Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

The necessity to produce intricate components results in considerable progress in manufacturing methods. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that allows intricate and custom-tailored components to be fabricated with great precision and efficiency. It is applied in advanced sectors like aerospace, healthcare, automotive industries, and it starts having their interest in many other areas. Machine learning (ML) has become a powerful tool for overcoming problems in AM, offering process efficiency, defect detection, quality assurance, and predictive modelling of mechanical properties. This review discusses how ML transforms AM by providing design evaluation, process optimization, and production control innovation. The approach taken in the study is systematic, examining the current literature and case studies of ML application to AM. Hybrid data collection techniques that combine machine settings with physics aware features and yield robust predictive models are the focus. Additionally, the review evaluates various ML algorithms used to predict mechanical properties, optimize process parameters, and characterize AM processes. The measurements indicate groundbreaking improvements in ML powered solutions, like process monitoring in real time, automatic parameter adaptation, and defect mitigation that offer greater accuracy, ease, and reliability in AM. Yet, data scarcity, computational challenges and a gap between research and industrial applications of ML exist. To realize the full potential of ML in AM it is critical to address these challenges. It closes with the identification of promising research directions including standardization of data improvement, developing

The distribution of money was transformed into the concept of debt in various forms, including the use of money as an instrument of loans and gifts. The rules of money have completely changed and are heavily skewed towards the benefit of the rich and powerful. Has begun. The US dollar is no longer money, but a currency. The Britton Woods agreement, the gold-standard dollar is over... We Gave Our Word To You But We Don't Have To Keep It 1 The dollar became Monopoly Money. After that, the biggest economic boom in history began. In 2009, when the economy ran aground, the central bankers of the world created trillions of dollars, yen, pesos, euros, and pounds by following the bankers' monopoly. This concept has changed to this day. Investors are panning nothingness into existence. To this day, Investors do not carry piles of money in suitcases, only the game of money in a space called financial institutions (banks and non-banks). The escalation of financial investment dragged the country into debt because the country's economic strength was supported by printing debt securities faster to make money, so the government needed more money than savings. 2 BRICS is heading towards the elimination of fiat money, preventing member countries from falling into debt. Returning the existence of currency to its history, namely money as a medium of exchange, not a means of payment (fiat money). The essence of the idea of the birth of new money for BRICS members is a clever concept of distorting debt-based money. It is better to have a lot of receivables than to have a lot of debts. This study aims to understand the transition from the gold standard system to a sovereign debt-based system, specifically within the context of currency and economic influence of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Against the backdrop of a global economy shifting from precious metals to fiat and debt-based currencies, this research will examine the complexities and paradoxes behind this change and its impact on current economic stability and sustainability

This paper demonstrates the significance of location-specific differences in manufacturing characteristics and in consumer demand for technology competitiveness. It looks, in particular, at the economic viability of emerging polymer composite automobile body technologies if produced in the United States (U.S.) versus if produced in the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) The results show that polymer composite bodies, when produced locally for the local market, are competitive for significantly fewer cars in the P.R.C. (7%) than in the U.S. (29%). Despite consumer demand characteristics in the P.R.C. being more favorable for composites, differences in production characteristics between the two locations dominate the overall effect. These results suggest that in cases such as automobile bodies where markets and manufacturing location are tightly coupled, firms may need to put as much emphasis on understanding the impact of local production differences on technology competitiveness as in understanding local markets.

Saudi Arabia's central bank has joined the mBridge project, a cross-border central bank digital currency (CBDC) that seeks to integrate multiple currencies into a global network, as a full participant, the Bank for International Settlements announced (BIS), 5 June 2024. In this article, PROF DR ABDERRAZAK BELABES explores the opportunities of this evolution for Islamic finance by making global geostrategic data speak

The global economic order is undergoing a fundamental transformation as multicurrency mercantilism challenges the long-standing dominance of the U.S. dollar and Western-led financial institutions. Driven by the weaponization of economic and financial tools such as sanctions and tariffs, US Federal Reserve's monetary policy instability, and the strategic pursuit of economic sovereignty, nations-particularly within the BRICS bloc-are advancing de-dollarization through alternative payment systems, local currency trade agreements, and digital financial infrastructures. This shift diminishes reliance on SWIFT and dollar-centric mechanisms, fostering a more multipolar financial landscape. The move toward a multipolar monetary system-marked by regional financial integration, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and alternative payment infrastructures-signals a fundamental restructuring of global economic power. While diversification may enhance resilience against U.S. financial coercion, it also introduces risks such as currency volatility and fragmented liquidity. The geopolitical implications are profound, as parallel financial ecosystems reduce exposure to Western sanctions and reshape economic alliances. Although the dollar retains structural advantages, its unchallenged supremacy is waning, compelling the U.S. to reassess its economic diplomacy. The future of global finance hinges on whether the international community embraces cooperative multilateralism or accelerates fragmentation. This article examines de-dollarization's geopolitical and economic implications, analyzing its potential to reshape international finance, reduce US economic leverage, and redefine global trade dynamics. The findings suggest that while the US dollar's global reserve status remains intact for now, the increasing adoption of multicurrency trade and financial networks could herald a more decentralized and resilient international monetary system.

