Criminal Justice

Women with histories of incarceration show high levels of risk for HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV). This randomized controlled trial with women at risk for HIV who had recent criminal justice system involvement (n=530) evaluated two interventions based on Motivational Interviewing to reduce either HIV risk or HIV and IPV risk. Baseline and 3, 6, and 9-month follow-up assessments measured unprotected intercourse, needle sharing, and IPV. Generalized estimating equations revealed that the intervention groups had significant decreases in unprotected intercourse and needle sharing, and significantly greater reductions in the odds and incidence rates of unprotected intercourse compared to the control group. No significant differences were found in changes in IPV over time between the HIV and IPV group and the control group. Motivational Interviewing-based HIV prevention interventions delivered by county health department staff appear helpful in reducing HIV risk behavior for this population.

A coletânea que ora se apresenta resulta do esforço conjunto de doutores e doutoras em Ciências Sociais e em Ciências Criminais, formados pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) e que desenvolveram suas pesquisas vinculados ao Grupo de Pesquisa em Polícias Públicas de Segurança e Administração da Justiça Penal. Esse grupo, nascido da confluência entre diferentes campos de estudo, especialmente os estudos criminológicos contemporâneos e a sociologia da violência e da administração da justiça penal, tem como compromisso a produção de conhecimento crítico, teórica e empiricamente fundamentado, e com impacto social.

Background: Self-reported antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence measures that are associated with plasma viral load (VL) are valuable to clinicians and researchers, but are rarely examined among groups vulnerable to dropping out of care. One-seventh of all those living with HIV pass through incarceration annually and criminal-justice (CJ) involved people living with HIV (PLH) are vulnerable to falling out of care. We examined the association of selfreported ART adherence with VL in a criminal-justice sample compared to a routine-care sample. Methods: Samples: We examined data from a multisite collaboration of studies addressing the continuum of HIV care among CjJ involved persons in the Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain cohort. Data pooled from seven CJ-studies (n = 414) were examined and compared with the routine-care sample from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems' seven sites (n = 11,698). Measures: In both samples, data on self-reported percent ART doses taken were collected via the visual analogue scale adherence measure. Viral load data were obtained by blood-draw. Analysis: We examined the associations of adherence with VL in both cohorts using mixed effects linear regression of log-VL, and mixed effects logistic regression of binary VL (≥ 200 copies/mL) outcomes. Interactions by CD4 count and self-reported health status were also tested. Results: Among the CJ sample, the coefficient for log-VL was -0.31 (95% CI = -0.43, -0.18; P < 0.01) and that in the routine-care sample was -0.42 (95% CI = -0.45, -0.38; P < 0.01). For the logistic regression of binary detectable VL on 10% increments of adherence we found the coefficient was -0.26 (95% CI = -0.37, -0.14; P < 0.01) and in the routine-care sample it was -0.38 (95% CI = -0.41, -0.35; P < 0.01). There was no significant interaction by CD4 count level in the CJ sample, but there was in the routine-care sample. Conversely, there was a significant interaction by self-reported health status level in the criminal-justice sample, but not in the routine-care sample. Conclusions: The visual analogue scale is valid and useful to measure ART adherence, supporting treatment for CJinvolved PLH vulnerable to falling out of care. Research should examine adherence and VL in additional populations.

Do firms with employee ownership (EO) programs exhibit greater employment stability in the face of economic downturns? In particular, are firms with EO programs less likely to lay off workers during negative shocks? In this article, we examine the relationship between EO programs and employment stability in the United States using longitudinal Form 5500-CompuStat matched data on the universe of publicly traded companies during 1999-2011. We examine how firms with EO programs weathered the recessions of 2001 and 2008 in terms of employment stability relative to firms without EO programs, and also whether such firms were less likely to lay off workers when faced with negative shocks more broadly. In our econometric analyses, we use a rich array of measures of EO at firms, including the presence of EO stock in pension plans, the presence of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), the value of EO stock per employee, the share of the firm owned by employees, the share of workers at the firm participating in EO and the share of workers at the firm participating in ESOPs. We also consider both economy-wide negative shock measures (increases in the unemployment rate, declines in the employment-to-population ratio) and firmspecific negative shock measures (declines in firm sales, declines in firm stock price). Our results indicate that EO firms exhibit greater employment stability in the face of economy-wide and firm-specific negative shocks.

