Aluminium Alloys

Ketidakseimbangan rasio ekspor-impor terhadap komponen mesin pembakaran dalam menjadi masalah Indonesia yang serius dalam mewujudkan kemandirian teknologi, tak terkecuali pada piston. Gravity permanent casting dinilai cocok diterapkan dalam pengecoran piston skala kecil-menengah sebagai langkah awal dalam mewujudkan harapan tersebut. Melalui simulasi numerik menggunakan metode elemen hingga, perilaku aliran multifasa selama proses pemenuhan cetakan dan solidifikasi dapat dimodelkan. Sebagai tujuan utama dalam pembelajaran ini, dalam memprediksi kualitas proses dan produk coran, variasi yang diaplikasikan, yaitu temperatur cetakan 30oC, 200oC, dan 400oC, temperatur tuang 675oC, 725oC, dan 775oC, serta 1, 2, dan 4 isian cetakan. Hasilnya, pada simulasi pengecoran piston MAHLE eutectic alloy M124 berhasil membantu dalam memahami perilaku aliran multifasa. Terlebih lagi, perubahan variabel secara jelas berpengaruh terhadap perubahan fluiditas aliran, laju solidifikasi, dan pembentukan c...

The Small Punch technique is a miniature test used mostly for irradiated materials or when the test material is scarcel y available. The main aim of small specimen mechanics is to figure out the mechanical behavior with a great reduction or small volume of material. This document emphasizes the development of correlations between mechanical characteristics determined from small punch tests and uniaxial tensile tests. Recommended techniques for specimen design, specimen preparation, experimental design, experimental implementation, and data analysis are used according to ASTM SPT 888. The test involves bending the disk symmetrically about the center, producing a simple, axisymmetric stress state. First, the right conditions were simulated via Finite Element Analysis and then stress and deformation analysis were done for all the specimens, and the results were obtained. These equations are applied to all the copper alloys at a temperature of 295 K. The equations can be used to determine the uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of copper and its alloys.

Caracterização das propriedades elétricas, mecânicas e estruturais da liga alcu-si-mg modificada com teores de [0,2-0,5]% fe Characterization of electrical, mechanical and structural properties of the alcu-si-mg alloy modified with [0.2-0.5]% fe

Friction stir welding was performed for four different tool rotation Speeds namely 600, 800, 1000 and 1200.Defects were analyzed using radiography. It was found that defect concentration was maximum for the 600 RPM tool rotation. It was a little lesser for the 800 RPM parameter and even lesser for the 1000 RPM speed rotation. Minimum defects were observed for the highest tool rotation speed, namely 1200 RPM. An analysis of defects is given in this paper. Tensile Test values and bend test values were also reported.

Alloy development at the laboratory or pilot stage is often well targeted for the property requirements and generic fabrication routes of end-use applications. There may, however, be competing requirements or constraints related to production and marketing of the required primary aluminium alloy products and/or semi-finished products. Broader issues of product specification changes, intellectual property, competitiveness and marketing strategy, are best considered at a relatively early stage of alloy development. Notwithstanding all of these factors, step-change in the design of conventional alloys is still possible through emerging techniques for the understanding of precipitation. In this paper, some of the research underpinning the recent improvement of 6060/6063 alloys is discussed with reference to the shift towards lower magnesium to silicon ratios for improved strength and extrudability in Al-Mg-Si alloys.

Bu çalışmada, genel yapı çeliği (Ç1020) ve paslanmaz çelik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yüzeyine sıcak daldırma yöntemiyle alüminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmıştır. Yüzeyde oluşan Al kaplamanın mikroyapısı incelenerek, yüksek sıcaklık oksitlenmesine karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Numuneler 750 °C'deki sıvı Al içinde 10 dakika süreyle bekletilerek yüzeyleri Al ile kaplanmıştır. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sıcaklıkta 1 ve 6 saat süre ile nötr ortamda difüzyon tavlaması uygulanmıştır. Elementlerin difüzyonu, difüzyon tabakası kalınlığı ve oksitlenmeye karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Al kaplama yapılan ve yapılmayan numuneler 900 °C sıcaklıkta ve farklı sürelerde yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyonuna maruz bırakılarak yüzeyde oluşan ağırlık değişimleri ölçülmüştür. Al kaplanmış çelik numunelerde önemli miktarda ağırlık değişimi olmaması, Al kaplamanın çeliği oksitlenmeden koruduğunu göstermiştir. Malzemelerin bileşimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difüzyon tabakasındaki değişimleri mikroprob analizi ile incelenmiştir. In this study, the surface of SAE 1020 and AISI 316 were applied to aluminium (Al) coating by hot deep method. The oxidation resistance and microstructures were investigated of Al coating applied to the surface of different steels. Sample surfaces were coated with Al at the temperature of 750 °C in 10 minutes durations. Experimental samples were subjected to at the 800 °C temperature and diffusion tempering with 1 and 6 hours durations. The changes in the thickness of diffusion layer and microstructure of the surface, as a result of the processes applied, were examined. Weight variations in the samples oxidized in atmospheric conditions under the temperature of 900 °C with varying durations have also been measured. It was found that steel material which changes of little weight of the samples coated with Al resisted more than without coated Al for oxidation. It was indicated that coated with Al surface of steel protected from oxidation The changes of elements Fe, C, Al, Ni and Cr were investigated by microprobe analyses in surface region.

