Ancient History

The present study explores the possible interpretation of the terracotta cylindrical models found in Late Minoan to Early Iron Age contexts (generally known as “(circular) hut models”) as reduced-scale models of tholos tombs. Theoretical issues concerning the relationship of an ‘architectural model’ with the archaeological context in which it is found are examined in order to support the above-mentioned suggestion. Archaeological data concerning the morphology, chronology, distribution, use and significance of the Late Minoan and Early Iron Age tholos tombs are explored in order to contribute to the discussion. The possible connection between the presence of the LM III tomb models in domestic contexts and the absence of contemporary intramural burials allows us to expand on the possible significance of these artefacts for our knowledge of LM mortuary practices and beliefs, especially those concerning the possible practice of ‘ancestor worship’. The presence of terracotta figurines o...

The subject of the publication are terracottas of various deities discovered in the valley of Middle Struma River. The majority were found during the exploration of Heraclea Sintica and are likely products of a production center in the ancient city. The rest were chance finds. The predominant themes are associated with the cult of Dionysus. Several terracottas are related to the cult of the Thracian Horseman, and individual pieces represent Hercules, Aphrodite, Nike, and other deities. All are dated to the 2nd – 4th centuries AD. According to their form they are divided into four groups – masks, busts, statuettes and tablets (reliefs). Most are precisely crafted and covered with glaze. They are proof of the existence of a strong tradition of terracotta production in the region. They closely resemble examples from Hellenistic workshops in Greece and Asia Minor, which refutes the idea that the technique of terracotta production became simpler and cruder during the Roman period.
This article was submitted in 2008 for the Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference “Gods and Men”, 18-20 September 2008, Varna, Bulgaria. The text presented here is slightly expanded and updated.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene's king list, preserved through Syncellus, contains enigmatic names like *Phruoro* and *Amuthartaeus*-long dismissed as fictional. This paper argues these are corrupted transmissions of genuine Late New Kingdom rulers: **Ramesses VI (Nebmaatre-Meryamun)**of the 20 th Dynasty and **Psammuthis (Manetho, Afr. the 23 rd Dynasty)**. By cross-referencing Demotic-Greek phonetic shifts, monumental evidence, and Manethonian fragments, we restore these "phantom pharaohs" to history and demonstrate how Hellenistic chronographers preserved kernels of Egyptian tradition.

Ce travail est une monographie sur les Illyriens vus à travers leurs contacts avec le monde grec. L’objectif est d’aborder l’histoire des populations illyriennes dans une perspective qui est celle de la frontier history, et à cette fin, de réinterpréter toute la documentation disponible sans hellénocentrisme ni a priori idéologique, en cherchant à dégager les vecteurs d’interculturalité.
La première partie de l’ouvrage s’attache à définir les contours géographiques et chronologiques du sujet. Dans un deuxième temps sont étudiés les lieux, les vecteurs, les occasions des contacts et la nature des échanges, en d’autres termes les facteurs d’acculturation. Sur cette base, la dernière partie vise à analyser les transformations observées dans tous les secteurs de la vie socio-culturelle.
Les contacts entre populations grecques et autochtones s’articulent autour de deux temps forts : celui de l’implantation coloniale qui entraîne plutôt une hellénisation dite verticale, touchant uniquement les élites, puis celui de l’unification au sein du royaume de Pyrrhus avec une hellénisation dite horizontale, très étroitement liée au phénomène d’urbanisation et au développement des classes moyennes représentées par les marchands et les artisans.

In this paper, the author has tried to get into a comprehensive examination of the commercial infrastructure and exchange networks that may have existed in the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) between ca. 2800 BCE and 1900 BCE, tracing their evolution into the early historic period. By integrating archaeological data ranging from sealed weights and caravan encampments to port installations with literary and epigraphic sources spanning Vedic hymns, Pāṇinian grammar, Buddhist travelogues, and Greco-Roman accounts, the study reconstructs the roles of caravan leaders (sārthavāhas), caravan routes (Uttarapatha, Vaṇnupatha), and maritime corridors (from Tamralipti to Alexandria). It highlights the technical and institutional innovations such as standardized weights, caravan guilds, ritual sanctions, and shipbuilding lexicon that facilitated long-distance exchange of grains, textiles, metals, spices, and luxury items. The analysis further situates IVC trade within a broader Afro-Eurasian context, revealing its enduring legacy in South Asian economic traditions.

at a network meeting on Friendship at Leeds in 2009, and at the Leeds International Medieval Congress in 2010. I would like to thank colleagues for their helpful and constructive comments on each occasion. Dr Margaret Harvey, Prof. Jean Dufour, and my husband, Prof. David Rollason, have all read and commented on this text and saved me from several errors and many infelicities of expression and punctuation. They are not, however, responsible for the opinions expressed here. The maps accompanying this paper were created for me by my son Edward, far more competent in dealing with GIS than I shall ever be. 1 The collection of materials surviving from Durham associated with the practice of issuing mortuary rolls and briefs is one of the largest and most important in Europe. Much has been recently published as part of a monumental edition of European materials in Recueil des rouleaux des morts (VIIIe siècle-vers 1536), ed. Jean Dufour, 4 vols continuing, Recueil des Historians de la France: Obituaires, vol. VIII (Paris, 2005-08). This work, however, orders the texts chronologically, so the Durham materials are spread through the whole, and there is as yet no index volume. Appendix 1 of this paper is a list of all the Durham materials, whether included by Dufour or not, with full published references where appropriate. References to the Durham materials in the text of this paper will generally be to the Appendix.