The death penalty might be useless in the future when people gain more moral integrity, currently, death penalty still holds more advantage than disadvantage.
However, death penalty should still be strictly controlled with the presumption of innocence, life(ves) lost can not come back, and killing innocent and leaving out real perpetrator(s) is much worse than just leaving out perpetrator(s).
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In the modern world, 106 countries have already abolished the death penalty
(Amnesty International). Does this seem like a “progressive” and "rational" action? In reality, the abolishment of capital punishment is could actually be a misguided and dangerous decision. Death penalty played an important role throughout history, as the bedrock for various judiciary systems, affecting countless peoples. History already proves an obvious result. The death
penalty is an essential law that should be maintained due to its irreplaceable functions: the deterrent effect, the prevention of greater loss, and providing condolences to related people and the general public.

And the sign said, "long-haired freaky people need not apply" So I tucked my hair up under my hat, and I went in to ask him why He said, "You look like a fine upstanding young man, I think you'll do." So I took off my hat, I said, "Imagine that, huh, me working for you." "Signs" (1970), The Five Man Electrical Band  John Burchill holds a J.D. from the University of Manitoba. He was called to the Bar in 2011. Until 2012 he was a member of the Winnipeg Police Service where he oversaw the investigation of hate crimes and policy development as part of his duties. He currently maintains a private law practice in Winnipeg. 1 "Tattoo ban for Metropolitan Police officers", BBC News (October 17, 2012) online: BBC News <http. With the coming into force of the new Manitoba Police Services Act on June 2, 2012, and the creation of municipal police boards that are empowered to establish policies for the effective management of the police service and to ensure that police services are delivered in a manner consistent with community needs, values and expectations, 4 the intent of this paper is to review the issues that have arisen, or could arise, as a result of such a directive being put forward again. The intent is not, however, to provide an in-depth analysis of all the substantive and procedural rights and remedies involved. 2

In my 2017 presidential address to the European Society of Criminology (ESC) in Cardiff, I explored the representation of the police and police work in contemporary European novels, and compared and contrasted how the police and policing are dealt with in popular fiction and in the relevant scholarly literature. I selected unusually literate works that provide insights into policing in diverse countries and cultures, in which the main characters are middle-aged male policemen who share some characteristics: cynical but idealistic, empathetic rather than taciturn, restrained not aggressive, resistant to authority but dedicated to their mission. My main arguments are that contemporary fiction depicts police work with a greater verisimilitude than occurred in the past and in ways that parallel scholarly work on police culture. Police scholars’ assumptions about differences between real police work and fictional accounts are challenged, particularly when we look at how the police do the...

I am starting a full coverage of about 12 films by or with John Wayne. I have hardly watched his films at all in the past for various reasons, like killing Indians, and because my late eldest brother only swore by them. He was a fly taken by the sugary white caucasian racist crystallized approach of these primitive, if not barbarian, Indians. It is high time to reassess this actor and his films. They are built with a lot of stereotypes that target the Western public after 1945, and even beyond. It was an essential cultural apparatus targeting that public to enable the USA to play a leading role in the world.

True Grits is symbolic of ultimate crimes with the number three of the Christian Trinity, and the six – maybe seven, who knows, the Holy Week? – victims lying down in the dirt like a yellow Star of David, abandoned by some Auschwitz “tourist” that had no return ticket. Not easy to be a woman in this world and to look for vengeance, which is unacceptable in any decent world of decent decency. The Trinity again.

Nothing in the discussion that follows is intended, nor should it be construed, as denying the social value of rational gun control (e.g., absolute prohibition not only of handguns but of all firearms), to felons, juveniles, and mentally unstable people or of appropriate prophylactic implementing legislation and (even more important) resource allocation for enforcement. 1 Further rational proposals for promising gun control strategies are outlined in the conclusion of this paper.

This white paper explores the integration of free artificial intelligence (AI) tools-specifically generative platforms like ChatGPT-into the criminal justice classroom. Drawing on current 2025 literature and instructional experience, it outlines practical uses, ethical considerations, and underutilized applications for policing, courts, and corrections. Supported by emerging research and institutional impact reports, the analysis highlights the transformative potential of AI when used to support-not replace-core pedagogical and professional competencies.

