Agriculture and Food Studies

En 2001, la consommation annuelle de fruits du Vietnam etait estimee a 4 millions de tonnes. Cette consommation connait, en moyenne sur les quinze dernieres annees, une progression de l'ordre de 2.3% par an en volume. Cette consommation locale de fruits est couverte a 97 % par la production nationale et le marche interieur permet d'ecouler 93 % de la production. On peut estimer en 2004 le marche potentiel des fruits (valeur des achats et de l'auto-consommation) a 307 millions de dollars. Avec moins d'un quart de la population, les centres urbains representent cependant pres de la moitie du marche domestique des fruits. Pour l'annee 2000, la consommation individuelle de fruits de l'ordre de 23 kg par personne et par an. Cette consommation est plus elevee chez les urbains et augmente avec le revenu des foyers. On assiste a une diversification des especes consommees. Les fruits importes de Chine inspirent la mefiance des consommateurs qui redoutent la presence d...

En 2001, la consommation annuelle de fruits du Vietnam etait estimee a 4 millions de tonnes. Cette consommation connait, en moyenne sur les quinze dernieres annees, une progression de l'ordre de 2.3% par an en volume. Cette consommation locale de fruits est couverte a 97% par la production nationale et le marche interieur permet d'ecouler 93% de la production. On peut estimer en 2004 le marche potentiel des fruits (valeur des achats et de l'auto-consommation) a 307 millions de dollars. Avec moins d'un quart de la population, les centres urbains representent cependant pres de la moitie du marche domestique des fruits. Pour l'annee 2000, la consommation individuelle de fruits de l'ordre de 23 kg par personne et par an. Cette consommation est plus elevee chez les urbains et augmente avec le revenu des foyers. On assiste a une diversification des especes consommees. Les fruits importes de Chine inspirent la mefiance des consommateurs qui redoutent la presence de ...

Cassava is a vital crop in Nigeria, playing a crucial role in food security and the livelihoods of rural farmers. The study was conducted to analyze the technical and allocative efficiencies of cassava farmers in Ikom agricultural zone, Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of cassava farmers, to examine the technologies available to cassava farmers in the study area, to determine the levels of technical and allocative efficiencies for cassava farmers and to determine the factors affecting technical and allocative efficiencies of cassava farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) cassava farmers from 3 Local Government Areas in the zone. The study utilized tools such as descriptive statistics, mean analysis and stochastic frontier production to analyze data. Results from the study revealed that more females (62.6%) were involved in cassava farming. A sizeable proportion (37.4%) of cassava farmers were between the age range of 31-40years. Most (90%) of the respondents had some form of formal education, 50.5% had between 1 and 10 years of cassava farming experience, and most (60%) of the respondents had contact with extension agents. Result also shows that mean technical efficiency was 0.9712, and the mean allocative efficiency was 0.9768. The factors that determine technical efficiency were age, marital status, household size and level of education. They were all significant at 1% and positive. The factors that determine allocative efficiency were age, level of education, contact with extension agents, farming experience, frequency of contact with extension agent and were all negatively and significantly related to allocative inefficiency. The study recommends that cassava farmers should be educated on the utilization and significance of mechanized farming and improved inputs such as fertilizers and herbicides should be introduced to farmers more often to increase their productivity and reduce the production costs associated with conventional farming techniques.

The article attempts at an understanding of nineteenth century Assamese reformist discourse as upheld by the Assamese creative literature. Acknowledgement of the evils of opium eating also echoed in several literary outpourings of the nineteenth century, which sought to combine entertainment and reform. Facilitating an understanding of the nineteenth century reformist discourse are two Assamese satirical texts by Hemchandra Barua and Dutiram Hazarika. They enable an evaluation of the perception of the Assamese mind in the nineteenth century towards issues of social reform. These texts, resorting to the use of satire, wit and humour, spearheaded an innovative reform agenda.

Розглядається питання вибору методів відновлення зношених валів в умовах ремонтних підприємств аграрного сектору. Результати проведених досліджень відновлення показують, що найбільш доцільним є використання вібродугового наплавлення порош. Ключові слова: ремонтновідновлювальні роботи, вібродугове наплавлення. О. В. іванкова, О. В. Гудзенко Актуальною проблемою при проведенні ремонтно-відновлювальних робіт деталей є підвищення ресурсу машин. Один з ефективних шляхів вирішення проблеми високопродуктивне механізоване наплавлення. Основним технологічним процесом відновлення валів як у нашій країні, так і за рубежем є наплавлення вуглецевим та самозахисним порошковим дротом. При виконанні наплавлювальних робіт однією з головних задач є забезпечення високої продуктивності процесу, яку можна підвищити двома шляхами: прямим, безпосередньо збільшуючи кількісні показники наплавлення, або непрямим, зменшуючи частку основного металу в наплавленому шарі, тим самим, зменшуючи кількість шарів, необхідних для одержання заданого складу наплавленого металу. При цьому необхідним є забезпечення необхідних показників якості відновлення: ступінь легування наплавленого металу, показники твердості та зносостійкості, що забезпечуються утворенням певних внутрішніх структур сталі.

The technological process of restoration of worn parts of agricultural production equipment by the method of vibrational deformation is considered.The conducted analysis of defects and wear showed that about 70% of worn bushings can be restored, the aver

В кузове установлен корпус с размещенной в нем смесительной камерой с лопастным барабаном, уплотнительным транспортером. В передней части рамы установлен навозный насос с приводом от ВОМ трактора. Лопастной барабан изготовлен в виде вала с шарнирносочленёнными лопатками. Уплотнительный транспортер можно устанавливать под разным углом, регулируя тем самым толщину соломы, которая подается в смесительную камеру. В работе проанализирована зависимость эффективности использования мобильных машин для измельчения и разбрасывания органических удобрений от прямых эксплуатационных расходов для малых семейных ферм для измельчения. Установлено, что эффективность использования машины для измельчения и разбрасывания органических удобрений на базе ПРТ-10 самая высокая, что дает возможность эксплуатировать машину на малых молочных фермах. На семейных молочных фермах целесообразно использовать мобильных смесителей ПРТ-10. Он является наиболее эффективным в использовании. Его универсальная конструкция позволяет нам модернизировать барабан для измельчения навоза, что дает возможность укладывать полученную навозную смесь в бурты и для внесения навоза на поля. Ключевые слова: твердые органические удобрения, вал для измельчения удобрений, измельчитель, гной, семейная ферма.