Review of: Céline Debourse, Of Priests and Kings: The Babylonian New Year Festival in the Last Age of Cuneiform Culture. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 127. Leiden, Boston 2022. xi + 512 pp.

In: Bibliotheca Orientalis 81 (2024), 205-213.

Particularly since the seminal work of Christian Meier, there has been an influential line of thought that the Roman sociopolitical elite simply lacked the imagination to engage in forward-looking reforms, the sort that might have resolved or mitigated the tensions that eventually caused the violent implosion of the Roman Republic. On the basis of a close analysis of key episodes in the Republic's history, this study instead posits that it was rather a matter of conscious reform unwillingness (sections 1-3). It subsequently seeks to break new ground by explaining the Roman aristocracy's reform unwillingness and the ensuing tremendous political costs by drawing on the recent empiricist political science frameworks developed by Barbara Walter and Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt (sections 4 and 5). It argues that the Roman senatorial aristocracy went down a destructive political path because it deeply feared the loss of status and elite agency that might flow from certain reforms, compounded by the fear of a better resourced and more powerful state apparatus falling into the hands of aspiring tyrants. Next, the steep political costs of this fear-driven reform unwillingness are appraised: conservative and more progressive aristocratic factions alike descending into increasingly violent and deadly tit-for-tat games of 'constitutional hardball', sacrificing the guardrails of the Roman political system (mutual toleration and forbearance), resulting in the rise of factionalism and the loss of hope/faith in the traditional political process. The senatorial aristocracy's scorched-earth fight against undesirable reforms arguably put the Republic on the road to autocracy as its tacticsquickly adopted by their political opponentsdemonstrably displayed all four key indicators of authoritarian behaviour. The epilogue, then, offers some possible lessons for the 21 st century.

A reappraisal of the relations between the Seleucids and Crete between the 3rd and the 2nd century BC. After a general overview, the paper analyses the rise of the Cretan officer Lasthenes to the second most important role in the Seleucid kingdom to show how the power dynamics changed at the Seleucid court in less than a century. Moreover, the author provides a first English translation of a treaty between Seleucus II and Hierapytna (SEG LXIII 746) found in 2006.

This study aims to reconstruct the story of Education of the School called Desembargador Vicente de Lemos in the city of Senador Elói de Souza in Rio Grande do Norte in NatalBrazil. This is done considering activities that were realized by the teacher Anália Maciel. Since the worl deals with an investigation that is related to Cultural History field, the research emphasized the school as well as the presence of female teachers, in particular Anália Maciel. Concepts present in the work of Chartier (1990), Burke (1992), Le Goff (1992) and Morais (2002) were used in order to comprehend the transformation process in which local schools have been through. This is also done considering the state educational actions of behalf of the teacher. The documental fonts regarded available records such as Governmental correspondence, Law and Decrees. The information fonts used were available at the The Geographical and Historical Institute of Rio Grande do Norte as well as the State’s Public Archiv...

This paper presents a resonance-based reinterpretation of the Burney Relief, a high-relief terracotta plaque from the Old Babylonian period, long mischaracterized through fragmented mythology and institutional taxonomy. We propose that the central figure, often labeled a goddess or demon, is, in truth, a sovereign resonance seal: a cosmological interface encoding the physics of memory, symbolic asymmetry, and the passage of soul between realms.

Applying a Tier 0–5 symbolic resonance framework, we analyze her physical form not as iconography, but as infrastructure. Her dual-body posture, complete on one side, fractured on the other, mirrors the cosmic split between remembrance and forgetting. In her right hand, she holds a fully realized Axis-Eye: a resonance instrument predating the Ankh, Shen, and Was. In her left, its faded echo. Her navel, wings, talons, and gaze align not with divinity as ornament, but with function, as architectural calibration for cosmic return.

This work reframes the Burney figure not as an object of worship, but as a map of alignment. Her beauty is not symbolic, it is structural. She does not wear the Eye. She enters it. She does not gesture. She holds. Through her form, the memory of coherence is not only preserved—it is reactivated.