Bu calismada, genel yapi celigi (C1020) ve paslanmaz celik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yuzeyine sicak daldirma yontemiyle aluminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmistir. Yuzeyde olusan Al kaplamanin mikroyapisi incelenerek, yuksek sicaklik oksitlenmesine karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Numuneler 750 °C’deki sivi Al icinde 10 dakika sureyle bekletilerek yuzeyleri Al ile kaplanmistir. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sicaklikta 1 ve 6 saat sure ile notr ortamda difuzyon tavlamasi uygulanmistir. Elementlerin difuzyonu, difuzyon tabakasi kalinligi ve oksitlenmeye karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Al kaplama yapilan ve yapilmayan numuneler 900 °C sicaklikta ve farkli surelerde yuksek sicaklik oksidasyonuna maruz birakilarak yuzeyde olusan agirlik degisimleri olculmustur. Al kaplanmis celik numunelerde onemli miktarda agirlik degisimi olmamasi, Al kaplamanin celigi oksitlenmeden korudugunu gostermistir. Malzemelerin bilesimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difuzyon taba...

Semi-solid extrusion process is a new forming process that is quite promising because the process requires lower forming pressure than conventional solid extrusion. In addition, semi-solid extrusion does not require large machines, which results in lower production costs. The aim of this article is to study the feasibility of an aluminum semi-solid extrusion process. The semi-solid technique selected for usage in this study was the Gas Induced Semi-Solid (GISS) process. The laboratory extrusion system was developed in this work. In the experiments, nitrogen gas was injected into aluminum melt for about 5 seconds. After that, the obtained semi-solid slurry was poured into the shot sleeve. The plunger then pushed the slurry through the extrusion die at different speeds of 2, 4, and 6 centimeters per second. In this study, the effect of holding time of the slurry in the shot sleeve was investigated. The results show that the plunger speed and holding time parameters affected the final ...

The cooling outcomes of inexperienced infrastructure (GI) had been thoroughly researched because of the
extended hobby in decreasing urban warmth islands (UHIs). despite its importance, little studies has been
carried out on how GI complements pedestrians' avenue-degree outside thermal comfort (OTC). by investigating
how city greenery and water bodies mitigate out of doors Thermal consolation-derived city heat Islands (OTCUHIs), this have a look at fills this knowledge hole. in step with the findings of our observe, GI extensively
reduces OTC-UHIs for the duration of hot, muggy summers. due to the excessive warmth potential of pavement
and buildings, distinctly advanced urban areas have smaller day-to-night time versions in land surface
temperature, resulting in a tropical nighttime phenomenon. higher plant life cowl increases the cooling results of
GI, which reduces the intensity, frequency, and period of OTCUHI. The flowers cowl ratio and sky view factors
have a huge effect on cooling, and the connection between OTC-UHIs and concrete morphology adjustments
throughout the day. moreover, parks have an extended cooling impact distance than rivers, in particular at night
time, in step with a energy curve dating for GI's cooling impact distance. Our results show that by means of
addressing the weather-brought about UHIs, the green use of GI can substantially increase pedestrians' avenue
degree OTC.

The mechanical behaviour of an aluminium metal matrix composite foam structure under quasi-static uniaxial compressive loading (compressive strength, energy absorption behaviour, stress-strain characteristic behaviour) has been studied in this work. The aluminium alloy Al 7075 is used in the foam structure, and it is reinforced with weight SiC (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%), B4C (5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%) particles. Using a high-resolution optical zoom microscope image, the microstructural surface morphology of the manufactured metallic foam samples was also examined for the aforementioned composition. The analysis included pore size, porosity percentage, and distribution, as well as cell wall thickness. For all characterisation investigations, wire EDM was used to cut samples with dimensions of 3 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm from the As-cast ingot, which had a diameter of 5 cm and a length of 10 cm.

