Ancient Greek History

L'ouvrage concerne un épisode historique majeur de l'Italie romaine, après lequel la population civique fut presque triplée. La victoire militaire romaine fut éclipsée par une série de concessions législatives. Le livre aborde le thème de la réconciliation comme stratégie conduite par une partie de la classe politique romaine. Il envisage les remodelages de l'historiographie antique ainsi que les phénomènes de résilience, la capacité à récupérer d'un traumatisme à l'échelle de toute l'Italie. Comment se réconcilier avec ces alliés devenus ennemis, et enfin des concitoyens ? Comment la génération des combattants at -elle dépassé ce conflit qui causa un demi-million de morts ?

Antik çağda savaşların galibiyet ya da mağlubiyetini belirleyen en önemli unsurlardan biri şüphesiz ki orduların etkin saldırı ve savunma silahlarına sahip olmalarıdır. Savaşlardaki galibiyet yalnızca sayıca üstünlüğün sonucu değildir. Galibiyete aynı zamanda taktiksel anlamda kıvrak bir zeka ve günün şartlarına uygun kuşatma, saldırı ve savunma silahlarının profesyonellikle kullanılması ile ulaşılabilmiştir. Bu çalışmada gerek antik Hellen ve Roma kaynakları gerekse arkeolojik verilerden edinilen bilgiler aracılığıyla Pers ordusunda kullanılan silahlar belirlenerek incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Pers toplumunda, askerlik, soylu sınıfından köle sınıfına kadar zorunlu bir görev olarak benimsenmiştir. Başta antik Hellen yazarı Herodotos olmak üzere Strabon ve Ksenophon gibi yazarlar Pers çocuklarının küçük yaşlardan itibaren uzun ve zorlu eğitimlerden geçerek eğitildiğini bildirmektedir. Bu eğitimlerde özellikle ata binmek, ok atmak ve mızrak kullanmak gibi kişinin fiziksel açıdan kendini güçlendirdiği antrenmanlar öne çıkmaktadır. Zorlu süreçlerden sonra ordu içinde aktif görev alan Pers askerleri temelde ok, yay, kısa kılıç ve mızrak gibi hafif ancak hareket kabiliyetini kısıtlamayan silah ve teçhizatlarla donatılmışlardır. Egemenlik alanı geliştikçe gerek savaşla gerekse olağan süreç içerisinde karşılaştığı toplumlarla ilişkiler kuran Persler, bu toplumlara ait silah ve ekipmanlardan esinlenmiş ve bunları kendilerine uyarlayarak yeni formlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Akinakes, sagaris ve kopis gibi örneklendirebileceğimiz bu silahlar, Pers ordusundaki askeri birlikler tarafından uzun süreçler boyunca kullanılmıştır.

The Ancient Greek World consisted of approximately 1.000 autonomous polities and was remarkable for both its diversity and uniformity. As Greeks dispersed throughout the Mediterranean, the different environmental and human ecosystems they encountered created important differences among widely scattered settlements: each Greek community developed its own unique set of socio­political institutions and social practices. Nonetheless, despite their dispersal and diversity, Greek communities were bound together by a network of commercial, cul­ tural, diplomatic, and military ties and shared important commonalities, most notably lan­ guage and religion.
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World, a collaborative effort by more than forty emi­ nent scholars, offers twenty­two detailed and comprehensive studies of key sites from across the Greek world in the period between c. 750 and c. 480 bce. During that period, Greeks confronted a series of demographic, political, social, and economic challenges and gener­ ated an array of responses that transformed the ways in which they lived, worked, and inter­ acted. Much of what is now seen as distinctive about Greek culture—such as democracy, stone temples, and nude athletics—first developed during the Archaic period.
The series is organized alphabetically by polis. Volume III contains detailed and up­to­date studies of Cumae and Pithecusae, the Cyclades, and Cyprus. Together with the other volumes in the series, The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World offers a new and unique resource for the study of ancient Greece that will transform how we understand a crucial era in antiquity.
THE OXFORD HISTORY OF
THE ARCHAIC
GREEK WORLD
Series editors: Paul Cartledge and Paul Christesen
VOLUME III
CUMAE TO CYPRUS
• Offers detailed studies by world­renowned experts of key sites from across the Greek world
• Illuminates a crucial period in ancient Greek history • Expands learning about ancient Greek sites beyond
Athens and Sparta
GREEK WORLD