Background: The present investigation was aimed to standardize the level of co-fortification of piperine and curcumin in paneer and assess the quality and shelf life of the formulated paneer. Methods: The research work is carried out in the laboratory of department of patronage of traditional and specialty foods of MIT school of food technology from 2023 to 2024. The three different proportions of piperine and curcumin extract powders were incorporated to identify the sensorially best co-fortification level in paneer. The quality parameters (Sensory, nutritional, chemical, microbial and antioxidans activity) were evaluated with shelf life study. Result: The sensory evaluation of co-fortified paneer formulated with different concentration level of piperine and curcumin extract powder indicated acceptability for 0.30% level of fortification for both the ingredients with overall acceptability score of 8.6. Nutritional composition analysis showed enriched levels of protein and dietary fiber in fortified paneer. The co-fortification with piperine and curcumin enhanced the antioxidant activity of paneer without significantly affecting its sensory attributes. This research highlights the potential of co-fortifying paneer with piperine and curcumin to enhance its nutritional, functional value, thereby offering consumers a healthier and more sustainable dairy product option.

The study assessed graduates', lecturers' and employers' perception of the importance and competence levels of performing identified transferable skills in the workplace. A survey research approach was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 300 graduates of Agriculture, 45 lecturers and 27 employers from the institutions offering agricultural courses in the three divisions of Ogun State. The data were analysed using percentages, mean and standard deviation. The demographic characteristics revealed that the majority (53%) of the agriculture graduate respondents were male, with an average age of 28 years, and were engaged in agricultural-related employments or jobs. For lecturers, the majority (66%) were males with an average of 45 years, while the employers' average age was 52 years, and the majority (75%) were males. The findings revealed that solving problems, 'Creativity, Innovation, and Change', as well as 'Motivationpersonal strengths', were perceived by graduates as being most important to their job, while the ability to conceptualise and listening were perceived as least important. In terms of competence, graduates perceived themselves to be most competent at 'Motivation-Personal Strengths', 'Lifelong learning and being Creative, Innovative, and initiating Change', but least competent at decision making. It was recommended among others that institutions should revisit the academic curriculum of their institutions to include those skills that could enhance the marketability of agriculture graduates and their career advancement in the workforce.

Plastic mulches are used nowadays to significantly increase crop yield due to ease of use, transportation, and storability. The main objective and aim of this investigation is to examine the role of colored plastic mulch on growth, quality, and yield attributing traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in the central Himalayan region. The field experiment contained mulches in red, black, yellow, silver, and a no mulch control from Oct 2019 to Feb 2020. Red plastic mulch improved growth, yield, and quality attributing characters compared to other mulches and control. Red mulched treatment maintained better soil moisture and better soil temperature (up to 6 °C) compared to control and other colored mulches. The yield of tomatoes ranged from 13.49 to 20.27 kg.m-2 with the maximum under red plastic mulch. A yield increase of 29.72 to 50.25 % was achieved using mulch as compared to control. The plant growth, quality, and flowering attributing traits also exhibited superiority under mulching over control with red mulch showing the best effect. Tomato fruits harvested from red mulch treatment exhibited the highest value of quality parameters such as TSS (5.20 °B), lycopene content (5.59 mg/100g), ascorbic acid content (16.86 mg/100g), and carotenoid content (3.51 mg/g FW).

An HWN consists of different wireless networks. A heterogeneous network (HWN). Efficient handoff (HO) systems are needed to improve service quality (QoS) and provide a reliable environment in order to ensure seamless mobility across HWN. Optimum vertical handoff (VHO) in such an environment is a difficult problem. VHO decisions are based on the measurements of received signal strength ( RSS). HO decisions are taken separately without taking other HO user (EU) equipment into account. This leads to higher block rates and higher mobile device consumption. The VHO decision requires lower speeds, and since a high speed user can cause an inutile handoff that will waste network resources and thus affect network QoS. User mobility is a very vital factor in the decision to use VHO. By examining EU speed when deciding on a HO, the transmission cost and transmission time can also be reduced. The VHO prediction approach based on the mathematical model uses well established objective functions that take into consideration RSS, EU speed, load and user bandwidth cost. By adjusting the weights in the defined objective function, the system performance can be improved according to user preferences. Because of the great bandwidth and ease of networking, we take Wi-Fi and Wimax into account.

The study analysed climate finance flow in a particular climate stress area, in the drought-prone and barind areas (Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions of North-west Bangladesh), and compared this with other stress areas. The study established a comprehensive scenario of climate vulnerabilities of that particular drought-prone and barind areas and the communities, especially the plainland indigenous communities i.e., the Santals in Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, Chapainawabganj, Naogaon, and Kurigram district. While the study analysed the geographical distribution of climate change projects and its comparison with the drought-prone and barind areas, this also generated segregated information on the types of projects, agencies that accessed the projects, and their effectiveness in terms of achieving the desired outcome towards building resilience. The study analysed 790 BCCTF projects from 2008-2009 to the 2022-2023 fiscal year, and 262 projects of the 2022- 2023 National Climate Budget implemented through 25 ministries and their line agencies. The analysis showed a clear distributive injustice of the BCCTF and National Climate Budget with a dismal scenario of significantly lower financing in the drought-prone and barind areas compared to other climate stress areas. The analysis justifies that the climate financing decisions an arbitrary, which are not based-on the rationale of climate change impacts rather are choices of dominant policy and political actors. With the established fact of inequitable distribution of climate finance, the study recommends several systemic reforms and procedural changes in BCCTF and National Climate Budget financing.

The Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme, launched by the Government of India in 2015, aims to promote sustainable
soil management by providing farmers with essential information on soil fertility and nutrient status. It helps
optimize fertilizer use, reduce costs, and enhance productivity. However, the scheme faces challenges such as
limited farmer awareness, inadequate soil testing infrastructure, and inconsistent adoption of recommendations.
While SHC has led to reduced fertilizer misuse and increased micronutrient application, its reach remains
restricted. Strengthening the program through improved laboratory facilities, better farmer outreach, and policy
reforms—such as integrating a Soil Health Index will ensure greater effectiveness. Addressing these challenges
will lead to long-term soil health and improved agricultural sustainability.

A field survey to identify Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) in the Sudan savanna region (Jigawa, Kano and Gombe) of Nigeria was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 dry seasons. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) per State were chosen on the basis of tomato cultivation history from which 3 farms each were sampled. A total of 2160 tomato leaves were randomly sampled from all fields (n=9) and specifically tested against ToRSV by the TAS-ELISA technique. The results obtained established the level of spread of ToRSV disease in the three states surveyed. The Kaltungo LGA of Gombe State recorded significantly (P ≤0.05) the highest ToRSV incidence (29%), followed by Akko LGA (23.5%), whereas the least virus incidence (17.5%) was recorded in Yamaltu-Deba LGA. In Jigawa State, the highest virus incidence of 19.5% was recorded at Kazaure LGA, followed by Kirikasama LGA (16.6%), whereas the Hadejia LGA had the least incidence of 10.4 %. In Kano State, ToRSV incidence was highest (31.1%) in Kura LGA, followed by Bagwai LGA (21.1%), whereas Garun Mallam LGA recorded the lowest virus incidence (16%). This is the first report of ToRSV on tomato in Nigeria. Informing tomato farmers on the effective management of this yield-limiting virus in the region is essential.

São 7h30 da manhã e Joana apressa o passo para se juntar às suas companheiras no trilho que percorrem desde as suas casas até à escola de campo de agricultores (ECA), a terra cedida para a aprendizagem e troca de saberes, vedada com troncos, paus e espinhos, para a proteger da entrada dos animais. O jovem José Likwafeni, técnico da ONG CODESPA, já está à espera do grupo, perto da sua motorizada. Traz sementes na mochila e uma boa dose de energia para superar o intenso calor que já se faz sentir. Hoje é dia de espalhar mais sementes, desta vez de feijão guandu, milho, massango, feijão frade e um mix contendo sementes de plantas nativas e árvores de fruto que, junto com a palma forrageira, ajudarão a proteger a terra do sol intenso e a reter a pouca humidade existente o que permitirá que as laranjeiras, limoeiros, mamoeiros, maracujazeiros, mandioca e batata doce já plantadas continuem a crescer, apesar de não haver um sistema de rega para além da paciente espera até à próxima época da chuva. As tesouras de poda são como máquinas que dão matéria orgânica e cobertura para o solo, cortando as folhas e galhos das árvores mais crescidas, como o omufiati (Colophospermum Mopani), que são alimento para as plantas em crescimento, tal como acontece na natureza, num imitar da sucessão natural.

India's economy heavily depends on farming. Small farmers, though, are at risk. Unpredictable weather, natural disasters, bugs, sickness, and ever-changing prices threaten their crops. To fix this, they've introduced crop insurance plans. The plan in Karnataka, called Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), is one of them. But not many small farmers are using these plans. This project is about small farmers in Chitradurga and their thoughts on crop insurance. We used a mix of different methods for this, like surveys and group talks. The results show small farmers understand the benefits of crop insurance, but obstacles block their way. These blocks include not knowing enough, mistrust in government plans, expensive premium payments, and tricky steps to follow. The study showed most farmers suffered big crop losses mostly from irregular rain. This signals a need for easy to use, effective insurance plans that actually work. This research could guide decision makers in upgrading the services of these crop insurance programs. Ultimately, this could mean more help for small Chitradurga farmers and others like them.

Comer é direito, prazer, comunhão, ancestralidade. Hoje, ativistas e coletivos têm reivindicado o comer também como ato político, dado o seu potencial de fomentar novos caminhos para os sistemas alimentares. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta tese foi analisar e sistematizar a pluralidade das contestações alimentares e as particularidades dos ativismos alimentares do Sul e do Norte Global, tendo como casos de estudo o MST no Brasil e o Slow Food na Itália. Para tanto, a pesquisa se utilizou de um quadro teórico interdisciplinar que uniu, de forma pouco convencional, a Teoria da Justificação, a Teoria do Sul, os Estudos Alimentares e os Estudos do Consumo. Somado a isso, foi realizada uma análise de documentos públicos veiculados pelo MST e pelo Slow Food desde a década de 1980 até os dias atuais. O foco de ambos nas diferentes apreensões do tema “terra” possibilitou evidenciar as disparidades geopolíticas e as especificidades dos ativismos alimentares do Sul e do Norte Global. A ideia de Terra Madre (mãe-Terra em português) presente em grande parte das narrativas do Slow Food na Itália remete a um pressuposto de universalidade. Já o MST discute a terra à luz do período colonial, regionalizando as discussões, conectando pautas e suscitando contestações em prol da reparação histórica. Os processos de desfetichização da mercadoria são comuns a ambos os movimentos, porém, com qualificações baseadas em arranjos específicos entre os diferentes mundos da crítica em torno da alimentação. No Brasil, em processo de estetização da ética, o MST estabeleceu a produção de alimentos saudáveis como o novo paradigma da reforma agrária. Com raízes no Norte Global, o Slow Food, em tendência oposta, reestruturou seu programa político, a partir da eticização da estética, tecendo redes ao redor do mundo e consolidando sua agenda em defesa dos alimentos bons, limpos e justos para todas e todos. O trabalho demonstrou, ainda, que a politização do consumo alimentar é um fenômeno consistente nos dois casos, embora permeado por ambiguidades, tensões e negociações, e com agendas características a cada contexto. O MST por meio da rede Armazém do Campo fomenta o consumo político de massas. Já as Fortalezas Slow Food, visando a salvaguarda de alimentos e modos de preparo em risco de extinção, promovem produtos raros e exclusivos para consumidores afluentes. As conclusões desta tese evidenciam que, para superar a subrepresentatividade na literatura dos ativismos alimentares pujantes no Sul Global, é preciso não apenas enquadrá-los sob um grande guarda-chuva conceitual, mas explorá-los e qualificá-los segundo suas singularidades, fomentando agendas de pesquisas mais simétricas, inclusivas e interseccionais.