the characteristics of ISO standard of textile workplace for occupational health & safety & environmental conditions by ISO 14001 & 45001 spatial settings that are examined include five workstation spatial parameters of textiles workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 &45001 variables that are derived from layout variables of the floor plan that we propose based on our experience with textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 & 45001 design and evaluation. The parameters encompassing these are-spatial parameters of textiles textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 & 45001arrangement, furniture and ergonomics, air and thermal, lighting and acoustics. It implies that the employees need environmental support for performing the activities leading to positive physiological and psychological impact and improved performances. the aims at investigating a correlation if any of workspace designs and its impact on the users, of spatial parameters of textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001&45001 for occupational health, safety & environmental conditions through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of various parameters, occupants in terms of parameters to achieve satisfaction, comfort and efficiency of the selected workspaces. Contexts and parameters and the methodologies adopted are based either on quantitative, qualitative and experimental research strategies. Results perception about several of environment shall give better justification if correlated with physical measurements. Functional comfort and related behavioral responses if assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in better environmental conditions and work output. this study is done for employees in a Giza Spinning & Weaving Co. is a leading Egyptian ready-made garments exporter boasting fully integrated operations and a well-diversified portfolio of renowned international brands. The Company is one of the biggest manufacturers and trusted names in the in Egyptian textiles sector. Wherein the workspace design, layout, furniture, noise, air quality are given equal importance to examine the relationship between workspace physical conditions and employee's productivity.

the characteristics of ISO standard of textile workplace for occupational health & safety & environmental conditions by ISO 14001 & 45001 spatial settings that are examined include five workstation spatial parameters of textiles workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 &45001 variables that are derived from layout variables of the floor plan that we propose based on our experience with textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 & 45001 design and evaluation. The parameters encompassing these are-spatial parameters of textiles textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001 & 45001arrangement, furniture and ergonomics, air and thermal, lighting and acoustics. It implies that the employees need environmental support for performing the activities leading to positive physiological and psychological impact and improved performances. the aims at investigating a correlation if any of workspace designs and its impact on the users, of spatial parameters of textile workplace of accordance with ISO 14001&45001 for occupational health, safety & environmental conditions through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of various parameters, occupants in terms of parameters to achieve satisfaction, comfort and efficiency of the selected workspaces. Contexts and parameters and the methodologies adopted are based either on quantitative, qualitative and experimental research strategies. Results perception about several of environment shall give better justification if correlated with physical measurements. Functional comfort and related behavioral responses if assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in better environmental conditions and work output. this study is done for employees in a Giza Spinning & Weaving Co. is a leading Egyptian ready-made garments exporter boasting fully integrated operations and a well-diversified portfolio of renowned international brands. The Company is one of the biggest manufacturers and trusted names in the in Egyptian textiles sector. Wherein the workspace design, layout, furniture, noise, air quality are given equal importance to examine the relationship between workspace physical conditions and employee's productivity.

The paper focuses on the economic roles and geopolitical positioning of China and India on the international stage. It analyses the relationship between these two Asian giants by examining their often-controversial interactions within the BRICS coalition. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part explores the sectors in which cooperation occurs at different levels, alongside the areas where competition is most intense. The second part examines the relationship between China and India within the BRICS coalition, evaluating the impact of the expansion to selected Global South countries initiated at the 2023 Johannesburg summit. The third part analyses the positions and roles of China and India within the UN system and international financial institutions. As the two most populous countries in the world, China and India wield significant influence that cannot be overlooked in international organizations. The concluding section assesses whether the intensifying competition between the two Asian giants on the global stage outweighs their limited cooperation within BRICS.

Engineered Hours Per Vehicle (EHPV) is an important metric used in the manufacturing industry to measure the time it takes to produce a vehicle, considering all engineering-related work processes. These processes encompass design, assembly, logistics, quality control, and testing. EHPV plays a crucial role in evaluating the efficiency of manufacturing operations and helps in cost control, productivity benchmarking, and overall optimization of the production process. This white paper discusses the significance of EHPV, how to calculate it, its role in improving manufacturability, and strategies to optimize it for better manufacturing outcomes.

The quality of through-hole soldering joints is determined by the percentage of solder fill within a printed circuit board (PCB) hole. Good wetting is required to achieve this via heating and optimal flux selection. The applied heat activates the flux chemistry facilitating its surface cleaning action.

Traditionally, either infra-red (IR) heaters or convection ovens are used for this purpose. While IR is fast, it is surface-sensitive, can be reflected, and its penetration depth is dependent on wavelength. Convection can homogenously heat larger assemblies but is comparatively slow. Combining these methods will allow a pre-heat station to quickly heat a variety of board configurations.

Printed circuit boards with varying levels of copper traces have been profiled. Thermal profilers with thermocouples were used to measure the top and bottomside temperature profiles.

Varying arrangements of fast response shortwave IR topside and bottomside pre-heat in both open and closed loop configurations have been used. Varying power levels and target temperatures were used for each method, respectively. An air blower system was then fitted to allow for added convection heating for each of the above configurations.

This parametric study will provide key insights into the most efficient methods to heat printed circuit boards for selective soldering. IR heating provides the most immediate surface heating effect, via radiative transfer, and the addition of air blowing has been explored in conjunction. Machine configuration must be explored to enhance efficiency. The goal is to replicate the uniform surface and through-thickness heating typically achieved with convection.