This research designed, analyzed, and detailed concrete bridge substructures in accordance with Eurocodes using both manual and computer methods. The design focused exclusively on the substructure-the lower part of a bridge-which supports the horizontal spans by carrying the weights of the superstructural members. In this work, a Python-based computer program was developed to design, analyze, and detail the bridge substructures. The Python program specifically addressed the design and analysis of abutments and pier caps using Courbon's method, incorporating advanced algorithms and visualization techniques. The bridge spans considered ranged from 23.2 m to 40 m. The maximum design bending moments, maximum shear forces, and axial forces were 935.90 kNm, 366.69 kN, and 682.48 kN respectively. Manual analyses and designs were performed for bridge spans of 23.2 m, 25 m, 30 m, 35 m, and 40 m, and these results were then compared with those obtained from the Python program. The comparison showed that the outcomes from both the manual and Python-based analyses were essentially the same, with percentage differences of less than 1%. This validation confirms that the developed Python program complies with Eurocodes BS EN 1992-1-1, BS EN 1991-1-4, and BS EN 1991-2, and can serve as a reliable and efficient tool for the analysis and design of bridge substructures. Consequently, these Eurocodes can be easily applied using this Python program to design bridge substructures with considerations for safety, serviceability, and economy. The Python-based tool enhances the performance of bridge structures by offering quick, accurate, and reliable analyses and designs.

The concept of social presence in virtual reality (VR) and the vital role it plays in identifying user collaboration and interpersonal interaction in immersive environments. Social presence is the level to which users feel others are "there" with them in a virtual environment, and it plays a very important role in communication quality, trust, and task performance. The study explores the ways in which visual feedback, embodied interaction, realistic body motion, and responsiveness to the environment contribute to the creation of natural and humanlike social experiences within VR. With the combination of results from current research, including user perception in mixed reality, co-located collaboration, and virtual agents, the paper focuses on how VR facilitates emotional involvement and shared presence. It discusses also design platforms and technological supports, such as head-mounted displays, multiuser interfaces, and expressivity of avatars, improving co-presence and collaboration. The primary issues like latency, user uncomfortableness, and content designing restrictions are unveiled together with corresponding solutions. Applying VR in educational settings, teleworking, medical practice, and care for the elderly all highlight the innovative potential of VR to create social inclusion and emotional well-being. The paper concludes that the integration of social presence design principles into VR development is paramount to developing more immersive, empathetic, and productive virtual spaces.

Cold spray (CS) is a cold coating technique where powder deposition occurs due to the high impact velocity of the particles against a substrate and the resulting high plastic deformation with the generation of adiabatic shear instability conditions. In this paper, series of In718 specimens produced with the cold-spray and SLM have been considered and subjected to various thermal treatments, after machining the specimens. The characterization of the specimens includes microstructural analysis, residual stress measurement, porosity; static tensile and axial fatigue tests were done for the mechanical characterization. The results show comparable characteristics and resistance to those of SLM specimens, suggesting that CS, due to lower process temperature and reduced energy consumption, can be an alternative or complementary additive technology compared to wellestablished laser technologies. Parole chiave: cold spray, SLM, additive manufacturing, fatica, Inconel 718.

Introduction and Objectives: Determining the constitutive equations which describe the material flow stress, microstructural investigation, and preparing a processing map are essential for designing and optimizing metals forming. The aim of this paper is to obtain a relationship between stress, strain, temperature, and strain rate for Al-7.5Mg alloy in order to use it in the forming process.
Materials and Methods: In this study, stress-strain diagrams at four temperatures and three strain rates and friction elimination using experimental and computational methods were used. The activation energy value of hot deformation was calculated in the Arrhenius model. A processing map at strain 0.6 was drawn to establish the relationship between stress, temperature, and strain rate, and the instability region at a specific temperature and strain rate was determined. The metallography examination was performed to study the microstructure of the alloy.
Results: In the Arrhenius model, the activation energy value of hot deformation increased with increasing strain. As the temperature decreased and the strain rate increased, the Zener-Hollomon parameter also increased. The instability region increased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. The metallography test results showed that dynamic recrystallization occurred due to the high magnesium content in this alloy.
Conclusion: In this paper, the Arrhenius model (as a phenomenological model) was correctly extracted using a hot plane strain test on an extruded plate of Al-7.5Mg alloy, and a relationship between stress, temperature, strain, and strain rate was obtained using the constitutive equations and the Arrhenius model.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a 'new solid-state joining process' which is multifaceted, ecologically friendly and power capable. Some of the leading companies have been adapted this process for the manufacturing of automotive, locomotive, shipping and aerospace. In this study, the friction stir welding (FSW) method is used to connect the AA6061-T6 alloy plates and enhance the process parameters. Research is underway to analyze the various process parameters on the welded joint's quality impact. The different process parameters consequence, such as axial force, traverse speed, tool rotational speed, shoulder diameter, incline angle, and instrument geometry have been optimized by using the Taguchi technique.