Poséidon n'est pas un inconnu des historiens des religions. Il fait en effet canoniquement partie des études sur les divinités de la Grèce depuis L.R. Farnell 1 . Son chapitre écrit au début du siècle s'avère d'ailleurs un atout précieux, puisqu'il y recense de manière détaillée les diverses épithètes et épiclèses de Poséidon, ainsi que ses pluriels lieux de cultes. C'est à F. Schachermeyr que l'on doit, en 1950 2 , une monographie sur ce dieu. Cette étude liste à son tour ses différents cultes et donne la signification de ses épithètes mais ne met pas vraiment, elle non plus, Poséidon en relation avec ses compères Immortels, ni ne regarde véritablement quelle place il occupe en cité d'Athènes. Poséidon a été souvent relégué du côté d'une nature imprévisible, cantonné dans la violence des tempêtes et la fougue des chevaux 3 . Beaucoup, aussi, se sont intéressés aux rapprochements que le dieu semblait permettre avec le monde indo-européen 4 . Cela a quelque peu enfermé Poséidon dans une image qui interdisait de lui donner un quelconque rôle "politique". On a ainsi souvent dressé de lui le portrait d'un éternel vaincu lors les compétitions engagées entre les Immortels pour enlever le titre de Poliade. "Grand dieu déchu" selon certains 5 , il aurait même été exclu de citoyenneté pour se voir accorder une

A través de la simulación histórico-geográfica y considerando los diferentes elementos contextuales de la enfermedad tales como, su rápida propagación y medios de transporte, hemos construido dos simulaciones sobre cómo eventualmente se habrían transmitido las epidemias por el espacio Mediterráneo. De este modo, la caracterización de la transmisión de estas enfermedades nos permite señalar el impacto de las redes de conexión y como los movimientos fueron factores que gatillaron cambios estructurales en cada una de estas sociedades. En definitiva, no podemos comprender la historia de nuestra sociedad occidental sin referirnos al impacto de estos procesos desde una mirada holística que combine la historia, la cultura y la infectología.

Aegina's patrai, family groups known from Pindar's poetry, have long proved enigmatic. A recently published horos from Aegina, reading Ἀπό%ονο( ) *+,|ό.ο ("of Apollo Patroios") provides key evidence about their role in archaic Aegina outside of epinician poetry. Rather than being an artifact of Athens' control over Aegina in the /0h century BCE, this horos attests to a cult of Apollo that was patroios to a given patra, that is, entrusted to or otherwise proprietary to them. 1is interpretation joins other evidence for the patrai's tutelary relationship with Aeginetan cults. Beyond the implications for the organization of cult on Aegina, the exclusivity of the patrai provides a contrasting view of kinship groups when juxtaposed with the better-understood Athenian examples and o2ers an opportunity to consider the institutional diversity of archaic Greece.

The sanctuaries in Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, and Nemea belong to the constitutive Panhellenic sites in ancient Greece and were a destination for worshippers across the entire ancient world. Over 100 years of excavation history unearthed generously decorated temple buildings, numbers of statues, and votive offerings, which shaped the scientific discussion in Classical Archaeology for decades. Although coins were found at the sites in large numbers, most of the numismatic material from excavation projects in Ancient Greece remains unpublished or is no longer available. The catalog of coins from Nemea remains exceptional. This paper discusses the benefits, an evaluation of Greek sanctuary coin finds can have beyond the numismatic discipline. A graphical presentation of the finds based on a modern statistical method enables the historical and economic analysis of the sites and the function of the coins within the sanctuary. This comparative study of the coin finds from Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia, and Nemea deals with the origin of the numismatic material and reviews the intentionality of coin depositions in sacred spaces. In order to discuss the possibility of new results from old excavations, this paper attempts to reappraise the dedication of coins on the basis of case studies from the four sanctuaries.