Crime victims receive varied treatment in the systems of criminal justice world over. While there is no specific labeling to identify these systems in most countries, there appears certain underlying values which suggest the ideological focus of a particular system of criminal justice. The ideological leaning of a criminal procedure model has

Prezentul articol este dedicat cercetării subiectului privind terminarea urmăririi penale. Această etapă este una de o importanță majoră în procesul penal, deoarece odată ce organul de urmărire penală a administrat probele cu privire la faptă și persoană, considerându-le utile, pertinente și concludente, decide terminarea urmăririi penale. Această etapă nu este una formală, ci presupune premergător analiza probelor, legalitatea obținerii acestora, respectarea drepturilor părților în proces și alte activități, care, până într-un final, ating scopul urmăririi penale. Terminarea urmăririi penale încununează activitatea organului de urmărire penală și la această etapă se decide dacă este cazul ori nu de a transmite cauza penală în instanța de judecată. Pornind de la premisa că nici o lege nu este perfectă, din analiza efectuată la acest subiect constatăm că legislația procesuală penală nu corespunde pe alocuri exigențelor de procedură, întrucât este necesară modificarea și completarea unor norme procesuale penale. Nu în ultimul rând, un subiect important îl are și prezentarea materialelor cauzei penale părților în proces. La etapa dată este necesar ca drepturile părților să fie respectate corespunzător accesului liber la justiție în virtutea art. 6 din Convenția Europeană a Drepturilor Omului. Astfel, pentru explicarea procedurii legale autorii vin cu recomandări și propuneri de rigoare pentru etapa respectivă și explică acțiunea organului de urmărire penală și a procurorului, astfel încât să corespundă standardului european de calitate. Cuvinte-cheie: cauză penală, proces penal, terminarea urmăririi penale, drepturile părților, organ de urmărire penală, procuror. This article is dedicated to the research of the subject regarding the completion of the criminal investigation. This stage is one of major importance in the criminal process, because once the criminal investigation body has administered the evidence regarding the deed and the person, considering them useful, relevant and conclusive, it decides the completion of criminal investigation. This stage is not a formal one, but presupposes the analysis of the evidence, the legality of obtaining it, the observance of the rights of the parties in the process and other activities, which, until the end, reach the purpose of the criminal investigation. The termination of the criminal investigation enhances the activity of the criminal investigation body and at this stage it is decided whether or not to send the criminal case to the court. Starting from the premise that no law is perfect, from the analysis performed on this subject we find that the criminal procedural legislation

This article is dedicated to the research of the subject regarding the completion of the criminal investigation. This stage is one of major importance in the criminal process, because once the criminal investigation body has administered the evidence regarding the deed and the person, considering them useful, relevant and conclusive, it decides the completion of criminal investigation. This stage is not a formal one, but presupposes the analysis of the evidence, the legality of obtaining it, the observance of the rights of the parties in the process and other activities, which, until the end, reach the purpose of the criminal investigation. The termination of the criminal investigation enhances the activity of the criminal investigation body and at this stage it is decided whether or not to send the criminal case to the court. Starting from the premise that no law is perfect, from the analysis performed on this subject we find that the criminal procedural legislation sometimes does ...

Following Vaclav Havel and Milan Simecka, will be observed the functions of the written correspondence between inmates and their families. Is, the diminution of uncertainty, tested by the newcomers in prison, one of these functions? Preparing a practical research, the academic paper contains a documentation of this question. On the other hand, the clandestine written correspondence - as exive or kites - seems to enhance the accommodation to the prison community. In their correspondence with the public authorities, the inmates may exercise the right to petition. The result of this dialog may influence either the inmate&#39;s biography and the prison&#39;s practice.

No. 87680-5-I COMMISSIONER'S RULING DENYING MOTION FOR EMERGENCY STAY Appellant David Morton has filed a motion for emergency stay. As explained below, the motion is denied. BACKGROUND This case concerns the efforts of respondent JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (Chase) to foreclose on property owned by Morton. In a previous appeal, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Morton, 1 Division Two of this Court reversed the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Chase. On remand, the trial court conducted a bench trial and, in July 2023, entered final judgment and decree 1 See No. 49846-6-II, noted at 3 Wn. App. 2d 1004 (2018) (unpublished).

A valuable introduction for students in forensic psychologycourses, this text provides a complete overview of the applications ofpsychology to the law. Forensic psychology, which has been practicedfor less than half a century, has grown so rapidly that there is ...