Background: Jowar (Sorghum) is one of the most popular millet grown in tropical and semi-arid regions. The present study was aimed to design and develop the process technology for the preparation of biscuits from blends of jowar and jaggery by replacing wheat flour. Methods: The biscuits were analysed for physico-chemical and sensory properties.

Введение. Альтернативой протравливанию семян зерновых культур служит их обработка безопасным для человека и окружающей среды ультрафиолетовым (УФ) излучением, которая показала высокую эффективность. Появилась необходимость исследования технико-экономической эффективности установки для предпосевной обработки семян ячменя УФ-излучением в сравнении с традиционным поточным протравливателем. Материалы и методы. Данные для определения эффективности установок для реализации предпосевной обработки семян были получены в результате полевого опыта, в ходе которого была определена урожайность ярового ячменя, семена которого были обработаны фунгицидом и УФ-излучением. Были использованы методы сравнения и прогнозирования экономических показателей для оценки технических средств, реализующих способы предпосевной обработки семян ячменя ультрафиолетовым излучением и протравливанием в расчете на гектар посевной площади. Результаты. Затраты на предпосевную обработку семян ярового ячменя УФ-излучением превышают затраты на традиционное протравливание в 3,21 раза. Но благодаря обработке семян УФ-излучением урожайность ячменя увеличилась на 32,8 %. В результате повышения урожайности обработка семян зерновых культур УФ-излучением  является  экономически  выгодной.  Рентабельность  производства  зерна ячменя, семена которого были обработаны УФ-излучением, увеличилась на 28 % по сравнению с протравливанием, а себестоимость продукции снизилась на 16,5 %. Обсуждение. Широкое внедрение способа обработки семян зерновых культур УФ-излучением в сельскохозяйственное производство является проблематичным,  несмотря на его  экономическую эффективность. Причиной этого является высокая стоимость оборудования для облучения семян. Этот способ экономически целесообразно
применять в селекционных центрах на установках малой мощности для обработки небольших партий семян. Заключение. Применение предпосевной обработки семян ярового ячменя УФ-излучением для обработки небольших партий экономически более выгодно, чем традиционного способа обработки протравителем, но масштабирование этого способа для крупного сельскохозяйственного производства на настоящем этапе развития этой технологии нецелесообразно по экономическим показателям.
Introduction. Treatment of cereal seeds with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is safe for humans and the environment, is an efficient alternative to seed fungicidal treatment. The necessity of research appeared the technical and economic efficiency of unit for pre-sowing treatment of barley seeds by UV radiation in comparison with traditional continuous seed treater. Materials and Methods. Data to determine the effectiveness of units for seed treatment were obtained as a result of a field experiment. The yield of spring barley, the seeds of which were treated with fungicide and UV radiation, was determined as a result of field experiment. Methods of comparison and forecasting of economic indicators were used to evaluate technical means implementing methods of pre-sowing treatment of barley seeds with UV radiation and fungicide per hectare of sown area. Results. The cost of pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds with UV radiation exceeds the cost of traditional fungicidal treatment by 3.21 times. But barley yield increased by 32.8 % due to UV seed treatment. Seed treatment of grain crops with UV radiation is economically favourable as a result of increased yield. Profitability of barley grain production, the seeds of which were treated with UV radiation, increased  by 28 % in comparison with fungicidal treatment, and the cost of production decreased by 16.5 %.  Discussion. Large-scale introduction of the method of grain seeds treatment by UV radiation into agricultural production is problematic, despite its economic efficiency. The high cost of equipment for seed irradiation is the reason for this. This method is economically feasible to apply in breeding centres for treatment of small batches of cereal seeds. Conclusion. Application of  pre-sowing treatment of spring barley seeds with UV radiation for treatment of small batches is economically more favourable than the traditional method of treatment with fungicide agent, but scaling of this method for large agricultural production is not economically feasible at the present stage of development of this technology.

The unremitting trends of increasing population, urbanization, diminishing water supply, and continuing climate change have contributed to declining stocks of arable land per person. As land resources for agriculture decrease, policy makers are faced with the challenge of sustainability and feeding the rapidly growing world population which is projected to reach approximately 9.7 billion in 2050. Solutions for improving future food production are exemplified by urban vertical farming which involves much greater use of technology and automation for land-use optimization. The vertical farm strategy aims to significantly increase productivity and reduce the environmental footprint within a framework of urban, indoor, climate-controlled high-rise buildings. It is claimed that such facilities offer many potential advantages as a clean and green source of food, along with biosecurity, freedom from pests, droughts, and reduced use of transportation and fossil fuels. In this article, the issues involved are evaluated together with potential advantages and disadvantages. Possible implications are identified for consideration by policy makers and to facilitate further economic analysis.

Abstrait
La vanille constitue l’un des produits phares de l’économie malgache, dont la région SAVA est le principal bassin de production. Cet article se concentre sur la commune d’Ampanefena, un territoire rural fortement dépendant de la culture de la vanille, pour analyser les dynamiques agricoles et commerciales liées à cette filière stratégique. À travers une méthodologie qualitative combinant entretiens de terrain et analyse documentaire, l’étude met en lumière les pratiques culturales, les circuits de commercialisation, ainsi que les contraintes structurelles rencontrées par les producteurs : instabilité des prix, insécurité, accès limité au financement et difficultés logistiques. Elle identifie également des initiatives locales visant à renforcer la chaîne de valeur – notamment la structuration des coopératives, la promotion de la certification et la diversification agricole – tout en soulignant les enjeux de durabilité environnementale. L’article propose enfin des recommandations concrètes pour améliorer la résilience économique des producteurs et la compétitivité de la filière sur les marchés internationaux.