Το μεγάλο και σπουδαίο μεταφραστικό έργο του Κωνσταντίνου Θεοτόκη έχει απασχολήσει τη φιλολογική κριτική, ωστόσο μένει να ειπωθούν πολλά ακόμα. Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στο μεταφραστικό έργο του Θεοτόκη από τα λατινικά, το οποίο, συνέβαλε, θεωρούμε, στη διαμόρφωση της ποιητικής του, αλλά και των θεματικών λοιπών έργων του και της ιδεολογίας του. Η απαρχή έγινε με τη μετάφραση ποιημάτων του Κάτουλλου (1898, α’ δημ. 1973) και αργότερα του Οράτιου (1906), για να συνεχίσει με τη μετάφραση των Γεωργικών του Βιργίλιου (1908, 1909) και να οδηγηθεί τελικώς στο, κατά τη γνώμη μας, magnum opus του, τη μετάφραση του De Rerum Natura του Λουκρήτιου (1916-1920, 1973, 1986). Στην εργασία μας παρουσιάζουμε δείγματα γραφής από το μεγάλο αυτό έργο, προκειμένου να φωτίσουμε πτυχές του ως προς τη γλώσσα και την ποιητική. Από τη μέθοδό του ως προς τη μετάφραση της αρχαίας ποίησης αναγνωρίζουμε τον Θεοτόκη ως poeta doctus, συγγραφέα δηλ. με υψηλή μόρφωση ως προς τη μετάφραση κορυφαίων έργων της λατινικής γραμματείας, αλλά και ως προς την ανάγνωσή τους παράλληλα με άλλα κείμενα.

La « nature » des statues-vases en terre cuite en forme de femme stéatopyge provenant de la province de Gilan (Iran du Nord-Ouest) et datées entre 1200 et 600 avant J.-C. n’est pas formellement établie : idole, ex-voto, Terre-Mère… Néanmoins, leur filiation est indéniable avec des terres cuites anthropomorphes dont l’apparition coïncide avec l’arrivée en Iran de populations indo-européennes et de leur panthéon au milieu du deuxième millénaire avant J.-C.

***

The “nature” of terracotta statues-vases in the form of steatopygous female figures from the north-western province of Gilan (Iran) and dated between 1200 and 600 B.C. is not formally established : idol, votive offering, Earth Mother… However their parentage is undeniable with anthropomorphic terracotta whose appearance coincides with the arrival in Iran of Indo-European populations and of their pantheon in the middle of the second millennium B.C.

Irrefutable documents Ancient Greeks were Southern Illyrians Albanians, the only biological heirs of the ancient Greeks HYLLEI: An Illyrian people, [named] from Hyllus son of Hercules and Melita daughter of the river Aegaeus, according to Apollonius in Argonautica

У статті подаються аргументи для застосування однозначного терміну до компактного комплексу фортифікаційних, житлових і господарчих будівель та споруд у містечку Меджибожі, який у різних публікаціях автори іменують і “замком”, і “фортецею”. Для цього наводиться порівняльний аналіз визначення термінів “замок” і “фортеця” в Україні і Східній Європі (Польщі). Висновком є доцільність іменування цієї пам’ятки Меджибізьким замком. Водночас обгрунтовується можливість розгляду комплексу фортифікацій міста Меджибожа як фортеці у більш широкому сенсі.

En el comienzo de Bacantes de Eurípides asistimos a una ciudad atravesada por la escisión, tanto de su población (una mitad, la femenina, habita ahora el ambiente montaraz) como de su consenso interno (la otra mitad, enfrentada entre sí como lo grafica el conflicto entre Penteo y el dúo Tiresias-Cadmo). Para el cierre de la obra, la devastación de Tebas se encarna en la destrucción de su oîkos principal. La invasión del elemento salvaje que se adueña del núcleo urbano se replica en el cuerpo descuartizado del titular de la autoridad con la que la pólis se identificaba (Penteo) y se consuma con el abandono de la ciudad de los otros personajes pertenecientes a aquel oîkos principal (Ágave y Cadmo) para ser ocupado, cual ejército invasor, por un coro de bacantes asiáticas. El objetivo de este capítulo es relevar en el prólogo emitido por Dioniso las referencias al espacio (y en especial el de la pólis) a fin de analizar sus cargas sémicas y advertir los movimientos homólogos que presentan con una escena clave de la trama, el sparagmós de Penteo, puesto que, al tratarse de una tragedia donde las estructuras de la pólis se desintegran, las marcas espaciales sirven precisamente para dar lugar al desborde.