In this work, after a long break in historiography, the task of studying the continuity between civil leagues and assemblies and private associations of Roman times and the synodal structures of the Christian Church is again set. The state of knowledge of the issue in modern and older literature is highlighted. The basic terminology relating to the sphere of civil assemblies and private associations, on the one hand, and the synodal structures of the Church, on the other, is examined. Their complete identity is stated and the question is asked whether this identity indicates an institutional or only a typological continuity between the institutions of Roman civil society and the Church. The most striking similarity is that in both cases the leading figures are priests. Into the discussion of the problem is introduced the example of Ptolemaic Egypt, in which, according to the author of the article, the format of interaction between the monarch and the structures of priestly synods was first developed and later reproduced in Roman times, thus building the basis for the synodal structures of the Christian Church in their relations with the emperor. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of «ecumenical synods» and the concept of “Oikoumene” in the specific Greek-Roman cultural vocabulary. It is indicated that the format of the “ecumenical synod”/“universal council”, essential for the Christian Church especially in Late Antique and Early Medieval period, also goes back to certain Roman social practices that have non-Christian origins and relate to the agonistic sphere and the sphere of functioning of private associations.

Im epigraphischen Befund Palmyras finden sich viele Hinweise auf lokale Elitenangehörige, die über kriegerisches Potenzial und damit verbundene gesellschaftliche Machtpositionen verfügten. Ab severischer werden diese Männer in den Inschriften oftmals als Strategen angesprochen. Basierend auf diesen Inschriften postulierten Franz Cumont und ihm nachfolgend weitere Historiker und Archäologen, dass eine palmyrenische Miliz, angeführt von eben jenen Strategen, für Sicherheit und Ordnung in der Palmyrena und bis zum Euphrat hin gesorgt habe.
Bei der systematischen Betrachtung dieser Strategeninschriften fallen jedoch gleich drei Gemeinsamkeiten auf, die gegen das Konzept einer palmyrenischen Miliz sprechen. Erstens wird in keiner der Inschriften eine palmyrenische Miliz explizit genannt. Zweitens zeigen die Aufstellungsdaten der Ehrungen ein intervallähnliches Muster, welches einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Nennungen von Strategen und der politischen Situation im Euphratgebiet nahelegt. Palmyrenische Strategen wurden immer dann geehrt, wenn die politische Stabilität im Grenzgebiet zwischen Rom und Parthien bzw. dem Sāsānidenreich durch militärisches Agieren der Großmächte gefährdet wurde. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Kriege unter Septimius Severus und Severus Alexander. Die dritte Gemeinsamkeit besteht im gemeinsamen Auftreten von römischen Amtsträgern und palmyrenischen Strategen in den Ehreninschriften, die zu Ehren dieser Palmyrener errichtet wurden.
Die Publikation zeigt, dass diese Männer, die in den Inschriften als Strategen bezeichnet wurden, aufgrund ihrer Machtstellung als Angehörige der tribalen Lokaleliten zugleich als lokale Ansprechpartner im Rahmen der severischen Grenzpolitik fungierten. Den Schlüssel für ihre lokale Machtstellung bildete die Strukturen der palmyrenischen Gesellschaft. Ihr kriegerisches Potenzial bezogen diese Männer aus ihrer Vernetzung mit den vor allem halbnomadisch- und nomadisch lebenden Palmyrenern außerhalb des Stadtgebiets, da diese durch ihren Lebensstil über militärische Fähigkeiten verfügten und sich für Raubzüge und andere Unternehmungen ad-hoc zusammenschließen und als kriegerischer Verband agieren konnten. Die römisch-parthischen und sāsānidischen Auseinandersetzungen in severischer Zeit sowie insbesondere das politische Agieren der römischen Kaiser Septimius Severus und Severus Alexander offerierten diesen Palmyrenern die Möglichkeit, ihr kriegerisches Potenzial römischen Interessen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Im Gegenzug erfuhren sie durch Rom eine Formalisierung ihrer bis dato informelle Machtposition durch die Verleihung des Strategen-Titels. Dieser stärkte ihre persönliche auctoritas und wertete ihre lokale Machstellung im lokalen Machtgefüge auf. Langfristig führte diese Entwicklung im Verlauf des ausgehenden 2. und beginnenden 3. Jh. zu Machtverschiebungen innerhalb der lokalen Elite Palmyras.

La ladera de levante de Gibraltar presenta en la actualidad una amplia rampa arenosa, de unos 35º de pendiente, formada por sets de arenas eólicas (Catalan Sands Formation) que, procedentes de una antigua llanura costera entre -20 m y los acantilados hasta +6 m, se apilaron y ascendieron por la ladera rocosa hasta casi 300 m de altitud (Ibex Cave). La datación por OSL de los tramos basales y la edad del relleno final de las cuevas asociadas, nos demuestran que este evento eólico se inició inmediatamente antes del Último Máximo Interglacial (OIS 6-5) y se prolongó hasta el final del OIS 3 (30 ka). Bajo este registro dunar existe un gran deslizamiento rocoso, doblemente escalonado, y brechas de ladera, que facilitaron la acumulación al pie del acantilado de hasta 60 m de espesor de arenas silíceas y su posterior ascenso en rampa.

