Classical Archaeology

In this paper, we present an approach for developing a tool for the restitution of built heritage and we take as a case study the Roman imperial baths of North Africa. This type of building responds as far as their architectural design is concerned to a universal model widely distributed throughout the Roman Empire with significant variations. We suppose here that this tool allows us to generate automatically the hypotheses of restitution (2D and 3D) facilitating the work of restitution for specialists in the field of archaeology and built heritage. The generated models can be refined and completed in order to obtain the most plausible simulation. This tool is obtained following architectural, theoretical, and historical analyses. Our study will focus on the elaboration of data model according to an architectural approach of Architectural Modelling Information (AIM).

Located on the coast of Propontis, Kyzikos was colonized by Miletus. The most important factor in the colonization of the city was tuna fishing, which is understood to have been an important source of livelihood in the city. However, it is noteworthy that ancient sources have been silent on this issue.

This study presents the findings of the 2024 geophysical prospection campaign conducted within the southwestern Lower City of the Hellenistic capital Artaxata, situated in the Ararat plain, Armenia. Using advanced magnetic survey techniques, we sought to investigate the urban layout and expansion of the ancient city. The campaign aimed to test hypotheses derived from aerial imagery regarding the existence of city walls in this area, a previously undocumented feature for the Lower City. Spanning approximately 20 ha, the survey revealed an array of archaeological features, including wall structures, ditches, and pits, alongside evidence of domestic and craft activities such as fireplaces. Notably, the findings confirmed the presence of the southwestern city walls, delineating a settlement area larger than previously known. Additional discoveries include monumental architectural remains, such as an octagonal structure potentially associated with an early Christian church. However, the interpretation of these structures, including their chronology and function, remains tentative pending further excavation. These results not only extend our understanding of the city's urban development but also highlight the efficacy of integrating geophysical surveys with archaeological methods in reconstructing historical urban landscapes. Future investigations will focus on resolving ambiguities through targeted excavation and refining interpretations of the magnetic anomalies observed.

Three Etruscan bucchero kantharoi have recently been found in the North Pontic settlements at modern-day Berezan island (ancient Borysthenes), and Taganrog (ancient Kremnoi), both Milesian foundations of the 7th century BC. Both centres yielded several vessels of Greek pottery dated from the early 7th century onwards. As the only finds of Etruscan bucchero in the Northern Black Sea area, the kantharoi are noteworthy. Miletus founded several colonies in the Black Sea and yielded the largest collection of Etruscan bucchero pottery in the eastern Mediterranean, suggesting it may have played the role of a distribution centre for these goods to the North Pontic area.

Sport in ancient Athens was much more than the Olympics

David. M. Pritchard 

It is true that the Olympic Games were also a really big deal in ancient Athens. The Athenians followed how sports stars performed at the Olympics as obsessively as we do. They likewise swelled with national pride when one of their own was proclaimed an Olympic victor. In the fifth and fourth centuries BC, they gave such a victor their topmost public honours. These were free daily banquets and free front-row seats at local games – both for life. 

Yet, sport in ancient Athens was much more than the Olympics. Physical education was a well-established discipline of the education of Athenian boys. Ancient Athens actually had more local games than any other Greek state. 

Every day, there, schoolboys went to the classes of a paidotribes or athletics teacher. Today, physical education during schooltime usually does not focus on competitive sports. Instead, serious training for such sports takes place outside school hours. By contrast, Athenian physical education was all about the sports common to the Olympics and other games.

An athletics teacher, who was often a former Olympic victor (figure 1), owned his own palaistra or wrestling school. There, he taught his classes in wrestling, boxing and the pankration, which was like our kickboxing (figure 2). For the other common competitive sports, a paidotribes took his students out to a gumnasion or sports field. Democratic Athens had three such public sporting facilities just outside the city-walls. These open spaces were ideal for training in the pentathlon as well as the four common footraces (figure 3).

The two other disciplines of male education were music and grammata or letters. Music included lessons in lyre playing and singing poetry. The grammatistes or letter teacher taught basic reading and writing as well as arithmetic.

The Athenian state never subsidised this traditional education. Therefore, it was always difficult for poor families to cover private school fees. Such families often also relied on their boys to keep farms or businesses going. The end result was that poor families could afford to educate their sons only in a single discipline.

The one that they chose was letters because it was of greater practical value for working people. Consequently, rich boys were the only ones in the classes of the paidotribes. In ancient Athens, about 5 percent of male citizens were rich. This meant that it was only a tiny elite that got serious training in competitive sports.