HiMA d'Histoire Militaire Ancienne Dossier : Les troupes d'élite et l'État dans l'Antiquité Jean-Christophe Couvenhes -Note liminaire : les troupes d'élite et l'État dans l'Antiquité Philippe Abrahami -Les troupes d'élite dans la documentation de Mari d'époque paléo-babylonienne Pierre Tallet -À l'origine des armées pharaoniques : les troupes égyptiennes de l'Ancien Empire Christophe Batsch -Les guerriers du roi en Israël ancien. Mercenaires, gibborim (preux), fils de lumière Gerbert-Sylvestre Bouyssou -La garde du tyran grec, un monopole de la violence illégitime, vii e -i er siècles avant J.-C. Jean-Nicolas Corvisier -Le bataillon sacré à l'épreuve des sources littéraires : institution civique ou nécessité militaire ? Denis Knoepfler -Des kryptoi athéniens à la krypteia spartiate : un nouveau décret de Rhamnonte et un témoignage littéraire méconnu (Plutarque, Genio Socratis, 34, Moralia, 598e) Jean-Christophe Couvenhes -Tarantinoi, hipparchoi, tarentinarques, tarantinarchia de l'époque hellénistique (iv e -i er siècles av. J.-C.

This article presents the results of a study on the alloy composition of billon staters of Rhescuporis V, dated ΔΞФ (564 BE – AD 267/268), from the Phanagoria 2011 Hoard (CH XI, 231). The study aims to determine the potential sources of copper ore used in the coin production by analysing the geological origin of the copper. For the first time, the presence of
chlorine has been detected not only on the surface of the coins (which was attributed to the technique of applying special silvering pastes based on silver chlorides), but also within the uncorroded copper-rich core of the coins. The discovery of copper chloride in the coin core allows for a suggestion that the raw material for the coinage alloy could have been sourced from the oxidation zones of copper deposits in the steppes of the southern Ural Mountains or from Kazakhstan, where numerous ancient mines are found. These could include deposits such as Dzhezkazgan, Kounrad, Sayak, and others in the Saryarka steppe (northern Kazakhstan) or mines in Orenburg, where atacamite is found in the upper horizons of oxidation zones that were exploited starting from the Bronze Age.
On the other hand, sources of chlorine-containing copper may also have been located much closer to the Bosporos. Chlorine and copper chlorides are present in the oxidation zones of all copper deposits, regardless of their genesis process. While strata-formed deposits (copper-bearing sandstones) and semi-arid climates (steppes, deserts/semi-deserts) tend to have a slightly higher chlorine content, it is also important to note the high chlorine concentration in seawater. It is possible that the oxidation zone of the copper deposit which supplied metal to the Bosporan mints was located near the Black Sea coast – possibly in the South Caucasus (Western Georgia alone has several dozen copper-smelting centres from as early as the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages) or in northeastern Anatolia. Although the question of potential copper sources for Bosporan coinage remains open (further studies using methods such as ICP–MS are required to establish the elemental composition of impurities in the metal and to verify the fact of export from specific deposits), the established fact that chlorine-containing copper ores were used in Bosporan coinage production represents an important step in answering the questions that arose in previous studies.