Mots-clés : vanille, Ampanefena, SAVA, agriculture, chaîne de valeur, commerce équitable, durabilité.

Abstract
Vanilla is one of Madagascar’s flagship export products, with the SAVA region representing the country’s primary production zone. This article focuses on the rural commune of Ampanefena, which heavily relies on vanilla cultivation, to analyze the agricultural and commercial dynamics of this strategic sector. Using a qualitative methodology combining field interviews and documentary analysis, the study highlights the local cultivation techniques, marketing channels, and structural challenges faced by producers, including price volatility, insecurity, limited access to financing, and logistical difficulties. It also identifies grassroots initiatives aimed at strengthening the vanilla value chain—such as cooperative development, promotion of certification schemes, and agricultural diversification—while emphasizing environmental sustainability concerns. The article concludes with practical recommendations to enhance the economic resilience of producers and improve the sector’s competitiveness in international markets.

Keywords: vanilla, Ampanefena, SAVA, agriculture, value chain, fair trade, sustainability.

This study analysed the expenditure on food consumption by students of Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri. The data for the study were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires administrated on 80 respondents. The respondents were selected through stratified random sampling procedure. Data collected were analysed using percentages and regression estimates of ordinary least square. The findings of this study revealed that there is a positive relationship between socioeconomic characteristics of students and their expenditure. It was observed that majority (33.75%) of the respondents fall within the age range of 21-25 years, 80% were singles and mostly (62.50%) males. Majority (42.50%) fall within the allowance range of N2, 501-N4, 500 per month and had their source of income mainly from parents/ guardians. In the same vein, the linear regression estimate showed that income (X2) was the major variable that influenced food consumption tested at a significant level of 1%. Similarly, majority (83.75%) of the respondents were discovered to spend higher proportion of their income on food consumption hence proportion of income consumed in the study area was high suggesting that most of the respondents were from a poor background. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that there is the need for the upward review of students' income by both the parents and government so as to enable them have the best of education thereby enhancing their worth.

Climate variability, the short-term fluctuations in average weather conditions and agriculture affect each other. Climate variability affects the agroecological and growing conditions of crops and livestock, and is recently believed to be the greatest impediment to the realisation of the first Millennium Development Goal of reducing poverty and food insecurity in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. Conversely, agriculture is a major contributor to climate variability and change by emitting greenhouse gases and reducing the agroecology's potential for carbon sequestration. What however, is the empirical evidence of this inter-dependence of climate variability and agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa? In this paper, we provide some insight into the long run relationship between inter-annual variations in temperature and rainfall, and annual yields of the most important staple food crops in Northern Ghana. Applying pooled panel data of rainfall, temperature and yields of the selected crops from 1976 to 2010 to cointegration and Granger causality models, there is cogent evidence of cointegration between seasonal, total rainfall and crop yields; and causality from rainfall to crop yields in the Sudano-Guinea Savannah and Guinea Savannah zones of Northern Ghana. This suggests that inter-annual yields of the crops have been influenced by the total amounts of rainfall in the planting season. Temperature variability over the study period is however stationary, and is suspected to have minimal effect, if any, on crop yields. Overall, the results confirm the appropriateness of our attempt in modelling long-term relationships between the climate and crop yield variables.

The technologies serving the provision of the world with food changed a lot during the last century. Today we have not only the traditional biotechnological procedures for the production of food, but with the help of gene technology methods we can reach new aims and produce better product as well. In connection with all this, several questions emerge in the society of every country: Is it good if we interfere in nature's order? How dangerous are the new methods for the human body? Can the world-wide problems be solved with them? Who benefits from this? What will happen in the future? The results of gene surgery divided the world into two parts. The population of the United States of America, Canada and China accepted the new food, while it elicited aversion from the population of Europe. The settlement of the case of gene surgery is the question of the future. We do not know in advance, we can only predict which trend is going to come into the limelight: the population of the world is going to surrender to genetically modified products or persistent and long-lasting protests are going to stop the spread of these products. We have to decide what we would like to use gene technology for. This will determine which layers of the society it will touch upon, this way influencing the communication between the participants of value formation and the consumers as well.

This study, conducted by the VV Giri National Labour Institute, examines the social security benefits available to workers in the tea plantations of West Bengal. Focusing on key issues like low wages, poor working conditions, and limited access to essential services, the research highlights gaps in existing social security provisions. Through an in-depth analysis of five tea gardens, the study evaluates areas such as wages, housing, healthcare, and welfare measures. It emphasizes the need for standardised wage structures and provides policy recommendations to improve the living and working conditions of plantation workers, with the aim of enhancing their quality of life.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary dried tomato pomace (DTP) inclusion on the zootechnical performance parameters ,carcass traits and immune status of broiler chickens when included at two levels (8&16%) with or without commercial enzyme (MZ) supplementation in a maize-soybean diet. One –hundred and eighty-oneday old unsexed Cobb broiler chickens were arranged in complete randomized 3X2 factorial design in 35day trial. The nutritive value for the DTP were determined and accordingly, two isonitrogenous – isocaloric experimental diets (starter and finisher) were formulated to which the % of DTP was 0(C0), 8 (DTP8) & 16 (DTP16) and for each level the MZ supplementation was added either 0 or 200gm/ton. Zootechnical parameters (body weight development, feed consumption and Feed conversion ratio) were determined. Phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and HI titers for Newcastle Disease (NDV) were selected parameters for immune response. The results reveale...