Competition at games in ancient Greece was truly fierce. There were 1000 Greek microstates in the Mediterranean basin. The sports stars in them all made a beeline for the Olympic Games. Even the local games that each Greek state put on attracted international competitors. A good example is the Great Panathenaea in which 50 percent of sportsmen were non-Athenian.

In the face of such fierce competition, an athlete who had not seriously trained would come in dead last. Poor Athenians, who had missed out on such school-based training, understandably decided not to enter games. Therefore, competing in sport was also a preserve of the social elite.

Ninety-five percent of ancient Athenians might have missed out on participation in sport. Nevertheless, they still considered athletics to be unambiguously good. The poor agreed that every boy should ideally go to the classes of an athletics teacher. In their eyes, such sports classes helped to turn boys into just and temperate adults. Poor Athenians felt no less positively about local games, seeing victory at them as commendable. The demos or people even made sure that no one criticised sports stars in public (figure 1). 

In democratic Athens, soldiers who did their duty were seen as the ultimate role models. In battles, they endured ponoi or toils as well as kindunoi or dangers. In accepting the possibility of death, soldiers proved their arete or courage. Another aspect of the high regard in which sportsmen were held is that they were judged to be comparable to such role models. Like soldiers, they, it was thought, also bore toils and dangers, always putting their courage beyond doubt. 

Ancient Athens was, famously, a direct democracy, in which poor citizens set the political agenda. This made it possible for the demos to turn their high regard of sport into pro-sport policies. Consequently, they voted to create the largest program of local games in ancient Greece. Festival-based contests could be athletic, musical or equestrian. In these 15 Athenian festivals, athletics featured much more often than musical or horse-based events. On this program, the demos spent a truly staggering 2.6 tons of silver each year.

The biggest games that the Athenians staged were the Great Panathenaea. This festival honoured Athena, who was their chief goddess, and was staged, like the Olympics, every 4 years. On it, the demos spent an incredible 650 kilograms of silver each time. This explains why the Great Panathenaea had twice as many contests as the Olympics. The Athenians awarded victors and placegetters huge amounts of olive oil in beautifully painted amphoras. Each Panathenaic amphora depicted Athena as a warrior on one side and a sporting event on the other (figure 2). 

The Great Panathenaea had all the common competitive sports for men and horses. But it had too surprising numbers of events for musicians and dancers as well as for soldiers and sailors. A good example of such war-related contests was the race for ten warships (figure 4). Athenian soldiers were also a big part of the Panathenaic procession, which was depicted on the Parthenon frieze.

Most years saw the ancient Athenians also stage at Eleusis local games for Demeter and Persephone. These two goddesses were considered to be most responsible for good harvests. It was thus quite appropriate that athletes there competed for sacks of grain. At Marathon, every four years, there were games for Heracles, who, it was thought, had founded the Olympics.

The Athenian demos actually considered those fellow citizens who had died in war to be demi-gods (figure 5). Contests were a standard act of worship for demi-gods and gods alike. Each year, Athens thus staged local games for the war dead, for which the prizes were bronze pots.

Today, the torch relay is a cherished ritual of our Olympics. But there was never any such relay at the ancient Games. The closest ancient parallel is a contest that took place at 4 Athenian festivals: the relay race for runners carrying a torch.

It is truly remarkable that poor Athenians were so pro-sport in spite of never being sportsmen. A big reason was that local games brought them much terpsis or delight. As a games spectator, an Athenian got a holiday, watched gripping races or bouts, and enjoyed a free picnic. For the sake of such picnics, the demos constantly voted to expand sacrifices at local games. By the 320s BC, the state was sacrificing 1300 cows each year.

However, the biggest reason for this pro-sport stance was the close association of sport and war. The ancient Athenians waged almost nonstop wars. In their eyes, war was unambiguously good and always brought huge benefits. Sport being closely associated with war could thus only increase the regard that the demos had for it. Nonelite Athenians believed that sportsmen bore toils as much as they did when fighting wars. This meant that they also had a strong personal affinity for what sportsmen did.

David M. Pritchard is an ancient historian at the University of Queensland in Australia and the author of Sport, Democracy and War in Classical Athens (Cambridge University Press). These are excerpts from a public lecture that he will be delivering at the Brisbane Greek Festival on 17 May 2025.

Figure captions:

Figure 1: This is the thanks offering that an Olympic victory from Athens left for Athena at her sanctuary at Sunium (National Archaeological Museum [Athens], inv. no. 3344). Photo courtesy of Hans Goette.

Figure 2: Depicted on this Panathenaic amphora is an athlothetes or games-organiser umpiring the kickboxing contest at the Great Panathenaea (Metropolitan Museum of Art [New York], inv. no. 16.71).