This study investigates the effects of thermo-mechanical processing parameters, specifically cold rolling and annealing, on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AA2024 alloy, employing a Box-Behnken experimental design. The deformation during cold rolling, the annealing temperature, and the time annealing were varied to evaluate their individual and combined effects on the UTS. The results demonstrated that the UTS increased with deformation from 50% to 60%, but decreased with higher annealing temperatures (460°C-500°C) and extended annealing times (10 to 30 minutes. Among the parameters, annealing time exhibited the most significant influence on UTS, followed by deformation level and annealing temperature. The optimized parameters-60% deformation, 460°C annealing temperature, and 10 minutes time annealing-predicted a UTS of 628 MPa, with experimental verification confirming a 3% deviation. This research underscores the critical importance of controlling thermo-mechanical parameters to optimize the mechanical properties of AA2024 alloy, offering valuable insights for industrial applications.

This study explores how rising temperatures affect amphibians' bodies and behaviors, particularly considering climate change. We rigorously reviewed existing research both experimental and observational studies across all amphibian types following established PRISMA guidelines. Our analysis focused on how higher temperatures impact key aspects of amphibian biology, including their metabolism, immune systems, growth, activity levels, foraging success, and reproduction. Our analysis reveals significant physiological stress responses, including increased metabolic rates and corticosterone levels, reduced growth, and impaired reproductive success at elevated temperatures. Behavioral adaptations, such as thermal avoidance and altered activity patterns, were also observed, but these responses only partially mitigated the negative physiological impacts. Species with narrower thermal tolerances exhibited greater vulnerability to high temperatures. This synthesis highlights the significant threat posed by climate change to amphibian populations and underscores the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate the effects of rising temperatures on these ecologically important vertebrates. The findings emphasize the urgency of addressing climate change and implementing effective conservation measures to protect amphibian biodiversity.

A robust Factory Data Management System (FDMS) is necessary to maximize resource utilization, optimize workflows, and improve decision-making processes due to the increasing complexity of industrial operations. In order to guarantee smooth data processing and accessibility, this paper proposes an FDMS framework that makes use of cloud computing and structured database management strategies. The system is made to support several factory departments, such as production, administration, and compliance management. Analyzing current factory data management procedures, putting in place a scalable FDMS, and assessing how it affects productivity and operational decision-making are all part of the research methodology. The findings show that in industrial settings, FDMS implementation greatly increases accuracy, decreases downtime, and improves compliance

The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has intensified the demand for efficient and reliable battery management systems (BMS) that ensure optimal performance, safety, and longevity. A crucial component of BMS is battery module balancing, which addresses the inherent disparities in cell voltage and capacity within battery packs. These imbalances, if left uncorrected, can lead to overcharging, undercharging, thermal instability, and ultimately premature degradation of the battery system-factors that directly impact commercial EV performance and lifecycle costs. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of battery balancing strategies employed in commercial electric vehicles, exploring both passive and active balancing techniques. Passive balancing, while cost-effective and simple, dissipates excess energy as heat and is less efficient for large-scale modules. In contrast, active balancing methods-such as capacitor-based, inductor-based, and charge shuttling-redistribute energy between cells and enhance overall energy efficiency, albeit with increased complexity and cost. The discussion further delves into real-time monitoring algorithms, thermal management integration, and the role of AI in predictive balancing. By analyzing case studies from commercial fleets and experimental EV platforms, the paper identifies key parameters influencing balancing effectiveness, including cell chemistry, depth of discharge cycles, operational temperature, and load distribution patterns. Ultimately, the study highlights that strategic selection and implementation of balancing techniques not only improve power delivery and range consistency but also extend battery lifespan, reduce maintenance frequency, and enhance vehicle reliability. These findings underscore the critical importance of intelligent, scalable balancing architectures in meeting the growing energy demands of modern commercial EV applications.

In this study, statistical values of microhardness were investigated in terms of temperature and duration of aged aluminium 2XXX and 6XXX alloys. AA 2024 and AA 6063 aluminum alloys were solution treated at two different temperatres of 490°C and 520°C. Then all samples were cooled to room temperature. After this process, the samples were aged at three different temperatures (140°C, 180°C, 220°C) for ten different periods of time (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 h.). The microstructure of the aged samples was examined by optical SEM-EDS and X-Ray analysis. The hardness values of the aged samples were tested by microhardness tests. The samples were examined by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with a confidence level of %95 to find out whether a statistically significant difference occurs. As a result of this analysis, temperature and duration on the wear behaviours of aged aluminium 2XXX and 6XXX alloys were statistically significant in microhardness values.