While there is function of execution, then there are possibilities of accident. Construction is a versatile execution activity and here huge workers are involved all over the world. By this sequence Construction workers in Bangladesh face numerousaccidentsincluding occupational hazards, injuries, and mental health challenges. When any accident happened-at first it affectsinstantlythe mind of total team in the working site and finally impact the working environment. As a result, the affected personnelsuffersmuch even die and others teammates cannot concentrate their mind into workfor long time. This study explores the prevalence, causes, and management of these issues. It highlights the gaps in safety protocols, the role of government policies, and the necessity of implementing effective intervention programs to improve worker well-being. The manuscript suggests targeted strategies for accident prevention, injury management, and mental health support tailored to the Bangladeshi construction sector.

Manufacturers constantly seek efficient, cost-effective solutions for assembling plastic components. Among the many joining methods available, ultrasonic plastic welding has gained popularity for its speed, precision, and long-term economic benefits. This article examines the cost-benefit factors of ultrasonic welding in highvolume production and how it compares to alternative methods. Understanding Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Ultrasonic welding is a process that uses high-frequency vibrations to generate heat and fuse plastic parts at the molecular level. It eliminates the need for adhesives, screws, or other fasteners, creating strong, seamless joints in a matter of seconds.

Ich bin all jenen zu Dank verpflichtet, die diese Arbeit möglich gemacht haben und mit ihrer unbezahlten Mühe in Form von Abschlussarbeiten und Projektarbeiten Vorarbeit geleistet haben. Zwar ist umfangreicher Aufwand oft in wenige Sätze und einzelne Bilder komprimiert (entsprechende Stellen sind gekennzeichnet), um dann allerdings darauf aufzubauen und weiter in die Tiefe zu gehen. Die Kürze verbirgt, wie wichtig diese Grundlagen sind. Zu nennen sind besonders Timon Eckstein, Bernd Eisenbarth und Gent Cerimi. Ich danke meinen Freund*innen, die meine Stimmung aufgebessert haben und die Rechtschreibung und Form der Arbeit verbessert haben. Danke an die Mitarbeiter im Robotiklabor, für Unterstützung und Ablenkung.

The recent developments in design for manufacture and assembly, the need for improving quality and reducing the manufacturing we need a more structured and flexible design approach. This is achieved by using software called DFMA. DFMA software enables us to analyze a product and reduce the number of parts, improve their manufacturability and ease of assembly, reduce product cost and anufacturing time. A Connecting Rod was modeled using the software SOLIDWORKS and then it is imported to DFMA. DFMA analysis was performed and computes all the essential requirements and the most optimal design was chosen.

The recent developments in design for manufacture and assembly, the need for improving quality and reducing the manufacturing we need a more structured and flexible design approach. This is achieved by using software called DFMA. DFMA software enables us to analyze a product and reduce the number of parts, improve their manufacturability and ease of assembly, reduce product cost and anufacturing time. A Connecting Rod was modeled using the software SOLIDWORKS and then it is imported to DFMA. DFMA analysis was performed and computes all the essential requirements and the most optimal design was chosen.

Manufuture developed the Vision 2020, the Strategic Research Agenda and Road Maps as basics for the European Research in FP8. The vision was mainly influenced by the challenges toward competition and sustainability by transformation fr om cost orientation to adding value with technical and organizational innovations. Manufuture developed a strategic research Agenda “2020-2030” and Roadmaps to support the process of structural chang es and orientation to higher efficiency and changeability. Technology development was driven by the activation of technological potentials in the process chains from basic materials to finished pro ducts and from customer’s orders to the end of life to increase adding value. Manufuture proposed fields o f proactive actions for cooperative research in Europe across the 40 industrial sectors. Core field s of the strategic research agenda are part of the Factory of the Future (FOF) and Digital Manufacturi ng program and on the way now for implementation. Als...

Resumo: É proposta uma sistemática para a especificação de tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas de produção para peças plásticas de engenharia, com base na utilização de dados históricos de medição de peças similares. Os critérios para definição de peças e características similares são baseados no sistema de pontuação da DIN 16742. Aspectos metrológicos exercem papel essencial na sistemática por influenciar diretamente a confiabilidade dos dados armazenados e a atribuição de tolerâncias. Destaca-se como principal benefício da proposta, a otimização potencial das tolerâncias especificadas frente aos processos produtivos efetivamente empregados. Palavras-chave: especificação de tolerâncias; tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas; peças plásticas de engenharia; peças similares; dados históricos de medição.

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to relocating and consolidating manufacturing lines and process equipment between plants efficiently and methodically. As global trends shift manufacturing operations from one region to another, the traditional AS IS Lift and Shift method often falls short in optimizing the manufacturing process. The proposed approach emphasizes redesigning and improving manufacturing processes to eliminate waste and enhance efficiency using advanced technologies combined with lean principles. This method promises significant benefits, including reduced lead times, improved quality, and lower manufacturing costs. The process is broken down into three main workstreams: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Planning, Production Control and Logistics Engineering Planning, and Program Management Support. Each workstream comprises detailed phases and steps that ensure a seamless transition. The paper highlights the importance of redesigning manufacturing processes, detailing decommissioning coordination at the origin plant, integrating and testing manufacturing processes at the target plant, and providing ongoing support during the manufacturing build and launch phase. Additionally, it underscores the need for meticulous logistics planning and robust program management to manage stakeholders, delivery, change, and risks effectively. Future work will explore integrating augmented, virtual, and mixed reality technologies to enhance planning, execution, and validation processes for even smoother transitions.