Sexual assault prevention and education programs have been working to develop successful ways to decrease sexual assault for almost to decades. Research has shown that despite efforts there has yet to be a program that effects statistics regarding campus sexual assault. This essay addresses several issues that explain why prevention programs have fallen short. It includes the study of victim blaming, the college party narrative, stranger rape, and bystander intervention. Examples from first hand reports of sexual assault and the study of BGSU prevention programs are used. The essay also addresses how our culture plays a role in sexual assault, and why there is a strong prevalence on college campuses. As a response to this research and essay, I have written poems. Each poem tackles an idea, images, or language, from the research. I use poetry as a response in hope of creating pathos, and to make a stronger connection between the research and the audience. SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES, USING COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO CRAFT A CREATIVE RESPONSE 2 Table of Contents Decades Without Results; Sexual Assault Prevention Programs and Why They Don't Work….3 Poetry as a Response……………………………………………………………………………..10 Measuring Cups………………………………………………………………………………….13 Risk Reduction…………………………………………………………………………………...14

CfBT Education Trust is a top 30* UK charity providing education services for public benefit in the UK and internationally. Established over 40 years ago, CfBT Education Trust has an annual turnover exceeding £100 million and employs more than 2,000 staff worldwide. We aspire to be the world's leading provider of education services, with a particular interest in school effectiveness. Our work involves school improvement through inspection, school workforce development, and curriculum design for the UK's Department for Education, the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted), local authorities and an increasing number of independent and state schools, free schools and academies. We provide services direct to learners in our schools, through projects for excluded pupils and in young offender institutions.

This paper examined the impact of organisational culture in recruitment and selection practices in oil and gas construction industry in Nigeria. Saipem contracting Nigeria limited (SCNL) is chosen with its four on-going projects. Three pertinent research questions were raised and addressed of which one is: how often do you recruit and select employees in your Project? Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data collected from 35 human resource practitioners in each of the three project sites and the operational Asset/Logistic Base of Saipem. This work covered three ongoing projects carried by Saipem together with its operational asset/logistics base. The results showed that there are unique similarities and differences in the impact of organisational culture in the projects recruitment and selection practices. However, the impact is more on Saipem operational asset/logistics base than on the project base because recruitment and selection practices and the number of workforce...

This forum was funded through a cooperative agreement from the National Institute of Justice (2016-MU-BX-K110), Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. Neither the US Department of Justice nor any of its components operate, control, are responsible for, or necessarily endorse, this forum. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this forum are those of the presenter(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Any products and manufacturers discussed are presented for informational purposes only and do not constitute product approval or endorsement by the US Department of Justice.

This PDF document was made available from www.rti.org as a public service of RTI International. More information about RTI Press can be found at . RTI International is an independent, nonprofit research organization dedicated to improving the human condition by turning knowledge into practice. The RTI Press mission is to disseminate information about RTI research, analytic tools, and technical expertise to a national and international audience. RTI Press publications are peerreviewed by at least two independent substantive experts and one or more Press editors.

This PDF document was made available from www.rti.org as a public service of RTI International. More information about RTI Press can be found at . RTI International is an independent, nonprofit research organization dedicated to improving the human condition by turning knowledge into practice. The RTI Press mission is to disseminate information about RTI research, analytic tools, and technical expertise to a national and international audience. RTI Press publications are peerreviewed by at least two independent substantive experts and one or more Press editors.

Settlement of criminal cases within the framework of the criminal justice system in Indonesia always leads to the imposition of imprisonment or corporal punishment as a form of deterrent effect to perpetrators of criminal acts as the implementation of the articles in the Criminal Code which still uses the theory of punishment, namely the theory of purpose or theory. relatively. The purpose of the research is to reveal the implementation of the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor&#39;s Regulation No. 15 of 2020 (a case study at the Jembrana District Attorney&#39;s Office). The research method used in this research is an empirical research method with a case research approach. This research uses primary and secondary data sources. Data were analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. The results of this research indicate that the role of law enforcement officers in particular the role of the prosecutor&#39;s office in resolving a criminal case using a restorative justice approach must b...