Figure 3: This Athenian wine cup depicts an athletics teacher training students in two events of the pentathlon (Powerhouse Museum [Sydney], inv. no. 99/117/1). Photo: Ryan Hernandez.

Figure 4: Athenian rowers are depicted on this victory monument for the race of warships at the Great Panathenaea (Acropolis Museum [Athens], inv. no. 1339). Photo courtesy of Hans Goette.

Figure 5: This was part of the public tomb for Athenian war dead from the Corinthian War (National Archaeological Museum [Athens], inv. no. 2744). Photo courtesy of Hans Goette.

Pubblicazione sistematica dei risultati dello scavo condotto nel 1983 sulla duna di Casa Brancazzi, lungo le sponde della laguna di Orbetello. Lo scavo mise in luce i resti di due strutture abitative frequentate nel corso del I secolo a.C., interpretate come capanne di pescatori in base alle restituzioni di attrezzatura da pesca, in piombo e in ceramica.

In this study, an eagle figurine from Burdur Museum will be examined. It was purchased by the museum authorities in 1975 and recorded in the museum inventory. The figurine is made of silver alloy. It was produced with mold technique. In addition, wire, granulation and engraving technique were used. It was defined as a gold medallion eagle figurine due to the gold ornamentation on it. The eagle figurines are one of the leading artifacts of art of the Roman Empire.They were theologically accepted with various mystical rituals and ideologically became the symbol of political and military power. Their purposes of use changed accordingly and they were used as cult objects, military symbols, grave gifts, furniture and ornaments or accessories belonging to an object. Findings such as melted metal residue and solder marks indicating that the Burdur Museum example was belongs to an object indicate that the figurine is part of an object. The twisted square gold wire wrapping the body of the figurine like an ornament, the serpent soldered to the gold wire on the chest and the ram figure between its claws are the most important defining characteristics that distinguish our work from existing eagle figurines. At the same time, this figurine is a rare example where eagle-serpent-ram figures are defined as a group of works and form a common composition. Another distinguishing feature is that the eagle figurine is made of silver alloy and decorated with gold alloy ornaments. The stylistic and technical features of the figurine provide a historical standard for displaying the craftsmanship of the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Period. This study initially gives information regarding the defining, technical and iconographic features of the figurine. Secondly, a proposal for its date is presented by an analogical and typological assessment utilizing comparative examples of the figurine.

XLVIII Скупштина и годишњи скуп Српског археолошког друштва (XLVIII Annual Meeting of the Serbian Archaeological Society) (Trebinje, 29–31 May 2025)

https://arheologija.rs/saopstenja/

The paper presents and analyses a newly discovered limestone altar dedicated to the god Liber, found in 2018 during the cleaning of the Rakitnica riverbed in Rogatica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The monument, which is currently housed in the premises of the Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Rogatica, contributes to the understanding of religious and cultural practices in the Roman province of Dalmatia.
The aim of the paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the monument and its inscription, with an effort to contextualise it within both micro- and macro-regional frameworks. Special attention is given to the meaning of the epigraphic text and the context of the cult of Liber in the province of Dalmatia.
Through analysis of available data and comparison with other monuments from the region, the study seeks to offer answers to questions related to the function and symbolism of this monument within the local economic and social landscape of ancient Rogatica.

Ushbu ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyaning asosiy maqsadi arxitektura tarixi va nazariyasi, arxitektura yodgorliklari konstruksiyalari va qurilish materiallari, turizm sohasini rivojlantirishda arxitektura yodgorliklarining tutgan o‘rni va ahamiyati, madaniy meros ob’ektlarini saqlashda axborot texnologiyalar, arxitektura va shaharsozlikning rivojlanishi, atrof-muhit muhofazasi, yer va suv resurslari, muqobil energiyadan oqilona foydalanishda arxitektura va qurilishning roli, energiya va resurs tejamkor qurilish materiallari, buyumlari va konstruksiyalari, ekologiya va tabiiy atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish kabi masalalarga bag‘ishlangan ilmiy maqola va tezislardan iborat.