This paper presents a structured and systematic approach to implementing lean in-plant logistics complemented by a cost model. It delves deeply into chronic losses and inefficiencies in manufacturing plants, emphasizing issues in material flow, line stoppages, productivity, inventory levels, line-side storage, and kitting, impacting higher costs. Each process phase is meticulously described, along with the inputs derived from them. Organizations benefit from reduced costs, waste elimination, and increased productivity by adopting lean in-plant logistics. The detailed steps outlined in each phase guide practitioners in addressing all aspects of logistics operations within the plant, enabling comprehensive optimization and lean implementation. The proposed system offers numerous advantages, including decreased inventory levels, more efficient line-side inventory management, and lower overall costs.

This report proposes the use of AI and deep learning to provide streamline defect detection in PCBs; research by Zhang et al. (2020) showed that machine learning algorithms could detect surface defects in PCBs with an accuracy of over 95%, surpassing traditional AOI(Automated Optical Inspection) systems. Another study by Li et al. (2021) explored the use of deep learning for defect classification in electronic component manufacturing. Their model achieved superior performance in distinguishing between different types of defects, such as soldering issues and component misalignments

The current linear economy, with its "take-make-dispose" approach, has led to an unprecedented level of waste generation related to the end-of-life of electronics products, entailing huge impacts on climate change, pollution and resource depletion. Against this trend, product repairability is a preferred Circular Economy strategy to extend product lifespan and contrast obsolescence. It is strongly advocated by consumer movements ("Right to Repair") and supported by environmental policies, such as the European Union Circular Economy Action Plan. To be effective, a repairability strategy has to be defined at the product design stage. However, many electronics products are still designed with built-in obsolescence. In literature, Design for Repair (DfR) strategies are presented in a fragmented way, with their role in fighting obsolescence and enabling a Circular Economy being under-investigated. Through a systematic literature review, this article aims to identify the product design elements (DfR features) and detailed practical actions (DfR practices) that facilitate the repairability of products, preventing different types of product obsolescence as well as finding the indicators (DfR measures) to quantify DfR features to assess the level of product repairability. The systematic analysis revealed that, while DfR features (and the relative practices and measures) that contrast mechanical, technological and service obsolescence have been frequently investigated by the literature, lower attention has been dedicated to DfR features preventing relative obsolescence. These practices deserve more theoretical and practice-oriented research. The identified DfR features, practices and measures are then organized into a comprehensive framework, which sheds light on the operationalization of repair as a CE strategy and support designers and R&D engineers in designing products to be repaired. The framework provides guidelines to product designers and engineers to operationalize the 'Plan-Do-Check-Act' cycle of product development for repairability to increase product circularity. The framework also supports policymakers in the benchmarking and fine-tuning of currently policy adopted methods for assessing repairability at the product level

The Central Government has the intent of taking India on a fast track to attain Atma Nirbhar status and self-reliance. The key driver of this revolution is going to be Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Over the years successive governments have rolled out many schemes, both monetary and non-monetary to small-scale units. Although the Indian government stopped with its protectionist policies they have continued with additional support to the MSMEs. For attaining the goal of self-sufficiency it is imperative that the needs of MSMEs are understood, as also the problems they face, the support required and the key to their success. A qualitative study was conducted amongst the MSMEs in the district of Ernakulam and it looked at the challenges faced by the MSMEs, their aspirations and possible growth strategies. A total of 164 fit responses were analysed using the IBM Text Modeller for text analysis. MSMEs face generic challenges like high cost of labour, shortage of manpower, lack of financing and access to technology. However, the silver line lies where the businesses can be sustainable with proper strategies like digital marketing, clustering and government financial support. Although the study was done towards the end of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic the results are applicable in general. The strategies for success for these MSMEs that have evolved out of the study can in all probability be replicated across the country for other MSMEs also.

Bu proje, tasarım ve üretim süreci boyunca verimliliği artırma hedefiyle 'Design for Excellence
(Mükemmelik için Tasarım)' kavramlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Projenin temel amacı, farklı
tasarım yaklaşımlarının nasıl üretkenlik artışına katkı sağlayabileceğini belirlemek ve bu doğrultuda
stratejiler geliştirmektir.
1. Giriş bölümünde projenin amacı ve kapsamı açıklanacaktır.
2. Temel Kavramlar ve Literatür Araştırması kısmında, 'Ürün ve Tasarım Kavramı' (2.1), 'X için
Tasarım ya da Mükemmellik için Tasarım (Design for X)' (2.2) ve 'Üretim için Tasarım (Design for
Manufacture)' (2.3) gibi temel kavramlar ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca, 'Montaj için Tasarım (Design for
Assembly)' (2.4), 'Sürdürülebilirlik için Tasarım (Design for Sustainability)' (2.5), 'Maliyet için
Tasarım (Design for Cost)' (2.6) ve 'Bakım için Tasarım (Design for Maintenance)' (2.7) gibi farklı
'Design for X' yöntemleri incelenecektir. 'Kalite için Tasarım (Design for Quality)' (2.8) ve 'Altı Sigma
için Tasarım (Design for Six Sigma)' (2.9) da bu bölümde detaylandırılacaktır.
3. Verimlilik için Tasarım (Design for Productivity) bölümünde, 'Verimlilik Kavramı' (3.1),
'Verimlilik Yönetimi' (3.2) ve 'Verimlilik Ölçümü' (3.3) konuları işlenecektir. 'Verimlilik Artırma'
(3.4) ve 'Verimlilik Faktörleri' (3.5) de bu bölümde kapsamlı olarak ele alınacaktır.
4. Uygulama Çalışması kısmında, 'Ürün ve Kalıp Tasarımı ve Üretimi' (4.1) süreçleri analiz edilecek
ve 'SWOT Analizi' (4.2) yapılacaktır. Ayrıca, 'Kalıp Tasarımı Süreci Akış Diyagramı' (4.3) ve 'Kalıp
Üretim Süreci Akış Diyagramı' (4.4) incelenecek, 'Örnek Kaizen Çalışması' (4.5) kapsamında
problemlerin belirlenmesi ve çözüm önerileri geliştirilecektir.
5. Sonuç ve Değerlendirmeler bölümünde, çalışmanın bulguları ve yapılan iyileştirmeler
değerlendirilecektir.
Bu proje, verimlilik yönetimi ve verimlilik artırma yöntemlerini, 'Design for X' kavramları ışığında
inceleyerek, ürün veya kalıp tasarımının verimlilik üzerindeki etkisini anlamak ve tasarım projelerinde
daha etkili ve verimli sonuçlar elde etmek için bir rehber oluşturmayı hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Verimlilik için Tasarım, Üretim için Tasarım, Maliyet için Tasarım, Montaj için
Tasarım, Ürün ve Kalıp Tasarımında Verimlilik