Статтю присвячено визначенню й характеризуванню кримінальних процесуальних і криміналістичних засобів виявлення доказів у кримінальному провадженні. Наголошено, що дії уповноважених осіб із цілеспрямованого пошуку джерел (носіїв) доказової інформації є об'єктом криміналістичних рекомендацій. Показано, що на практиці пошук доказів здійснюється шляхом поєднання низки когнітивних (мисленнєвих, логічних) та інструментальних (практичних) операцій. На думку автора, когнітивний складник пошуку спирається на опрацювання уповноваженим суб'єктом наявної доказової й орієнтувальної інформації, а також відомостей про типові характеристики певного виду кримінальних правопорушень. Своєю чергою, інструментальний шлях пошуку доказової інформації включає низку практичних дій уповноваженого суб'єкта, що полягають у використанні сукупності кримінальних процесуальних, оперативно-розшукових, криміналістичних та інших засобів відшукання її джерел (носів). До процесуальних інструментальних засобів пошуку доказів зараховано передбачені КПК України способи збирання доказів, насамперед процесуальні дії пошукового спрямування (огляд місця події, допит, обшук, окремі НС(Р)Д тощо). Криміналістичні засоби пошуку доказової інформації (її джерел, носіїв) включають технічні засоби й техніко-криміналістичні прийоми (як специфічно-пошукового спрямування, так і загального призначення), тактичні прийоми, комбінації та операції пошукового призначення, методико-криміналістичні рекомендації з приводу можливостей пошуку доказових відомостей у провадженнях щодо кримінальних правопорушень певних категорій, а також непроцесуальні інструменти кримінальної (криміналістичної) розвідки: оперативно-розшукова діяльність, кримінальний аналіз, використання даних криміналістичних інформаційних систем (обліків), розвідка з відкритих джерел «OSINT», взаємодія з медіа та громадськістю тощо. Ключові слова: кримінальне провадження, доказування, збирання доказів, виявлення доказів, слідчі (розшукові) дії, криміналістичні засоби.

In an effort to reduce sex offense recidivism, local and state governments have recently passed legislation prohibiting sex offenders from living within a certain distance (500 to 2,500 feet) of child congregation locations such as schools, parks, and daycare centers. Examining the potential deterrent effects of a residency restrictions law in Minnesota, this study analyzed the offense patterns of every sex offender released from Minnesota correctional facilities between 1990 and 2002 who was reincarcerated for a new sex offense prior to 2006. Given that not one of the 224 sex offenses would have likely been prevented by residency restrictions, the findings from this study provide little support for the notion that such restrictions would significantly reduce sexual recidivism.

The purpose of this study was to better understand the impact of sex offender registration and notification laws on the family members of registered sex offenders (RSO). An online survey was utilized to collect data from 584 family members across the U.S. Employment problems experienced by the RSO, and subsequent financial hardships, emerged as the most pressing issue identified by family members. The likelihood of housing disruption was correlated with residential restriction laws; larger buffer distances led to increased frequencies of housing crisis. Family members living with an RSO were more likely to experience threats and harassment by neighbors. Children of RSOs reportedly experienced adverse consequences including stigmatization and differential treatment by teachers and classmates. More than half had experienced ridicule, teasing, depression, anxiety, fear, or anger. Unintended consequences can impact family members' ability to support RSOs in their efforts to avoid recidivism and successfully reintegrate. Implications for criminal justice policy and practice are discussed.

Little is known about how criminal justice officials perceive fairness, efficacy or scope of sex offender registration and community notification procedures, despite their importance in implementing such policies. There is also scant literature regarding parole board members and their attitudes or approaches to their work. This study addresses both issues by examining the attitudes and beliefs regarding sex offender registration and community notification among members of state parole boards. Using a survey methodology, including the Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale , parole board members are shown to hold moderate views of the importance of such practices and to frequently question the efficacy and scope of registration and community notification. Additionally, the CATSO is shown to not be of assistance for understanding the views of parole board members.

In 2005 the National Research Council (NRC) analyzed right-to-carry (RTC) laws, also known as shall-issue laws, which relax the requirements necessary to acquire a permit to carry a concealed weapon. The NRC essentially concluded that the data were not sufficient to determine whether RTC laws increased or decreased crime. However, a recent working paper from Abhay Aneja, John J. Donohue, and Alexandria Zhang (hereafter "ADZ") re-evaluates the NRC analysis and purports to find evidence that RTC laws increase murder, rape, robbery, and assault (ADZ 2014). ADZ's paper, issued by the National Bureau of Economic Research, has received substantial attention. In this article we re-analyze that paper from ADZ, using ADZ's own data and regression models, and contend that such conclusions are misleading.

