Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

This paper investigates the phenomenological dimensions of aggressive emotions and dysphoric states specifically within schizophrenia, emphasizing distinctive psychopathological alterations of emotional experience. From a phenomenological standpoint, emotions are embodied, intentional, spatially structured, and relational experiences. Schizophrenia significantly disrupts these emotional structures, resulting in fragmented, reactive aggression intertwined with dysphoric states such as irritability, anxiety, and pervasive emotional discomfort. By systematically reviewing phenomenological, clinical, and psychiatric literature, we highlight critical disruptions in emotional intentionality, embodiment, and normative context. Such understanding enhances clinical precision in diagnosis, informs therapeutic interventions, and provides ethical and legal clarity on issues of autonomy and responsibility. We propose that phenomenological insights into aggression and dysphoria in schizophrenia are crucial for developing targeted, ethically sound psychiatric interventions and legal assessments.

Although many pregnant women report fear related to the approaching birth, no consensus exists on how fear of birth should be handled in clinical care. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of a guided internet-based self-help program based on cognitive behavioral therapy (guided ICBT) with standard care on the levels of fear of birth in a sample of pregnant women reporting fear of birth. This nonblinded, multicenter randomized controlled trial with a parallel design was conducted at three study centers (hospitals) in Sweden. Recruitment commenced at the ultrasound screening examination during gestational weeks 17-20. The therapist-guided ICBT intervention was inspired by the Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders and consisted of 8 treatment modules and 1 module for postpartum follow-up. The aim was to help participants observe and understand their fear of birth and find new ways of coping with difficult thoughts and emotions....

This article explores the evolution of the impassible face, tracing its transformation from a philosophical ideal of emotional mastery to a cultural pathology of emotional opacity. Beginning with the serene countenance of the Stoic sage, exemplified by Anaxarchus, and the tranquil suffering of the Christian martyr, such as Saint Agatha, it examines how this ideal migrated to the medical profession, becoming a marker of professional composure in Sir William Osler's Aequanimitas. The study then shifts to the concept of alexithymia, where the absence of emotional expression is pathologized, turning the calm face into a sign of emotional disconnection. This tension is further dramatized in Marina Abramović's The Artist Is Present, where the silent, impassible face becomes a mirror of emotional projection. Finally, the article explores the rise of digital faces-filtered, simulated, and mediated-where the ideal of equanimity is transformed into a mask of generalized alexithymia, a state where emotional presence is replaced by spectral opacity.

Few studies have examined the effectiveness of group therapy for PTSD in witnesses of domestic violence (WDV). The aim of this clinical trial was, firstly, to assess the effectiveness of a manualized emotional regulation and interpersonal abilities group therapy (MERITA) for child and adolescent WDV treated at the center (TAU); and secondly, to analyze the differences (MERITA + TAU vs. TAU) in traumatic, depressive, and anxious symptomatology, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties, externalizing and internalizing symptoms, somatic complaints, prosocial behavior, attachment, and family functioning. A total of 128 WDV patients were required (64 for the intervention group and 64 for the control group) from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain) of the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. Specifically, MERITA + TAU was compared to TAU (post-trial and at 3-month follow-up). Furthermore, in the MERITA + TAU group (intervention group), the temporal evolution of the measures was analyzed. Statistical analyses were carried out, using a linear mixed model with pre-, post-, and 3-month follow-up measurements, where the temporal evolution of the measurements and the differences in the results according to the group (MERITA + TAU/TAU) were studied. In addition, a mixed linear model with measurements was used before, after, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up with MERITA + TAU to evaluate the temporal evolution of the measurements. The structure of the MERITA protocol and the rigorous design based on the SPIRIT methodology and the CONSORT guidelines made it an optimal protocol for conducting a clinical trial. Trial registration: NCT05917730 (date of registration: 2020 Oct 1).

Branchio-oculo-facial (BOF) is a rare genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait resulting from maldevelopment in the branchial arches. This paper presents a case of sporadic BOF for the first time in Iran. He was 2 years and 9 months old that was born in the first pregnancy (normal birth). His parents were healthy and they were 3rd degree relatives. The patient had normal intelligence. His obvious symptoms were holes in both sides of the neck (he had surgery at 6 months of age), broad nasal bridge, nasal duct obstruction, pseudocleft of the upper lip, submucos cleft palate, microphthalmia, and squint eye (more dropping in right eye). He also had hypernasal speech. This rare syndrome is accompanied with different anomalies, and physical and mental disorders, therefore, a team of specialists is needed in treatment of such patients.

This study tested the utility of three different models of personality, namely the social and personality model, the pathological personality traits model, and the psychological dysregulation model, in predicting overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency in a sample of detained boys (ages 12 to 18; M age = 15.31; SD = 1.16). Results indicated that the three personality approaches demonstrated different unique associations with aggression and delinquency. The psychological dysregulation approach, composed of behavioral dysregulation, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive dysregulation, emerged as the overall best predictor of overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. After controlling for the Big Five personality traits, psychological dysregulation accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and delinquency, but not relational aggression. After controlling for callousunemotional traits and narcissistic traits, psychological dysregulation also accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. The pathological personality traits approach, comprised of callous-unemotional traits, narcissistic traits, and borderline traits performed second best. In particular, within this approach borderline traits accounted for the most unique variance, followed by narcissistic traits, then callous-unemotional traits. Borderline traits accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency when controlling for the Big Five traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. Narcissistic traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and relational aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. CU traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. The social and personality model, represented by the vii Big Five personality traits accounted for the least amount of variance in the prediction of aggression and delinquency, on its own, and when pitted against the other two personality approaches. The exception was that the Big Five personality traits accounted for significant variance in relational aggression beyond narcissistic traits. These findings have implications for assessment and intervention with aggressive and antisocial youth.