In 2007—possibly earlier—I started to write a paper entitled Euclid’s straight lines. During the academic year 2010-2011 I studied Classical Greek for Ove Strid in order to improve my understanding of Euclid (but not only). I was aware that publication might be a problem, since the paper contained too much of Classical Greek for a mathematics journal, and too much mathematics for a language journal. I submitted it three times without success. The fourth time the paper was accepted. This note tells the story of my attempts . . . maybe somebody could learn something from my experience . . . perhaps even beyond the ever-present

existencia de multiplicidad de prejuicios históricos, otrora interesadamente difundidos, la disposición, aún hoy, de toda una red de mitos intelectuales y sociales, el gratuito prestigio concedido a funestas teorías de la sociedad, no obstante ser teóricamente infundadas y empíricamente falsas, predisponen al historiador de la Historia Antigua a hacer un uso incorrecto de las fuentes en general y de los restos escritos, en particular. Por lo que se refiere a estos últimos, sólo un examen sosegado de sus concretas condiciones de gestación y transmisión, acompañado del desbrozamiento paralelo, tanto de las falsedades teóricas como de las mitologías aludidas, puede ayudar a redefinir su alcance y limites. La reubicación resultante muestra, diáfanamente, cuán oscuro está «El futuro del pasado», cuán desvalida la Historia Antigua, sin la fraternal asistencia de las otras ciencias sociales 1 Todo trabajador manual experimentado tiene bien aprendido, sin poder precisar, seguramente, cómo ni desde cuándo, en qué medida su trabajo depende de la perfección del instrumental que usa. Así, se emplea el horticultor a ajustar los mangos de sus azadas, antes de emplearlas, como concienzudamente se aplica el marinero, o, más bien, hace que se apliquen sus mujeres, al repaso de sus redes antes de salir a la mar Cuida, así, el segador castellano su hoz, como mima el paisano cántabro su guadaña, interrumpiendo ambos, de vez en cuando, su faena para, mientras dan aliento a sus cansados cuerpos, atender a sus herramientas, al tiempo que, dando un paso atrás, contemplan el curso de la faena. Limpias y convenientemente engrasadas sólo usa el podador sus tijeras y hachas, abandonando de vez en cuando la poda para, desde la distancia conveniente, determinar mejor Gerión, 11. 1993 -Editorial Complutense de Madrid. '~Así podría ser considerada ya la Academia de Platón (Diog. Laerc. 3.9) y el Liceo de Aristóteles (Estrabón 13.608) y, desde luego, las de Alejandría, las de Pérgamo, Atenas, Rodas, etc. Cf. Kí.EBERG, T., «Commercio librario ed editorie nel mondo antico», en CAvALLO, E. (ed.), Libri, editori e publico... cit.,esp. pp. 36ss. y, para el mundo romano, esp. pp. 63ss. El argumento seria válido para otras ciudades, en las que, según parece, se aplicaron

This article examines the widely accepted scholarly view that the Iliad played a crucial role in shaping Alexander the Great’s character and his deliberate emulation of Achilles. Early accounts of his deep reverence for Homeric heritage and the heroes of the Trojan War can be traced back to his contemporaries and those who participated in his Asian campaign. However, much of the ancient literary tradition portraying Alexander as an imitator of Achilles or as someone who based significant decisions on Homer's poetry primarily reflects the literary and ideological perspectives of individual authors rather than historical reality. The starting point for this trend was the work of Callisthenes of Olynthus, who placed great emphasis on sacred and Panhellenic themes. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that the legendary and literary image of Achilles did, in fact, play a key role in shaping the personal qualities and values of the young Alexander. A crucial factor in this was his mother Olympias' lineage— she belonged to the Molossian dynasty of the Aeacidae, who were believed to be descendants of Achilles. Additionally, similarities between the Homeric world and the customs of the Macedonian elite during the Argead dynasty allowed Alexander to perceive the heroes of the Trojan War as figures akin to his own way of life. A third sig¬nificant factor was the literary excellence of the Iliad, which Alexander came to appreciate under Aristotle’s influence. The impact of Achilles’ image was particularly strong during Alexander’s formative years when his core personal traits and values were taking shape. Viewing Achilles as a model of behavior did not turn him into a mere imitator, but it contributed to key aspects of his worldview. These included a strong inclination to display personal martial valor, deep loyalty to childhood companions, heightened attention to religious matters, and a readiness to see himself as a hero closely associated with the gods. This influence was further reinforced by Alexander’s use of Achilles' image to ideologically justify his Asian campaign and support his claims to divine status.

