Chemistry

Cyclophilins are a subgroup of highly conserved protein family immunophilins which are peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that interconvert between the cis and trans positions. They can act as chaperones in maintaining conformational quality control of proteomes. They are structurally conserved throughout evolution and have been found in mammals, plants, insects, fungi, and bacteria. They share a common fold architecture consisting of 8 antiparallel beta sheets and two alpha helices that pack against the sheets. They exist in the cellular compartment of most tissues and encode special functions. Intracellular Cyclophilins are secreted from cells in response to inflammatory stimuli and can mediate intercellular communication. Pro-inflammatory signals may be stimulated by extracellular Cyclophilin. Overexpression of Cyclophilins can contribute to pathological conditions. Cyclophilins are involved in the pathogenesis of viral infection, neurodegenerative diseases, ageing and cancer. Exhibiting several molecular functions, Cyclophilins can bind to cyclosporine and calcium-dependent ser/thr Calcineurin and has been used to describe the immunosuppressive action of cyclosporine. Cyclophilin can stabilize the cis-trans conformation transition state and speed up isomerization steps in protein folding. This process is important in the assembly of multiple domain proteins. Their existence as foldases and molecular chaperones enable them to be able to assist in the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

A previous study postulated that acetate metabolism was a metabolic sensory mechanism that related information about E. coli's environment to the formation of biofilms (Prüβ et al., Arch. Microbiol. 2010). Considering that mutants in pta ackA (no acetyl phosphate) and ackA (high acetyl phosphate) exhibited similarly increased biofilm amounts and three dimensional structures, the hypothesis for this study was that acetyl Co-A was a more likely mediator of the acetate effect than acetyl phosphate. The effect of acetate metabolism on biofilm amounts was detailed by using single carbon sources rather than the previously used mixed amino acid medium, as well as mutations in additional genes that contribute to acetate metabolism (ldhA, pflA, pflB). In summary, the mutations in ackA, pta ackA, and ldhA increased biofilm amounts in the presence of maltose, D-trehalose, D-mannose, and L-rhamnose, all of which get converted to acetyl-CoA. The ackA mutant also exhibited increased biofilm a...

Carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid have been investigated as representative components for fast pyrolysis (FP) bio-oil upgrading. Selective catalytic conversion of carboxylic acids can enhance bio-refinery processing economics through catalyst preservation and process intensification. Various metal-doped molybdenum carbide bead catalysts have been synthesized and developed in this work.  Our aim is to enable selective conversion of carboxylic acids. In the case of acetic acid conversion, calcium doped Mo2C beads offer the highest yield of acetone ~96% at 450 °C among undoped and Ca or Ni doped catalysts. By comparing hot gas filter with and without Ca-Mo2C catalyst tested with real FP vapors, the former showed a 36.7% reduction of acetic acid, a 37.5% reduction of small ketones in aqueous phase, and a ~50% reduction of methoxies (methoxy phenols and methoxy aromatics) in organic phase. The conversion resulted in the formation of more long chain chemical...

The first total syntheses of natural phenanthrene alkaloids, namely, uvariopsamine (1), noruvariopsamine (2), 8-hydroxystephenanthrine (3), 8-methoxyuvariopsine (4), thalihazine (5), and secophoebine (6), have been realized. In addition, their in vitro antimalarial activity against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human nasopharynx carcinoma (KB), small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187), and breast cancer (MCF7) human cancer cell lines were investigated. All the phenanthrene alkaloids showed significant antiplasmodial activity (IC 50 1.07-7.41 µM), and most compounds displayed low to no toxicity against the three cancer cell lines tested. Particularly, 3 exhibited the best antimalarial activity with an IC 50 value of 1.07 µM, no toxicity to NCI-H187 (IC 50 > 50 µM), and low toxicity against KB (IC 50 24.53 µM) and MCF7 (IC 50 42.67 µM) cell lines.

The anticancer activity of Euphorbia lactea Haw. (E. lactea) has been observed by our lab and other research groups; however, the identity of the bioactive compounds harboring the anticancer effect remains unknown. Here, we report the first isolation of four triterpenoidal compounds, i.e., friedelin [1], friedelan-3β-ol [2], taraxerol [3], and friedelan-3α-ol [4], from the n-hexane fraction of the E. lactea extract. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were investigated in several cancer cell lines, including HN22, HepG2, HCT116, and HeLa. These compounds exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against HN22, HepG2, and HCT116, while the marginal cytotoxic effect was observed in HeLa cells. Among the four bioactive compounds, compound 2 exhibited the most prominent anticancer effect against HN22 cells. Flow cytometry analysis of HN22 cells treated with the compound revealed that compound 2 induced a cell cycle arrest at the S-phase, while apoptosis was not induced at the same concentration and exposure time. In summary, our results highlighted E. lactea as an attractive candidate for anticancer research and identified compound 2 as a chemical constituent of E. lactea harboring anticancer activity.