The Greek name for the pig is ὕς, once called θῦς from the verb θῦειν, that is, 'to sacrifice' (Varro, Rust. 4.9) Excavations in the Roman cemetery near the Legio VI Ferrata base, dated to the secondthird centuries CE, exposed a pit containing the remains of at least 13 domestic pigs represented primarily by mandibles. This study presents new evidence of the role of pigs in Roman military ceremonies, specifically in funerary practices, based on comparable archaeological data and historical and iconographic evidence. The discovery provides valuable insights into the role of pigs in Roman burial practices, suggesting that this was not a cemetery deposition but part of a funerary activity, shedding light on burial practices within the Roman colonies in the Levant, particularly of Roman legions in the province of

This is a bibliographical list of the bone object finds in Anatolia until the year 2015 where all field reports concerning the worked bone finds from Asia Minor between the fourth century BC and seventh century AD were collected. Although a large number of bone objects has been found in excavations and is preserved in museums in Turkey, research concerning them has so far been limited. Only few Greek, Roman and Byzantine bone objects from, among others (in an alphabetical order) Ephesus, Sagalassus and Smyrna as well as museum collections have been thoroughly studied and published. Otherwise, there is little else than brief notes on scattered examples discovered during excavations, field surveys and rescue operations in various parts of Turkey reported in four archaeological periodicals, mostly without any illustration or detailed information (see Table 1 below). In these preliminary studies some of the bone objects have been dated erroneously, their association with grave goods was not reported, and so far no typology has been established. In addition, the issues related to their function, production, distribution and chronology have not been taken sufficiently into account. A comprehensive study covering all the finds of bone objects in Anatolia has not been carried out, and very little archaeometric research have been undertaken.
In this bibliographical study, the data concerning the Greek, Roman and Byzantine worked bone finds from excavations, field surveys and rescue excavations in Turkey were obtained from four Turkish periodicals (Table 1) which are the official annual reports of the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, a subdivision belonging to the Turkish Ministery of Culture and Tourism. These periodicals are ‘Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of excavations) from 1979 to the present, ‘Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of archaeological field surveys) from 1983 to the present, and ‘Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of museum work and rescue excavations; see ‘Abbreviations’ below) from 1990 and 2001 to the present, all three of which are available online on the website of the Turkish General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.
The object of this bibliographical corpus is to compile all the find evidence for this material group in one Mediterranean landscape and to create a base for future research. The list consists of the find spots of each find, their find year, context, number, typologies and finally dating according to their publishers. A find number for each find is given in the left-hand column. Each bibliographical entry is accompanied by an acronymous reference at the end.

Die Studienrichtung Biblische Archäologie gibt es in Europa als eigenständiges Fach nur an wenigen Universitäten. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wird es im Rahmen der Evangelischen Theologie, ganz spezifisch jedoch im Fachbereich Altes Testament, angeboten. Dafür gibt es eine historische Erklärung. Als ab dem 18. Jh. archäologische Ausgrabungen
im Mittelmeerraum zunahmen (wie z.B. in Pompeji und Herculaneum), teilte man das Gebiet in zwei Hälften auf. Erstens gab es da die klassische Archäologie, deren Vertreter sich primär auf antike Quellen (wie die homerischen Sagen über Troja und Mykene) stützten.
Zweitens gab es den östlichen Mittelmeerraum, der vorwiegend aus biblischen Quellen bekannt war und Forschungsgegenstand von Bibelkundlern war und ist.

Die Induzierte Polarisation (IP) ist ein geoelektrisches Verfahren und wurde ursprünglich zur Exploration von Erzvorkommen entwickelt. Neben metallischen Leitern, tragen auch Tonminerale, der Porenraum und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Porenlösung zur Polarisierbarkeit eines Unter-grundes bei. Die spektrale Induzierte Polarisation (SIP) untersucht die Polarisierbarkeit in einem Frequenzbereich von 1 mHz bis 1 kHz und nutzt diese aufgezeichneten Spektren zur Unterscheidung von Materialien. Früher mit einem enormen messtechnischen Aufwand verbunden, führte der gerätetechnische Fort-schritt in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten dazu, dass die SIP vermehrt in der Umweltgeophysik zum Einsatz kommt. Zu den Fragestellungen gehören die Detektion von Altlasten und der Grundwasser-schutz. In der Archäologie ist die Induzierte Polarisation bislang ein kaum verwendetes Verfahren. Im Rahmen des Graduiertenkollegs „Archäologische Analytik“ der J. W. Goethe- Universität wurde die Entwicklung einer...

The subject of the publication are terracottas of various deities discovered in the valley of Middle Struma River. The majority were found during the exploration of Heraclea Sintica and are likely products of a production center in the ancient city. The rest were chance finds. The predominant themes are associated with the cult of Dionysus. Several terracottas are related to the cult of the Thracian Horseman, and individual pieces represent Hercules, Aphrodite, Nike, and other deities. All are dated to the 2nd – 4th centuries AD. According to their form they are divided into four groups – masks, busts, statuettes and tablets (reliefs). Most are precisely crafted and covered with glaze. They are proof of the existence of a strong tradition of terracotta production in the region. They closely resemble examples from Hellenistic workshops in Greece and Asia Minor, which refutes the idea that the technique of terracotta production became simpler and cruder during the Roman period.
This article was submitted in 2008 for the Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference “Gods and Men”, 18-20 September 2008, Varna, Bulgaria. The text presented here is slightly expanded and updated.