The prosperity of Hallstatt (Salzkammergut region, Austria) is based on the richness of salt in the surrounding mountains and salt mining, which is documented as far back as 1500 years B.C. Substantial archaeological evidence of Bronze and Iron Age salt mining has been discovered, with a wooden staircase (1108 B.C.) being one of the most impressive and well preserved finds. However, after its discovery, fungal mycelia have been observed on the surface of the staircase, most probably due to airborne contamination after its find. As a basis for the further preservation of this valuable object, the active micro-flora was examined to investigate the presence of potentially biodegradative microorganisms. Most of the strains isolated from the staircase showed to be halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms, due to the saline environment of the mine. Results derived from culture-dependent assays revealed a high fungal diversity, including both halotolerant and halophilic fungi, the most d...

A number of mural paintings and building materials from monuments located in central and south Europe are characterized by the presence of an intriguing rosy discolouration phenomenon. Although some similarities were observed among the bacterial and archaeal microbiota detected in these monuments, their origin and nature is still unknown. In order to get a complete overview of this biodeterioration process, we investigated the microbial communities in saline environments causing the rosy discolouration of mural paintings in three Austrian historical buildings using a combination of culturedependent and -independent techniques as well as microscopic techniques. The bacterial communities were dominated by halophilic members of Actinobacteria, mainly of the genus Rubrobacter. Representatives of the Archaea were also detected with the predominating genera Halobacterium, Halococcus and Halalkalicoccus. Furthermore, halophilic bacterial strains, mainly of the phylum Firmicutes, could be retrieved from two monuments using special culture media. Inoculation of building materials (limestone and gypsum plaster) with selected isolates reproduced the unaesthetic rosy effect and biodeterioration in the laboratory.

Representan una generación, porque su infancia o juventud coincide con la dictadura de Sila (81-79 a. C.) y mueren entre las batallas de Farsalia (48 a. C.) y la de Accio (31 a. C.)  Muchos procedieron de la Galia Transpadana  Dejan el modelo de Ennio y lo buscan en los poetas de la literatura griega más reciente, la de los Alejandrinos como Euforión de Calcis (275-200 a. C.); Calímaco (310-240 a. C.); Arato (310-240 a. C.); Apolonio de Rodas (295-215 a. C.)  Se puede decir que cultivan un "arte por el arte" en el que la elevada expresión lírica no mira para nada afuera del poeta y su texto.  Búsqueda de motivos remotos o exóticos  Selecta erudición en el vocabulario y la métrica  Descripción de elementos pequeños, elaboración atildada de las vivencias personales más cotidianas  El nombre les fue dado por Cicerón:

In the first part of the article, the author briefly examines the role of transitional eras in Marxist theory and in more detail in Soviet historical scholarship. The author believes that for a number of reasons (related primarily to theoretical principles), transitional eras turned out to be those periods that could receive consistent coverage in Soviet scholarship only if this was done at the level of a general overview with a minimum allowance for historical facts. When historians using more historical material, problems arose with constructing a consistent narrative. The second part of the article shows on several examples how the discussion about the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages was transformed in provincial Soviet historiography. Here the author reveals the features of Soviet historians provincial life, and talks about three attempts to solve the problem of the transition era, made by M. Y. Syuzyumov, V. T. Sirotenko (influenced by the views of Syuzyumov) and by philosopher S. E. Krapivensky. The third and final part of the article presents the conclusions of the study. The author offers
an explanation for why these (and other similar) cases did not influence Soviet scholarship as a whole and were often not even taken into serious consideration by it: the problem lay in the communication distortion in interaction of the province and the “metropoles”. The actual result of the searches described in the article boiled down to the fact that the problem of the transitional era was discussed, but seemed to be lost in the discussion process.

В статье рассматривается роль переходных эпох в марксистской теории в том виде, в котором она была усвоена советской исторической наукой на примере проблемы перехода от Античности к Средневековью. Показано, что по ряду причин, связанных прежде всего с теоретическими установками, переходные эпохи оказывались теми периодами, которые могли получить непротиворечивое освещение в советской науке только в том случае, если это делалось на уровне общего обзора с минимальным допущением конкретики. Поскольку при использовании большего количества исторического материала возникали проблемы с построением непротиворечивого нарратива, то именно поэтому к началу 1950-х гг. сложилась ситуация, при которой подробное освещение поздней Античности (IV-V вв.) стало помехой как для антиковедов, так и для медиевистов. На нескольких примерах показано, каким образом дискуссия о переходе от Античности к Средним векам трансформировалась в провинциальной историографии. Объяснены особенности советской провинциальной научной жизни, зависимость и одновременно отдаленность от столичных историков (Москвы и Ленинграда), охарактеризованы попытки решения проблемы, предложенные М. Я. Сюзюмовым, В. Т. Сиротенко (испытавшим влияние взглядов Сюзюмова), а также философом С. Э. Крапивенским. Дана точка зрения автора статьи на то, как по-разному разобранные провинциальные примеры соотносились со «столичным» мейнстримом, а также объяснение того, почему они не повлияли и практически не были восприняты советской наукой. Фактический итог таких поисков свелся к тому, что сама проблема переходной эпохи была обсуждена, но как бы потеряна в процессе обсуждения, перейдя в разряд одновременно решенных (на формальном уровне) и неразрешимых (на уровне убедительности для самого научного сообщества), что не изменилось до конца советской эпохи. Ключевые слова: советская историография, переходные эпохи, провинциальная историография, переход от Античности к Средневековью.