The paper presents results of experimental and numerical analysis of dynamic behaviour Al6063 duralumin. Dynamical experiments were made using Taylor impact test. Experimental results at next step of study were used in numerical analyses of dynamic yield stress of tested material and model parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive equation. The main aim of this analysis is to find out dynamical properties of Al6063 duralumin tested in Taylor impact test.

To optimize the welding process of the upper frame of the hydropower unit, a thermal elastic-plastic (TEP) finite element model of the typical T-joint of the upper frame was established, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the model were verified by welding tests. The effect of welding speed and interlayer cooling time on welding residual stress and deformation was analyzed, and a welding process in line with the requirements was obtained. Based on the results of the TEP calculation, the inherent strain was obtained, and the inherent strain method (ISM) was used to predict the overall deformation of the upper frame under three welding sequence schemes, and the optimal welding sequence was obtained.

In this modern era, aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are replacing all the conventional materials in rapid way due to its outstanding characteristics and play very important role in various industries i.e., automobile & sports. In this research work 5 weight percent of Boron Carbide (B4C) particulates are used to reinforce the AA5052 matrix by easiest and cost-effective stir casting route of liquid processing technique to develop metal matrix composites (MMC). The variation of volume loss, volumetric wear rate, volumetric wear resistance, frictional force, wear depth, and relative wear depth of the developed AMMC and unreinforced AA5052 are investigated at different applied load and compared these properties between them. To analyze these properties, pin-on-disc abrasive wear test were carried out according to ASTM G132 for the applied load range of 5-15N and the density was measured by using Archimedes’ principle. Vickers hardness of the developed compositions is also analysed as per ASTM E92. The results show that at all applied load, AA5052/B4C AMMC having improved wear resistance and reduction in wear rate with lower density & higher hardness as compared to the AA5052 matrix.

This review paper is broadly focused on the effect of the different ceramic particulates (SiC, B4C and Al2O3) on the mechanical properties of the Al and Al alloy. Ceramic Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (PRAMMCs) provide improved properties i.e. improved hardness, improved strength to weight ratio, tensile & compressive strength, creep & fatigue resistance etc. as compared to conventional Al and Al alloy. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs) are preferred to use in aerospace, automobile, sports, marine application etc due to its lightweight and high strength property. This manuscript reported the pioneering work of most of the researchers in the field of mechanical characterizations of ceramic PRAMMCs. The effects of weight or volume percentages and particles size of the reinforcement on the properties of AMMCs are discussed in this article.

This article deals with a summary of different fabrication methods of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC). This modern age demands the lightweight materials with very high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance property for various industries i.e. aerospace, automobile, sports, etc. These requirements can't be fulfilled by the monolithic alloy or conventional materials. Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) overcomes these limitations of the monolithic alloys because MMCs have desired properties like high strength to weight ratio, good mechanical as well as good tribological properties and due to its advantageous properties MMCs are used for automobile & aircraft. The use of MMCs reduces the power requirement and also gives low emission and low noise. This article focused on the various techniques developed for the fabrication of AMMCs by the no. of researchers in the last few decades. These methods are either liquid state processing or solid-state processing. In the case of weight-saving requirements, researchers used AMMCs due to its lightweight property.

Welding is a manufacturing process, which uses heat or pressure to form a homogeneous weld when joining homogeneous or heterogeneous metal materials or thermoplastics. The last decade has been characterized by the intensive development of unconventional welding processes, which use friction as an energy source, and in developed countries have taken primacy over conventional welding processes. The modern welding process, known as Friction Stir Welding (FSW), offers many advantages over conventional Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and Metal Inert Gas (MIG) processes, both in terms of weld quality and environmental protection and in terms of saving time and materials needed to perform quality welding. This paper presents TIG, MIG and FSW welding technologies, with all the advantages and disadvantages, and the possibilities of their application in welding AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy (6xxx series), characterized by medium strength and outstanding corrosion resistance.

The objective of this work is the investigation of milling process variables which resulting in optimal values of the surface roughness and material removal rate during machining of 7024 Al-alloy. The machining operation implemented on C-TEK CNC milling machine. The effects of the selected parameters on the chosen characteristics have been accomplished using Taguchi’s parameter design approach; also ANOVA had been used to evaluate the contribution of each parameter on the process outputs. Different feed rates are used ranging from (60, 80 and 100) mm/min, found that high feed rates gives a high material removal rates and good surface roughness. On the other hand, using three levels of spindle speeds found that a higher spindle speeds gives better surface roughness with a little effect on MRR. The process results showed that maximum MRR achieved (2.40) mm3/min when machining feed rate (100) mm/min, spindle speed (1000) r.p.m, and depth of cut (0.6) mm while good surface roughness (0....

