Cultural History

This paper considers the historical literature on sex & sexuality under the Third Reich prior to the publication of Dagmar Herzog's monumentally definitive text, "Sex After Fascism". I attempt to outline the creation and eventual disintegration of the thesis that extolled how the National Socialist state's 'repressive' policy/ideology extended to matters of a sexual nature.
CourseHI 729 Modern Germany (instructor: Dr. Pamela Swett)

MUCH AS SOME SPORTS HISTORIANS MIGHT FEAR that the field has been taken over, or is under assault from theorists drawing on other disciplines (with a dreaded proper noun status), as practitioners we have a tendency to fail to develop or even employ endogenous theory. As Matt Taylor has recently and justly noted, more often than not academic sports history is about something other than sport itself: it is often used to explore and elaborate non-sport-specific social and cultural questions. 1 What is more, the field has a tendency to leave the study of the basic units of sport organization, the clubs, to the antiquarians, perhaps fearing a charge of antiquarianism itself.

Abstract: Medieval Daoist texts display a rich repertoire of attitudes towards laughing and euphoric states. The paper looks at precepts, medicalising ideas, and descriptions of meditative states which codify social attitudes towards laughter and pleasure. First, there is much advice against too much laughing and too much pleasure, a kind of fine-tuning of ones emotional states and a general moderation of any excessive affective behaviour is seen as beneficial or harmonising, whereas any excess is called damaging to oneself. Second, laughing to oneself, heavy laughter, or deriding others are considered as disorders or behaviour leaning towards madness. Third, a fine smiling, euphoria, and a lightness of being are seen as accompanying traits of certain advanced meditative states. Keywords: Medieval China, Daoist communities, laughter, euphoria

Moral choice is often discussed in the context of conforming to religious norms, with immoral behavior explained as a consequence of imperfect indoctrination or a lack of control and dissuasion mechanisms by the church and other institutions that promote moral concepts. Our findings point in a different direction: moral choice in sexual matters seems to be the result of an equation that relates the perception of the alternative paths of action, the place of the individual in networks of relations and resources and various trade-offs. It is a question of strategy, at a personal or small group level, and less a question of belief. We use intensive cross-linking of sources to reconstruct individual biographies and networks of relations to gain a micro-historical view on a set of case studies involving public sinners in a Portuguese parish in the 17th and 18th centuries. By placing individual cases in the context of individual life cycles and in the context of family and social relations, we gain relevant insights into motivations for immoral behavior and its role in personal strategies.

"One of those ‘leaders of men who came from the Mediterranean’ :
Zola, as a Meridional, in French and German literary criticism

This paper proposes to examine what is implied, in critical writings in French and German respectively, by the emphasis on Emile Zola’s ‘southern’ origins, — origins which are used to present the founder of naturalism in a favourable or unfavourable light. Zola was subjected to racial insults during the Dreyfus Affair, and before that, Edmond Goncourt, in his Journal, expatiated on various traits of Zola’s character, which he attributed to Zola’s ‘Mediterranean race’. In Germany a further dimension is involved in the references to Zola’s origins, since on that side of the Rhine, they serve to rekindle the old opposition between German Kultur and French civilisation.
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Whether an upper- or lower-class celebration, the ball is a common chronotope in the nineteenth-century novel. This paper analyses Zola's best-known ball scenes: the costume ball given by the wealthy Saccard in La Curée, the lower-class ball in Germinal, and a less conventional one: the children's ball in Une page d'amour. The argument is based on Bakhtin's definition of the chronotope and responds to Alain Montandon's call for a new cultural and literary anthropology by analysing the dynamic role of the ball scenes within these novels. I explore how these scenes actually fulfil a dual strategy involving both author and characters, for the ball serves as an ideal spatial and temporal representation that exposes two sometimes concomitant forms of power: social power (material ostentation, political and economic tactics and confrontations) and corporeal power (sensuality, instinct, physical release, bestiality, sexuality). Ultimately, these instances reveal Zola's authorial power, for each ball is a highly concentrated dynamic spatio-temporal construction around which the plot turns; each exposes the constitution of the characters, and each offers an exemplary scene where time, space, and objects fuse in a compelling literary representation.