The purpose of this study is the adaptation of the Teacher Irrational Belief Scale -TIBS . The scale was administered to a sample of 242 teachers from 4 high schools and 4 general schools. Our results are, on the whole, consistent with those obtained in earlier normative studies conducted on Australian population. The internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's Alpha) for the three beliefs and the global score ranged from .48 to .74, which are adequate for using the scale in reliable conditions. The factor analysis revealed 3 principal factors for the Romanian population, related to 3 core irrational beliefs (low frustration tolerance, self -downing and other demandingness). These results are different from those reported on Australian population, where 4 factors were found -low frustration tolerance, self-downing, authoritarianism and demand for justice, but authoritarianism and demand for justice seem to describe Ellis's major irrational belief -other demandingness. The scores of TIBS are related to the scores of the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale 2 (ABS 2).

and as an external consultant to an NHS Foundation Trust. He has previously received payment for work for the Department of Health England. He has served as director and a shareholder of Little Oaks Consulting Ltd. delivering education, training, and consultancy. Prof. Goodyer and Drs.

The purpose of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) in terms of Item Response Theory differential test functioning in thirteen distinct samples (N = 7714) from twelve different countries. We assessed differential test functioning for the three FSCRS subscales, Inadequate-Self, Hated-Self and Reassured-Self separately. 32 of the 78 pairwise comparisons between samples for Inadequate-Self, 42 of the 78 pairwise comparisons for Reassured-Self and 54 of the 78 pairwise comparisons for Hated-Self demonstrated no differential test functioning, i.e. measurement invariance. Hated-Self was the most invariant of the three subscales, suggesting that self-hatred is similarly perceived across different cultures. Nonetheless, all three subscales of FSCRS are sensitive to cross-cultural differences. Considering the possible cultural and linguistic differences in the expression of self-criticism and selfreassurance, future analyses of the meanings and connotations of these constructs across the world are necessary in order to develop or tailor a scale which allows cross-cultural comparisons of various treatment outcomes related to self-criticism.

This paper describes and critically discusses how rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) spread among Italian cognitive psychotherapists. In the 1980s Cesare De Silvestri, with the help of Carola Schimmelpfennig, Franco Baldini, and Mario Di Pietro, brought REBT to Italy and eagerly disseminated it. In addition, De Silvestri cooperated with the two leading figures in the Italian clinical cognitive movement, Vittorio Guidano and Gianni Liotti. Guidano and Liotti applied the ABC framework to their constructivist version of cognitive therapy. Given that the large majority of Italian cognitive therapists adopted Guidano and Liotti's approach, they all started applying the ABC framework and are still applying it today. However, Italian therapists adapted the ABC framework to their constructivist training. For example, Guidano and Liotti interpreted the ABC framework as aimed at promoting cognitive and emotional awareness in clients, while they considered the 'disputing' phase to be not compatible with the constructivist principles they held. They also encouraged the application of John Bowlby's ideas to REBT and the use of life experience report techniques in the ABC. Sandra Sassaroli and Roberto Lorenzini applied George Kelly's ''laddering'' technique to the ABC framework, a technique more focused on dilemmatic structures than on REBTian dysfunctional thought. Caselli investigated REBT's influence on Adrian Wells' metacognitive version of the ABC. Finally, Ruggiero and Ammendola have made a strong call for ''back to Ellis''.

The skills of family survival are tested by family disasters, and they are showed when one of the family members faces with a problem. One of these disasters is the presence of a veteran person in the family; thus, this qualitative study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the problems of women with a veteran husband using the theme analysis. The population included all women with a veteran husband living in regions 13 and 14 of Tehran. 19 women (who had referred to the Municipal Health House of region 13 in 2020) were selected by the judgmental sampling, based on the theoretical saturation of the semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done by the theme analysis and finally, 5 main concept related to the problems of women with a veteran husband were identified: mental, physical, marital, social, and economic problems. As a whole, the results showed that such women have been experiencing many problems in the mental, physical, marital, social, and economic aspects. Therefore, the related organizations should identify the problems of these women and service them.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective treatments for chronic low back pain. However, only half of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients have access to trained CBT therapists, and program expansion is costly. CBT typically consists of 10 weekly hour-long sessions. However, some patients improve after the first few sessions while others need more extensive contact. We are applying principles from "reinforcement learning" (a field of artificial intelligence or AI) to develop an evidence-based, personalized CBT pain management service that automatically adapts to each patient's unique and changing needs (AI-CBT). AI-CBT uses feedback from patients about their progress in pain-related functioning measured daily via pedometer step counts to automatically personalize the intensity and type of patient support. The specific aims of the study are to (1) demonstrate that AI-CBT has pain-related outcomes equivalent to standard telephone CBT, (2) do...