This project aims to examine the concepts of 'Design for Excellence (DfX)' with the goal of increasing
efficiency throughout the design and production process. The primary objective of the project is to
determine how different design approaches can contribute to productivity gains and to develop
strategies accordingly.
The 1. Introduction section will explain the purpose and scope of the project.
In the 2. Fundamental Concepts and Literature Review section, key concepts such as 'Product and
Design Concept' (2.1), 'Design for X or Design for Excellence (DfX)' (2.2), and 'Design for
Manufacture' (2.3) will be discussed. Additionally, different 'Design for X' methods such as 'Design
for Assembly' (2.4), 'Design for Sustainability' (2.5), 'Design for Cost' (2.6), and 'Design for
Maintenance' (2.7) will be examined. 'Design for Quality' (2.8) and 'Design for Six Sigma' (2.9) will
also be elaborated in this section.
The 3. Design for Productivity section will cover 'Productivity Concept' (3.1), 'Productivity
Management' (3.2), and 'Productivity Measurement' (3.3). 'Productivity Improvement' (3.4) and
'Productivity Factors' (3.5) will also be comprehensively addressed.
In the 4. Application Study section, the processes of 'Product and Mold Design and Production' (4.1)
will be analyzed, and a 'SWOT Analysis' (4.2) will be conducted. Furthermore, the 'Mold Design
Process Flow Diagram' (4.3) and 'Mold Production Process Flow Diagram' (4.4) will be examined, and
an 'Example Kaizen Study' (4.5) will identify problems and develop solution proposals.
The 5. Conclusions and Evaluations section will assess the findings and improvements made during
the study.
This project aims to provide a guide to understanding the impact of product or mold design on
efficiency and to achieve more effective and efficient results in design projects by examining
productivity management and improvement methods through the lens of 'Design for X' concepts.
Keywords: Design for Productivity, Design for Manufacture, Design for Cost, Design for Assembly,
Efficiency in Product and Mold Design

The Central Government has the intent of taking India on a fast track to attain Atma Nirbhar status and self-reliance. The key driver of this revolution is going to be Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Over the years successive governments have rolled out many schemes, both monetary and non-monetary to small-scale units. Although the Indian government stopped with its protectionist policies they have continued with additional support to the MSMEs. For attaining the goal of self-sufficiency it is imperative that the needs of MSMEs are understood, as also the problems they face, the support required and the key to their success. A qualitative study was conducted amongst the MSMEs in the district of Ernakulam and it looked at the challenges faced by the MSMEs, their aspirations and possible growth strategies. A total of 164 fit responses were analysed using the IBM Text Modeller for text analysis. MSMEs face generic challenges like high cost of labour, shortage of manpower, lack of financing and access to technology. However, the silver line lies where the businesses can be sustainable with proper strategies like digital marketing, clustering and government financial support. Although the study was done towards the end of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic the results are applicable in general. The strategies for success for these MSMEs that have evolved out of the study can in all probability be replicated across the country for other MSMEs also.

The design of progressive stamping dies for sheet metal products is essential for achieving high-quality manufacturing with minimal waste. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical aspects involved in progressive die design, including material selection, die component optimization, strip layout, and efficient progression through multiple stations. By employing design-for-manufacturing (DFM) principles, the paper emphasizes the importance of streamlining processes to reduce part count, optimize material usage, and enhance product quality. Key elements such as pilot hole guidance, part ejection, and scrap removal systems are explored in depth to ensure reliability and cost-effectiveness. Advanced computational techniques, including computer-aided design  (CAD), are utilized to simulate and optimize the stamping process, reducing production time and potential errors. The study further provides detailed calculations of blanking, punching, and bending forces, along with considerations for die plate deflection, stress, and strain. This analysis demonstrates the potential of progressive stamping dies to enhance manufacturing efficiency and product consistency, positioning the methodology as a crucial factor in modern sheet metal fabrication. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on die design, offering practical insights for reducing downtime and improving operational precision.