Lisboa, Esfera dos Livros, 2008 (408 pág.) __________________________________________________________ 1/11 INTRODUÇÃO «Assunto Arrumado» 30 de Setembro de 1974. No Palácio de Belém ouve-se o estrondo do bater de uma porta e o som de passos firmes e decididos. Na sequência dos dramáticos acontecimentos dos últimos dias, o general António de Spínola apresentara ao Conselho de Estado a sua renúncia ao cargo de presidente da República. Spínola fora o primeiro presidente da República após o 25 de Abril mas nos meses que se seguiram à «revolução dos cravos» as suas relações com os chamados «capitães de Abril» tinhamse deteriorado muito significativamente. Spínola tentara já, por diversas vezes, chamar a si o controlo político e militar da situação. Procurara dissolver a Comissão Coordenadora do Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA), onde se agrupavam os oficiais responsáveis pela revolução; depois, tentara reforçar os poderes presidenciais e adiar as eleições para a Assembleia Constituinte, através do chamado «golpe Palma Carlos». Agora, no final de Setembro, os «spinolistas» tinham planeado uma grande manifestação, a ter lugar na cidade de Lisboa. Nesta manifestação, a chamada «maioria silenciosa» deveria demonstrar, de forma inequívoca, o apoio popular ao general. Serviria assim de pretexto para que Spínola conseguisse operar uma mudança significativa no equilíbrio do poder político, dissolvendo a Comissão Coordenadora do MFA, promovendo a demissão do primeiro ministro, Vasco Gonçalves, e legitimando o reforço dos poderes do presidente da República. A reacção do MFA foi, contudo, decisiva. As unidades militares afectas ao Movimento foram prontamente mobilizadas e as acções programadas por Spínola e seus apoiantes eficazmente anuladas. O «25 de Abril» estava, de novo, «sobre rodas», como diria o então capitão Vasco Lourenço. Em torno da cidade de Lisboa, ergueram-se barricadas populares, procurando evitar a entrada na capital dos eventuais apoiantes de Spínola. No dia 28 de Setembro, o gabinete da Presidência da República, reconhecendo uma primeira derrota, emitiu um comunicado no qual se afirmava que não seria «conveniente» a realização da manifestação. Dois dias depois, Spínola apresentou finalmente a sua demissão numa EXTRACTO Luís Nuno Rodrigues

Salama, A. M. (2008). Media Coverage and Users’ Reactions: Al Azhar Park in the Midst of Criticism and Post Occupancy Evaluation, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 25(1), pp. 105-125. ISSN # 0258-5316.

Contemporary Cairo encompasses fragments that represent a symbiosis of urban, natural, cultural and economic processes. Much of what manifests itself today as Egyptian politics, knowledge and culture was and is the product of the modern physical, socio-cultural and socio-economic realities of this city. History adds another dimension to Cairo’s architecture and urbanism. It reflects the intersection between place, society, culture and technology. This has made it a complex and diverse city with over 18 million inhabitants and a range of established traditions, where the symbols of religious, political, institutional and economic power are often competing (Salama, 2002). Accelerated population growth has had a severe impact on the city’s infrastructure and services where the capacity to cope with that growth is really limited. Immigrants from rural areas to the urban metropolis continue to live in squatters’ settlements on the urban peripheries of the city. This in turn has increased the pressure on the public services thereby attracting substantial political attention at the expense of other issues where the need for open green spaces has become an urgent necessity. Al Azhar Park is a new project that was inaugurated in Cairo in March 2005. The project is regarded by the local authorities, the developers, and the planning and design team as a catalyst for social, economic and cultural sustainability and is believed to have far reaching consequences for the 200,000 residents of the neighboring Darb al-Ahmar district. It was conceived in the mid-eighties as a metropolitan park that offers much needed greenery and open space to the residents of Cairo. Characterized by distinctive spatial qualities the planning of the park is conceptualized as a series of self contained zones along a central circulation spine and secondary axes (AKTC, 2004). The project was –and still is – celebrated in the media, and has received a considerable coverage in over 100 publications in different languages including local newspapers, tourist information packages, and specialized international and regional architectural trade magazines.