The attitude to marriage is one of the most important predictors of satisfaction after marriage and studying it can clarify the contexts and causes of marriage delay. This research aimed to investigate the role of parents' marital interactions and their marriage-related education in the prediction of children's attitude to marriage with a non-experimental correlation method. The population included single girls and boys in the city of Tehran and 384 people were selected by the multistage sampling. The data were gathered by the standard questionnaire of attitude to marriage, and the researcher-made questionnaires of assessment of parent's marriage-related education and assessment of their marital interactions. They were analyzed by the multivariate linear regression test. According to the results, among the variables, just mothers' marital interactions influence children's attitude to marriage and the increase in its desirability leads to a better children's attitude to marriage. Therefore, by informing the parents, especially the mothers, about their effective role in children's attitude and performance in the future family life, and by providing necessary education, the family role in children's successful marriage can be increased.

Background: Caring for children with asthma creates a lot of tension for the parents. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate the effect of the family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life in parents of children with asthma. Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 parents of children with asthma randomly divided into a case group and a control group. Seven sessions of training based on the empowerment model and after the assessment of the parents' needs were held for the case group over a period of four months. After the four months of training, the quality of life assessment instrument was once again completed by both the cases and the controls. Data were analyzed in SPSS/16 using statistical methods including the independent t-test, the paired t-test and Fisher's exact test. Result: There were no significant differences in the mean scores of knowledge, selfefficacy, self-esteem and quality of life between the case grou...

This article explores the intricate relationship between trauma and Dark Psychology, specifically examining how traumatic experiences can foster manipulative, controlling, and power-abusive behaviors. Drawing on interdisciplinary research from psychology, neuroscience, and trauma studies, the article investigates the psychological mechanisms underlying these maladaptive behaviors, emphasizing their roots in survival strategies and learned helplessness. Through a review of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, the study highlights the critical role of trauma-informed care in addressing these complex psychological phenomena. The article presents an in-depth analysis of therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), psychodynamic approaches, and group therapy, showcasing their efficacy in breaking cycles of manipulation and control. Case studies illustrate practical applications and outcomes, while ethical considerations and challenges in treatment are critically discussed. By bridging the gap between trauma research and Dark Psychology, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological underpinnings of manipulative behaviors and offers evidence-based recommendations for mental health professionals. The findings underscore the importance of integrating trauma-informed practices into therapeutic settings to promote healing and prevent the perpetuation of harmful behaviors. This research has significant implications for clinical practice, policy development, and future studies aimed at addressing the intersection of trauma and Dark Psychology.

Knowing the factors and predictors of family stability, especially marital stability, is a necessity that can make families sustainable. This study was conducted to identify the factors of marital stability in an Islamic-Iranian society with a meta-synthesis approach. For gathering the data, all published research sources during the years of 2010-2019 were reviewed. 1160 articles, 581 theses and dissertations, and 3 books were analyzed from 7155 articles, 1442 theses and dissertations, and 11 books. In the first step of data analysis, 678 codes were identified. In the second step, 37 concepts were identified, and in the final step, 7 categories were identified. According to the results, these 7 main categories of marital stability in an Islamic-Iranian society are as follows: individual matches, individual-related characteristics, gender-related individual characteristics, main family characteristics, the characteristics of friends and relatives, the common characteristics of marital relationship, and gender-related communicative characteristics.

Incretin-based medications for treating obesity produce substantial short-and long-term weight loss and improve obesityrelated comorbidities. However, associating lifestyle modification with new medications to treat obesity is generally advisable for several reasons. Firstly, healthy eating patterns and physical activity may offer important additional benefits, enhancing the patient's health and well-being. In addition, regular specialist counselling in lifestyle modification can help patients maintain their motivation levels and develop specific skills for addressing obstacles during the lengthy process of weight loss and maintenance, potentially improving outcomes in the long term. Given the high efficacy of the new weight-loss drugs, it would be timely to streamline and simplify the current gold standard of obesity management based on lifestyle modification. For example, it now seems redundant to prescribe strict diets or meal replacements to reduce calorie intake, or to recommend patients practice 200 to 300 minutes of moderateto-vigorous-intensity exercise for enhanced weight loss. Moderate calorie restriction and, at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and two sessions of muscle-strengthening activities per week may be more achievable and appropriate goals for sustainable weight loss in most patients on pharmaceutical obesity treatment. As regards lifestyle modification counselling, future studies should assess its optimal intensity and duration in the "new medications for obesity era".

espanolEn los ultimos anos son numerosos e intensos los debates que se han mantenido a nivel internacional, tanto desde un punto de vista moral como juridico, en relacion a la idea de que la incapacidad de controlar la agresividad impulsiva puede estar parcialmente influenciada por el perf il genetico de un determinado individuo. Asi, son numerosas las sentencias en el marco internacional, que han permitido mitigar la pena de los acusados, constituyendose estas como hechos altamente relevantes en el sistema penal y colocand o a la genetica comportamental en el centro de una fuerte polemica dadas las implicaciones y las consecuencias que puede tener tanto en los sistemas judiciales como en la sociedad desde un punto de vista etico. Con estas sentencias como punto de partida, esta revision trata de recoger y exponer todos aquellos genes que podrian asimilarse a este tipo de sentencias y se debate que enfoque podria recibir por parte del sistema judicial espanol. EnglishIn recent years...

This text discusses the differences between sociopathy and psychopathy, their symptoms, causes, and behavioral characteristics. It covers key features of Antisocial Personality Disorder and compares psychopaths and sociopaths, focusing on their behavior in society and ability to form attachments. The text also explores potential causes of these disorders, including genetic and external factors, as well as treatment methods. The author highlights key therapeutic approaches for sociopathy and psychopathy, emphasizing the challenges in treatment and the importance of early intervention.