Soil erosion remains a pressing issue in the mountainous regions of the Philippines and worldwide. The Aklan river watershed, situated within the Aklan province of the Philippines, significantly contributes to the prevalent soil erosion challenges due to its rugged terrain, inadequate vegetation cover, and improper land utilization practices. An analysis using secondary data to assess soil erosion vulnerability within the Aklan River watershed was conducted. Various factors influencing rainfall, typhoons, slopes, land cover, soil, and drainage, were sourced from various agencies. These factors were later categorized based on the crucial soil vulnerability scale and assigned weights using GIS methods. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was applied to compute geospatial data depicting the potential impact of soil erosion. The resulting impact map reveals that the upstream areas of the Aklan River watershed exhibit a high to very high potential for soil erosion, covering approximately 25,351 hectares (28.65%) and 11,965 hectares (13.52%), respectively. Conversely, low-lying regions demonstrate a much lower vulnerability to erosion, encompassing 13,992 hectares (15.81%), 14,114 hectares (15.95%), and 23,055 hectares (26.06%), respectively. The study's principal findings indicate that the low-lying municipalities of Balete, Banga, Libacao, Madalag, Makato, Malinao, and Numancia in the Aklan Province exhibit very low to moderate vulnerable to soil erosion. In contrast, higher elevated areas situated in the upper stream of the watershed, such as Culasi, Sebaste, Tibiao in Antique, Jamindan and Tapaz in Capiz, and Calinog in Iloilo, are classified as highly to very highly vulnerable to soil erosion. These study outcomes provide valuable geospatial data pinpointing areas of concern. Policy decision-makers can utilize this information as essential input for formulating soil conservation measures, land use planning strategies, and resilience plans aimed at addressing soil erosion and other anthropogenic hazards that may arise.

Doğu ile Batı arasında yüzyıllardır devam eden denizyolu ticaretinde aktif rol alan Hollanda Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi (VOC)'nin (1602-1799) tasfiye edilmesi ve tüm varlıklarının Hollanda Krallığı'na devredilmesi, Cava'da Hollanda Sömürge Hükümeti'nin (1816-1941) oluşumunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu oluşum, daha sonra, Endonezya tarım ürünleri ihracatı üzerinde farklı ekonomi politikalarının uygulanmasına yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmada, özellikle 1830-1940 arası döneme odaklanılarak, Hollanda Sömürge Hükümeti tarafından, tarım ürünlerinden daha fazla artı değer elde etmek amacıyla, uygulamaya konulan üretim ve ihracat politikaları ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Hollanda Sömürge Hükümeti tarafından, sömürgeciliğin başat aktörü haline getirilen "zorunlu yetiştirme programıcultivation system", akabinde sırasıyla uygulamaya alınan "liberal politikaliberal policy" ve "etik politikaethical policy" deneyimleri analiz edilecektir. Ele alınan konular çerçevesinde, tamamen ihracat için yetiştirilen şeker, kahve, çay, tütün, kınakına ve palmiye yağı gibi ürünlerin üretimine yönelik iktisat politikaları değerlendirilerek, ilk elden oluşturulan, üretim ve ihracat istatistik verileri eşliğinde bir ekonomik-tarihsel kavrayış sağlanmaya çalışılacaktır. Sömürge dönemi Endonezya ekonomisi ile ilgili birincil ve ikincil ana kaynaklardan yararlanılarak tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanımı yoluna gidilmiştir.

Este artículo aborda las características fundamentales que deben de tener los multimedios educativos para usarse dentro del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en las escuelas dentales. Aparte de reunir el contenido teórico, las imáge-nes y el apoyo del audio, dentro de la teoría curricular que tiene la institución e-

Currently strawberries are favorite fruit, either among the children on to adults. Strawberry are does not become elite anymore, everyone can find it easily. Strawberries are consumed as fresh fruit, and also as a raw material that is processed as beverage product (juice, syrup, jam and jelly). In addition to these benefits, there are many more other benefits, especially for health, so the demand for these commodities are growing day by day. On the other hand, the import has too many obstacles such as strawberries are easily damaged, so the chance of developing this fruit is still open because some areas in Indonesia has suitable agro-climate for strawberries commodities, such as Ciwidey, Lembang, Bedugul, Bondowoso, Batu, Brastagi, NTB, NTT and Purbalingga. The purpose of this study was to determine the cultivation technology that is effective and able to be applied by farmers the method were surveys and direct observation in areas of central production, and descriptive analysis. Survey conducted from July 2009 until April 2011, at 6 locations of production central areas, namely: Serang Village Purbalingga Central Java, PTPN XII Jampit Village and Village of Kampungbaru Bondowoso, Pancasari Village and Candikuning Bedugul Bali, Agrokusuma and Pandan Villages Batu, Barudua Village Malangbong Garut Regency, and Ciwidey Bandung Regency. The survey results from different strawberry production centers showed, each region had diversity of technologies. Cultivation in a screen house was the most advantageous because the production can reach throughout all season (0.8 to 1.2 kg/plant/year or 40-60 tons/ha/year) but it had the highest cost, so that farmers could implement cultivation technology wgich was like in Bedugul Bali. In Bali, farmers use plastic mulch and shade of ¾-1m-tall on each bed, the production reached (30-40 tons/ha) Keywords: central area, diversity, strawberries, aquaculture technology.

ABSTRACT
Rabbits are an environmentally friendly alternative source of animal protein with high feed conversion efficiency. This study examines the implementation of a school-based rabbit farming system (teaching factory) using a combination of intensive and semi-intensive methods in a tropical environment. The farming period lasted from November 10, 2024, to March 30, 2025, involving five young rabbits, two adult females, and several additions throughout the project. The rabbits were fed a variety of local forages and student-formulated rations, all of which resulted in healthy growth without digestive issues. Housing facilities were designed and constructed by teachers and students in accordance with Indonesia’s National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI). A slaughtered female rabbit on April 11, 2025, yielded a live weight of 2 kg and a carcass weight of 1 kg, with favorable meat quality. This study highlights the viability of rabbit farming as a sustainable protein source and an effective vocational learning model in tropical school settings.
Keywords: rabbit, alternative protein, tropics, teaching factory, local forage, SKKNI

Робота присвячена проблемі дослідження та використання електротехнологій для підвищення ефективності технологічних  процесів в агропромисловому виробництві.
Визначені аналітичні залежності стану біологічних об’єктів від впливу на них зовнішніх чинників.
Описані установки сільськогосподарського призначення, що використовують дію електричного струму, електромагнітних полів та продуктів електричних розрядів на біологічні об’єкти.
Для наукових співробітників, аспірантів та інженерно-технічних працівників, які розробляють, проектують та експлуатують електротехнологічні установки, а також викладачів і студентів сільськогосподарських вищих навчальних закладів