Solitamente la figura di Claude Lévi -Strauss (che comprende le sue opere e la sua scuola di pensiero) viene immediatamente affiancata al ramo strutturalista dell'antropologia; in alcuni casi lo studioso francese viene addirittura definito il "padre dell'antropologia strutturale". Per comprendere i motivi che hanno portato l'opinione scientifica e non ad attribuirgli questo grado, riteniamo utile approfondire quelle che sono le sue influenze epistemologiche e, soprattutto, il concetto stesso di struttura sul quale poi baserà l'intero apparato teorico che prenderà il nome di "Antropologia Strutturale". Il percorso formativo di Lévi -Strauss non può essere considerato lineare e, soprattutto, non propriamente diretto verso l'approfondimento delle scienze etnografiche. In effetti, lo stesso Lévi -Strauss sottolinea il suo essere un autodidatta dell'etnografia, e di essersi distaccato dalle fumose nozioni metafisiche della sociologia positivista di Compte e Durkheim proprio per ottenere un contatto più ravvicinato con la realtà empirica e la diversità culturale (Comba, 2000:20). Un desiderio che gli è stato esaudito dall'antropologia anglo -americana.

There are three major cultural uses of the hooligan concept that concern the discussion of Norman Manea’s last memoir-novel, referred to in the title of the present paper. Mircea Eliade used the term in reference to the amoral young generation that contributed to the Iron Guard activities in his novel The Hooligans (1935). Mihail Sebastian employed it in his composite pamphlet How I Became a Hooligan (1935), which answered Nae Ionescu’s anti-Semitic Preface to his novel For Two Thousand Years (1934). The self-ironic hooligan self-denomination referred to his scandalizing both the Romanian anti-Semites and the Romanian Jews in his honest, direct novel. Finally, Norman Manea took the term over, ironically too, but also as a post-modernist inter-textual reference to Sebastian’s case, in The Hooligan’s Return (2003), wherein the hooligan stands for the Jewish anti-Communist artist’s condition opposing the Romanian anti-Semitic Communist and post-Communist mainstream.
The social outsider and rebel status suggested by this Jewish-Romanian hoodlum condition dramatizes Manea’s triple minority group exilic allegiance: ethnically as a Jewish Transnistrian Holocaust victim of the Romanian nationalist Antonescu regime (1934 – 1945), politically as an anti-Communist inmate of the Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej’s (1952 – 1965) and Nicolae Ceausescu’s gulag (1967 – 1986), and artistically as an immigrant writer in danger of losing his native linguistic foothold in the multicultural United States of America (1987-to date). Back in Romania, for a brief reluctant visit (1997), he will have the opportunity to doubly confirm the foreigner condition of his now dual cultural hyphenation as a Romanian-Jewish-American artist

"Conventional categories of creativity are being deconstructed after the so-called postmodern debate. This article takes this process deeper, to what we will show is the hidden subtext of gender underlying how creativity has been socially constructed.
It also proposes a more contextualized approach to creativity that takes into account both its individual and social dimensions and how this relates to what Eisler (1987) has called a partnership rather than dominator model of society."

The common thread between the Western anti-vaccination movement and controversies about the polio vaccine, for example, in developing countries such as Nigeria appears to be a lack of trust between individuals and the state as well as individuals and representatives of biomedicine such as physicians. However, there are deeper ideas that go beyond the trust gap which may also be contributing to the problems of communication. I examine the beliefs about biomedicine, health, and the body present in anti-vaccination articles, primarily from Britain and North America, published on the Internet. Attention is also paid to the history of anti-vaccination movements and current international circumstances. In contrast to previous studies in this area which have taken a more aggregated, statistical approach, this paper takes a more qualitative view and retains the individual voices of the anti-vaccinationist writers. I argue that rather than only seeking to identify the beliefs of anti-vaccinationists in order to challenge them and obtain their submission to routine immunization, those within the biomedical system might gain understanding of and appreciation for differing perspectives, and reexamine their own clinical practices and scientific models. In this way, anthropology has much to contribute to improved communication and dialogue towards reducing the conflict over vaccination and the battle over bodies.