Background: National guidelines in the UK, United States of America, Canada, and Australia have recently stressed the importance of identifying and treating antenatal anxiety and depression. However, there is little research into the most effective and acceptable ways of helping women manage their symptoms of anxiety and stress during pregnancy. Research indicates the necessity to consider the unique needs and concerns of perinatal populations to ensure treatment engagement, highlighting the need to develop specialised treatments which could be integrated within routine antenatal healthcare services. This trial aims to develop a brief intervention for antenatal anxiety, with a focus on embedding the delivery of the treatment within routine antenatal care. Methods/Design: This study is a two-phase feasibility trial. In phase 1 we will develop and pilot a brief intervention for antenatal anxiety, blended with group support, to be led by midwives. This intervention will draw on cognitive behavioural principles and wider learning from existing interventions that have been used to reduce anxiety in expectant mothers. The intervention will then be tested in a pilot randomised controlled trial in phase 2. The following outcomes will be assessed: (1) number of participants meeting eligibility criteria, (2) number of participants consenting to the study, (3) number of participants randomised, (4) number of sessions completed by those in the intervention arm, and (5) number of participants completing the post-intervention outcome measures. Secondary outcomes comprise: detailed feedback on acceptability, which will guide further development of the intervention; and outcome data on symptoms of maternal and paternal anxiety and depression, maternal quality of life, quality of couple relationship, mother-child bonding, infant temperament and infant sleep. Discussion: The study will provide important data to inform the design of a future full-scale randomised controlled trial of a brief intervention for anxiety during pregnancy. This will include information on its acceptability and feasibility regarding implementation within current antenatal services, which will inform whether ultimately this provision could be rolled out widely in healthcare settings.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that increases the possibility of mental disorders due to physical problems. Therefore, psychological interventions such as diabetes self-care activities (DSCA) can probably create positive changes in the psychological activity indicators. Also, therapists have focused on improving these patients' psychological security (PS). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) is a common method for improving PS and DSCA. Methods: This quasi-experimental research aimed to explore the effectiveness of GCBT on the PS and DSCA in patients with T2DM. It was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group on 30 elderly female diabetic patients during the summer of 2023. The convenience sampling method was implemented to select subjects. They were randomly assigned into two groups (test and control) of 15 subjects. We used Maslow's psychosocial security questionnaire and the self-care behavior questionnaire by Robert Thompson and Glasgow to collect study data. Results: The results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that GCBT significantly increased the PS and the DSCA in the patients with T2DM (P≤0.05). GCBT was effective in improving the PS and the DSCA of the patients with T2DM. The GCBT intervention with the protocol used in this study effectively increased PS and DSCA in patients with T2DM. Conclusion: Therefore, GCBT can be used along with drug treatments for patients with T2DM. In addition, it is recommended that planners design programs based on this research to improve the PS and the DSCA of patients with T2DM.

Pritchett, M., Ala’i-Rosales, S., Cruz, A.R. et al. Social Justice is the Spirit and Aim of an Applied Science of Human Behavior: Moving from Colonial to Participatory Research Practices. Behav Analysis Practice 15, 1074
1092 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00591-7

Esta es una traducción libre desarrollada por Edson Escalante únicamente para ser utilizada de forma personal, privada y sin fines comerciales en los círculos de estudios que desarrollamos en Familias ABA y en www.soyanalistaconductual.org ambos son programas sin fines de lucro para la divulgación del análisis de la conducta.

Es momento de un cambio de paradigma en la ciencia del análisis conductual aplicado. Nuestro enfoque actual de investigación aplicada perpetúa los desequilibrios de poder. Proponemos que el propósito del análisis conductual aplicado es habilitar y expandir los derechos humanos y eliminar los legados de estructuras sociales coloniales y opresivas. Presentamos los hallazgos de nuestro análisis del contenido de la revista principal de investigación aplicada de nuestro campo. Revisamos 50 años de experimentos aplicados desde la perspectiva del respeto, la beneficencia, la justicia y la participación de individuos y comunidades. Aunque hay señales de progreso y movimiento hacia la inclusión, nuestros
hallazgos indican que no hemos priorizado la participación plena en todos los segmentos de la sociedad, especialmente de las personas y comunidades marginadas. La justicia social se basa en la creencia de que la vida humana debe ser universalmente valorada y apreciada. En este artículo, sugerimos que las políticas, estrategias y prácticas de investigación dentro de nuestro campo se entrelacen con un compromiso con la justicia social, incluida la justicia racial, para todos. Ofrecemos recomendaciones para neutralizar y difundir los desequilibrios de poder y avanzar hacia un cambio de prácticas coloniales a prácticas participativas en los métodos y objetivos de nuestra ciencia aplicada.

Anxiety disorders (ADs) are among the most common psychiatric disorders and they may appear as early on as in childhood. The current study addressed the combination of two treatments approaches for ADs: Dance/movement therapy (DMT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), focusing on factors that explain the therapists' attitudes towards actually combining the two therapies. The study utilized a quantitative design, with a perceptions survey administered via an online questionnaire. Ninety-nine therapists participated in the study (DMT-only n = 35, CBT-only n = 42, and DMT + CBT, n = 22). Following preliminary analysis (comparison between the groups, correlations and factor analysis), the structural equation model (SEM, confirmatory factor analysis) revealed a good fit between the theoretical model and the empirical data. First, it was found that the reported actual use of the combined approaches (DMT + CBT) in treatment of children with ADs, was significantly explained by therapists who had experience practicing DMT but not CBT perceiving this combination as efficient. Second, the therapists' use of the combined therapy (DMT + CBT) approaches was not related to their sense of efficacy as therapists of children with ADs. The model represents concordance between the components of the therapists' attitudes: Affective-belief that it is efficient, cognitive-perception of it as effective, and behavioral-their actual use.