Eight undescribed neolignans and an undescribed propanoid dimer were isolated from the leaves of Miliusa sessilis, together with two known compounds, dehydrodieugenol A and dehydrodieugenol B. All structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis and the structure of (7S,8R)-5′-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-4′,7epoxy-8,3′-neolign-8′-en-9-acetate (miliusin A) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The absolute configurations were determined using circular dichroism (CD) data analysis and the modified Mosher's method. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HN22, HepG2, and HCT116), including one normal-type cell line (HaCaT) using MTT assay. (7S,8R)-5′hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-4′,7-epoxy-8,3′-neolign-8′-en-9-ol (miliusin B) was found to exhibit the most promising cytotoxic effect against Hela cells with the lowest IC 50 value of 0.04 μM and the highest selective index of 187.8, highlighting miliusin B as an attractive candidate for cervical cancer drug development.

The generation of bis-cyclopentadienones joined by a tether results in the stereoselective, intramolecular dimerization of these reactive intermediates. This cycloaddition leads to structures of high molecular complexity from relatively simple starting materials.

New Synthesis of Benzothiazines and Benzoisothiazoles Containing a Sulfoximine Functional Group. -A successful initial exploration via the reaction of sulfoxime (I) with a variety of the terminal alkynes is presented. The reaction affords predominantly thiazines with alkylalkynes, while thiazoles are favored in the cases of arylalkynes.

A new phenolic compound, 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol, named as millettinol (1), along with six known compounds, medicarpin (2), 4hydroxy-3-methoxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (3), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyisoflavone (4), physcion ( ), (R)-(-)-mellein (6) and isoliquiritigenin (7), were isolated from the wood of Millettia leucantha. The structures of the compounds were determined by an analysis of their spectroscopic data. Some of the isolates were tested for anticancer activity. Compound 1 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against the BCA-1 tumor cell lines with an IC 50 = 3.44 µg/mL.

Protein mobility affects most cellular processes, such as the rates of enzymatic reactions, signal transduction, and assembly of macromolecular complexes. Despite such importance, little systematic information is available about protein diffusion inside bacterial cells. Here we combined fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with numerical modeling to analyze mobility of a set of fluorescent protein fusions in the bacterial cytoplasm, the plasma membrane, and in the nucleoid. Estimated diffusion coefficients of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins show steep dependence on the size and on the number of transmembrane helices, respectively. Protein diffusion in both compartments is thus apparently obstructed by a network of obstacles, creating the so-called molecular sieving effect. These obstructing networks themselves, however, appear to be dynamic and allow a slow and nearly size-independent movement of large proteins and complexes. The obtained dependencies of protein mobility on the molecular mass and the number of transmembrane helices can be used as a reference to predict diffusion rates of proteins in Escherichia coli. Mobility of DNA-binding proteins apparently mainly depends on their binding specificity, with FRAP recovery kinetics being slower for the highly specific TetR repressor than for the relatively nonspecific H-NS regulator.

Discussions on socially and culturally dominant values, beliefs and practices pertaining to patient’s health and culture are not isolated but integral to the practice of contemporary clinical medicine. Medical anthropologists play a unique role in redefining and repositioning the application of CAM in biomedical sciences. This article addresses the current state of knowledge regarding the distinction between medical anthropology and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Participant observations of, and in-depth interviews with ten Malaysian Chinese women cancer survivors were carried out to study their CAM use during and after cancer treatment. The results provide insights about the patterns of CAM use as well as the social and cultural factors under-pining the choice of CAM used by cancer survivors before and after treatment. The survivors’ preference for CAM use during cancer diagnosis was found to be influenced by their values, beliefs, and practices with respect to five ...

Ground based measurement of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and black carbon (BC) aerosol were carried out on the foothills of the three important selected glaciers (i.e., Parbati, Hamta and Beas Kund) in winter season in the northwestern Indian Himalayan Region. The AOD values were found to be in the range of 0.05-0.19. The aerosol loading was observed relatively to be higher (0.15) on 10 November 2014. Besides the biomass burning and frequent incidents of forest fire at local levels, long-range transportation of aerosol particles by air mass from the desert region also contribute to aerosol loading at observing sites. The average value of BC concentration ranges from 283 to 2026 ng m -3 . BC concentration increases more than three times during morning and evening compared to night hours, in addition to shallow boundary layer and a larger possibility of BC intrusion from it during morning and evening. Variations of BC shows high concentration during winter dry season associated with the air masses predominantly coming from Indian plain rich in carbonaceous aerosols. The BC concentration is found to have relationship with anthropogenic activities, fossil fuel burning and biomass burning which has been observed in past in this region.