It is no ways unbecoming a Christian to learn to be a Souldier." 74 British Regulars 76 Provincial Soldiers Gone for Soldiers 84 Viewpoints of the War CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY vii FOREWARD When researchers finally are able to look up from their vast collections of notes and pick up the pen to begin writing, they must confront the monumental question of "So what?" This can be a difficult task, as it is sometimes easier to just keep on writing because the research is already done and it would be a shame to waste it. For a paper to be effective, the writer must answer this question. One way to go about this is be researching what others before you have written. It is so with this paper. I would be nowhere without several historians upon whose backs I am most unworthily standing. Harry Stout and Nathan Hatch offered me my roadmap for navigating the masses of sermons that I culled. Their research into the New England sermon set the groundwork for my research. Their pronouncements that the war was indeed a crusade gave me the impetus to push the thesis forward even more to say that the sermons created a war for the soul of the British Empire. I am also indebted to Fred Anderson and Harold Selesky for their works on New England provincial troops. Their astoundingly comprehensive collections of data on the soldiery were of utmost value.

Eesti Vabariik on olnud sageli esirinnas erinevate “e-teenuste” pakkumisel, kus tavaline, pabereid noudev teenus (nagu näiteks panganduses klientide teenindamine) on Interneti kasutamise läbi pohjalikult reformeeritud. Kuna enamus saadud kogemusi on positiivsed ja tostnud Eesti prestiizi, on nii tavakodanikud kui ka vabariigi valitsus huvitatud järjest uute e-teenuste kasutusele votust. Viimase paari kuu jooksul on kerkinud päevakorda Interneti kaudu valimiste (nn e-valimiste) korraldamine juba 2002. aastal. Käesoleva materjali ...

Between late June and early August of 1941, a series of bloody pogroms broke out in the eastern borderlands of the former Polish Republic, killing tens of thousands of Jewish residents. Much of this violence was intimate, neighbour on neighbour, and all of it was perpetrated by civilians. It has been a long time since anyone has proposed a major paradigm shift for understanding these events. For much of the postwar period, the massacres were barely addressed at all except to fold them neatly into the narrative of the Nazi Holocaust, in which Einsatzgruppen rounded up and murdered vast populations of Jews during Operation Barbarossa. The drama of these genocidal attacks, compressed into a brief period of statelessness after the withdrawal of Soviet administrators and before the full establishment of Nazi rule, was flattened into larger depictions of Nazi atrocities or conveniently blamed on Ukrainian collaborators. 1 But Jan Tomasz Gross's Neighbors changed all of this, demonstrating local complicity in the slaughter of Jewish civilians in the town of Jedwabne. 2 For Gross, the legacy of the Soviet occupation, in which prewar power relations were inverted as Jews took over positions of administrative responsibility, established the immediate pretext for the bloodbath, but longstanding antisemitic attitudes made the attacks possible. Gross's book set off a wave of investigation into similar civilian-led massacres across the Polish lands. Researchers in Poland produced scores of micro histories covering particular sites of local violence, finding that revenge for Jewish collaboration with Soviet occupiers was generally the driving force behind the attacks. North American scholars like Daniel Unowsky, William Hagen, and Omer Bartov have since looked at other moments of anti-Jewish violence in Poland's modern history, emphasizing the ways deep-seated socio-cultural differences turned murderous during power vacuums or shifts in political authority. 3 Regardless of whether anti-Jewish animosity was based on religious conviction, economic rivalry or racist determinants, Christian assaults are understood to stem from a unique and timeless hatred of Jews. Intimate Violence takes a new tack. The first study of its kind to consider party affiliation as a motivation for communal violence, it situates the string of wartime pogroms in the context of

Akwansisi monoliths study provides a convergence of history and archaeology -two complementary disciplines. This is especially so for Nta Akwansisi which has a definite tradition of carved and uncarved monoliths in anthropormophic form commemorating past clan heads, the Ntoon Asiane or Ntoon Emang. Thirty-nine carved and uncarved monoliths in succession are named after previous clan heads from the duo communities of Etinghi-nta and Nnaborakpa. The duo communities represent the political and spiritual capitals of Nta kingdom and provide the kings of Nta in rotation thereby producing a dynasty which stretches back to antiquity. This heritage of stone carving which is fast facing extinction by human and ecological forces, has elicited the cupidity of scholars, researchers and visitors, each prying hard to establish a probable date for the stone culture, their carvers and also decipher other sign writings which appear on the monoliths. Relying on primary sources, preliminary examination attempts to establish that the present occupants, some of who claim autochthonous origins are fragments of an earlier civilization which flourished in prehistoric times. Nta kingdom commemorated their demise kings with a carved and uncarved monolith which stand in a particular burial site for the kings. A king list has been used to provide a relative date of 975 to 1050AD for the Akwansisi stones. The study recommends the methods of archaeology and other modern techniques to unravel the ambiguities surrounding this ancient heritage and also establish absolute dates for Akwansisi stones of Nta dynasty in the middle Cross River Region of Nigeria.