Ce travail est une monographie sur les Illyriens vus à travers leurs contacts avec le monde grec. L’objectif est d’aborder l’histoire des populations illyriennes dans une perspective qui est celle de la frontier history, et à cette fin, de réinterpréter toute la documentation disponible sans hellénocentrisme ni a priori idéologique, en cherchant à dégager les vecteurs d’interculturalité.
La première partie de l’ouvrage s’attache à définir les contours géographiques et chronologiques du sujet. Dans un deuxième temps sont étudiés les lieux, les vecteurs, les occasions des contacts et la nature des échanges, en d’autres termes les facteurs d’acculturation. Sur cette base, la dernière partie vise à analyser les transformations observées dans tous les secteurs de la vie socio-culturelle.
Les contacts entre populations grecques et autochtones s’articulent autour de deux temps forts : celui de l’implantation coloniale qui entraîne plutôt une hellénisation dite verticale, touchant uniquement les élites, puis celui de l’unification au sein du royaume de Pyrrhus avec une hellénisation dite horizontale, très étroitement liée au phénomène d’urbanisation et au développement des classes moyennes représentées par les marchands et les artisans.

In this study, two new inscriptions preserved in the garden of Kalecik Municipality
in Kalecik District of Ankara Province are introduced. One of the inscriptions was
identified by the Anatolian Civilizations Museum during research conducted in Kalecik
in 2019 and was placed in the open-air display area in front of Kalecik Municipality. It is
the epitaph of Aurelius Helios, dated to 228 AD. This inscription identifies the previously
unknown village of Ōnoukōme and the region named ALEBONŌN (Alebona?) in
Kalecik. The second one is thought to be a supplication to God. The inscription contains
meaningless letter combinations used to capture the listener's attention in the invocation
to the father of the light repository part of Pistis Sophia, a Gnostic text dated to the 3rd-
4th centuries AD. Additionally, it includes expressions composed of these combinations
found in the magical texts believed to belong to Mithras, preserved in the National Library
of France, in a broad codex referred to as the Greek Magical Papyri, also dated to
the 3rd century AD.

La commune d’Optevoz a été prospectée de longue
date, avant d’être prise sous le feu des recherches
d’archéologie préventive à partir de 1997. Se dévoile
depuis lors un habitat groupé antique très structuré,
localisé en territoire allobroge, aux confins nord de la
province de Narbonnaise.
Lors d’un décapage de diagnostic, trois fragments d’une
inscription sur tegula ont été recueillis au lieu-dit « les
Verchères », au n° 480 de la rue Philippe Tassier. Un
quatrième a été mis au jour au même endroit lors de la
fouille, cette fois en position de remploi, comme élément
de calage d’un poteau (Coquidé 2015). Ces fragments,
tous issus d’une même pièce, livrent l’amorce de 10
lignes d’un texte qui constitue la troisième inscription
découverte à Optevoz. Sa publication se place dans le
sillage des travaux concernant les deux précédentes et
est ici le motif d’une imitation formelle (en terme de
description) dans l’esprit de l’article de Jean-Claude
Béal (Béal, Carrara 1997)...

Current modern attention and concern about (human-driven) climate change has prompted much focus on the historical/archaeological relevance and role of (natural) climate change in the past. The topic is both relevant and important-and especially those short(er)-term events that perhaps helped trigger historically substantive change episodes. But, at the same time, initial, somewhat naïve enthusiasm has now run headlong into the limitations of the available data sources before the early modern era, and the many complications of establishing actual causal associations. These need to be, first, closely defined in terms of timing and effects, and then also, second, established as relevant to the specific human societies/civilizations and contexts in question. This paper seeks to highlight the need for appropriate care and rigorous method when seeking to associate climate and environmental events with the available ancient historical and archaeological evidence, and investigates three illustrative, problematic, cases from the Classical Mediterranean world.

The Eleutheria games of ancient Greece were held in memory of a special event connected with the liberation of a town, victory against a foreign enemy or liberation from a tyrant. Posterior philological sources provide some evidence that ancient Greeks supposedly founded Pan-Hellenic games called the Eleutheria in Plataea in memory of the final Greek liberation from and victory against the Persians. However, the analysis of the sources revealed that the games were founded during the last three decades of the 4 th century B.C. in support of Philip II. The Eleutheria games were set to play a unifying role among all the Greeks as a recollection of their past successes. The programme of the games included athletic and cultural events, the most famous of which was the hoplitodromia. There was a peculiar law regulating this race. If a former winner wanted to participate for the second time he ought to have presented guarantors who would guarantee his victory with their lives, because if the athlete had not won, he would have been executed. It seems that the significance of this law was to prevent victory from turning into a bad omen.