Particulate pollutants and their water soluble ionic components were collected and analyzed on the occasion of high pollution episode days in the period 2009 to 2011. Among the water soluble ionic constituents at Mohal (valley base), SO 4 2-(34%) was the largest contributor; followed by Cl -(20%), NO 3 -(17%), Ca 2+ (9%), Na + (7%), NH 4 + (5%), F -(2%), Zn 2+ (2%) and Mg 2+ (1%). While at Kothi (hill slope), Cl -(27%) was the largest contributor; followed by SO 4 2-(25%), NO 3 -(14%), Na + (11%), Ca 2+ (9%), NH 4 + (7%), K + (3%), F -(3%) and Zn 2+ (1%). The average ratios of NO 3 -+ Cl -/SO 4 2were 1.08 and 1.64 for Mohal and Kothi, respectively; indicating that a small fraction of HNO 3 and HCl influenced the acidic nature of ions. The mass ratios of NH 4 + /NO 3 -and NH 4 + /SO 4 2-were 0.29, 0.5 and 0.15, 0.28; at Mohal and Kothi, respectively. The ratios were below unity showing the predominance of NH 4 NO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in the atmosphere. The descending order of neutralizing factors were observed as Ca 2+ > NH 4 + > K + > Mg 2+ assuming that the origin is of a crustal source. The non-sea salt fraction for Mohal was found in the descending order of Cl -, Ca 2+ and SO 4 2-, which are more than 50% of the total ions except Mg 2+ and K + . While for Kothi, the percentage of Cl -and SO 4 2-stood to be more than 50% indicating that these ions are of non-marine origin. The first factor from principal component analysis for Mohal explains 75.59% of the total variance i.e., highly loaded with NH 4 + (0.986), K + (0.685), F -(0.935), Cl -(0.919) and Zn 2+ (0.969) indicating influence of anthropogenic activities on PM 10 concentration. While at Kothi, the first factor explains 45.41% of the total variance, highly loaded with K + (0.981) , SO 4 2-(0.965), NO 3 -(0.953) and Zn 2+ (0.948) also indicating influence of anthropogenic activities in the region.

No. Alumni Universitas HENDRI WAHYUDI No. Alumni Fakultas BIODATA a)Tempat / tanggal lahir: Bukittinggi / 20 Januari 1987 b) Nama orang tua:H.Hirwandi c) Fakultas : Ekonomi d) Jurusan : Manajemen e) No. Bp :0910525170 f) Tanggal Lulus : 02 Mei 2012 g) Predikat Lulus : Sangat Memuaskan h) IPK : 3,01 i) Lama Studi : 2 Tahun10 Bulan h) Alamat Orang Tua : Jl.Hamka No 30B Bukittinggi. PENGARUH BAURAN PROMOSI PADA KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN MOBIL TOYOTA AUTO 2000 CABANG PADANG Skripsi S1 oleh : Hendri Wahyudi Pembimbing : Alfitman, SE.M.Sc ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh bauran promosi pada keputusan pembelian konsumen mobil Toyota Auto 2000 Cabang Padang. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Penjualan perseorangan (X1), Promosi penjualan (X2), Periklanan (X3) dan Hubungan masyarakat (X4) yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumen. Dalam penelitian ini populasi yang diambil adalah 100 orang responden yang pernah mengambil keputusan untuk memb...

Se prepararon sólidos micro/mesoporosos del tipo MOR/MCM-41, con diferentes relaciones Si/Al. Para esto se colocó 3,15g de zeolita en solución de NaOH 3M y se agitó la suspensión por 30 min. Luego se agregaron 40 g de una solución de bromuro de hexadeciltrimetil-amonio (CTAB al 16% p/p) y se agitó por 30 minutos nuevamente. La mezcla fue depositada en un reactor de acero revestido de teflón y tratada hidrotérmicamente a 373 K por 24 h. Después de esto, el pH fue ajustado a 8,5. La mezcla fue depositada nuevamente en el reactor por 24 h más a 373 K. El producto sólido fue recuperado por filtración y se lavó con etanol y agua desionizada, para posteriormente secarlo en aire a 353 K y luego calcinarlo 6 h a 823 K. La forma ácida de estos sólidos fue obtenida mediante intercambio iónico en solución de NH NO 1 M a 343 K. Esos compuestos fueron caracterizados por MEB, EDX, DRX, TGA 4 3 y adsorción de N . Los sólidos obtenidos presentan áreas superficiales y volúmenes de poro