In this paper we analyze, discuss and present the design of the Antikythera Mechanism's central front parts. Based on the aligned and visual images of the same scale of Fragment C front/back face and X-ray CT scans, we designed and reconstructed in bronze, the four independent parts comprising the central front dial. We then correlated the zodiac dial ring with 365 equal subdivisions/days and we investigated the number of days per astronomical season and per zodiac month. Then, we adopted a specific number of equal subdivisions/days per zodiac month and we engraved these on the bronze zodiac month ring. The different number of days per zodiac month created 12 unequal central angles on the zodiac dial ring and therefore the solar anomaly and the unequal time span of the astronomical seasons were well represented on the Antikythera Mechanism. In this way, the functionality of the central front dial of the Mechanism was achieved by adopting the minimum number of hypotheses.

The second Punic war is a relatively well-known episode from Roman history. Reliable, detailed ancient sources such as Livy and Polybius, however, don’t say much on the topic of Hannibal’s provisions from his native Carthage. One of the questions related to the provisions is where Hannibal’s elephants came from after the battle of Cannae, as after traversing the Etrurian swamp Hannibal only had one elephant left (Livy XXII 2). Immediately after the victory at Cannae Hannibal sends a delegation requesting logistics and the Carthaginian senate decides to send him military aid, among which were 4000 Numidians and 40 elephants (Livy XXIII 11-13). In the meantime, Hannibal penetrates Campania already accompanied by elephants at the Siege of Casilinum (Livy XXIII 18). The authors of this paper believe that Hannibal’s path to Cannae was part of a premeditated military plan, according to which the Carthaginian army needed to pick up supplies near Cannae, with the Liburnians playing an impor...

‘नेपालको छापा पत्रकारितामा गोरखापत्रको भूमिका महìवपूर्ण छ । प्रधानमन्त्री जङ्गबहादुर राणा बेलायत भ्रमणबाट विव्रmम संवत् १९०८ मा फर्कंदा ल्याएको हातेछापाखानाबाट नेपालको छापाखाना र पत्रपत्रिकाको इतिहास सुरु हुन्छ । त्यसपछिको कालखण्डमा सरकारी र निजी छापाखानाको स्थापना हुँदै गए । नेपालमा छापाखाना (प्रेस) को स्थापना १९०८ सालमा भएको हो। जसलाई ‘गिद्धे प्रेस’ को नामले चिनिन्छ । यसपछिको करिब ५० वर्षपछि विसं १९५८ वैशाख २४ गते प्रकाशन सुरु भएको गोरखापत्र नेपालकै पहिलो अखबार हो। यसले सरकारी सूचना प्रसारणको साधनका रूपमा काम गर पनि समयव्रmममा पत्रकारि े ता र मुद्रण प्रविधिमा महìवपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्यो। यस अध्ययनमा गोरखापत्र संस्थानले समयसापेक्ष प्रविधि अपनाउँदै गरको े चर्चा गरिएको छ । जसमा लेटर प्रेसदेखि अफसेट प्रेसको प्रयोग, डिजिटल प्रविधिको प्रवेश र रङ्गीन छपाइ प्रविधिमा गरिएको सुधार उल्लेखनीय छ । यस अध्ययनले नेपाली पत्रकारिता र मुद्रण उद्योगको अग्रगामी रूपमा गोरखापत्रले पु¥याएको योगदान दिएको चर्चा गर्ने छ । नेपालमा मुद्रण प्रविधिको विकास, यसको ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि र गोरखापत्रको योगदानलाई देखाउनु यो अध्ययनको सार हो।’ शब्दकुञ्जीः मुद्रण, छापाखाना, प्रविधि, गोरखापत्र ।

Il presente studio analizza la vita economica e sociale della città di Terracina (antica Anxur) in epoca romana, attraverso un esame sistematico delle testimonianze epigrafiche. Basandosi su un corpus di 339 iscrizioni provenienti dal Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) e catalogate nell'Epigraphic Database Roma (EDR), la ricerca indaga le professioni, i mestieri, le cariche pubbliche, lo status giuridico e le dinamiche di mobilità sociale. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al ruolo dei liberti, agli atti di evergetismo e alla rappresentazione epigrafica delle attività economiche. L'analisi qualitativa di un campione rappresentativo delle iscrizioni, esaminate direttamente in questo studio, insieme ai dati quantitativi derivati dall'intero corpus selezionato per l'analisi numerica, restituisce l'immagine di un tessuto urbano contraddistinto da una certa specializzazione artigianale, da una marcata presenza di individui di condizione libertina attivi nei settori economici locali e da rilevanti manifestazioni di evergetismo. La questione del cosiddetto "silenzio epigrafico" relativo a specifiche categorie professionali, in particolare quelle legate alle attività portuali, è affrontata in chiave critica alla luce di nuove evidenze, suggerendo prospettive di ricerca futura orientate a un approccio integrato tra fonti epigrafiche, archeologiche e prosopografiche.