This paper investigates the existence of national styles of political economy. The characteristics and determinants of the German, the Austrian, the French, and the English styles are suggested. Some methodological implications for the historical economic thought are outlined.

In the literature of classical Indian medicine, Āyurveda, writers and commentators remark from time to time that the world is divided in nature into a binary taxonomy of Agni and Soma. The category of Agni-related items includes everything of a hot, fiery, dry, or parching type, while Soma-related items are moist, nourishing, soothing, and cooling. Items so classified range from medicinal herbs to mountain ranges to the seasons of the year. “The whole world,” says one author, “is of the nature of Agni and Soma.” From the earliest Vedic hymns to Agni and Soma, through the later philosophical, medical, alchemical and tantric literatures, these two categories of classification and thought were used continuously as an explanatory device. Where does this classification begin, and what can it mean?

EDITORIAL

    Fashions in word-use come and go––currently “sophisticated” is being applied to many management techniques that on closer view turn out to be merely older ideas dressed in newer jargon.    In Australia, our thinking resources are perhaps spread a little too thinly, or bound to the daily grind a little too tightly, for much really original work.  The hothouse may also be a little too small to force growth to the degree that a larger and more bustling industrial environment might.  For these and other reasons we seem to be driving the year-before-last’s model in many of the newer “sophisticated” techniques that should be enabling management accounting to serve management by providing good equipment.  To the extent that we fail to keep ahead of the times we tend to regress in reputation.  This preamble is probably unnecessary but it may serve to make members of the Institute a little more aware that changes are continually on the wing and that we must catch them as they fly.  In this number we are fortunate that one of our Melbourne University graduates has returned with an M.B.A. from Harvard coupled with a drive to pass on some of the advanced ideas which have come his way.  We are sure they will be well received.

Critical theory in education has exposed many oppressive features of contemporary society. However, the literature remains fixed on the human experience, despite the fact that the representations of nonhuman animals provide a rich context in which to explore ideology, power, and what Michel Foucault called regimes of truth.  In this paper, the author brings forth animal studies, an interdisciplinary approach to theorizing nonhuman animals in our society. The author provides a brief summary of the animal studies scholarship that has implications for educational theory: anthropomorphism, the representation of nonhumans, and speciesism.  The author demonstrates the discursive construction of nonhumans is riddled with assumptions based upon Enlightenment notions of empirical science and rationality that expose our representational practices and has implications for how we represent Other humans.  He ends with examining Deleuze and Guattari’s becoming-animal and argues that this can be a location in which we can begin to challenge the human/nonhuman binary.

The Serbian middle classes around 1800 were in a process of definig themselves as a class. This process, that has also been described as a process of national awakening, was indeed a highly classed discourse of a small minority.

This paper tries to sketch which elements were typical for this communication process taking the medialization of the prominent enlightenment figure Dositej Obradović as a basis of analysis. It also points out the more general issues of bourgeois hegemony that were involved in this representation process and how these pertained to the urban context of Belgrade.

The title reflects the shift that is occurring – the use of unfamiliar linguistic codes that are used by elite coders, game players, and even SMS and online messenger services can alienate those of us more attuned to Standard Australian English. These codes are designed precisely to exclude and include.

This paper considers some issues that face drama educators as digital immigrants teaching digital natives in technology mediated drama forms.

This is my original title – it is obtuse, it is unclear, it is exclusionary – precisely the aspects we need to recognise – we don’t automatically belong to this emerging technologised society – we are the newcomers, the immigrants and in many ways our students will be guiding us through the codes and meanings – however at some point we need to take stock and take charge of our role in this new arena

