Biomechanical Analysis of the Standing Long Jump

The present study intended to find out the relationship among the kinematic variables of Take‐off Characteristics in long jump and also find out which kinematic variable was most contributing factor in the enhancement of the long jump performance. The sample consisted of 5 female long jumpers in the age group of 17-24 years'with mean21.47,the test item (parameters) selected for examined Linear kinematic is Center of Gravity and angular kinematic namely (angle at ankle joint (right, left), angle at knee joint (right, left), angle at hip joint (right, left), angle at shoulder joint (right, left), angle at elbow joint (right, left)). The statistical TechniqueRegression analysis wasused for the present study. The present finding towards, kinematic parameters are quite thought provoking and noteworthy. Linear kinematic (center of gravity) not showed a statistically significant difference and the angular kinematic variables revealed that significant Difference of Right knee angle with the performance in long jump.The regression analysis was reliable as the value of R 2 was 0.868. the one variable(right knee angle) selected in that regression equation explain 86.8% of total variability explain by the model since f value for the regression was also highly significant, the model was reliable also provides further insight into long jump, although not all variables associated with real jumping performance. They found that jump performance was enhanced by a high approach speed, a high knee angle at touchdown and high (concentric and eccentric) muscle strength. Factors which did not have a great influence on jump distance were tendon compliance, muscle fibre contraction speed and some aspects of muscle architecture.

The purpose of this study is assessment the variations between male and female in long jump and determine the causes that led to the differences between male and female in long jump forimprove the performance. Ten long jump players are high level athletes participated in this study (Five male and five female). They were the elite athletes in Egypt. The long jumps were performed on a two-dimensional analysis, marker position data were obtained by a high-speed camera (JVC GR – DVL 9800) at a frequency of 240 Hz, video point v 2.5 2D motion analysis for Biomechanical parameters, and statistically T-test for independent samples and Change Ratio were used to compare results for male and female. The results of biomechanicalparameters between male andfemale ranged between (0.89% - 34.57%) in favor of male or female, male surpassed in velocity of free leg swing during takeoff phase, Selected a biomechanical parameters group influential in the long jump performance (pre- last stride resultant velocity, last stride resultant velocity, horizontal velocity at touch down, resultant velocity at touch down, resultant velocity of the free leg at touch down, horizontal velocity at takeoff, resultant velocity at takeoff, resultant velocity of the free leg at takeoff, total takeoff time, linear momentum at touch down, kinetic energy at touch down, linear momentum at takeoff, and kinetic energy at takeoff), and confirmed by the strong correlation between these parameters and long jump distance.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013

The purpose of this study was (a) to investigate the effect of the different foot movement (placement) during takeoff and the initial knee joint angle used in standing long jump by the ground reaction forces analysis and 3-dimensional motion analysis (BTS SMART motion) and (b) investigate how the jump performances of different foot placement is related to the electromyography (EMG) activity (Noraxon) of 3 selected muscle groups (m. gastrocnemius, m. gluteus maximus, m. rectus femoris, m. tibialis anterior, m. biceps femoris, and m. vastus medialis). Six high caliber sprinters (100 m: 10.87 6 0.38 seconds and 400 m: 46.75 6 1.05 seconds) performed a series of jumps from parallel and straddle foot placement at takeoff on a 2 force platform (Kistler model 9286B) to determine if a different pattern of takeoff improves jumping distance. Using kinematic and kinetic data, the knee joint angle, the trajectories of center of mass (COM), magnitude of takeoff peak force, and impulse during takeoff phase were calculated. Average standing long jump performances with straddle foot placement were 13.58 cm (5.18%) above that from parallel feet placement. The takeoff velocity with 908 knee initial angle initiation of takeoff was not different (1.18 and 1.17 m$s 21 , respectively) between the 2 jumps. The takeoff angles on the COM trajectory also showed differences (69.87 and 66.88, respectively) between each other. The contribution (EMG activation) made by the 6 muscles were almost the same during all phases for the 2 jumps; however, some differences can be found, in either unilateral (single leg) or sums of both legs (bilateral) measurements. A recommendation can be formulated that the contribution of straddle foot placement during takeoff can significantly increase the value of power measurement especially when the evaluation requires a complex movement structure with the division on the left and right legs, for example, sprint start from block.

Metrology and Measurement Systems, 2012

This paper presents results of the study devoted to analysis of impact of upper extremities' momentum on the jump length and analysis of selected kinematic data changes during the standing long jump. Four young sportsmen participated in the initial study. They have performed standing long jump in two measuring conditions: with and without arms swinging. Motion was captured using a 3D opto-electronic camera system SMART (BTS) and selected kinematic data were evaluated using software packages and data processing: trajectory of body centre of gravity (COG), velocity of COG, maximal vertical distance of COG, takeoff angle together with momentum of upper extremities were analyzed. The data were statistically evaluated using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Statistical significance of the kinematic data and jump length were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc test (p<0.05) in Statistics toolbox of Matlab program. Statistically significant differences were assessed within intraindividual and intraclass comparison of data.

IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 2014

The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance was set at .05.