The article examines various textual and visual decorative elements of the Sidonian burial cave in the city of Maresha, Israel. Maresha, mentioned as a Jewish city in the Bible, was populated by Idumeans after the destruction of the First Temple and became the capital of Western Idumea. The Hasmonean king Hyrcanus I reconquered Marisa, and it remained under the rule of Judean kings until Pompey's campaign. In 57-55 BCE, the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius, rebuilt the city, but in 40 BCE the Parthians destroyed it completely. Thanks to the fact that no one settled on the site of Maresha afterward, today it represents an extremely rich archaeological location.
In the Hellenistic period, the city began to be called Marisa and was settled by a wealthy community of Sidonians. The Sidonian burial cave belonged to the family of this community's leader, Apollophanes, who was also buried there.
The central inscription in the burial chamber declares: "Apollophanes son of Sesmaeus, head of the Sidonians in Maresha for thirty-three years, considered the best and most devoted to family among all his contemporaries, died at the age of seventy-four." Greek was widely used in everyday life in Maresha, as evidenced by Greek inscriptions on small household altars, ostraca and graffiti, astragali, lead sling bullets, and lead weights. Alongside these, Aramaic ostraca are also present in large numbers, and documents in Maresha were written in Aramaic.
The names of other buried individuals indicate contacts between the local community of Hellenized Phoenicians with Idumeans, Nabataean Arabs, and Egyptians. Burial dates are marked according to the Seleucid calendar, and graffiti indicate non-funerary use of the cave by Greek-speaking visitors. One such visitor left a poetic inscription in trochaic trimeter on the antechamber wall, which is likely a quotation from a literary work of the "lowbrow" genre – a mimiamb.
Drawings on the walls depict exotic animals and are labeled with the names of these animals in Greek, which is not characteristic of home decor. The article proposes a possible explanation for this phenomenon – the desire of the family who owned the cave to emphasize their Greek education.

Significance We present evidence from the Late Pleistocene of Sulawesi, Indonesia, where an unusually rich and unique symbolic complex was excavated from archaeological deposits spanning 30,000 to 22,000 y ago. Including previously unknown practices of self-ornamentation, used ochre, pigmented artifacts, and portable art, these findings advance our knowledge of the cultural repertoires of modern humans in Pleistocene Wallacea, including the nonparietal artworks and symbolic material culture of some of the world’s earliest known “cave artists.”

30 years after the Kea-Kythnos: History and Archaeology, International Symposium (1994), the second symposium, Kea-Kythnos II: History and Archaeology, International Symposium, 10-14 May, 2025, discusses the progress accomplished up to the present day.

Bronze Collapse and the Age of Hercules uncovers the forgotten violence behind the fall of the Mycenaean world. Challenging the standard model that attributes the collapse to distant Sea Peoples or climate disasters, this volume reinterprets Greek heroic myths as reflections of real internal conflicts—civil wars, dynastic rivalries, and palace betrayals—that fractured the great centers of the Aegean before the Trojan War.

Book I: Pre-Minoans and the Age of Kronos,
Book II: Hyksos and the House of Cadmus
Book III: Theban Pharaohs and the Dynasty of Perseus
Book IV: Bronze Collapse and the Warband of Hercules,
Book V: Iron Age and the Return of the Heraclids.

Through a systematic comparison of destruction layers, mythological narratives, and revised chronological frameworks, the book reconstructs the collapse of major Mycenaean strongholds like Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns as the backdrop to the exploits of figures such as Heracles, Theseus, and Jason. The generation once celebrated as the Age of Heroes emerges here not as saviors, but as agents of fragmentation whose struggles brought down the palatial world they inherited.

Exploring the deeper causes and wider consequences of the Late Bronze Age Collapse, Bronze Collapse and the Age of Hercules argues that mythology preserves a tragic memory of internal disintegration—a story of ambition, betrayal, and collapse that would set the stage for the Trojan War and the remaking of the Mediterranean world.