This pilot project asked a group of Taiwanese Waldorf teachers and those interested in Waldorf education to identify the issues and concerns they perceived regarding Waldorf education in Taiwan. By identifying areas of concern and future development needs, this pilot lays the foundation for a more robust and representative study. Invitations to participate were sent to 41 current and former students of the Waldorf Education master's program offered by the National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, and 15 responses were received (response rate: 37%). The results were gathered through an anonymous online survey available in Traditional Chinese and English. No demographic information was requested outside of the school level that participants associated with or were employed in (i.e., early childhood, primary, or secondary). The responses were analyzed thematically to isolate and identify recurring topics. The strongest finding was the importance of effective initial and ongoing teacher education for Waldorf teachers. The second major theme was the curriculum-in particular, the importance of localization in the Taiwanese 清華教育學報 第四十一卷第二期 context, inclusion of digital technologies, and increased representation of diversity. Additional observations regarding areas of concern highlighted the management of challenging situations in the classroom, imbalances in power dynamics, and strategies to foster effective relationships with parents. The survey served as a preliminary mapping exercise to identify topics that merit further investigation and highlight the general themes that schools and other early childhood settings can address, work on, and strengthen. It gave NTHU students a voice to identify challenges in providing Waldorf education in Taiwan. Their responses highlighted several issues that warrant further exploration. The concerns identified in this study can be taken up individually at the institutional and/or national level and can act as focal points for dialogue and possible collaborative work. Several key areas for further investigation emerged, such as effective approaches to initial teacher education, teacher well-being, demographics of Taiwanese Waldorf educators, curriculumrelated issues, and teachers' upskilling and professional development.

Various grassroots initiatives that have emerged in recent decades reduce our dependence on large-scale industrial agriculture. They decouple food value from volatile markets through close producer-consumer relations, displaying potential for food system transformations towards post-growth. Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) is an organizational form among them. While most CSAs cover short distances between farmers and consumers within (peri-)urban areas, this qualitative research focuses on an initiative in Switzerland that links rural mountains with urban areas. The study examines the role of institutional, organizational, cognitive, social, and experiential proximity among consumers and farmers in cocreating a food production and consumption system despite geographical distance. It found that consumers and farmers are facing challenges in establishing proximity; nevertheless, shared experiences of farming activities and social events, as well as participants' willingness to improve the CSA operation and strengthen ties for mutual understanding and joint efforts, contribute to the ongoing process of establishing proximity.

The study on the adoption of improved cassava production technologies among small-scale cassava famers in Anambra State, Nigeria, specifically; described the socioeconomic characteristics of small-scale cassava farmers, determine the adoption levels of improved cassava production technologies, examine the effects of socioeconomic variables on the adoption level and identified constraints to adoption of improved cassava production technologies in the area. A multi stage sampling technique was employed to randomly sample a cross section of 120 small-scale cassava farmers. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyze with a combination of tool like descriptive statistics, multiple regression and principal factor analysis. The study revealed that the average age of the cassava farmers was 44.08 out of which 51.67% are male. The average educational level (9.17), farming experience (14.89), household size (5.86), annual income (861.103 USD), farm size (0.15 ha) and extension contacts (3.59) were also revealed. The results further showed that out of the eleven (11) improved cassava production variables considered, the respondents have not fully adopted any of the technologies. Findings on influence of socioeconomic characteristics on adoption shows that F-statistic value of 4.05*** was significant at 1% level of significance, which implies that the predictor variables influenced adoption. Major constraints of the cassava farmers were rotated into three component factors which are institutional (25.4%), economic (17.7%) and managerial factors (12.6%) using principal factor analysis. A KMO of 0.580 and cumulative Eigen-value of 55.7% explained the variance of factors. We therefore encourage extension agents to sit up in disseminating recent innovation to farmers.

This research paper introduces, AI-Kitchen Garden, an innovative solution for indoor vegetable and fruit cultivation targeting commercialization in the Canadian and US markets for the product. The proposed system entails a 3-foot by 5-foot box equipped with advanced AI software, transforming it into an automated, AI-controlled greenhouse. The AI software monitors and manages the growth of vegetables within the box, providing essential elements such as heat, light, water, and appropriate environmental conditions tailored to each plant's needs. The system's automation extends to harvesting, where the AI software identifies ripe vegetables and autonomously picks them, depositing them in a tray outside the box while simultaneously issuing voice and text notifications via a monitor fixed inside the home or monitoring office. Furthermore, the system's versatility allows for the cultivation of shortheight fruit plants in addition to vegetables. The AI software embedded in the box continuously assesses the clay's fertility and recommends adjustments as necessary, ensuring optimal growing conditions. Additionally, the system regulates water temperature to enhance plant growth further. This innovative solution not only streamlines indoor cultivation processes but also offers a sustainable and efficient method for producing fresh food in snowcapped areas like North America. Through this research, the potential for widespread adoption and commercial success of the automated AI-controlled greenhouse system in North American markets is explored and elucidated.

The federal and state governments of Mexico are agree to promote the creation and development of farmers organizations as a way to find solutions of rural problems. This work examine the reasons, implications and contradictions of this policy for the case of maize producers in the State of Mexico.