Cilicia has been inhabited since the 8th millennium BC and has a strategic importance due to its location and geography. This dissertation aims to unearth the cities of Colybrassus, Carallia and Casae, which are located on the border of the Pamphylia Region in Rough Cilicia, which are rarely mentioned in ancient sources and have not been excavated or surveyed so far. In the first part, the history of the cities is discussed in the light of antique and modern literary and epigraphic sources, and important information about the political and socio-cultural structures of the cities is obtained. In the second part, all the coins of the cities published so far were cataloged and the coin minting processes of Colybrassus, Carallia and Casae were examined. The types used by the cities on their coins are listed and explained in detail. In addition, the coin units, the legends they used, and the countermarks on the coins are also included in the study. The third chapter focuses on the sharing of dies, identifying the dies of Colybrassus, Carallia and Casae and the common dies they used with other cities, and emphasizing the relations between the cities. The fourth chapter concludes the study with a catalog of coins. This dissertation provides a detailed history of Colybrassus, Carallia and Casae in the light of ancient and modern literary sources, archaeological and epigraphic data and coins.

This paper discusses the issue of feasting and mortuary ritual at Sparta and examines the available textual evidence in combination with the evidence from iconographic representations of ‘banquets’ in the so-called ‘hero reliefs’. The paper focuses on finds from a recently conducted excavation of a cemetery at Katsaris plot on Othonos-Ama
lias and Leonidou Streets, which is the first organised cemetery of the Archaic and Classical periods that has come to light and been systematically excavated at Sparta. The excavation has revealed some hitherto unknown features of Spartan burial culture, such as horse sacrifices and the use of ceremonial kantharoid vessels. The kantharoid
vessels in particular have a bearing on the interpretation of the so-called ‘hero reliefs’ of Laconia, highlighting their possibly funerary nature

L’articolo prende in esame una base con rilievi su quattro lati che si trova a Palazzo Ducale a Mantova e che faceva parte della collezione Gonzaga, anche se nessuna fonte documentaria permette di identificarne con precisione le fasi moderne di vita. La dettagliata analisi delle sculture conservate a Mantova e una volta appartenute ai duchi della città, portata
avanti nell’ambito del progetto "Die antiken Skulpturen der Collezione
Gonzaga in Mantua. Erschließung und Neuuntersuchung einer der größten Sammlungen in Norditalien", ha permesso di inquadrare in modo preciso il monumento che non aveva suscitato nella comunità scientifica particolare interesse. Il contributo quindi propone l’attribuzione della base a uno specifico ambiente produttivo e di conseguenza la ricostruzione di un possibile contesto di provenienza. Inoltre, grazie alla precisa documentazione prodotta vengono messi in evidenza anche alcuni aspetti dei processi di produzione adottati da artisti e copisti fra la fine del i secolo a.C. e il i secolo d.C.

In this article the data of B. Petrunova’s research on
the upper city of the Kaliakra fortress from the year 2010 to 2013 are
summarized. At the beginning of her research, at a distance of 22 m
northwest from Church № 1, Church № 2 was discovered, dedicated
to the Holy Mother of God (Theotokos).
The excavations of Church № 2 (“Holy Mother of God”) was
conducted successively in four seasons from 2010 to 2013. During
that time 191 graves were recorded and the number of human
remains did not correspond to the number of graves, with the remains
comprising at least twice the number of individuals as the number
of graves. The original field documentation includes a catalogue of
over 100 graves with quite-well preserved skeletons.
The necropolis of Church № 2 consists mainly of graves
belonging to the Christian population who inhabited the town during
that period. This claim is supported by both the historical data from
the capital Kaliakra of the Despotate of Dobrudzha, and the artefacts
that were found inside the graves and around them. They are very
characteristic for the Bulgarian Middle Ages, especially in the big
city centres of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom such as Tarnovgrad,
Cherven, and Preslav, amongst others.

La contrada Caracoli di Termini Imerese è stata individuata da Terna per la costruzione della Stazione di Conversione del "Tyrrhenian Link West", un progetto per l'efficientamento energetico della Sicilia e della Sardegna. Sin dall'inizio era stata notata la possibilità d'interferenza della nuova Stazione con un tratto dell'Acquedotto Cornelio, l'opera idraulica romana lunga quasi dieci chilometri, che portava a Thermae Imerenses le acque delle sorgenti di Brucato, situate alle pendici del Monte San Calogero.

