Animal health policy in South Asia: what can economic analysis contribute?

The economic importance of livestock production has been undervalued compared to crop production and agricultural economists have not given it the attention which it deserves. Animal health is a significant influence on the productivity of livestock and the economics of animal husbandry. The range of animal health issues which can be usefully considered by economists is outlined. Some of the economic issues and problems involved in extrapolating farm-level and village-level estimates of the economic benefits of livestock disease control to the national level are outlined and discussed. The main problem is the possibility that aggregation or extrapolation of micro-data will fail to account for externalities, market changes dependant on aggregate production, such as variations in market price and changes in access to markets, such as export markets. Traditionally, cost-benefit analysis has been the most widely used technique for assessing the economics of control of animal diseases. It has been criticised by Mcinerney who suggests an alternative approach and this is considered. In conclusion, a brief outline is given of the Thai-Australian Animal Health Project (ACIAR Project 92804) which contains an economic component.

Funds for public programmes for control of animal diseases are limited and especially so in less developed countries. Therefore it is important from an economic point of view to get the 'best value for money' from such control expenditure. After briefly reviewing the economic rationale for government intervention in control of animal diseases, this paper provides a basic analysis of the economics of optimal private and public decisions about control of animal diseases. It explores the role for cost-benefit analysis in this decision- making, taking into account informational constraints and the resource demands of multiple diseases requiring control. The analysis is illustrated by examples and issues from Thailand and pays particular attention to foot-and-mouth disease. A research proposal to help assess public programmes for the control of animal disease in Thailand is briefly sketched. The need for a dynamic approach to disease-control policy is emphasised.

Developing countries often face severe animal health problems, with a number of endemic diseases, and lack resources to put in place the animal health programs of more developed nations. The social costs including lost trade opportunities as a result of animal diseases often exceed the private costs to livestock producers. Improved animal health is a means of promoting sustainable development1 through more efficient resource use, additional export earnings to finance economic growth, improved livelihood of livestock producers and increased animal welfare. Economic analyses of animal health programs have frequently considered only some of the relevant cost and benefit categories, and have sometimes used inappropriate cost and benefit measures. This paper will examine the relationship between animal health programs and economic development, particularly in relation to development of the livestock sector, trade gains and export-led growth. Comments will be made on animal health programs in relation to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Thailand as a case study

2013

Veterinary public health (VPH) is ideally suited to promote convergence between human, animal and environmental sectors. Recent zoonotic and emerging infectious disease events have given rise to increasing calls for efforts to build global VPH capacities. However, even with their greater vulnerability to such events, including their economic and livelihood impacts, the response from lowand middle-income countries such as India has been suboptimal, thereby elevating global health risks. Addressing risks effectively at the human-animal interface in these countries will require a clear vision, consistent policies, strategic approach and sustained political commitment to reform and refine the current VPH capacitybuilding efforts. Only then can the discipline serve its goal of disease prevention, poverty alleviation and support for sustainable livelihoods through improvements in human and animal health.

Lancet (London, England), 2018

MS has received grants for animal health-related projects supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SM is employed by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We declare no other competing interests. 1 Rushton J, ed. The economics of animal health and production. Wallingford: CABI, 2009. 2 Rushton J, Uggla A, Magnusson U. Animal health in development-its role for poverty reduction and human welfare. Stockholm: Expert Group for Aid Studies/Expertgruppen för biståndsanalys, 2017.

Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 1998

Thei'e has been substantial growth in animal health services in India. The number of veterinary livestock units per veterinary institution has declined from 9451 in 1984-85 to 7325 in 1992-93. During the periods the number of veterinary hospitals. polyclinics and dispensaries increased by 26% and the number of veterinary aid centres increased by 23%, Similarly. there has be0.n a substantial increase in rmmpower engaged in animal health services. The number of veterinary Ii ws\ock units per veterinarian declined t)'om 23935 in 1971 to 9359 in 1993, An overwhelming majol'ity of veterinarians is engaged in government sector. However, the number of private practitioners has increased manifolds recently, The incidence and mortality rates due to various diseases have declined significantly and there has been substantial impr~lVemenl in the productivity of livestock. Though animal health sector nas expanded in terms of infraStnlolure and technical expertise. many of the veterinary institutions do not have adequate supplies of preventive and curative inputs because l)fsilol1agc offunds, Ad,;:quate attention needs to be given since a rnaJority of livestock Qwtiers in (ncjia are poor and cm)J1()t atTord high cost of prevention and control of diseases. The future strategy should empha~'ize on aqeqluate supplies ofinplils for prevention and control cif disea$es along with improvement in nutrition and management, as to realize the full prbdll\:tive potential of livestock,

Global Food Security, 2020

Animal health is central in improving nutrition and livelihoods. Principal Investigators from the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems synthesized overarching concerns and identified opportunities for enhancement. Various educational institutes provide differing levels of training and oversight. Few of educational establishments have a system for accreditation and/or periodic review. The public sector for animal health, which is that portion funded by tax dollars, often also supplies health care delivery for more common and treatable diseases, which dilutes government resources and inhibits the effective development of a sustainable private sector. There are insufficient connections and understandings between researchers and government, so that applied problems do not receive sufficient attention. Addressing these problems could promote the livelihoods and nutrition of many.

Experimental Agriculture, 1992

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2021

Background Animal production is an important tool for improving the standard of living of humans and is the backbone of Ethiopia's agricultural development. The country is known for its high reproductive potential, but it is not consumed by various factors. Objectives The overall objective of the study is to assess the key issues related to animal health and performance. Methods In addition to case-observation studies at the District Veterinary Clinic, cross-sectional study design using well-designed and structured questionnaire surveys. Results The evaluation was carried out in three intentionally selected districts, namely: Gidda Ayana, Sibu Sire and Jimma Arjo. As a result, 200, 145 and 165 respondents were sampled among the animal owners in the districts of Gidda Ayana, Sibu Sire and Jimma Arjo, respectively. In all districts, infectious and non-infectious diseases common in the regions were also assessed and classified. In addition, feeds, management systems, water sources,...

ILAR Journal

The laws, regulations, guidelines, and standards on animal care and use for scientific purposes in the countries of Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and India are described in this manuscript. For each of these five countries, a brief introduction is provided on the history of how the need for animal welfare in research, education, training, and testing came to being. This is followed by some background information leading to the current status of regulations and guidelines in each of the five countries. There is also a description of the responsibilities and functions of institutional animal welfare and ethics oversight bodies, enforcement agencies, penalties, and organizations supporting the industry. Finally, a conclusion with insights into the future of laboratory animal welfare and science in each of these five countries in Asia is provided.