Le hemos dado el término genérico de “globalización” a la situación actual de los cambios económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales que han estado produciéndose en el mundo desde los años 1970, y muy especialmente desde 1989. Se trata de una expresión simple, que toma el adjetivo «global» para indicar los resultados de procesos que afectan a una totalidad, que se producen de forma planetaria, mundializada, pero también —no debemos olvidarlo— para señalar muy especialmente el imperativo estructural, sistémico de su despliegue. Unos resultados tan extendidos, totalizados y determinantes que la presunta coherencia de su aplicación parece modelar la superfície social del globo terráqueo desde la mirada atemporal de su lógica.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung serbischer Diskurse zwischen 1848 und 1905 in der Vojvodina entstand im Rahmen des von Prof. Rosita Schjerve-Rindler geleiteten FWF-Forschungsprojekts Hegemoniale Diskurse und Diskurse des Widerstandes in der Habsburgermonarchie im 19. Jahrhundert, das von 1999 bis 2001 durchgeführt wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sehr von den fachkundigen Anregungen der Projektleiterin und Prof. Michael Metzeltins profitiert und ebenso von den anregenden Diskussionen mit allen beteiligten KollegInnen. 1 Das Erstaunliche am Diskurs der serbischen Eliten in der Vojvodina zwischen 48er Revolution und erstem Weltkrieg ist, wie stark die Umbrüche und Unterschiedlichkeiten im Bezug auf verschiedene Machtzentren waren: »Habsburg«, »Ungarn«, die »Deutschen«. Im Spannungsfeld von Krieg, Demokratie, Klassenkampf, Geschlechterdifferenz und ethnischer Identität bekamen diese vorgestellten, aber auch praktisch erfahrbaren Mächte ganz unterschiedliche Qualitäten zugeschrieben. Letztendlich ging es in diesem Diskurs nicht nur darum, wie »man« sich nach »außen« positionieren solle, sondern auch darum, wer im Diskurs selbst die Oberhand gewinnen würde. Diese Spannungen werden anhand von ausgewählten Texten aus Zeitungen der serbischen Minderheit in der Habsburger Monarchie untersucht. Darunter finden sich nicht nur prominente Leitartikel herausragender Persönlichkeiten, sondern auch Berichte, Notizen, Feuilletons und Artikel über alltägliche Belange wie das Einkaufen. Den Anfang machen theoretische Überlegungen über Diskurs, Hegemonie, Widerstand und Nationalismus. Es folgt der historische Kontext für die analysierten Texte von 1848 (p. 9), danach eine Analyse der Texte selbst (p. 12) -usw.: Kontext, Texte, Kontext, Texte. Als Endpunkt wurde das Jahr 1905 ausgewählt, in dem in Ungarn Wahlen stattfanden und zu erwarten war, dass es insofern weniger markante Diskursereignisse bieten würde als das Jahr 1848. Das ließ dieses Jahr als gute Vergleichsmöglichkeit zum auch diskursiv turbulenten Revolutionsjahr 1848 erscheinen. Zwar lässt sich einiges aus dem Unterschied zwischen den beiden Vergleichspunkten 1848 und 1905 schließen, doch erschienen Stichproben geeignet, um diese Vermutungen zu bestätigen. Deshalb gibt es Analysen eines Textes von 1856 auf Seite 19 und von 1866 auf Seite 22. Die Kontexte dazu befinden sich auf den Seite 18ff. Manche LeserInnen werden es nützlich finden, zuerst die Gesamtinterpretation ab Seite 31 zu lesen und dann zu jenen Textanalysen und Kontexterläuterungen zu gehen, die besonders interessant erscheinen.

This is a book about art historical writing, with special attention to its qualities as writing: its voice, pace, and narrative; its need for theory and for inexplicit theory; and in an entirely nontechnical sense, its interest and force as writing. The book has two themes: that "untheoretical" art historical texts can be richer and more rewarding as writing than texts in which theories are explicit; and that writing, in a general sense, is what art historians do, and so it needs to be taken as seriously as possible.

This opening chapter sets out both those themes by means of an exploration of recalcitrantly untheoretical texts and their hidden virtues.

This book gets involved in the minutiae of theories and art historical writers in the mid-1990s, and ends up being more specifically of its time and place than it needed to be. I still believe in its two themes, however: the mistake was not to frame the book as a general meditation on writing in the humanities.