Πώς μπορεί μια μικρή περιτοιχισμένη έκταση να εξελιχθεί σε έναν από τους πιο πυκνοκατοικημένους αστικούς λαβυρίνθους του κόσμου;
Η εργασία αυτή αφηγείται την ιστορία της Περιτοιχισμένης Πόλης της Καουλούν, αναδεικνύοντας την άναρχη πολεοδομική της ανάπτυξη, την καθημερινή ζωή σε ακραίες συνθήκες πυκνότητας, και τα κοινωνικοπολιτικά αίτια της τελικής κατεδάφισής της.
Εστιάζοντας στην έννοια του ριζώματος, στην αυτοσχέδια αρχιτεκτονική και στις σχέσεις κοινότητας που αναπτύχθηκαν, το κείμενο προσφέρει μια κριτική ματιά σε εναλλακτικά μοντέλα αστικότητας και θέτει το εξής ερώτημα:
Μπορεί μια «αυθόρμητη» πόλη να προσφέρει απαντήσεις στα σύγχρονα ζητήματα αστικής ζωής;

HE ORIGINAL STAGING of Greek tragedy has become an area of increasing interest, owing in no small part to the work of Oliver Taplin. His The Stagecraft of Aeschylus, followed by Greek Tragedy in Action, legitimized-for a new generation of classicists- the study of tragedy as a creation in and for the theater.l The new emphasis is welcome, but its promise has often gone unfulfilled, owing to certain misconceptions about the space in which plays were originally staged; these misconceptions continue to distort our understanding of the plays as they were performed in fifth-century Athens. Chief among these involves the presence and function in the theater of Dionysus of an altar or altars, of critical importance in the staging of suppliant drama. 2 The currently held view-that the altar used in suppliant plays was I The following will be cited by author's name:

This doctoral dissertation offers interdisciplinary research on the herm in Athens and Attica from the Archaism to the Early Classical period. The subject has generated substantial international scholarly literature, particularly on identifying the statue's origin and primary function. Through a critical review of the main modern theories, this study sheds new light on the origin of the herm and proposes a new theory. Key objectives include periodizing the statue's functions and installation sites across historical subperiods and exploring its semantic complexity as an image. Due to the omnipresence of herms in different spaces, this study incorporates theoretical frameworks from spatial and visual studies. However, this research primarily relies on archaeological evidence, which has been largely overlooked in previous research. Thus, systematic analysis and dating of the sculptural material from Attica were conducted and then compared with literary, epigraphic, and iconographic sources. The study and dating of the archaeological material result in a final catalog of sculpture. As this dissertation demonstrates, the herm was central to the (re)shaping of Athens' urban and rural landscape during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, being at the core of the main monumental programs undertaken by political power.

Situé dans les montagnes arcadiennes et dominant l'ancienne Mégalopolis et le nord-ouest de l'Arcadie ainsi que les districts de Messénie et d'Élis, le sanctuaire est connu pour son impressionnant autel de cendres en plein air et pour les Lykaia, des jeux religieux et athlétiques organisés en l'honneur de Zeus. Le caractère panarcadien du culte et la réputation panhellénique de ces jeux se reflètent dans les monnaies trouvées sur le site, fouillé au début du XX e siècle par la Société archéologique d'Athènes et, depuis 2004, dans le cadre du projet de fouilles et de prospection du Mont Lykaion. Cette étude préliminaire est basée sur le matériel numismatique publié jusqu'à présent et sur les pièces inédites récemment mises au jour par l'équipe grecque du projet susmentionné. Son objectif est d'explorer et de discuter l'apport des trouvailles monétaires à l'étude de la vie du sanctuaire.

A difficult passage on metaphysical number theory in Plato's Parmenides is explained through reference to preliterate systems of counting and calculation that left their traces in the philosophy of the historical Parmenides as set forth in Plato's account of him. The distinctions drawn between collections, numeric qualities, and number symbols explain both Plato's concept of number forms and Aristotle's failure to understand it.