A Rotor disc brake is a type of brake that uses calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc in order to create
friction that retards the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it
stationary. The energy of motion is converted into waste heat which must be dispersed. Hydraulic disc brakes
are the most commonly used form of brake for motor vehicles but the principles of a disc brake are applicable to
almost any rotating shaft.

It seems that everyone wants a piece of the African continent, reviving nightmares of a return to the 19th-century European colonisation of the ‘Dark Continent’. Fears of neo-colonialist expansion by European countries like France, emerging hegemonic contenders like Communist China and revivalist powers like Turkey may be premature or unfounded. The reasons are simple. Africa is gaining real strength to fend off the aforementioned competitors because Africa has powerful new sponsors, some active and some not, who want to sponsor Africa’s genuine development for strategic reasons. Powers such as Russia want to create a “raw materials bloc” in order to establish a real balance in the new world order under construction. It is no longer the “liberal” West against Communist China. There is a new contender on the horizon – the “commodity bloc”, with Africa at its heart.

This study deals with the review of the optimization of drive shafts using ANSYS. The substitution of composite material over
regular steel material for the drive shaft has expanded the upsides of the outline because of its high particular firmness and quality.
The drive shaft is the primary part of the drive arrangement of a vehicle. The utilization of traditional steel for assembling drive
shafts has many impediments, for example, low particular firmness and quality. Regular drive shaft is made up of two sections to
build its major common twisting recurrence.
A two-piece drive shaft expands the heaviness of the drive shaft which is not alluring in the present market. Numerous strategies
are accessible at display for the plan advancement of basic frameworks and these strategies are in view of scientific programming
procedures including slope look and direct inquiry. These techniques expect that the plan factors are persistent. Be that as it may, in
useful basic building improvement, all the plan factors are discrete. This is because of the accessibility of segments in standard sizes
and imperatives because of development and assembling rehearses. This paper talks about the past work done on composite drive
shafts utilizing ANSYS

We intend to design and study systems that produce artifacts with biological generative systems, where nature's randomness and physiological needs have an important role in defining form. To understand these systems we will develop, analyze and criticize experimental models with ants, bees and mushrooms. In these models the matrices of construction and the system are defined, but the outcomes will be uncertain due to their dependence on biological variables. Our goal is the development of artifacts in an embryonic stage as well as of the constraints for their development. By defining the matrix and some guidelines, we aim to make available to the general public systems that reproduce artifacts that are similar in their genesis, but which become unique due to their biological actuators. Among other factors, these artifacts seek to enhance an emotional bond between users and object; this bond happens due to the empathy that is generated by the proximity and the time that is required for their growth, and by the better comprehension of their morphogenesis and process. This nurturing is essential for the evolution of the matrix into the desired product. 10th European Academy of Design Conference -Crafting the Future 2 | P a g e The final products are unique and unrepeatable, and the end result arises from the close relation between the cooperators: the designer that develops the system, the person that uses it and the actuators that execute it. We believe the deeper understanding of the artifacts geneses and the bond that is created with it may result in new aesthetic qualities.

The currency globalization and currency geopolitics do not exclude each other at all, but rather complement each other. At the same time, in certain historical periods, as a rule, one of them prevails: either currency globalization or currency geopolitics. The new world monetary order is being formed as a combination of monetary globalization and monetary geopolitics, in which the latter plays a predominant role.

Welding is the joining of two metal materials based on the principles of diffusion processes, resulting in the fusion of the connected material parts. The advantages of welded joints include lightweight construction, high strength-bearing capacity, ease of implementation, and cost-effectiveness. However, the main drawback is the alteration of the microstructure of the welded material, leading to changes in its physical and mechanical properties. This study aims to determine the mechanical
properties of ST 60 Steel through the MIG welding process using current strengths of 70 and 80 Amperes, commonly employed in workshops. The mechanical properties under investigation are hardness and tensile strength, measured using the Rockwell hardness test and N/mm² for tensile strength. Data collection results indicate that with a welding current of 70 A, the best testing outcome is a Rockwell hardness of 24.67. Meanwhile, for the 80 A current, the optimal testing result is 28.67. In the tensile test, the obtained data for the 70 A current reveals a tensile strength of 280 N/mm², whereas for the 80 A current, a tensile strength of 341 N/mm² is achieved.
Keywords: MIG Welding, Electric Current, Compression Test, Tensile Test

The current research focuses on the effect of feedback given to trainees using a computerised training system to improve visual temporal integration. Two training groups were compared: one that received feedback during training (feedback group) and one that did not (no feedback group), with 15 trainees in each group. The results demonstrated that the feedback group's performance was significantly poorer compared to the no feedback group as assessed by two very important measures - number of errors in new sets (measured during training) and number of commission errors in the d2 test of attention (the post-training transfer task). While the guidance hypothesis predicts the decline in the transfer task, the deterioration observed in performance during training is not a common phenomenon. We explain these results by the theory of overconfidence.

Training Computerized training systems offer a promising new direction in the training of executive functions, in part because they can easily be designed to offer feedback to learners. Yet feedback is a double-edged sword, serving a positive motivational role while at the same time carrying the risk that learners may become dependent on the feedback they receive. The current research suggests that computerized training systems may take advantage of the motivational effects of feedback without the unwanted risk by making feedback available while not requiring trainees to access it. Specifically, we hypothesized that the mere availability of feedback would improve performance even if trainees never or almost never made use of it. We tested this hypothesis using a simple puzzle completion task, putting the focus on executive functions by instructing participants to complete each puzzle with a minimal number of rotations and moves. Two training sessions in which the availability of feedback was manipulated were followed by a transfer test and a visual perception test. The results show that the availability of feedback improved performance, in terms of the smaller number of excess moves performed during both the training sessions and the transfer task.