It was moved, seconded and passed by unanimous voice vote to accept the April 28, 2009 minutes as presented and the May 19, 2009 correcting the date of the meeting on the minutes. ___________________________________________________________________________ Ms. Rousseau raised a question regarding the handling of minutes and a brief discussion followed between Ms. Rousseau and Chairman LeBlanc. Ms. Rousseau felt that they were the only ones who really knew what they said and they had no idea what an individual typed into the minutes. She felt a responsibility to the citizens of Portsmouth to make sure they get the most accurate minutes possible and that minutes should not be approved without the Board seeing the changes made. Chairman LeBlanc noted that the minutes had been approved as corrected and the corrections were made in accordance with the tape that was made of the meeting. The corrected minutes could be viewed in city hall or on line. He saw no reason to change the protocols that had been place for over 20 years ____________________________________________________________________________ B. Request for Extension -24 Central Avenue Mr. Grasso made a motion to grant an extension of the Special Exception through December 31, 2009, which was seconded by Mr. Parrott. Mr. Grasso stated that he remembered when the applicant had appeared and they had discussed that the initial timeframe would not be enough to complete the construction. He found this to be a reasonable request and Mr. Parrott concurred.

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are deadly and infectious disease that impacts individuals in a variety of ways. Scientists have stepped up their attempts to find an antiviral drug that targets the spike protein (S) of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (receptor protein) as a viable therapeutic target for coronavirus. The most recent study examines the potential antagonistic effects of 17 phytochemicals present in the plant extraction of Euphorbia neriifolia on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 protein. Computational techniques like molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) investigations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis were used to investigate the actions of these phytochemicals. The results of molecular docking studies showed that the control ligand (2-acetamido-2deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose) had a binding potential of -6.2 kcal/mol, but the binding potentials of delphin, β-amyrin, and tulipanin are greater at -10.4, 10.0, and -9.6 kcal/mol. To verify their drug-likeness, the discovered hits were put via Lipinski filters and ADMET analysis. According to MD simulations of the complex run for 100 numbers, delphin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor's active region with good stability. In root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) calculations, delphinan, β-amyrin, and tulipanin showed reduced variance with the receptor binding domain subunit 1(RBD S1) ACE2 protein complex. The solvent accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration (Rg), molecular surface area (MolSA), and polar surface area (PSA) validation results for these three compounds were likewise encouraging. The convenient binding energies across the 100 numbers binding period were discovered by using molecular mechanics of generalized born and surface (MM/GBSA) to estimate the ligand-binding free energies to the protein receptor. All things considered, the information points to a greater likelihood of chemicals found in Euphorbia neriifolia binding to the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 active site. To determine these lead compounds' anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential, in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted.

A formal total synthesis of the antitubercular natural product was accomplished. This work was undertaken to address certain stereochemical problems in our initial synthesis. By using an ester group as a surrogate for a methyl group, we were able to intercept a key intermediate in our first synthesis with better selectivity and greater convergence than had previously been the case.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of time precipitation of avocado slurry seed to yield of starch. Starch analysis included starch content, moisture content, amylose content, amylopectin content, ash content, protein content, fat content, Fourier transform infra red analysis and rapid visco analyzer. Supply of starch from avocado seeds was used by extraction method. Every one hundred grams of avocado slurry was precipitated by gravity with variations for 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours and 24 hours. The Starch yield was washed, and dried using oven at 70 o C for 30 minutes. Starch yield was the highest as 24.20 gram at 24 hours. The result of starch characterization was 73.62%, water content 16.6%, amylose 0.07%, amylopectin 73.55%, ash content 0.23%, protein content 2.16%, fat content 1.09%. Rapid visco analyzer obtained at 91.33 o C of gelatinization temperature. Scanning electron microscopy analyzes obtained 20 μm oval-shaped starch granules. Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis of starch obtained the peak spectrum of O-H group of alcohols, C-H alkanes and C-O ether.

RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do condicionamento osmótico e a eficiência de dois métodos de escarificação na superação da dormência em sementes de amendoim-bravo. Após a escarificação com ácido sulfúrico e com lixa, as sementes foram acondicionadas em soluções de manitol nas concentrações 0,0 (controle), -0,25, -0,50, -0,75 e -1,00 MPa, por seis dias a 10 °C. Foram determinados o teor de água e a porcentagem total de germinação. Observou-se que, a 0,0 MPa, as sementes escarificadas com H 2 SO 4 apresentaram maior teor de água do que as escarificadas com lixa, este fato pode estar relacionado ao desgaste uniforme no tegumento causado pelo H 2 SO 4 . Para o teor de água, em função das concentrações de manitol, houve resposta linear significativa, somente para a escarificação química. Porém, verificou-se na escarificação com lixa maior porcentagem de germinação para a maioria das concentrações, com exceção a -1,00 MPa, em que a germinação foi nula para ambas. As respostas máximas de germinação foram de 79,36% (escarificação química) e 95,56% (escarificação com lixa) com um ponto de máximo de -0,41 MPa, para ambas. A escarificação com lixa foi mais eficiente, entretanto, nas concentrações acima de -0,41 MPa, observou-se redução nas porcentagens de germinação. Palavras-chave: Amendoim-bravo. Escarificação. Teor de água. Solução de manitol.

The objective of this work was to evaluate tolerance of soybean cultivars to water stress using the method solution-paper soaked with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at different levels of osmotic potential. Recently-picked seeds of 21 soybean cultivars were used:

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do estresse hídrico induzido por polietileno glicol, na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de catorze híbridos simples de milho-pipoca. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento em que as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em substrato de papel-toalha, umedecido com soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000), nos níveis de potencial osmótico de zero (controle) e -0,3 MPa. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada por meio do teste de germinação (primeira contagem e contagem final), do comprimento da raiz primária e da parte aérea das plântulas e da biomassa seca das plântulas. A diminuição do potencial hídrico do substrato é prejudicial à germinação das sementes e, principalmente, ao crescimento das plântulas de milho-pipoca. Os decréscimos nas variáveis analisadas dependeram dos híbridos avaliados. Os híbridos G e K foram os que se mostraram mais tolerantes ao estresse hídrico, enquanto que o híbrido M foi mais susceptível à seca. A tolerância ao estresse hídrico independe da qualidade inicial das sementes de milho-pipoca.

In the present article, we report a study on the mechanical behaviour displayed by hydrogen atoms and pores in silicon nitride (SiN) films. A simple three-phase model is proposed to relate the physical properties (stiffness, film stress, mass density, etc.) of hydrogenated nanoporous SiN thin films to the volume fractions of hydrogen and pores. This model is then applied to experimental data extracted from films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, where hydrogen content, stress, and mass densities range widely from 11% to 30%, À2.8 to 1.5 GPa, and 2.0 to 2.8 g/cm 3 , respectively. Starting from the conventional plotting of film's Young's modulus against film porosity, we first propose to correct the conventional calculation of porosity volume fraction with the hydrogen content, thus taking into account both hydrogen mass and concentration. The weight of this hydrogen-correction is found to evolve linearly with hydrogen concentration in tensile films (in accordance with a simple "mass correction" of the film density calculation), but a clear discontinuity is observed toward compressive stresses. Then, the effective volume occupied by hydrogen atoms is calculated taking account of the bond type (N-H or Si-H bonds), thus allowing a precise extraction of the hydrogen volume fraction. These calculations applied to tensile films show that both volume fractions of hydrogen and porosity are similar in magnitude and randomly distributed against Young's modulus. However, the expected linear dependence of the Young's modulus is clearly observed when both volume fractions are added. Finally, we show that the stiffer behaviour of compressive films cannot be only explained on the basis of this (hydrogen þ porosity) volume fraction. Indeed this stiffness difference relies on a dual mechanical behaviour displayed by hydrogen atoms against the film stress state: while they participate to the stiffness in compressive films, hydrogen atoms mainly behave like pores in tensile films where they do not participate to the film stiffness. V

Objective Bacterial meningitis is a life threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. Currently, Gram stain is widely used for the microscopic detection of bacterial pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In Nepal, fluorescent microscopes have been installed in laboratories as a part of the National tuberculosis control program. However, information on the utility of the acridine orange (AO) stain for the direct detection of bacteria in CSF samples in Nepal is not available. Therefore, this study aims to compare Gram stain and AO stain for the rapid detection of bacterial pathogens in CSF of clinically suspected meningitis cases in Kathmandu, Nepal. Results Bacterial pathogens were detected in 9.30% (36/387) by either of the three tests, 9.04% (35/387) by AO stain, 8.27% (32/387) by culture and 6.46% (25/387) by Gram’s stain. Considering culture as a gold standard, the sensitivity of AO stain was higher than Gram stain. The specificity of AO stain was 98.87...