Sokan idézik büszkén, hogy „A XX. századot Budapesten csinálták!” – és gyakran ehhez azt is hozzátesszük, hogy ezt a világ egyik legtekintélyesebb tudományos folyóirata, a Nature írta, méghozzá 2000. év első címlapján. Ez az állítás évtizedek óta él a köztudatban – de vajon valóban megjelent ez az idézet a Nature címlapján? És ha nem, akkor honnan ered, és miért tartjuk mégis ennyire kifejezőnek?

Several public buildings in the city of Rome and its immediate environs are associated with the empress Livia, who officially commissioned their construction or renovation: most notable is the Porticus Liviae. While her building activity has often been cited as part of the official Augustan construction programme, emphasising her role as ideal Roman matrona, Livia’s benefactions have never been properly investigated in their social and historical context. The present paper seeks to remedy this by placing Livia’s buildings into the wider field of female building activity in late Republican and Augustan times, thereby offering a new interpretation of her role in Augustus’ programme.

U uvodnom dijelu rada sažeto se predstavlja fond razglednica Dokumentacijskog odjela Arheološkog muzeja Istre. S obzirom na brojnost starih razglednica s prikazom postojeće zgrade Arheološkog muzeja Istre te njegovih preteča, Muzeja grada Pule i Kraljevskog muzeja Istre, iz fonda su izabrani reprezentativni primjerci koji se ovdje analiziraju. Razglednice se donose kronološki, od najstarijih, koje prenose izgled Muzeja grada Pule početkom 20. stoljeća, sve do onih mlađeg datuma s prikazom današnjeg Arheološkog muzeja Istre na samom kraju stoljeća. Interpretira se isključivo vizualni sadržaj prisutan na razglednicama. Ukazuje se na važnost razglednica kao tiskane građe koja, kako je prikazano u ovom radu, ima ulogu dokumentacije o povijesti muzeja, odnosno muzejskih zgrada.The postcard collection of the Documentation Department of the Archaeological Museum of Istria is briefly presented in the introductory section of this paper. Bearing in mind the huge number of old postcards featur...

This paper presents an overview of the Graphics Collection, a fundamental part of the Archaeological Museum of Istria’s documentation. Information regarding the formation of the Collection and the manner of procurement, the criteria for collecting, processing, preserving, and using the Collection, as well as access to users, is presented. After this, a selection of representative works from the Collection is presented.

Excavated several times during the 1970s, in 2005–2006, and most recently in 2013–2014, the villa rustica of Malvaccaro
is the only significant archaeological evidence preserved to the present day within the municipal territory of
Potenza (Basilicata, Italy). Despite its relevance for understanding the human settlement in the suburbium of Potentia
and, in a broad sense, the inner part of Lucania during the Imperial Age, the knowledge of this rural building is still
widely incomplete. The existing archaeological literature on the subject, in fact, comprises only brief summary reports,
which moreover fail to account for the results from the most recent researches at the site (2013–2014), still completely
unpublished. This paper aims to provide as comprehensive and accurate an overview as possible of the villa’s building
and attending phases, through a critical review of all available archaeological documentation preserved in the archives
of the SABAP- Bas. Particular attention is devoted to the planimetric, structural, and stratigraphic aspects of the villa,
and a new and more rigorous graphic and photographic documentation is presented. An attempt is also made in order
to re-contextualize the material data within its historical, topographical, and socio-cultural context.

In this article, a rock-cut structure in the Altınova District of today's Yalova Province, within the borders of the Ancient Bithynia Region, is discussed. The rock-cut structure was evaluated with an extensive literature study conducted by examining and comparing similar structures as well as technical studies conducted on it. The Altınova Rock-cut structure, located far from settlements, on a mountain ridge and dominating the wide valley in front of it, has common architectural elements with rock-cut structures used as cult areas and created by processing the bedrock in situ, which is common in Anatolia. In article, the architectural features and function of this rock-cut structure were evaluated, discussions were carried out regarding its dating and suggestions were presented.