Bu çalışmada, 38MnVS6 mikroalaşımlı çelik ve 41CrMo4 çelik malzemelere 900 0 C'de 1 saat tavlama sonrası yağda soğutma işlemi uygulanmıştır. Yağda soğutulan çelik malzemeler 300 0 C, 400 0 C ve 500 0 C sıcaklıklarda 1 saat sürede temperleme işlemine tabi tutulmuş olup, temperleme işleminin mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Numunelerin mikroyapı incelemeleri yapılmış olup, temperleme öncesi ve sonrası sertlik testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, çeliklerde temperleme sıcaklığına bağlı olarak martenzitik yapıdan beynitik yapıya dönüşüm gözlemlenirken, sertlik değerlerinin de temperleme sıcaklığına bağlı olarak düştüğünü göstermiştir.

The thickness of the adhesive has a major influence on the shear strength of bonded assemblies. This work is based on a study of the fatigue behavior of two cracked aluminum (2024 T351) plates repaired by patch (graphite/epoxy) under cyclic loading. For this we used a computer code to study the propagation of fatigue cracks to predict the life of the plates repaired named AFGROW. The first plate was repaired using an adhesive made from date palm waste whereas the second plate was repaired using FM-73 adhesive. The results obtained from this study show that, despite the low shear modulus of the adhesive made from date palm waste and the very low film thickness, the joint bonded with the latter gives good joint strength and a lifetime (number of cycles) similar to the joint bonded with the FM-73 adhesive when the thickness of the joint of the adhesive is greater than that of the adhesive made by the waste of the date palm. This shows that the strength of the bonded joint increases rapidly from very low thicknesses (less than a few hundredths of a millimeter). Finally, we recommend using the adhesive made from date palm waste for patch repair as well as for applications such as lightweight construction, electric vehicles or solar panels.

Aluminium alloys are used as lightweight materials especially in the aerospace and automotive industries. They have a number of properties such as high corrosion resistance due to the surface oxide coating, low relative weight and better castability. At normal temperatures, metal oxides are more resistant than the metal itself. The oxide layer is much thinner than the metal but protects it from interacting with the air. The kinetics of oxidation processes is the subject of the current work. As the temperature rises, the oxidation process usually proceeds in the presence of water vapour, and its rate depends on various factors, including the initial oxide layer and oxidation kinetics. The values of the oxidation exponent n аrе calculated for aluminium ribbons with different contents of Fe, Mg and Sb. Their influence on the intensity and two-stage tendency of the oxidation process is established.

Mechanical loading causes material deformation, resulting in changes in mechanical properties due to microstructural alterations such as the multiplication of dislocations and evolution of grain morphology. Blast loading, a condition where materials deform at high strain rates, results in significant plastic deformation. This rapid deformation induces intense mechanical stresses, causing complex microstructural changes that influence the mechanical behavior and performance of the materials. Consequently, designing structures to withstand blast loading requires understanding the relationship between microstructure and property evolution. As the primary objective of this study, post-localized blast experiments have been conducted to elucidate the variability in microstructural response of Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) 316 L, characterized by its face-centered cubic crystal structure. Localized blast loads were applied to square test plates, 2 mm thick, with a circular exposed area of 106 mm in diameter. Quantitative mechanical property data from key zones within the deformed dome were determined through using a novel micro-tensile testing approach and nanoindentation tests. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was employed to characterize the microstructural changes in the selected samples. The results revealed that blast loading induced complex mechanical and microstructural changes in ASS 316 L, including enhanced material strength, reduced ductility, and significant alterations in grain orientation and misorientation distributions. The materials underwent significant strain hardening due to the increased stress and deformation, resulting in a more resistant to plastic deformation and the greatest internal strain accumulations. Texture analysis underscored the influence of deformation geometry, with Goss and Copper emerging as predominant texture components.

Al-Si Alloys are the leading casting alloys based on aluminum. Inoculation of these alloys is an important part of the metallurgical process, because this operation is used to refine the structure of rough-grained to fine-grained, which usually leads to improved technological properties of the alloy. The article specifically examines the influence of the amount of the inoculating substance AlTi5B1 on the resulting surface roughness after machining alloy AlSi7Mg0.3.

The Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing the materials science arena, enabling the discovery, design, and optimization of innovative mechanical and bioinspired materials. This review consolidates insights from recent developments in AI-enabled methods to improve properties such as stiffness, strength, thermal performance, and durability of materials. This work focuses on diverse applications, including nanogenerator, Graphene-based electrodes, composites, metamaterials, and polymers, with an emphasis on how generative AI, deep learning, and machine learning approaches optimize material configurations to enhance prediction accuracy and streamline manufacturing processes. It further demonstrates the ability of AI in reducing redundancies, minimizing defects, and improving material quality by integrating into additive manufacturing, metamaterials design, and electrochemical energy storage. The results underline the importance of AI in pushing innovations within these fields: sustainable polymers, advanced ceramics, and precision manufacturing rendering transformative solutions for challenges in materials engineering.