Complexity theory within public management is becoming a recognised field, but currently without consensus about the contribution it could make to theory and practice. This paper suggests a promising route to engage with management practitioners, in this case within policing by the use of agent-based simulation of a policing team subject to policy changes. Policing has fractal self-similar management structures at all levels. A general methodology is presented to explore the motivational consequences of policies at all levels in these complex multilevel systems as an alternative to &#39;point-in-time&#39; staff surveys. It is illustrated by the motivation of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) at the front line of the police management hierarchy. The computational model is based on qualitative team dynamics data collected using Grounded Theory. This produced ‘behavioural codes’ for aspects of PCSO work, the most prevalent six being taken forward for simulation design: Purpose ...

Aims-To understand how perceived law enforcement policies and practices contribute to the low rates of utilization of opioid agonist therapies (OAT) among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Ukraine. Methods-Qualitative data from 25 focus groups (FGs) with 199 opioid-dependent PWIDs in Ukraine examined domains related to lived or learned experiences with OAT, police, arrest, incarceration, and criminal activity were analyzed using grounded theory principles. Findings-Most participants were male (66%), in their late 30s, and previously incarcerated (85%) mainly for drug-related activities. When imprisoned, PWIDs perceived themselves as being "addiction-free". After prison-release, the confluence of police surveillance, societal stress contributed to participants' drug use relapse, perpetuating a cycle of searching for money and drugs, followed by re-arrest and re-incarceration. Fear of police and arrest both facilitated OAT entry and simultaneously contributed to avoiding OAT since system-level requirements identified OAT clients as targets for police harassment. OAT represents an evidence-based option to 'break the cycle', however, law enforcement practices still thwart OAT capacity to improve individual and public health. Ukraine, PWIDs will continue to avoid OAT and perpetuate the addiction cycle with high imprisonment rates.

The article covers the issues of criminal law protection of the rights of minors in criminal proceedings, some problems of implementationof the principles of restorative justice for minors. In the context of social naturalism, the use of restorative justice for minorsis considered.The criminal process is the most traumatic for the psyche of children. A lawyer is the only person without whom it is impossibleto conduct criminal proceedings with a child. Unfortunately, all other people may be absent. In some cases, the child’s parents, next ofkin or legal representatives do not appear in court, and the participation of the appointed legal representative remains formal.As a matter of priority, in order to improve the situation regarding the criminal law protection of the rights of minors, it is expedientto start discussing systemic changes in national legislation and relevant work, including social work, which will create a basis forimproving the protection of juvenile rights in crimina...

Domestic abuse perpetration remains a major threat to public health, safety and wellbeing, causing serious harms and contributing significantly to overall crime globally. In the United Kingdom, research links the crime type to high economic and social costs. In the last 10 years, our collective knowledge of domestic abuse has grown in conjunction with its prioritisation in government policy. Several innovative studies have built a picture of the most serious cases and overall patterns of abuse but to date, examination of these trends by ethnic groups has been limited despite increasing attention to disproportionality in racially minoritised communities in criminal justice system outcomes. In this article we aimed to address this issue through the analysis of 150,000 domestic abuse records kept by police forces in England. Using descriptive statistics, we examined the relative distributions of different ethnicities by suspected offending rate, investigative outcome and crime harm. We...

This final report to the National Institute of Justice describes the methods, data, findings and implications of a study of the situational and contextual influences on violence in bars and apartment. The study was conducted in Cincinnati, Ohio. Interviews of managers and observations of sites were made for 199 bars. For apartment complexes owners were interviewed for 307 and observations were made at 994. Using the data from these sources, police records, county land parcel data, and census information, the study examined why some bars and apartments had more violent crime than others. For both types of places, violent crime is highly skewed: a few places have most of the violent incidents but most bars and most apartment complexes have no violence or very little violence. In both bars and apartment complexes, neighborhood context seems to be loosely coupled with violence. Bars were clustered in a few neighborhoods, but violent and non-violent bars were near each other. Neighborhood context influenced the relationship between situational variables and violence in apartment complexes, but not consistently. Place specific features are also important. In bars, minimum drink price and whether the bar was attracting the ideal customer were negatively associated with violence while security was positively associated with violence. In apartment complexes a host of site specific features and management practices were associated with violence, including location, physical characteristics, incivilities, and management practices. These associations sometimes depended on neighborhood disadvantage or violence. To account for these findings, the report describes a hypothetical general model of place management. The report concludes with policy and research implications.