SOMMARIO

SAGGI


Louis Godart, Personale presente, assente e itinerante nelle tavolette in lineare B

Αναστασία Γεωργιάδου, Μαρία Ελευθεριάδη, Παγώνα Ιωαννίδου, Φωτεινή Λογοθετίδου, Αρχαία εγκατάσταση στην Παραλίμνη Πέλλας. Ένα εμπορείο έκπληξη Υστερογεωμετρικής-Πρώιμης Κλασικής εποχής και υστερορωμαϊκά κατάλοιπα οικισμού, δρόμου και γέφυρας

Francesca Mermati, Guerriero, carpentiere e sacerdote. Un middle class man dalla Valle del Sarno e una nuova pisside globulare pithecusano-cumana

Alessandro Minola, Una nota numismatica alla “Legge di Chios”

Eugenio La Rocca, Il gruppo in terracotta del Poeta e delle Sirene a Taranto: un esame basato sullo stile

Giovanni Marginesu, L’antica forma. Il restauro degli edifici sacri nella Grecia classica ed ellenistica. Prolegomeni epigrafici

Niki Sakka, New evidence on the precinct of the sanctuary of Olympian Zeus in Athens: The multiple aspects of a major project and its impact on the city. A preliminary report

Gianluca Mandatori, Ori, monete e vecchie carte. La restituzione dei materiali del Dodecaneso nei documenti d’archivio della SAIA



Greek pottery between the Aegean and the Central Mediterranean in the 8TH and 7TH c. BC. Productions, styles and iconographies, functions and contexts

(edited by Anastasia Gadolou, Mario Denti, Jean-Christophe Sourisseau, Lou de Barbarin, Maria Rosaria Luberto, Josipa Mandić)

Emanuele Papi, Introduction

Anastasia Gadolou, Preface

Mario Denti, Jean-Christophe Sourisseau, Lou de Barbarin, Maria Rosaria Luberto Josipa Mandić, Proceedings of the 8th- and 7th-c. BC GPW - Greek pottery workshops: from Rome to Athens, looking to

Naples, Attica, Euboea, Peloponnese, Aegean Islands

Vicky Vlachou, Attica and Laconia: Comparing models of production and consumption of fine pottery in the 8th and early 7th c. BC

Panagiota Avgerinou, Krater A10770 from the Archaeological Museum of Megara

Christina Kazazaki, An overview of Late Geometric pottery in Megara

Nathan T. Arrington, From influence to networks: Rethinking ceramic connections between Athens and Italy

Giulia Rocco, Protoattic pottery in context outside Attica: Some considerations

Xenia Charalambidou, Insights on ceramic production and consumption at Chalcis on Euboea during the 8th and 7th c. BC. Comparisons with “colonial” contexts in southern Italy and Sicily

Aglaia Koutrobi, A Late Geometric grave from Kamari, Corinthia. Evidence for a new Iron Age site

Ioulia Tzonou, Craft and identity in Corinth in the 8th-7th c. BC

Adrien Delahaye, Christian Mazet, «Beyond the Parnon range, Sparta lay remote». New insights on the 7th-c. Laconian pottery from the Amyklaion

Xenia Charalambidou, Vassilis Lambrinoudakis, Mitropolis and Grotta in Cycladic Naxos. Observations on ancient Naxian ceramic craftsmanship during the 8th and 7th c. BC

Alexandra Alexandridou, Figures, bands and paint on the “Parian” vases from Despotiko: Stylistic developments & functional traits

Giacomo Fadelli, Germano Sarcone, The Lemnian pottery from the Geometric to the end of the Archaic period South Italy and Sicily

Teresa E. Cinquantaquattro, Mariassunta Cuozzo, Pithecusa and Tyrrhenian Campania: Local and imported pottery from the 8th to the 7th c. BC

Luigina Tomay, Pontecagnano: An update on Early Iron Age Greek and Greek-type pottery

Josipa Mandić, From Peloponnese to Incoronata: Functions and consumption of Greek pottery imports and local productions in 7th-c. BC contexts

Maria Rosaria Luberto, Corinth and the others: The Greek pottery of the 8th c. from the Salento to the Ionian coast of southern Italy

Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, The Early Archaic wreck of the Otranto Strait: A preliminary study

Giovanna M. Bacci, Unpublished and revisited material from Colapesce and the urban area of Messina

Gabriella Tigano, The local decorated pottery production of the late 8th-7th c. BC of the western Calcidian colonies of Zancle and Mylai

Maria Costanza Lentini, The pottery production of Naxos in Sicily between the Late Geometric and the Orientalising age

Massimo Frasca, The local painted pottery of Leontinoi

Lou de Barbarin, Siceliotes, Protoattics, or Megarians? About Tréziny type spouted kraters from Megara Hyblaea

Matteo D’Acunto, Rhodian pottery of the 8th and 7th c. BC, and its distribution in Magna Graecia and Sicily

Mario Denti, East Greek figured pottery of the 8th and 7th c. BC in the Italian peninsula: New finds and perspectives