Currently we know quite a lot about the legal framework surrounding marriage in the middle ages. We know how the law developed, we know about the development of the church courts and about their application of the law. But we know very little about the way in which the law was received: how people established their marriages, how they tried to protect them or how they prepared for litigation. In this paper I shall present the evidence of eight cases which show different ways in which people either tried to safeguard against or prepare for marriage litigation in fourteenth-century York. In particular, I shall focus on different kinds of pre-court tribunals found in the material. This is an institution that is common enough in practice, but these tribunals took a multitude of forms ranging from the totally informal to formal meetings in the premises of the Church (though not with a clear mandate from the church). It will also become clear that although these pre-court meetings are common, they are not required and they appear to have affected only those cases that involved litigants who can be shown to have been (or arguably should be) under some form of tutelage.

Just fifty years ago, Ernest Nagel and Kurt Gödel became involved in a serious imbroglio about the possible inclusion of Gödel's original work on incompleteness in the book, Gödel's Proof, then being written by Nagel with James R. Newman. What led to the conflict were some unprecedented demands that Gödel made over the use of his material and his involvement in the contents of the bookdemands that resulted in an explosive reaction on Nagel's part. In the end the proposal came to naught. But the story is of interest because of what was basically at issue, namely their provocative related but contrasting views on the possible significance of Gödel's theorems for minds vs. machines in the development of mathematics. That is our point of departure for the attempts by Gödel, and later Lucas and Penrose, to establish definitive consequences of those theorems, attempts whichas we shall seedepend on highly idealized and problematic assumptions about minds, machines and mathematics. In particular, I shall argue that there is a fundamental equivocation involved in those assumptions that needs to be reexamined. In conclusion, that will lead us to a new way of looking at how the mind works in deriving mathematics that in a way straddles the mechanist and antimechanist viewpoints.

The Project “MAR VASTO” (“Risk Management in Valparaíso/Manejo de Riesgos en Valparaíso, Servicios Técnicos”) started in March 2007. It is managed by ENEA, with the participation of Italian and Chilean partners and the support of local stakeholders. Being the city declared patrimony of the humanity by UNESCO since 2003, the goals of the project are the following: to evaluate the impact of main hazards (earthquake, tsunami, fire, and landslide); to provide a vulnerability analysis for three historical churches (San Francisco, Las Hermanitas de la Providencia, La Matríz, made by various materials - masonry, concrete, wood and adobe - and located in different city sites) and for a pilot building stock in the Cerro Cordillera historical area, analyzing more than 200 constructions; to suggest guidelines for future urban planning; to develop a GIS digital archive, well organized, user-friendly and easy to be implemented in the future, providing maps and scenarios of specific and multiple risk. In the paper, preliminary results are given, taking into account the in situ work of two missions at Valparaíso (May and October-December 2007).

"This article examines examples of advice literature published in Britain for what they indicate about changes in the materil culture of home enteraining from 1920 to 1970 Advice writing offers ideal model of design consumption attentive to social behaviour and reflective of reader concerns A theoretical framework for the fusion of the social and material in a domestic seetting is forged through reference to the work of Nobert Elias,Erving Goffman and Pierre Bourdien Elias's 1939 work The Civilising Process illuminates pre-industrial etiquette,Goffman's 1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life bridges the movement away from such a model, and Bourdien's 1969 Distinction assists understanding of the reception of modernist design A pre-industrial courty model of ornament and luxury apparently jarred with the comparative austenity embodied in‘high’ modernism and popular idioms such as moderne and contemporary Modern design was recommended in advice literature, therefore,as contributing new ideals to the comfort of a social setting flexibility, youth,practically,thrift,hygiene,economies of space,fashionability and etiquette ideals of dignity,luxury and comfort,pointing to a new appreciation of the beauty of utility grounded in the aestheticization of everyday life that modified the visual language of status and of hospitality.

Key Words: advice literature • domestic space • home entertaining • household management • interor design • taste.