Kirby, M. S., Spencer, T. D., & Spiker, S. T. (2022). Humble Behaviorism redux. Behavior and Social Issues, 31(1), 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-022-00092-4

Esta es una traducción libre desarrollada por Edson Escalante únicamente para ser utilizada de forma personal, privada y sin fines comerciales en los círculos de estudios que desarrollamos en Familias ABA y en www.soyanalistaconductual.org ambos son programas sin fines de lucro para la divulgación del análisis de la conducta.

La necesidad de llevar el análisis conductual a una escala mayor nunca ha sido más evidente o urgente que ahora. La colaboración entre analistas conductuales y trabajadores de la salud, educadores, legisladores, clínicos de salud mental, trabajadores sociales y muchos otros profesionales es fundamental para llegar a poblaciones con pocos recursos y tradicionalmente marginadas. Sin embargo, primero, la colaboración interprofesional debe ser adoptada ampliamente y reforzada dentro de la comunidad analítico-conductual. El centrismo disciplinario y la
arrogancia son obstáculos para una colaboración interprofesional efectiva, lo que lleva a asumir la posición de que los profesionales de la misma disciplina están mejor capacitados y son más inteligentes que aquellos de otros campos. No obstante, la humildad cultural (Wright, Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(4), 805–809, 2019) es una
alternativa al centrismo disciplinario que permite a los profesionales mantener identidades nacidas de historias culturales y de formación (Pecukonis, Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 40(3), 211–220, 2020). Además, la reciprocidad cultural es un proceso de autoobservación e investigación colaborativa que implica cuestionar las
propias suposiciones y obliga a los individuos (y a las profesiones) a confrontar las contradicciones entre sus valores y sus prácticas (Kalyanpur & Harry, 1999). En este artículo, revisitamos el llamado al Conductismo Humilde que hizo por primera vez Alan Neuringer en 1991 y las recomendaciones de otros analistas conductuales desde entonces. Específicamente, introducimos un marco de reciprocidad cultural para guiar a los conductistas humildes mientras adquieren los comportamientos necesarios para establecer y mantener relaciones interprofesionales productivas. Les alentamos a actuar según sus deberes éticos y morales para abordar problemas sociales de
preocupación global y llevar el análisis conductual a una escala mayor.

Bailey J. S. (1991). Marketing behavior analysis requires different talk. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 24(3), 445–448. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1991.24-445

Esta es una traducción libre desarrollada por Edson Escalante únicamente para ser utilizada de forma personal, privada y sin fines comerciales en los círculos de estudios que desarrollamos en Familias ABA y en www.soyanalistaconductual.org ambos son programas sin fines de lucro para la divulgación del análisis de la conducta.

Necesitamos aprender más sobre las necesidades de nuestros consumidores potenciales y estar preparados para adaptar nuestra tecnología para satisfacerlas. Hablar en términos tecnológicos nos limita al alejarnos a menudo del público al que necesitamos dirigirnos. Es hora de enfrentar este problema de manera directa. En este Artículo Jon Bailey reflexiona precisamente sobre cómo podemos hacer que el análisis de la conducta que ofrece la solución (probablemente la única solución) a muchos de los problemas urgentes de hoy en día tenga una mayor aceptación entre el público en general.

Parkinson disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative illness of the central nervous system that causes significant disability. Neurological and memory impairments are hallmarks of dementia, which has significant therapeutic implications for patients with Parkinson disease and is associated with elevated mortality. Non-motor symptoms, in addition to the traditional motor symptoms, were commonly acknowledged components of the clinical picture. Cognitive decline, including problems with memory and attention, was a crucial feature of the disease since it adds a great deal of burden to both the patient and caretakers. So, this study aims to find the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and aerobic exercise on the attention and memory in Parkinson disease dementia. Methods: A pilot study was conducted with 30 patients diagnosed with Parkinson disease dementia who had mild to moderate impairments in cognitive functions such as attention and memory. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, and the study was conducted in a private setting. Group A (n=15) received cognitive behavioral therapy, and group B (n=15) received aerobic exercise for 6 weeks daily for 30 minutes. Parkinson disease-cognitive rating scale and mini-mental state examination were used as outcome measures. Results: Cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in cognitive functions than aerobic exercise (P<0.001), evidenced by paired and unpaired t-tests. Conclusion: The study concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy significantly outperforms aerobic exercise in enhancing attention and memory in dementia associated with Parkinson disease. These findings highlight the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral techniques as a key therapeutic intervention for improving cognitive function in this population.

Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate relationship between job stress, work productivity and job satisfaction in factory workers. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be positive relationship between job stress, work productivity and job satisfaction in factory workers. Secondly, job stress and work productivity are predictors of job satisfaction. A number of hundred factory workers N=100 including only 100 men were selected through purposive sampling technique from Citizen Factory. Job Stress Scale (Marlin Company), Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS, Jean Endicott, 1997) and Job satisfaction scale by Spector (1997) questionnaires were administered on participants for data collection. Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationship between job stress, work productivity and job satisfaction in factory workers. Linear regression analysis showed that job stress and work productivity are significant predictors of job satisfaction.
  Key words:  Job Stress, Work Productivity, Job Satisfaction, Factory Workers

report a case series on a mixed individual and group treatment for social phobia, suggesting that the treatment is efficacious. As a group who has just embarked on a similar training program, we comment on their endeavor from the teacher/student perspective with an eye towards pedagogy in training students to conduct CBT. Thoughts and questions regarding the treatment, the patients, the therapists, and the outcomes are raised in order to highlight the potential that exists in such training models.

Domestic violence is an aversive situation that causes a strong psychological distress. Usually, it has been considered its effect on the adaptation of the victims to their daily life and on their mental health. This paper analyses its psychological consequences in a sample of 70 battered women. Results support previous researches about the posttraumatic symptoms, showing an important percentage of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Subsyndromal among battered women. Comorbidity with depression has been found too. However, the percentage of women who suffered another anxiety disorder was lower than those found in previous studies. No women presented alcohol or substances abuse. Level of general inadaptation and low self-esteem are also described as concomitants variables. Finally, there are some suggestions for treatment according to the specific symptomatology found in the study.

Psychopathological characteristics of female victims of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence has caused much social alarm. Knowing the characteristics and problems of the female victims of this type of violence is necessary to be able to provide adequate psychological attention. This is the purpose of the present study. We studied a sample of 212 women who had been exposed to a situation of intimate partner violence, were remitted by diverse institutions of the Community of Madrid, and who were evaluated by the same procedure. The results contribute data about the social-demographic characteristics and the history of violence, which resemble those obtained in previous investigations. Regarding psychopathological variables, there was a lower incidence of posttraumatic stress and a higher incidence of depression. The presence of some concomitant variables was observed, especially problems of adaptation, low self-esteem, and dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute depression. However, whether CBT can be effectively delivered in individual, group, telephone-administered, guided self-help, and unguided self-help formats remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the most effective delivery format for CBT via a network meta-analysis.

Background-Sleep quality may be an important, yet relatively neglected, predictor of treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders. Specifically, poor sleep quality may impair memory consolidation of in-session extinction learning. We therefore examined sleep quality as a predictor of treatment outcome in CBT for social anxiety disorder and the impact of d-cycloserine (DCS) on this relationship. Methods-One hundred sixty-nine participants with a primary diagnosis of DSM-IV generalized social anxiety disorder were recruited across three sites. Participants were enrolled in 12 weeks of

A gap exists between empirically supported substance abuse treatments and those used in community settings. This study examined the feasibility of training substance abuse counselors to deliver cognitivebehavioral treatment (CUT) using treatment manuals. Participants were 29 counselors. Counselors were randomly assigned to receive CBT training or to a control group. Counselor attitudes were assessed preand posttraining. In addition, CBT therapy sessions were videotaped and rated for adherence and skillfulness. CBT counselors reported high levels of satisfaction with the training, intention to use CBT interventions, and confidence in their ability to do so. Ratings indicated that 90% of counselors were judged as having attained at least adequate levels of CBT skillfulness. Findings demonstrate the feasibility of using psychotherapy technology tools as a means of disseminating science-based treatments to the substance abuse practice community.

This study aims to identify the causes of self-harm, determine the dominant triggers of this behavior in adolescents, and explore actions that can be taken to deal with self-harm behavior. The design of this study utilized quantitative methods with a behavioral counseling approach. The participants of this study were adolescents aged 16-20 years. This research uncovered three primary areas of focus, one of which is self-harm behavior, the causes, and efforts to deal with it. According to the analysis of data, it can be inferred that the self-injurious actions in young people, is influenced by various things, with the most dominant factor being feelings of fear and anxiety for no apparent reason.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most thoroughly studied nonpharmacologic approach to the treatment of social anxiety disorder, and its efficacy has been demonstrated in a large number of investigations. This article summarizes the data on the efficacy of CBT for the treatment of the symptoms of social anxiety disorder and impaired quality of life. The relative efficacy of various CBT approaches, both in the short-term and over extended follow-up periods, is reviewed. Factors associated with more or less positive response to CBT among patients with social anxiety disorder are examined. Special attention is given to the comparison of CBT with pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of social anxiety disorder and the potential utility of combining these approaches. Future directions in the application of combinations of CBT and pharmacotherapy to the treatment of social anxiety disorder are discussed.