For understanding human skills, realistic computer models of the human sensorimotor system and the physical world with which it interacts are essential. I will describe how recent developments in computer simulation, medical imaging, and neurophysiology, now make it possible to construct such models. I will first describe our new approach to constructing detailed biomechanical models of the musculoskeletal system, using fiber-like 3D elastic elements we call "strands." I will show how this approach is used to build subject-specific models of the human hand and the oculomotor system, from MRI and other imaging data. I will then give a brief overview of the work of my laboratory over the last fifteen years on constructing detailed multisensory models of the physical world, with visual, haptic, and auditory feedback. A major focus of this work is simulating contact with friction and elastic deformation with low latency, so that it is suitable for interactive simulation.

The current study hypothesized that integrating partly observational learning into virtual reality training systems (VRTS) can enhance training efficiency for procedural tasks. A common approach in designing VRTS is the enactive approach, which stresses the importance of physical actions within the environment to enhance perception and improve learning. However, based on embodied cognition theory, we hypothesized that for procedural tasks observational learning can successfully replace a portion of the active training using VRTS, reducing training time without sacrificing performance. The hypothesis was tested using a virtual reality system to train a 75-step Lego assembly task. Two conditions were compared: Active, in which the trainee had to both identify each correct brick and place it correctly in the Lego model; and Partly Observational Learning, in which the trainee was required only to select the correct brick, and then observed how the system automatically positioned it. Results demonstrated that training time was reduced with the incorporation of an observational learning phase, while performance time with the real Lego test as well as the number of final errors and the number of corrected errors were similar for both conditions. In conclusion, partly observational learning can enhance training efficiency for some procedural tasks without necessarily sacrificing performance if integrated properly within virtual reality training. Hence, for some procedural tasks the use of observational learning in VRTS should be encouraged.

One of the research topics within the EU-project SKILLS1 was the training of Industrial Maintenance and Assembly (IMA) tasks. The IMA demonstrator developed comprehends two different training platforms, one based on technologies of Virtual Reality (VR) and the other one on Augmented Reality (AR). To qualify the efficiency of the developed training systems different studies have been conducted, followed by a final “Transfer of Skill” evaluation that has been performed by service technicians at the “SIDEL industrial training centre” in Parma. This evaluation included qualitative methods (feedback collection in questionnaires) as well as quantitative methods (experiments with control groups). The results demonstrate that both platforms are useful and suitable training tools for IMA tasks, and that the AR training decreased the number of unsolved errors in the task.

Training for service technicians in maintenance tasks is a classical ­application field of Augmented Reality explored by different research groups. Mostly technical aspects (tracking, visualization etc.) have been in focus of this research field. In this chapter we present results of interdisciplinary research based on the fusion of cognitive science, psychology and computer science. We focus on analyzing the improvement of Augmented Reality based training of skills which are relevant for maintenance and assembly tasks. The skills considered in this work comprise sensorimotor skills as well as cognitive skills. Different experiments have been conducted in order to find recommendations for the design of Augmented Reality training systems which overcome problems of existing approaches. The suggestions concern the fields of content visualization and multimodal feedback.

Training technicians to acquire new maintenance and assembly skills is important for various industries. Because maintenance and assembly tasks can be very complex, training technicians to efficiently perform new skills is challenging. Training of this type can be supported by Augmented Reality, a powerful industrial training technology that directly links instructions on how to perform the service tasks to the machine parts that require processing. Because of the increasing complexity of maintenance tasks, it is not sufficient to train the technicians in task execution. Instead, technicians must be trained in the underlying skills—sensorimotor and cognitive—that are necessary for the efficient acquisition and performance of new maintenance operations.
These facts illustrate the need for efficient training systems for maintenance and assembly skills that accelerate the technicians’ acquisition of new maintenance procedures. Furthermore, these systems should improve the adjustment of the training process for new training scenarios and enable the reuse of worthwhile existing training material. In this context, we have developed a novel concept and platform for multimodal Augmented Reality-based training of maintenance and assembly skills, which includes sub-skill training and the evaluation of the training system. Because procedural skills are considered as the most important skills for maintenance and assembly operations, we focus on these skills and the appropriate methods for improving them.

The methodology, implementation and results of a design for manufacturing (DFM) technique as applied to an integrated circuit boron base formation for an NPN transistor are presented. The primary purpose of the DFM technique is to achieve acceptable statistical prediction of the results by using the minimum number of variables and reducing the time required to perform physically-based simulations. Excellent statistical results are achieved while the number of simulations is reduced by at least a factor of five if judicious statistical techniques are applied.