The results of examinations of the influence of titanium-boron inoculant on the solidification, the microstructure, and the mechanical properties of AlZn20 alloy are presented. The examinations were carried out for specimens cast both of the non-modified and the inoculated alloy. There were assessed changes in the alloy overcooling during the first stage of solidification due to the nuclei-forming influence of the inoculant. The results of quantitative metallographic measurements concerning the refinement of the grain structure of casting produced in sand moulds are presented. The cooling rate sensitivity of the alloy was proved by revealing changes in morphology of the α-phase primary crystals. Differences in mechanical properties resulting from the applied casting method and optional inoculation were evaluated.

The wear of component is regularly a serious issue prompting the product provision period. Wear prophecy is consequently a vital area in technology. The wear recreation method with profitable software ANSYS 10.0 finite element (FE) was implemented with the linear wear Archard equation. The wear of commercially available brake pad sliding against Ti-6Al-4V disc was analyzed with FEM under different operating conditions such as normal load, sliding velocity, sliding distance and operating temperature. A 3D-8 node structural element (SOLID 185) and 3D-8 node surface-to-surface contact elements (Target 170 and Contact 174) is used to analyze the wear of pin and disc. Using ideal boundary conditions, the simulation predicts the wear rate, wear depth, contact pressure and contact friction stresses under different operating conditions at the contact zone.

In this research, the main aim is to focus the enhancement of aluminium-based metal matrix composites for improving the attributes of light weight metals, aerospace structures and other tailor blank material properties. By this way, the friction stir processing (FSP) was the suited alternate technique to enhancing the mechanical attributes and superior microstructural amendment in the processed MMCs. Terefore, this study investigates the dispersion of ceramic-based strengthening particles of chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3) in the aluminium base matrix of A356 alloy. During the processing, the diferent tool pin sizes having the conical threaded tool pin profles. Similarly, the tool spinning speed and tool travel speed also varied while in FSP. Before the processing, the A356 alloy was prepared by the grooved surfaces for packing the chromium oxide particles to compose the aluminium metal matrix composites. Te tensile strength and hardness was employed to carry out from the friction stir processed A356 alloy with infuencing of Cr 2 O 3. Te maximum occurred tensile processing parameters are 1500 rpm of spinning speed, 6 mm of tool pin sizes and 90 mm/min of tool travel speed. Similarly, the maximum obtained hardness processing parameter are 2000 rpm of spinning speed, 5 mm of tool pin sizes and 90 mm/min of tool travel speed. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to investigate the dispersed Cr 2 O 3 in the A356 alloy for confrming the refnement grains in the nugget zones of FSPed A356 alloy. Te increased grain boundary by the infuence of diferent tool pin sizes was the major reason to produces the better mechanical properties in the processed A356/Cr 2 O 3 .

This paper presents basic tribological properties of A356/10SiC/1Gr hybrid composites in conditions with lubrication. Hybrid composite specimen is obtained by compocasting procedure. A356 aluminium alloy is used as a base matrix alloy, reinforced with 10wt% of SiC and 1wt% of graphite. Tribological tests are done on advanced and computer supported tribometer with block-ondisc contact pair. By the experimental plan, test is conducted under three different values of sliding speed, three different values of normal load, different sliding distances, and also different lubricants. SEM and EDS are used for wear analysis. The analysis has shown the presence of MML, which means that there was transfer of material from steel disc to composite block.

Miniaturised tensile tests coupled with in-situ scanning electron microscopy are used to deduce the grain boundary properties of a nickel-based superalloy at 750 C. This allows the damage initiation, evolution and failure processes to be observed directly. The significant variation in ductility e consistent with the limited number of grain boundaries being present e is rationalised using a crystal plasticity approach calibrated by experiments on single crystals loaded along the <001>, <011>, and <111> directions. Quantitative strength and toughness values for the grain boundaries are estimated using a cohesive zone method. The modelling approach is used to determine an approximation of the size of the representative volume element (RVE) needed for volume-averaged behaviour.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technique where the joint strength is mainly influenced by three process parameters, namely, spindle speed (N), welding speed (V), and plunge force (Fz). The modelling of complex relationships between the process parameters and joint strength requires many experiments, which is a challenging, time-consuming, and non-economical affair. To tackle this problem, computational mathematical models such as deep learning (DL) can be employed to predict the joint strength reliably. In this paper, DL techniques, namely, deep multilayer perceptron (DMLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks have been proposed for such a purpose. The DL networks were first trained with the FSW experimental data and then, the pre-trained models were used for predicting the weld strength. It was found that the DMLP and LSTM models provided lower prediction errors, which are RMSE of 3.30 and 7.63, respectively, and can be effectively utilized for determining weld quality. The proposed DL-based techniques were further compared with the traditional modelsthe shallow artificial neural network (SANN) model having an RMSE of 27.11 and the ANFIS model having an RMSE of 5.31. DMLP was found to be superior in determining the weld strength most accurately.