Sleep disorders among children are frequently reported during hospitalization and after discharge, which negatively impacts the quality of life of children and their families. Therapeutic interventions are necessary to improve sleep quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of painting activities on children's post-discharge sleep habits. In this randomized clinical trial, 108 children hospitalized in Bu-Ali Sina Hospital in Sari, Amirkola Hospital in Babol, Rasoul Akram, and Ali Asghar Hospital in Tehran were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=54) and control (n=54) groups. Ultimately, 50 subjects in the control group and 32 in the intervention group completed the study. The family completed the electronic Children's Sleep Quality Questionnaire regarding the child's sleep status one week after discharge. From the submitted forms, families whose child's score increased compared to the calculated score before hospitalization were selected. In the intervention group, painting activities were conducted for 10 nights over three weeks, commencing one-week post-discharge, under parental supervision. After one week of intervention, the participants were requested to complete the electronic questionnaire again. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and descriptive and analytical statistics (t-tests, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, analysis of covariance, etc.). The majority of subjects were female, with a mean age of 72.8 ± 20.6 months in the intervention group and 80.8 ± 20.9 months in the control group. Most of the study subjects in the intervention group had bedtime story and lullaby habits and, in the control, had other sleep habits. The intervention did not significantly affect overall sleep habits; however, there were significant differences observed in the domains of sleep duration and nighttime walking. Although painting activities did not improve the overall score of sleep habits in children, they did enhance sleep duration and some other subcategories. Therefore, post-discharge painting intervention is recommended for children.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which encompasses exposure with response prevention (ERP) and cognitive therapy, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the samples studied (reflecting the heterogeneity of OCD), the interventions examined (reflecting the heterogeneity of CBT), and the definitions of treatment response vary considerably across studies. This review examined the meta-analyses conducted on ERP and cognitive therapy (CT) for OCD. Also examined was the available research on long-term outcome associated with ERP and CT. The available research indicates that ERP is the first line evidence based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD and that concurrent administration of cognitive therapy that targets specific symptom-related difficulties characteristic of OCD may improve tolerance of distress, symptom-related dysfunctional beliefs, adherence to treatment, and reduce drop out. Recommendations are provided for treatment delivery for OCD in general practice and other service delivery settings. The literature suggests that ERP and CT may be delivered in a wide range of clinical settings. Although the data are not extensive, the available research suggests that treatment gains following ERP are durable. Suggestions for future research to refine therapeutic outcome are also considered.

Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is highly efficacious for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), not all patients benefit, and mechanisms underlying response remain unknown. In this first report of the mechanisms underlying improvement with CBT for BDD, we examined whether cognitive (maladaptive beliefs, perfectionism, schemas) and behavioral (checking, grooming, avoidance behaviors) changes mediate the effect of CBT on BDD symptom reduction. Forty-five participants with BDD who enrolled in a CBT for BDD treatment development study were included in two sets of analyses: (1) between-subject mediation of the effect of 12 weeks of CBT versus waitlist, and (2) within-subject mediation of longitudinal change in BDD symptom severity during 24 weeks of CBT. No significant mediators emerged in the between-subject analysis. Checking, grooming, avoidance behaviors, and maladaptive beliefs mediated within-subject improvements over time. Findings suggest that BDD symptom reduction occurs through the very mechanisms that have been hypothesized to maintain BDD in CBT models. Targeting certain cognitive (beliefs about appearance) and behavioral (checking, grooming, and avoidance behaviors) mechanisms in future treatment trials may enhance symptom improvement during CBT. National Clinical Trials Registration Identifier # NCT00106223.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the leading psychotherapeutic treatment for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), yet not all patients improve. To address the treatment response gap, CBT may be augmented with cognitive enhancers such as d-cycloserine (DCS). DCS-augmented behavior therapy has been tested with mixed results in related disorders. To initially test whether DCS may augment CBT for BDD, we conducted the first preliminary efficacy trial of DCS versus placeboaugmented CBT for BDD, via a randomized, double-blind study. We analyzed data using mixed-effects models in a modified intent-to-treat sample (N = 26). Over 10 weeks of treatment, primary (BDD severity) and secondary (insight, depression) outcomes improved significantly across both conditions, but there were no significant group differences in response. Exploratory analysis revealed that BDD-related distress, specifically, reduced significantly more in the DCS condition compared to placebo. This is the first study testing DCS-augmented CBT for BDD. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00842309 Keywords Body dysmorphic disorder • Behavior therapy • d-Cycloserine • Cognitive enhancers

Introduction: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is severe, chronic, and undertreated. Apps could substantially improve treatment access. Objective: We provide an initial test of the usability and efficacy of coach-supported app-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for BDD. The Perspectives app covers core treatment components: psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, exposure with response prevention, mindfulness, attention retraining, and relapse prevention. Methods: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted. Adults (N = 80) with primary BDD were assigned to 12 weeks of Perspectives or waitlist. Coaches promoted engagement and answered questions via in-app messaging and phone calls. BDD severity was measured at baseline, mid-treatment, and end of treatment by blinded independent evaluators (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD; BDD-YBOCS). Secondary outcomes included BDD-related insight, depression, quality of life, and functioning. Results: App uptak...

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common mental disorder in adolescents and young adults, and is characterized by severe negative psychosocial consequences and high comorbidity as well as high mortality rates, mainly due to suicides. While patients in Germany have health insurance-financed access to evidencebased outpatient treatments, that is, cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), waiting lists are long. Furthermore, patients with BDD report diverse treatment barriers, primarily feelings of shame and the belief that they would be better off with treatments that would alter the perceived flaw(s). Given adolescents' and young adults' high affinity to electronic media, the accessibility of evidence-based care for this severe mental disorder could be improved by providing an internet-based therapist-guided CBT intervention. Methods: In a two-arm randomized controlled trial (N = 40), adolescents and young adults (15-21 years) with a primary diagnosis of BDD based on a semi-structured clinical expert interview will be randomly allocated to an internet-based therapist-guided CBT intervention or a supportive internet-based therapy intervention. Assessments will take place at baseline, after mid-intervention (after 6 weeks), post-intervention, and at 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome is expert-rated BDD symptom severity at the primary endpoint post-intervention. Secondary outcomes include responder and remission rates based on expert rating, self-reported BDD symptoms, and psychosocial variables associated with BDD. The CBT-based intervention consists of six modules each comprising one to three sessions, which focus on psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, work on self-esteem, exposure and ritual prevention, mirror retraining, and relapse prevention. Hartmann et al. A study therapist provides feedback after each session. The supportive therapy intervention consists of access to psychoeducational materials for the same 12-week period and at least one weekly supportive interaction with the study therapist. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the feasibility and efficacy of an internetbased therapist-guided CBT intervention in adolescents and young adults with BDD. It could be an important first step to increase accessibility of care in this age group and for this severe and debilitating mental disorder. Clinical Trial Registration: German Register of Clinical Studies, DRKS00022055.