The study is on enhancing the learning of manufacturing processes in Design and Technology (D&T) at the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Level in selected private high schools in Marondera, Zimbabwe. This study is hinged on the theoretical framework of design and technology in high school classrooms rooted in constructivism. The study made use of both primary and secondary data. As such, a qualitative approach was adopted for the study and employed a sample size of 27 participants; 7 randomly sampled learners from the three private schools taking IGCSE D&T and six D&T teachers; two from each school for the IGCSE level. Interviews, observations, portfolio and artefact analysis were adopted to aid the acquiring of responses. Thematic coding was conducted in data analysis. The study highlighted the potential impact of social and collaborative aspects on extended production times. It surfaced that learners who engage in collaborative activities or receive peer support and feedback may be better equipped to overcome challenges and complete their projects more efficiently and timeously. The findings of this study emphasise the multifaceted nature of the factors that contribute to learners taking an extended amount of time to complete the production of products. The primary factors are classified into three categories: individual, instructional, and environmental. It surfaced that the exploitation of the pragmatic and constructive methodologies which provide hands-on, project-based learning experiences, design and technology classrooms empower learners to actively construct knowledge and develop essential skills in the learning of manufacturing processes. In this context, D&T classrooms serve as spaces that encourage learners to engage in hands-on, project-based learning, where they can explore their creativity and problem-solving abilities. The study recommends examining the role of technology-assisted learning, exploring the influence of teacher training and professional development, and analysing the impact of curriculum design and assessment strategies.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Kerala play a vital role in industrializing rural and underserved areas, providing employment to youth and disadvantaged groups, including SC, ST, women, and persons with disabilities. Despite hosting 3.523% of India's MSMEs with 23.79 lakh units, most of which are micro-enterprises, Kerala's MSME sector faces significant challenges such as limited policy support, credit access, and infrastructural constraints. To address these, Kerala State designated 2022-23 as the 'Year of Enterprises,' aiming to establish one lakh new enterprises. This study aims to analyse the sustainability and scalability of enterprises under this initiative. The research underscores the imperative for enterprises to enhance sustainability and scalability to achieve growth and competitiveness. Enterprises must prioritize holistic sustainability, integrating economic, environmental, and social considerations into their operations. Besides having potential in certain areas, comprehensive scalability remains a challenge for most of the enterprises.

Design for Manufacturing, Assembly, and Disassembly is important in today's production systems because if this aspect is not considered, it could lead to inefficient operations and excessive material usage, both of which have a significant impact on manufacturing cost and time. Attention to this topic is important in achieving the target standards of Industry 4.0 which is inclusive of material utilisation, manufacturing operations, machine utilisation, features selection of the products, and development of suitable interfaces with information communication technologies (ICT) and other evolving technologies. Design for manufacturing (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) have been around since the 1980's for rectifying and overcoming the difficulties and waste related to the manufacturing as well as assembly at the design stage. Furthermore, this domain includes a decision support system and knowledge base with manufacturing and design guidelines following the adoption of ICT. With this in mind, 'Design for manufacturing and assembly/disassembly: Joint design of products and production systems', a special issue has been conceived and its contents are elaborated in detail. In this paper, a background of the topics pertaining to DFM, DFA and related topics seen in today's manufacturing systems are discussed. The accepted papers of this issue are categorised in multiple sections and their significant features are outlined.

This paper describes the first case study of a continuing practice-based PhD as a work-inprogress, exploring the benefits of open design in the conception (and development) of medical products. Described here is the first attempt to tackle some of the issues facing the implementation of open design in a field where a recognised move to 'open' working practices & innovation is needed. Presented are some initial results, and some analysis that (it is hoped) will provide an opportunity for discussion. There are moral and pragmatic reasons to include people in the design process, especially true for medical products-whatever their complexity. Some people cannot participate in traditional collaborative design workshops (through suppressed immune systems, immobility, etc) and open design presents an opportunity for those excluded to participate in the design process, such as those people with Cystic Fibrosis. This is a chronic genetic condition, affecting the internal organs and having a very great impact on a person's quality of life; as one example, people who have Cystic Fibrosis are strongly discouraged from meeting together. Open design by its nature is a collaborative activity, and the work described here aims to prototype a wholly virtual meeting of people, and empower them to conceive and develop their own products based on their own lived experience of Cystic Fibrosis. The project involves the development of a community of people with Cystic Fibrosis, supported through tools and online 10th European Academy of Design Conference -Crafting the Future workshops with a designer, within an Action Research methodology. It is expected that open design has a positive contribution to make in this field, despite the very real questions surrounding its implementation; and the transition of the designer's role from production of artefacts to facilitating and nurturing design activity is explored in this work.

Under the concept of "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization goes beyond the traditional aim of capacity maximization, contributing also for organization's profitability and value. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization's value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity optimization might hide operational inefficiency.

The research discussed in this paper centers around the convergence of extended reality (XR) platforms, computational design, digital fabrication, and critical urban study practices. Its aim is to cultivate interdisciplinary and multiscalar approaches within these domains. The research endeavor represents a collaborative effort between two primary disciplines: critical urban studies, which prioritize socio-environmental justice, and integrated digital designto-production, which emphasize the realization of volumetric or voxel-based structural systems. Moreover, the exploration encompasses augmented reality to assess its utilization in both the assembly process of the structures and the integration of phygital (physical and digital) data with the physical environment. Within the context of these research scopes, this paper introduces FabriCity-XR as an interactive phygital installation. In addition to presenting an overview of the integrated research driven and performative design to production methodologies, the project showcases the practical implementation of web-based augmented reality trails, eliminating the requirement for external applications for interaction. This approach allows users to seamlessly navigate and engage with phygital content overlaid on physical objects using their personal smart devices. The result is a captivating and immersive user experience that effectively merges the physical and digital realms.