The preparation of AA7076 hybrid composites with SiC and Graphite reinforcement by the stir casting method. Wear resistance and coefficient of friction tests of the developed composites were conducted using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under dry sliding conditions. Micro Vickers hardness testing showed substantial hardening of the composites with the addition of SiC and Graphite. In contrast, the addition of SiC significantly reduced the wear rate. This article systematically analyzed how the effects of reinforcement percentage, sliding velocity, and applied stress will influence the wear rate and coefficient of friction. GRA was used for the optimization of parameters; further, some information was obtained about the best conditions which ensure improved wear performance.

This project is targeting the optimization of the production process of a crankshaft industry through the reduction of waste and lead time through the use of lean methodologies, specifically Value Stream Mapping (VSM). This approach was initiated with the gathering of in-depth manufacturing data from the industry, and then a current state map was created. After close examination of the map, some non-value-added activities were recognized, including redundant motions of both the components and employees, inventory accumulation, unnecessary scrap creation, and rework on components. To counteract these inefficiencies, a variety of lean tools, including Kaizen, Poka Yoke, and various quality management practices, were adopted.

Aluminium alloys are used as lightweight materials especially in the aerospace and automotive industries. They have a number of properties such as high corrosion resistance due to the surface oxide coating, low relative weight and better castability. At normal temperatures, metal oxides are more resistant than the metal itself. The oxide layer is much thinner than the metal but protects it from interacting with the air. The kinetics of oxidation processes is the subject of the current work. As the temperature rises, the oxidation process usually proceeds in the presence of water vapour, and its rate depends on various factors, including the initial oxide layer and oxidation kinetics. The values of the oxidation exponent n аrе calculated for aluminium ribbons with different contents of Fe, Mg and Sb. Their influence on the intensity and two-stage tendency of the oxidation process is established.

The development of modern nanotechnology has influenced the principles, design and characteristics of machines and parts. This applies mostly to materials that are used in the space industry. The first aspect concerns the technologies of synthesis, and the second-the qualities and applications of the materials. To date, a limited number of scientific publications describing the preparation and production of materials in space conditions have been published. This article describes the equipment used during the second Russian-Bulgarian flight. In 1988, in space, on the MIR orbital station, 3 experiments related to materials science were conducted by Bulgarian researchers. One of the experiments is "Structure" led by N. Stoichev (BAS). A multifunctional apparatus "Kristalhizator CSK-1" manufactured in Czechoslovakia was used.

Asymmetric rolling refers to the conditions wherein velocities or diametersof two work rolls are different. Compared to symmetrical rolling, asymmetric rolling is more effective on microstructure modification and texture evolution. Intense shear deformation can be introduced into asymmetric rolling to enhance the ductility and formability of aluminum alloy and this is the aim of current research. The process of the asymmetrical rolling was done on specimens with different reductions (10%,15%, and 20% reductions). Then the tensile test was conducted at room temperature at the strain rate range between 0.33×10-3s-1 -3.33×10-3s-1 to study the ductility property of the asymmetric rolling-deformed samples and also compared with as-received samples. The results show that the as-received specimen gave the highest elongation of42.7%, while the lowest elongation of 22.4% was obtained by the (20%) thickness reduction specimen. Also, the as-received sample at an initial strain rate of 3.33×10-3s-1 gives the highest tensile strength value equal to 550MPa.

Roll bonding of aluminum/magnesium laminates combines the good corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys with the beneficial mechanical properties of magnesium alloys. We studied the microstructure of aluminum Al-1051/AZ31 magnesium laminates fabricated by the roll-bonding process. The fabricated laminates were investigated in the as-fabricated condition and after subsequent stress relief annealing treatment at temperatures ranging from 200 • C to 400 • C. The investigation aims to determine the optimal temperature to decrease the residual stress of the severely deformed microstructure of the roll-bonded Al/Mg laminates. Internal residual stress can limit the application of such laminates. Such a thermal treatment enhances the interdiffusion of Al and Mg at the Al/Mg interface resulting in the formation of intermetallic phases. Intermetallic compounds are undesirable due to their brittleness and impact on the overall laminate structure and integrity. Detailed microstructure characterization of the intermetallic compounds and internal residual stress by means of recrystallization degree revealed that stress-relief treatment at 200 • C/1 h is sufficient to reduce