualan hasil olahan maupun ikan segar. Harapannya dapat mengurangi tingkat kemiskinan di kalangangan para nelayan khususnya di Kampung Durung

Pemberdayaan ekonomi kreatif bagi Masyarakat sangat diperlukan untuk memecahkan permasalahan terutama dalam aspek hasil panen yang melimpah. Ekonomi kreatif adalah pembangunan ekonomi berbasis lokal yang dilakukan dengan cara meningkatkan nilai jual produk lokal sehingga mampu meningkatkan pendapatan Masyarakat. Oleh karena itu kami memotivasi Masyarakat supaya bisa memanfaatkan hasil panen menjadi kreativitas yang bertujuan untuk memberikan kesempatan, pengembangan, dan pembangunan kesejahteraan hidup, terciptanya lapangan kerja dan kemandirian dalam membangun kehidupan yang layak dan cukup serta memanfaatkan potensi desa dari hasil panen yang melimpah demi meningkatkan perekonomian. Metode yang digunakan adalah berorientasi pada Masyarakat dengan sebuah pendekatan dalam pengembangan yang dapat mewujudkan tatanan kehidupan sosial dimana pelaku dan penentu pembangunannya adalah masyarakat itu sendiri. Berdasarkan penelitian yang ditemukan, kami dan masyarakat memiliki keputusan untu...

The paper explores transformations in agriculture during the period 1995-2015 and shows their impact on rural landscapes in the case of Austria. When Austria joined the European Union in 1995, this meant a minor gash in agricultural politics, from broad support of smallholder agriculture to a programme of modernisation and rationalisation. Austrian politicians defined this shift as a process of "ecological modernisation" , incorporating agri-environmental schemes as instruments and modifying existing programmes of direct payments. The survey forms the groundwork for a discussion on landscape effects of the CAP as an "ecological" modernisation programme and possible impact of the CAP-reform 2020.

Objective: This study analyzed the stages of the material storage process in an industry that operates in the industrial hub of Manaus. Theoretical Framework: The research was based on the theories of processes and storage to build a theoretical architecture that summarizes the state of the art. Method: The method used was a survey, with data collected using a semistructured interview script and another observation script, analyzed using the client-supplier technique and organized using tables summarizing the stages and their contents and objectives. Results and Discussion: The results showed that a) there are eight stages in the storage process used, including a previous stage of weighing the material; b) the more complex stages are performed with a greater number of sub-stages, which allows for fewer failures in the operations as the labor force and technological instruments are specialized in their execution; and c) the specific objectives of each stage are aligned with the intended objective of the storage process. Implications of the Research: The findings show that the empirically observed stages are in line with the theoretical architecture of the study, with the first and last stages being, respectively, reception and dispatch, and the intermediate stages varying according to the type of material and specificities of the production process. Originality/Value: The main contributions of the study to science were the proposition of a conceptual definition for the materials storage process and the confirmation that this process begins with reception and ends with dispatch, differing in the intermediate stages.

The aim of this study is to identify the role agriculture plays in the economic development of Romania. Consequently, we studied the specialized literature, which analyzes the relationship between agriculture and the economic development, as well as the role of agriculture in reducing poverty. In order to study the impact on Romanian economy of the shift from a centralized economy to the market economy, we use four variables of which the independent one is represented by the added value of agriculture, and the other three variables are dependent, they only slightly characterize Romanian economy: the GDP/capita, inflation consumer prices and external debt stocks. Conclusions show that the increase of the added value in agriculture positively influences the evolution of the GDP/capita. At the same time, it also exercises a major influence on inflation, thus the positive correlation highlights the fact that the annual percentage of the purchase price of a consumer basket will decrease when the internal crop is rich, and it will increase when agriculture production is unsatisfactory. It is interesting to notice that Romania's external debt increases when the added value of agriculture records surges as compared to the previous years.

The aim of this study is to identify the role agriculture plays in the economic development of Romania. Consequently, we studied the specialized literature, which analyzes the relationship between agriculture and the economic development, as well as the role of agriculture in reducing poverty. In order to study the impact on Romanian economy of the shift from a centralized economy to the market economy, we use four variables of which the independent one is represented by the added value of agriculture, and the other three variables are dependent, they only slightly characterize Romanian economy: the GDP/capita, inflation consumer prices and external debt stocks. Conclusions show that the increase of the added value in agriculture positively influences the evolution of the GDP/capita. At the same time, it also exercises a major influence on inflation, thus the positive correlation highlights the fact that the annual percentage of the purchase price of a consumer basket will decrease ...

Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global‐scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader richness can indicate invasion resistance by the native community or, alternatively, dominance by a single exotic species. Here, we used a globally replicated study to quantify relationships between exotic richness and abundance in grass‐dominated ecosystems in 13 countries on six continents, ranging from salt marshes to alpine tundra. We tested effects of human land use, native community diversity, herbivore pressure, and nutrient limitation on exotic plant dominance. Despite its widespread use, exotic richness was a poor proxy for exotic dominance at low exotic richness, because sites that contained few exotic species ranged from relatively pristine (low exotic richness and cover) to a...

This poster was presented also at the 7th Greenhouse Gas and Animal Agriculture Conference, held 4-10 August 2019 at Foz do Iguacu, PR, Brazil. Except for adjustments to the conference’s style and format, the text is essentially the same as that published here: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/102484

About 60% of the bean crop is cultivated under the risk of either intermittent or terminal drought (White and Sing, 1991). The effects of drought on common bean are dependent on the intensity, type and duration of the stress. In Africa as much as 300,000 Mg of beans are lost to drought annually (Wortmann et al., 1998). Highland Mexico, Central America, northeast Brazil, and much of eastern Africa are bean producing areas where drought is endemic. Development of drought adapted bean varieties is an important strategy to minimize crop failure and improve food security in bean growing regions (Rao, 2001). Previous research indicated that the superior performance of common bean genotypes under drought was associated with their ability to mobilize photosynthates to developing grain and to utilize the acquired N and P more efficiently for grain production. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate drought adaptation of elite lines from the on-going breeding program (Beebe et al., 2008) to quantify phenotypic differences in drought resistance under field conditions and to define the physiological basis for improved drought adaptation.