A Research on the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of mangosteeen bark (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 has been carried out. The research was included the determination of the growth inhibition area with the agar diffusion method. Extract concentration used for the study were 50.000, 100.000, 200.000, 400.000, and 600.000 ppm. While the reference solution used chloramphenicol with concentration 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 ppm. The result of this study showed that ethanol extract of mangosteen bark (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) at the concentration up to 600.000 ppm had growth inhibition area for Bacillus subtilis were about 1,802 cm and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were about 1,665 cm. Increasing extract concentration resulted in increasing growth inhibition area.

Small and medium enterprises are considered vital in Kenya due to the significant role which they carry out towards the attainment of the big four agendas with respect to the country's vision 2030. Despite this importance, these businesses continue to be financially excluded. Studies relating to digital transformation and financial inclusion are characterized by underlying research gaps cutting across conceptual, contextual to methodological gaps. As such, this study which originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors sought to evaluate the nexus between digital transformation and financial inclusion of small and medium enterprises in Kenya. Diffusion Innovation Theory and Financial Intermediation Theory were utilized and explanatory research design was adopted. The top 100 small medium enterprises in Kenya

The study sought to examine the effect of mobile phone technology, agency banking services and online banking services on financial inclusion of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. This study originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author where the co-authors served as supervisors. Technology Acceptance Model and Asymmetric Information Theory were adopted. The study adopted explanatory research design. The top 100 Small Medium Enterprises in Kenya constitute the target population and the sample size was 200 based on purposive sampling technique and simple random sampling where two respondents were picked from each Small Medium Enterprises of interest. Multiple regression technique was used for the analysis of data. A response rate of 81.5 percent was achieved. Primary data was used which was collected using a questionnaire. The study used multiple regression analysis. It was established that mobile phone technology and agency banking services had insignificant effe...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of Candida albicans planktonic cells, using methylene blue, 150 mg/mL, as a photosensitizer. Methods: Aliquots of 100 (μg/mL of the fungal suspension in a 106 cells/mL concentration were seeded in microtiter plates with 96 wells, where the same volume of methylene blue was deposited, remaining for 5 min pre-irradiation. Then, the low power laser light was applied (wavelength: 660 nm, power: 100 mW and dose: 426 J/cm2) for 128s using a portable semiconductor laser. Control experiments were performed without illumination and in the absence of methylene blue, and another in the presence of methylene blue without illumination and with illumination, replacing the photosensitizer by saline. In each experimental condition, serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-3) were obtained and 25 μL aliquots were seeded in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar duplicate. After this period, the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) ...

Propana-1J-sultone (1) reacts with phenylhydmioe as well as with acid hydrazides yielding the componding srrlphonic acids 2a -f in good yieIds. On d o n of 2,4-dimethyl-l,3-butadiene-1,4sultone (3) with hydrazides by fusion or in a nonpolar solvent, the sultams 4r-f are obtained, and in alcohols the corresponding sulphonic acids 58-d or the hydrazinc derivative 6 are obtained.

The position-specific 15 N isotope content in organic molecules, at natural abundance, is for the first time determined by using a quantitative methodology based on 15 N NMR spectrometry. 15 N-NMR spectra are obtained by using an adiabatic "Full-Spectrum" INEPT sequence in order to make possible 15 N NMR experiments with a high signal-noise ratio (> 500), to reach a precision with a standard deviation below 1‰ (0.1%). This level of precision is required for observing small changes in 15 N content associated to 15 N isotope effects. As an illustration, the measurement of an isotopic enrichment factor  for each 15 N isotopomer is presented for 1methylimidazole induced during a separation process on a silica column. The precision expressed as the long term repeatability of the methodology is good enough to evaluate small changes in the 15 N isotope contents for a given isotopomer. As observed for 13 C, inverse and normal 15 N isotope effects occur concomitantly, giving access to new information on the origin of the 15 N isotope effects, not detectable by other techniques such as isotope ratio measured by Mass Spectrometry, for which bulk (average) values are obtained.