2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of the takeoff leg as a support mechanism in the long jump with the mechanical model (Shibukawa et aI., 1966). The mechanical model assumed that the force exerted by the takeoff leg was equivalent to the sum of the spring, damper and jack forces. Eleven male long jumpers participated in this study. Large spring and damper forces were exerted and absorbed the impact force immediately after the touchdown, and the spring force was also exerted around 25 to 80% of the takeoff phase. The jack force was dominant in two thirds of the takeoff phase. The comparison between the elite jumpers and the ordinary college level jumpers indicated that larger spring force around 25 to 50% of the takeoff phase of the ordinary college level jumpers would result from larger knee flexion.

2012

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the three-dimensional kinematics of contemporary high jump technique during competition and to compare the results with findings from previous elite-level events. The participants in the women’s high jump event of the European Athletics Premium Meeting “Thessaloniki 2009” served as subjects. The jumps were recorded using three stationary digital video cameras, operating at a sampling frequency of 50fields/sec. The kinematic parameters of the last two strides, the take-off and the bar clearance were extracted for analysis through software. The results indicated that the kinematic parameters of the approach (i.e. horizontal velocity, stride length, stride angle, height of body centre of mass) were similar to those reported in the past. However, a poor transformation of horizontal approach velocity to vertical take-off velocity was observed as a greater deceleration of the swinging limbs could be seen at the instant of take-off. Consi...

The aim of this investigation was the comparison of takeoff characteristics between the best and the worst trials in long jump performance among the male combine events athletes. The study examined takeoff features at the best (6.75±0.40 m) and the worst (6.48±0.36 m) trials of eleven combine events athletes (age 20.4±2.3 years, weight and height data was unavailable) in Winter Championships of Southern Federal District of Russia 2014. 2D video analysis was used for evaluating of takeoff characteristics in long jump (frequency of videotaping 240 Hz, SkillSpector software). It was found that center of gravity (CG) of horizontal velocity at touchdown, knee angle and CG height at touchdown, and also minimal knee angle had only non-significant differences between the best and the worst trials. In the same time the horizontal (8.04±0.38 and 7.70±0.48 m•s-1), vertical (3.33±0.52 and 3.07±0.38 m•s-1) and resultant (8.70±0.49 и 8.30±0.52 m•s-1) takeoff velocities were significantly larger a...

The aim of the present study is to compare selected kinematical parameters of male and female long jumpers. A total 12 (six male and six female) All India Intervarsity level long jumpers were randomly selected from the All India Intervarsity Athletic Championship, held at Chennai, India as participant. To acquire kinematical data two digital Sony DCR SX40E video recording cameras, operating at 1/2000 with a frame rate of 60 frames per second, were used during the event. The selected kinematics variables for this study were approach speed, last stride length, velocity of last stride, angle of foot planting knee angle at take-off and total covered distance. For capturing the movement and motion of the athlete, one camera was placed at a distance of ten meter right side of the run way mounted at a height of three feet used to capture approach run, second camera was used to capture the last stride, foot planting and take-off of the jumpers which was placed perpendicular at a distance of seven meters on the right side of the take-off board the height of the camera was set four feet from the ground. All jumps performed by the selected jumpers during competition were recorded and the best valid jump for each athlete was selected for further analysis. The recorded video footages were downloaded, slashed and edited by using the downloaded version of STHVCD55 software. Digitization, smoothing and analysis were conducted using the Silicon Coach Pro7 motion analysis software. Acquired data were subjected to an independent sample 't' test for the comparison of the kinematics parameters between male and female. All statistical procedures were conducted using the SPSS (16.0 Version) software. A level of significance was set at 0.05. The results of the study revealed that, there were significant differences found between male and female intervarsity level long jumpers in their last stride length, velocity of last stride, take-off leg knee angle and total covered distance, where as insignificant differences were observed between male and female intervarsity level long jumpers in their approach run speed and angle of foot planting. On the basis of the results it is concluded that male and female both exhibited same approach run speed and angle of foot planting but male athlete yielded good result as their total covered distance was more than female, this is just because of males possesses greater muscles strength than females.

Journal of Sports Sciences, 1998

The energy contribution of the lower extremity joints to vertical jum ping and long jumping from a standing position has previously been investigated. However, the resultant joint moment contributions to vertical and long jumps perform ed with a running approach are unknown. Also, the contribution of the metatarsophalangeal joint to these activities has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanical energy contributions of the hip, knee, ankle and m etatarsophalangeal joints to running long jumps and running vertical jumps. A sagittal plane analysis was performed on ® ve male university basketball players while performing running vertical jumps and four male long jumpers while perform ing running long jumps. The resultant joint moment and power patterns at the ankle, knee and hip were similar to those reported in the literature for standing jumps. It appears that the m ovement pattern of the jum ps is not in¯uenced by an increase in horizontal velocity before take-off. The metatarsophalangeal joint was a large energy absorber and generated only a minimal amount of energy at take-off . The ankle joint was the largest energy generator and absorber for both jumps; however, it played a smaller relative role during long jum ping as the energy contribution of the hip increased.