The average size of the farm was 3.26 ha on solar and 3.12 ha on non-solar farms. The entire farm holding was irrigated dry under solar farms and rainfed in the case of non-solar farms. Cent per cent of farmers with solar pumpsets were growing mango orchard, whereas the rest of the farmers who still depended on rainfall confined to mono-cropping of groundnut in only Kharif. Cost of establishing mango on solar farms was found to be Rs. 62, 792.34 as on current rates. High density planting of 175 grafts per ha was adopted by the solar farms. Fencing was not planned on all the mango farms resulting in yield losses due to non-insect pests. Commercial cost of cultivation (cost C2) of mango on solar farms was Rs. 76,928.73 per ha during current period, 2016-17. The average yield on solar farms was found to be 10.87 tonnes per ha. With an average selling price Rs. 11,000 per tonne solar farmers realized a net income of Rs. 42,641.27 per ha. The returns per rupee of investment was Rs.1.55. Commercial cost of cultivation (cost C2) of groundnut on non-solar farms was Rs. 46,592.48. The average yield on non-solar farms was found to be 13.50 quintals per ha. With an average selling price per quintal Rs. 4,450 non-solar farmers realized a net income of Rs. 21,357.52. The returns per rupee of investment was Rs.1.46.

Beekeeping is important as a source of food, employment, and rural poverty alleviation. Honeybees are also important as the main pollinator of agricultural and forestry crops. However, there is a decrease in honeybee population worldwide, hence the objective of this study who was to investigate some of the challenges of beekeeping in Cameroon. Thus, a total of 56 beekeepers were investigated in Bamboutos in western Cameroon, using a questionnaire. Pests, predators and diseases were diagnosed retrospectively using a plate which was shown to beekeepers during the questionnaire administration. Signs of diseases reported by beekeepers included diarrhea (17.9%), chalkbrood (28.6 %), black bee (50%), and deformed wings (3.6%). The only parasite reported was Varroa (3.6%). Common insect pests were wax moth (87.5%), small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) (91.1%), large African hive beetle (Oplostomus fuligineus) (39.3%) and African death's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos) (51.8%). Other pests noticed by beekeepers were ants (96.4%), spiders (78.4%), lizards (69.6%), wasps (66.1%), termites (64.3%), squirrels (60.7%), flies (8.9%), snakes (5.4%), and cockroaches (5.4%). The socioeconomic constraints cited were: lack of funding (87.5%), robbery and vandalism (71.4%), shortage of apiarian lands (60.7%), and proliferation of adulterated honey (48. 2%). The technical challenges were: presence of pests, predators and diseases (100%), lack of technical knowledge (41.1%), pesticides issues (26.8%), and low hive stocking rate (12.5%). The environmental challenges encountered were: strong winds (60.7%), bush fires (64.3 %), and remoteness of apiaries (44.6%). Problems encountered by beekeepers can be addressed through collective efforts from governmental authorities, NGOs and beekeepers.

The consumption pattern of chicken has witnessed significant changes over the years, reflecting shifting preferences, dietary habits, and socioeconomic factors. With an increasing emphasis on health and wellness, consumers are opting for chicken as a healthier alternative to red meat. In India, the meat products sector witnessed remarkable growth, with the Gross Value Added (GVA) surpassing INR 3 trillion in 2021. The market is projected to expand further at a CAGR of 9.2%, reaching INR 3133.41 billion by 2028, driven by the escalating demand for protein-rich foods. Notably, the poultry business is thriving in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly in Kashmir, contributing significantly to this growth. This study delves into the consumption patterns of poultry meat among residents of Srinagar city, focusing on Groups-Government Employees, Private Employees, and Self-Employed individuals. Utilizing a stratified sampling technique, the research ensures representation from diverse employment sectors. The survey, encompassing 152 respondents, revealed that majority (67.8%) consumed poultry on weekly basis, with an average monthly household consumption of 7.20 kilograms, translating to a monthly expenditure of Rs 1052.63 on poultry. The study identified broiler chicken as the preferred type. Interestingly, demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and education level demonstrated no significant impact on poultry consumption, while household size, employment nature, number of earners, and income exhibited notable associations. Regarding consumer preferences, internal factor smell and freshness was found to be the most influential while among external factors, affordability had the greatest impact on consumer preference. Overall, internal factors had a higher influence on consumer preference, with a total mean rating of 3.5184, compared to external factors, with a total mean rating of 3.3509. Recognizing substantial impact of internal factors on consumer preference, processing companies should prioritize aligning products with these preferences through market research, innovation, quality assurance, and heightened consumer education.

Mushrooms have been consumed for centuries and are recognized for their nutritional and economic potential. Their low-cost inputs, high yields, and ability to grow on agricultural waste make them an attractive agricultural venture, especially for rural communities. In Tamil Nadu, mushroom farming has seen growth due to favorable climatic conditions and increasing demand for nutritious food. The current study focuses on farm women in the Sivaganga district, particularly mushroom farmers from four self-help groups (SHGs). Using both primary and secondary data collection methods, the study evaluates these women's role performance, awareness levels, and training needs in mushroom farming. Primary data was gathered through structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, while secondary sources included government reports and SHG records. The study assessed key activities such as spawn procurement, production processes, and post-harvest management, as well as the women's access to resources and credit. Findings from the study led to the development of a multi-stakeholder, gender-sensitive entrepreneurship model for mushroom farming. This study is aims to enhance the skills and income of farm women, empowering them to become successful agripreneurs. The combined use of primary and secondary sources ensured a comprehensive analysis of the socioeconomic dynamics in mushroom farming.

Although rice technologies have been introduced in Fogera district over the last two decades, farm household's food demand was not met as expected. Sustained, intensified and coordinated rice research is the key to curb the problem but impaired due to lack of good governance coupled with weak institutional capacity. This has resulted snowballing effects like little or no discussion among/with farmers on good practices, successes/failures of technology adoption and input delivery; poor linkage of small farmers to market and knowledge gap in Development Agents. Therefore, this study identified and evaluated potential determinants of household food security with basic emphasis to factors linked to good governance introduced to address the problem of food security in the study area through farm household rice technology adoption. A multistage sampling technique is used to select respondents. To this end, the primary data was gathered from the field survey by administering pre-tested structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Good governance dimensions of food security are evaluated using binary logit model for its comparative mathematical and interpretational simplicity. Farmers' own perception of rice technology intervention vis-a-vis farm household food security is explored using focus group discussions supplemented by in-depth interviews. This study result would be primarily important in designing policy interventions and good governance strategies ensuring appropriate use of rice technology and tackle food security problems.