Oestrosis koyun ve keçilerin burun ve sinus boşluğunda Oestrus ovis sineğinin larvalarının neden olduğu paraziter bir hastalıktır. Dünyanın sıcak ve kuru bölgelerinde, özellikle Avrupa, Afrika ve Akdeniz'de oldukça yaygındır (1-6). Küçükbaş hayvanların otlatılması sırasında sineklerin neden olduğu ra-hatsızlık ve larva gelişimi sırasındaki etkileri hayvancılık üretimi üzerinde ciddi sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. Ergin sineklerin burun etrafına bıraktıkları birinci dönem larvalar hızlı bir şekilde burun boşluğuna, burun septumlarına, turbinate ve etmoid kemiklere yerleşerek mukoza ve mukoza salgıları ile beslenerek büyür ve frontal sinuslere doğru ilerleyerek gelişimlerini tamamlarlar. Hayvanlarda enfekte bölgeye ve larva Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article

Aim: Deltamethrin (DM), a hydrophobic and lipophilic substance used for insect control, easily accumulates in the body, increasing ROS production and causing mucosal inflammation and damage. The aim of this study was to explore the prophylactic effects of hesperidin on DM toxicity in periodontal membrane. Methods: The study was conducted for 14 days on 21 male Wistar albino rats. The experimental animals were divided into three groups (n=7): The Sham group received 0.9% NaCl (1 mL). The deltamethrin group received 0.5 mg/kg DM (1 mL, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide). The deltamethrin + hesperidin group received DM (0.5 mg/kg) + hesperidin (100 mg/kg) (both drugs dissolved in 1 mL dimethyl sulfoxide). All treatments were administered daily via the orogastric route for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and biochemical and histological analyses were performed. Results: The biochemical tests showed significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the deltamethrin group than in the Sham group. Combined application of hesperidin and deltamethrin resulted in significantly lower MDA levels in the deltamethrin + hesperidin group than in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological examination of the periodontal tissues of the deltamethrin group revealed cell degeneration at the alveolar bone-tooth junction, including atypical cells, irregularity in collagen fibers, dilatation and congestion of the blood vessels, and inflammatory cell infiltrates distributed in aggregate and solitary forms. The deltamethrin + hesperidin group showed substantially less cell degeneration. Conclusion: Hesperidin application helped alleviate deltamethrin toxicity by preventing oxidative stress and reducing cell degeneration.

Cardiac valves have a very complex microscopic architecture, this is due to the presence of many cell types and to the variegated stroma. From a morphological point of view, both physiological and pathological processes clearly show there to be an anatomic continuity between valve leaflets and perivalvular tissues; indeed, both component should be taken into consideration during thrombotic processes and in fibrous tissue formation. At present, morphological features are well known and classified, while little is known about histogenetic features: fibrous tissue formation and the role of the various types of adhesion molecules and cells which participate in this process still have to be fully elucidated. In the current study, we focused on the histological analysis of the pannus. In particular, we demonstrated that the true connective nature of the exuberant fibrous tissue was entirely composed of collagen/fibronectin fibre bundles and fibroblasts. Moreover we observed that the phlog...

The adenoviral E1A proteins are able to promote proliferation and transformation, inhibit differentiation, induce apoptosis, and suppress tumor growth. The extreme N terminus and conserved region one of E1A, which are indispensable for transcriptional regulation and for binding to p300/CBP, TBP, and pCAF, play essential roles in these abilities. These observations strongly suggest an intrinsic link between E1A-mediated transcriptional regulation and other effects. In this report, we show that E1A inhibits the normal growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HF7c, and this inhibition also depends on the domains required for transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate that E1A associates with histone acetyltransferase activity and represses the transactivation activity of transcription factor in S. cerevisiae, suggesting that E1A may suppress the expression of genes required for normal growth. Based on yeast growth rescue, we present a genetic screening strategy that identified RACK1 as an E1A antagonizing factor. Expression of human RACK1 efficiently relieves E1A-mediated growth inhibition in HF7c and protects human tumor cells from E1A-induced apoptosis. Finally, we show that RACK1 decreases E1A-associated histone acetyltransferase activity in yeast and mammalian cells, and physically interacts with E1A. Our data demonstrate that RACK1 is a repressor of E1A, possibly by antagonizing the effects of E1A on host gene transcription.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and crystallographic studies on copper-doped cadmium creatininium sulfate (CdCrnS) were undertaken to study the characteristics of a copperhexahydrate complex in an organic analog of Tutton's salt. X-ray diffraction experiments determined the crystal structure of CdCrnS at both 100 K and 298 K. CdCrnS, like Tutton salt, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The unit cell contains two cadmium hexahydrate complexes, four creatininium ions, four sulfates and four additional solvation waters. Both crystallography and EPR find the doped copper replaces the cadmium in the structure. Single crystal EPR measurements at room temperature determined the g and copper hyperfine (A Cu ) tensors (principal values: g; 2.437, 2.134, 2.080, A Cu ; -327, -84.8, 7.33 MHz). EPR spectra of the powder at room temperature gave g; 2.448, 2.125, 2.085 and A Cu ; -315, -75.0, 35.0 MHz, and at 110 K gave g; 2.462, 2.116, 2.077 and A Cu ; -340, -30.0, 35.0 MHz. The room temperature tensors are close to the "rigid lattice limit" values found in copper doped Tutton salts but having a higher gmin and weaker A Cu x coupling than average. A small but measureable temperature dependency of the tensors indicated the presence of a dynamic Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. In addition, the EPR linewidth changed dramatically with temperature which is like that found in all copper doped Tutton crystals. Utilizing the model of Silver-Getz for the g-value variation gave an estimate for the energy difference (δ12 = 640 cm -1 ) between the ground and next highest JT configuration. An empirical correlation appears to exist between δ12 and gmin and A Cu x for the copper hexahydrates studied in similar crystals. This suggests a relationship between the amount of unpaired spin in the copper d orbital x-lobe and the gap between wells of the adiabatic potential surface.