Representations of fear in Polybius' Histories constitute a special case in ancient Greek and Roman historiography. For many ancient historians depicting fear was an opportunity to showcase skills in literary style and rhetorical virtuosity. By contrast, Polybius was a selfavowed 'anti-stylist' who loathed such ornamentation. This study examines the theme of fear in Polybius' history, its role in his lived experience and interstate environment, his rejection of rhetorical flourishes in depicting fear, and his personal political circumstances and self-appointed role as fearless educator and advisor of Roman power elites.

Национальноосвободительная борьба монголов в начале ХХ в. в целом изучена довольно подробно. Вместе с тем действия крупного монгольского отряда повстанцев под руководством Бавужава («харачинское движение», «харачинский вопрос») изучены недостаточно и касаются, прежде всего, периода жизни этого лидера. Цель -анализ деятельности участников повстанческого движения в период от смерти Бавужава до захвата ими столицы Барги -г. Хайлар. Материалы. Для этого проведено изучение документальных источников (прежде всего, по материалам Архива внешней политики Российской империи, Российского государственного военноисторического архива) в сравнении с ранее опубликованными сведениями. Результаты. Реконструированы положение и подготовка повстанческого отряда к последующим действиям в 1917 г. Обсуждаются причины и следствия масштабных грабежей в Барге и Халхе, сопровождавших повстанческое движение монголов в тот период, роль японских военных в этом движении и его установка на восстановление власти свергнутой маньчжурской династии. Замыслы повстанцев о взятии Хайлара прояснились по окончании их зимовки в лагере на южном берегу реки Халх (Халхагол, Халхингол) весной 1917 г.

Readers of history judge historians for what they say. But what about historians' silences, what they have left unsaid? Giving attention to this dimension of an historian's writing can pay rich dividends. By looking at specific omissions we may gain understanding about what historians wanted us to believe, how they attempted to manipulate their readers, and how they arranged their narratives to achieve their objectives. In this chapter, I pursue this line of inquiry concerning the history of the Greek historian Polybius. As a political hostage at Rome, Polybius necessarily offered a foreigner's perspective on Roman imperial power. Despite his well-deserved reputation as an ancient historian of the first order 1 , several bewildering aspects of his treatment of Rome, especially in the sixth book, have not received the careful attention they deserve: 1) Polybius ignores the significance of allied forces in the Roman army in Book 6; 2) he presents a simplistic picture of a monolithic Senate united in its foreign policy decisions during the Hannibalic war; 3) he is silent on political disturbances in Rome surrounding the levy of military recruits at the midpoint of the second century BCE; and 4) he misrepresents Roman elites' religious practices. No one, to the best of my knowledge, has ever considered these suppressions, inconsistences, distortions, and silences together as evidence for the historian's politically motivated narrative strategies. In general terms, Polybius' historiographical solution to the problem of Roman hegemony for Greek political elites was one of blending-that is to say, the cultural assimilation

This paper argues four main points: 1) Polybius does not dwell on horrors of war, the insane chaos and unpredictable nature of battle, and terrifying experiences of rank-and-file soldiers in combat.  2) Warfare primarily interests him as a rational, chess-board affair, showcasing skills or weaknesses of power elites serving as field commanders.  3) While non-Greeks, such as Hannibal and Scipio Africanus, are masters of command, military science in Polybius’ narrative is mainly the preserve of Greeks, and he stresses that outnumbered possessors of Greek λογισμός have overcome vast numbers of mindless and impulsive barbarian hordes.  Romans, as honorary Greeks, can continue to do so if they will follow Polybius’ precepts. And (4), as intrusive, editorializing, first-person narrator, Polybius qua military scientist (we should remember that he wrote a lost Tactica), emerges as educator and advisor for elite Roman field generals who will read his history.