This study argues for a reciprocal relationship between the political and the religious. It briefly surveys the integral role that religious ideas and practices played in the shaping and sustaining of the various forms and aspects of democracy in the Greek world, and how democratic practices and formations impacted on the reiteration or modification of  Greek ‘religion’. Indeed, there is an unmistakable two-directional relationship between religious life and democratic action in the Greek city state. Religious ideas and practices had a powerful impact on the birth of demokratia at Athens in 508/7 BC, and this new form of democratic organisation, in turn, heavily influenced the religious life and organisation of the city thereafter.

This article is divided into two parts: in the first part, I undertake the weighty task of interpreting the Melian Dialogue - the widely known conversation between the Athenians and the Melians, which took place in 416 B.C. - and then I shed light on the immorality that characterizes the views expressed by the Athenians. Athens seeks to conquer Melos by force, basing its decision on the necessity for Athenian hegemony to constantly expand its territorial borders. The second part of the paper examines the three speeches of Pericles - propounded by Thucydides - and attempts to prove that the Melian Dialogue acts as a faithful continuation of Pericles' imperialistic orations. In this way, it becomes evident that the Melian Dialogue is not just a circumstantial event, caused by the pain and suffering of the Peloponnesian War, but also represents a carefully considered expansionist policy put into practice by the Athenians over the years.

Os atributos do ser e do tornar-se mulher ligam-se aos fios: o ato de fiar, tecer e bordar e o gesto de pentear os cabelos, entrelaçando-os em desenhos sutis ou cobrindo-os com véus de tecidos opacos ou acinzentando-se pelas estações. Os saberes são gestados nos ventres das bibliotecas e as mulheres são geradoras da vida, com seus profundos abismos e com seus altos plátanos. Graças ou Fúrias as mulheres com todos os nomes e todas as históriassão como as parcas. A vida verdadeira tem como condão o tempo.

UTI is a common bacterial infection that affects the urinary system. This infection affects all ages and both sexes. Despite these, women are usually more susceptible to this problem. It has been calculated that worldwide there are at least 150 million cases of symptomatic urinary tract infections each year. The incidence in females is 1% decade. In classical Unani Literature there is no specific term coined for UTI. Unani Physicians described it under different heading i.e. Warm-e-kulliya, warm-e-masana,Hurqat-ul-baul and Taqtir ul boul etc. In Unani ,Sharbat e bazoori motadil was used for the Urinary problems from many more years. It cures the UTI and prevent from recurrence.

Alexander the Great Scouser


Alexander the Great Scouser offers eight essays written by three of my keen students: Sarah Crompton, April Probert, and Michael Evans. They graciously agreed to publish some of the assignments that were given during my module ‘The Alexander Romance: An Introduction to the Ancient Reception of Alexander the Great’ held online in February–March 2023 at the Continuing Education department of the University of Liverpool. The module was designed to provide the students with an introduction to the ancient reception of Alexander the Great, with a particular focus on Pseudo-Callisthenes’ Alexander Romance, and it was accessible to all students, regardless of their prior knowledge of Greek literature or history. Within eight weeks we read and discussed texts (in translation) taken from Ancient Greek Historiography, Biography and Novel, and we developed critical thinking and analytical skills especially rewriting some of the incidents—or whole passages—taken from the Romance and the other ancient sources. Overall, we enjoyed he process of creating something new with the Classics, while learning to work with ancient sources in a ‘scientific way’.
Our work aimed at giving Alexander a life in Liverpool and at making him one of us, but also hopes to make his legend live further. This composite booklet has now been published in Thersites. Journal for Transcultural Presences & Diachronic Identities from Antiquity to Date (open access, peer reviewed). You can find the link to the journal here: https://thersites-journal.de/index.php/thr/issue/view/22

Taietti, Guendalina Daniela Maria with Crompton, Sarah, Evans, Michael & Probert, April: Alexander the Great Scouser. In: thersites 20 (2025), pp. 198–231. https://doi.org/10.34679/thersites.vol20.276