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common mental disorder in adolescents and young adults, and is characterized by severe negative psychosocial consequences and high comorbidity as well as high mortality rates, mainly due to suicides. While patients in Germany have health insurance-financed access to evidence-based outpatient treatments, that is, cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), waiting lists are long. Furthermore, patients with BDD report diverse treatment barriers, primarily feelings of shame and the belief that they would be better off with treatments that would alter the perceived flaw(s). Given adolescents&#39; and young adults&#39; high affinity to electronic media, the accessibility of evidence-based care for this severe mental disorder could be improved by providing an internet-based therapist-guided CBT intervention.Methods: In a two-arm randomized controlled trial (N = 40), adolescents and young adults (15–21 years) with a primary diagnosis of ...

The "Dodo bird verdict," which claims that all psychotherapies are equally effective, has been a source of bewilderment and intense controversy among psychiatrists and psychologists. To examine this issue, we focused on cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and applied the newly developed review method known as multiple treatments meta-analysis (MTM). We identified randomized controlled trials comparing CBT against a psychological placebo (PP) and/or no treatment (NT) controls during the acute phase treatment of adults with depression. A random-effects MTM was conducted within a Bayesian framework. All the analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. The MTM of the evidence network from 18 studies (39 treatment arms, 1153 participants) revealed that CBT was significantly more likely to yield a response than NT (OR = 2.24, 1.32 to 3.88) and that CBT was nominally, but not significantly, superior to PP (OR = 1.30, 0.53 to 2.94), which in turn was superior to NT (OR = 1.73, 0.67 to 4.84). The intervention effects in MTM were associated with the number of sessions, and the specificity of CBT increased as the number of sessions increased. The specific component of CBT was estimated to constitute 50.4% (19.7 to 85.0) when CBT was given for 10 or more sessions. Despite the quantitatively and qualitatively limited body of randomized evidence examining this issue, the present study strongly suggested a non-null specific component of CBT when given for an adequate length. Multiple treatments meta-analysis Cognitive behavior therapy Dodo bird verdict Common factor Specific factor

Incarceration in the United States is often defined not only by physical confinement, but by a deeper, more insidious form of isolation-emotional, intellectual, and spiritual abandonment. Millions of incarcerated individuals live in a daily reality where access to mental health services, consistent education, or even basic human connection is limited or non-existent. For those in solitary confinement or high-security environments, this isolation is compounded, leading to severe psychological distress, cognitive decline, and an increased risk of suicide. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, over 14% of incarcerated individuals have spent time in restrictive housing, and studies have found that those subjected to solitary confinement are significantly more likely to experience symptoms of PTSD, depression, and psychosis (Haney, 2003; Grassian, 2006). Yet within these same cells lie human beings-many of them young, undereducated, traumatized, and full of untapped potential. This paper proposes a new model for cognitive rehabilitation, emotional support, and educational empowerment through the integration of AI-powered chatbots into carceral spaces. These companions, trained in trauma-informed interaction, cognitive behavioral techniques, and educational content, would serve as 24/7 tutors, journal guides, and emotional supports. Designed ethically and accessibly, such AI systems could be a low-cost, scalable solution to begin addressing some of the deepest wounds created by mass incarceration. AI in prison settings is not a fantasy-it is a frontier. And like all frontiers, it demands moral clarity, rigorous oversight, and bold vision.

The concept of stress is an interdisciplinary orphan: it touches psychology, medicine, physiology, sociology, neuroscience, and even philosophy, but no single discipline claims or organizes it in a comprehensive, universally structured way.

Each field defines, categorizes, and intervenes on stress according to its own limited scope:
Psychology focuses on emotional and cognitive responses.
Medicine on physical symptoms and disorders.
Sociology on social and environmental stressors.
Neuroscience on neurochemical and neurological processes.
Philosophy occasionally explores existential or moral stress.

But there’s rarely a unified, rational framework that explains what stress fundamentally is, how it universally operates, and how it relates to life’s natural laws. That’s probably why the concept often feels fragmented and misunderstood.

Mobile technology is a cost effective and scalable platform for developing a therapeutic intervention. This paper discusses the development of a mobile application for people suffering with depression and anxiety. The application which we have developed is similar to a Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) website, which is freely available on the internet. Past research has shown that CBT delivered over the internet is effective in alleviating the depressive symptoms in users. But, this delivery method is associated with some innate drawbacks, which caused user dropout and reduced adherence to the therapy. To overcome these shortfalls, from web based CBT delivery, a mobile application called MoodTrainer was developed. The application is equipped with mobile specific interventions and CBT modules which aim at delivering a dynamic supportive psychotherapy to the user. The mobile specific interventions using this application ensures that the user is constantly engaged with the application and focused to change the negative thought process. We present MoodTrainer as a self-efficacy tool and virtual CBT that is not meant to replace a clinical caregiver. Rather, it is a supportive tool that can be used to self-monitor, as well as a monitoring aid for clinicians.