Open access to pre-print text: http://hdl.handle.net/2299/768
Subscription only access to pdf: http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/3/187"

Domestic advice literature is rich in information about design, as well ideals of domesticity, consumption and issues of identity such as gender, age, class and ethnicity. Yet this literature remains a relatively neglected resource in comparison with magazines and film.
    Design at Home brings together etiquette, homemaking and home decoration advice as sources in the first demonstration of the historical value of domestic advice literature as a genre of word and image, and a discourse of dominance.
Areas covered include:
•        the use domestic advice
•        relationships between advice, housing and the middle class
•        links between advice and gender
•        advice and the teenage consumer
Design at Home is essential reading for students and scholars of cultural and social history, design history, and cultural studies.

This article is a case study of the design and development of a Norwegian crockery series for institutional households - the 1962 Figgjo 3500 Hotel China. It investigates how this product represented a decisive break with the conventions of postwar Norwegian design and manufacture. The onset of international free trade meant export or die for the manufacturing industry. The elitist aestheticism so prevalent in the so-called Scandinavian Design movement was abandoned in favour of an ideology remarkably akin to what was at the German Ulm School of Design called scientific operationalism. The paper also analyses how the manufacturer sought to portray this product: first, it was inscribed as science incarnated, and the material morality reigned supreme. But as society's faith in science took some serious blows in the course of the 1960s and modernist design idioms were partly forsaken in the 1970s, the engineered tableware became the fashioned tableware as trends tamed technology. These translations of technology, design, identity and consumption tell the story of how an artefact is constantly in a state of transformation - on both sides of the factory gate.

Written by internationally distinguished experts, this is the first collective commentary on the entirety of Hegel's landmark Phenomenology of Spirit (1807). Each contribution  examines Hegel's text in illuminating philosophical detail and relates that section of Hegel's text to its larger context within Hegel's complex, insightful text.

This chapter-length monologue uses the principals exposed in Hobsbawm and Ranger's "The Invention of Tradition" (Cambridge, 1992) as a model to describe manipulations in the violin market that took place in the mid-nineteenth century Paris.

It argues that although violins by Stradivari, Guarneri and Amati already had a tradition that imposed high values upon them, their market value increased massively during the late 1820s when the violin maker and dealer Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume began to equate the market for originals and copies with a market that already existed for decorative arts. As the high prices in Paris caused the market to flood, Vuillaume created an artificial mechansim to inflate values. By relentlessly improving the quality of his copies he was able to justify increasing their prices, whilst fixing their value at one tenth of the price of a genuine antique example.

This essay examines the market up until the first world war, after which point, broader global interest in rare violins caused further stratospheric increases in price.

If you have a question relating to the content of this paper, or an enquiry about an instrument you either have or are looking for, please email me at: b e n j a m i n . h e b b e r t @ m u s i c . o x . a c . u k

This article aims to address a fundamental question for analysts and students of MERCOSUR : what explains the bloc's survival despite its recurrent crises and frequent pessimistic forecasts predicting its collapse ? It argues that the maintenance of co-operation after 1999, when the economic and political economy rationale of the project had almost disappeared, is best understood in terms of the convergent strategic interests of MERCOSUR partners. This convergence of interests in the continuity of the regional regime reflects three types of strategic incentives. First, defensive considerations reflecting external forces and a shared sense of vulnerability vis-à-vis the external environment have provided the main motivation for partners to engage in negotiations and attempt to move the process of integration forward. Secondly, the offensive incentives faced by Brazil, given its relatively stronger position within the region have also worked to foster regional co-operation. But besides these power considerations, the sustainability of co-operation has been at least partially assisted by an emerging process of socialisation among executive officials taking place within regional institutions. These processes of increased interaction and enmeshment have reinforced interests in regional integration, giving way to positive incentives to maintain MERCOSUR.

Four compositions in the first layer of the Old Hall Manuscript (GB-Lbl, Add. MS 57950) are attributed to R. Chirbury (or R. Chyrbury). This article argues that the Robert Chirbury who ended his days as Dean at the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick was this composer. His career included stints at the Chapel Royal and probably also earlier employment in the London diocese, as well as service in the household of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Moreover, this individual can be differentiated from similarly named men in the Register of the London St Nicholas Fraternity of Parish Clerks, and the assertion that the composer was employed at St George's, Windsor can be discounted.