Single crystal Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction experiments, and DFT calculations were carried out to determine the crystal structure of zinc creatinine sulfate, to identify the doped Cu(II) binding site, and to investigate the mechanism behind proto-coupled electron transfer observed in UV exposed crystals. Similar to the cadmium-creatinine complex, the metal is not in coordination with the creatininium cation, but forms a hexahydrate which is buffered from the creatininium by an intervening sulfate ion. Both the EPR measured g (2.44, 2.13, 2.08) and copper hyperfine (325, 77, 0 MHz) tensors and structure are consistent with doped copper replacing zinc in the hexahydrate complex. The room temperature EPR tensors are similar to those previously observed for copper hexahydrate in other doped crystal systems, for example in doped Tutton salts, but only those measured at very low temperatures. In these other systems, vibration couplings stemming from dynamic Jahn-Teller effects cause tensor averaging at temperatures up to room temperature. The reasons why this does not happen in the cadmium and current zinc host structure is an area of recent study. Progress towards analyzing and correlating the unpaired Cu(II) and creatininium radical wavefunctions, the crystal structure and the proton-coupled electron transfer will be presented.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study Cu(II) dynamic behavior in a doped biological model crystal; bis(L-histidinato)cadmium dihydrate, in order to gain better insight into copper site stability in metalloproteins. Temperature dependent changes in the low temperature X-band EPR spectra became visible around 100 K and continued up to room temperature. The measured 298 K g-tensor (principal values: 2.17, 2.16, 2.07) and copper hyperfine coupling tensor (principal values: -260, -190, -37 MHz) were similar to the average of the 77 K tensor values pertaining to two neighboring histidine binding sites. The observed temperature dependence was interpreted using Anderson's theory of motional narrowing, where the magnetic parameters for the different states are averaged as the copper rapidly hops between sites. The EPR pattern was also found to undergo a sharp sigmoidal-shaped, temperature dependent conversion between two species with a critical temperature T c ≈ 160 K. The species below T c hops between the two low temperature site patterns, and the one above T c represents an average of the molecular spin Hamiltonian coupling tensors of the two 77 K sites. In addition, the low and high temperature species hop between one another, contributing to the dynamic averaging. Spectral simulations using this 4-state model determined a hop rate between the two low temperature sites ν h4 = 4.5 × 10 8 s -1 and between the low and high temperature states ν h2 = 1.7 × 10 8 s -1 at 160 K. An Arrhenius relationship of hop rate and temperature gave energy barriers of ΔE 4 = 389 cm -1 and ΔE 2 = 656 cm -1 between the two low temperature sites, and between the low and high temperature states, respectively.

The gene that codes for the putative dihydroorotase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii was subcloned in pET-21a and expressed in Escherichia coli. A purification protocol was devised. The purity of the protein was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and the protein was confirmed by sequencing using LC-MS. The calculated molecular mass is 48104 Da. SEC-LS suggested that the protein is a monomer in solution. ICP-MS showed that there are two Zn ions per monomer. Kinetic analysis of the recombinant protein gave hyperbolic kinetics with Vmax = 12.2 μmol min-1 mg-1 and Km = 0.14 mM at 25 °C. Furthermore the activity of the protein increased with temperature consistent with the hyperthermophilic nature of the organism. A homology model was constructed using the mesophilic Bacillus anthracis protein as the template. Residues known to be critical for Zn and substrate binding were conserved. The activity of the enzyme at 85 °C and 90 °C was found to be relatively constant over 160 m...