In this paper, the authors present a comparative perspective of the notion of equality in the Western school of scientific thought-a notion that became the cornerstone for specific scientific concepts in Western social and political philosophy-and the non-Western approaches to equality, taking as an example of the latter the ideas of the Senegal politician and philosopher L.S. Senghor. Such a comparison is of interest because the African thinker, although he had studied in France and enjoyed political recognition there, understood the concept of equality in postcolonial context quite differently from the Western philosophers. Other African postcolonial political figures (e.g., J. Nyerere) have also addressed the equality concept, but it is Senghor's ideas that demonstrate so openly the African alternative to the Western approach. Senghor's concept of equality is inseparable from his postcolonial political activities: during this period of his life, he introduced a notion of Civilisation de l'Universel, Civilization of the Universal, which was based on this concept. According to Senghor, such a civilization should evolve through the use of dialogue on equal terms, integrating the values of different civilizations of the West and East. He juxtaposed this notion with the one of civilisation universelle, Universal Civilization, the evolution of which is based exclusively on Euro-American values and can, in its technocrat rush, distort human nature, leading to the demise of humankind. Trying to resolve the dichotomies of Eurocentric approach, born of the gap between rational and intuitive thinking, Senghor adopts a concept of equality as unity, which brings him close to the Eastern Christian tradition of interpreting equality. It is in sharp contrast to Euro-American social tradition, which focuses solely on rational and ideological conceptualizing.

Status: FeedbackWelcome" Link: https://www.academia.edu/129336604/Deciphering_Eratosthenes_Phantom_Pharaohs_Phruoro_Amuthartaeus_and_the_Greek_Transmission_of_Late_New_Kingdom_History

Eratosthenes of Cyrene's king list, preserved through Syncellus, contains enigmatic names like *Phruoro* and *Amuthartaeus*-long dismissed as fictional. This paper argues these are corrupted transmissions of genuine Late New Kingdom rulers: **Ramesses VI (Nebmaatre-Meryamun)**of the 20 th Dynasty and **Psammuthis (Manetho, Afr. the 23 rd Dynasty)**. By cross-referencing Demotic-Greek phonetic shifts, monumental evidence, and Manethonian fragments, we restore these "phantom pharaohs" to history and demonstrate how Hellenistic chronographers preserved kernels of Egyptian tradition.

Este manual anónimo se considera muy antiguo y sus encantos y joyas como un medio eficaz para lograr beneficios y evitar accidentes que estén predestinados. En todo el Oriente, se ha usado el libro "Raziel" para preparar recetas místicas y para la forja de talismanes allí descritos. A través del tiempo se ha mantenido este libro, escrito en arameo, desconocido para la mayoría en los círculos más amplios. La primera ley según el primer editor del texto (Ámsterdam 1701); señala que donde se encuentre este libro, hay felicidad, bendiciones, sabia descendencia; sin él no habrá bendiciones, pero incluso habrá incendios, etc.

Este proyecto está dedicado a mis padres Alejandro Alberto Arroyo Castañeda y Patricia Velásquez Chávez que siempre me apoyaron incondicionalmente y por haberme forjado como la persona que soy en la actualidad, muchos de mis logros los debo a ustedes entre los que se incluye este, para poder llegar a ser un profesional. A mis hermanos, a mis abuelitos y demás familiares en general por el apoyo que siempre me brindaron día a día en el transcurso de cada año de mi carrera Universitaria. Este proyecto está dedicado a mis padres y hermanos quienes me apoyaron a lo largo de mi carrera profesional permitiéndome llegar hasta aquí y convertirme en lo que soy, gracias por sus consejos y palabras de aliento que hicieron de mí una mejor persona cada día. A todas las personas especiales que me acompañaron en esta etapa, aportando a mi formación tanto profesional y como ser humano.

Autori se u članku bave različitom ulogom seoskih utvrda u sjevernoj Istri u kontekstu različitih vojničkih zbivanja i uloge seoskog stanovništva u njima (upad osmanskih pljačkaških skupina te Prvi i Drugi mletačko-austrijski rat). Predstavljene su različite funkcije (pa i simbolične) arhitektonski različito utvrđenih zgrada (stražarskih kula, zidina sa stražarskim kulama, utvrđene crkve i utvrđene kraške jame), a za usporedbu je uzeta i veća utvrda koja je postala sjedište feuda -Socerb i to i u doba spomenutih vojnih događaja i u mirnodopsko doba. Ključne riječi: uloga seoskih utvrda, seoska vojska, simbolična vrijednost utvrda, Uskočki rat, Prvi mletačko-austrijski rat, sjeverna Istra Uvod U ranome novom vijeku seoske utvrde bile su značajka ruralnih područja kao i onih pod mletačkom vlašću te u habsburškim nasljednim zemljama. Njima su bile isprepletene sjeverna Istra i Kras (osobito koparsko zaleđe) te svi važni putovi koji su povezivali unutrašnjost s obalnim mjestima. Iako možemo zaključiti da su određene seoske utvrde nastale već u srednjemu vijeku (1411. godine je, primje-2

The city of Panopeus (aka Phanoteus) in Phokis, reputed in imperial times to be indigent according to the famous passage by Pausanias – which however still requires commentary –, can now be better understood thanks to recent advances in its archaeological and epigraphical exploration. These advances show in particular two breaks at the threshhold and towards the end of the Classical period, respectively in connection with the Persian invasion of 480 BC and the 3rd Sacred War (356-346 BC). Among the Phokian cities in Hellenistic times, Panopeus undoubtedly remained an average city, whose life is made manifest by two new inscriptions, a dedication to Herakles and an erotic text.