Development Economics

We analyze optimal income taxes and optimal schooling subsidies in a dynamic private information economy with observable human capital accumulation. We show that the marginal schooling subsidies are, under plausible conditions, positive and that they are zero at both endpoints of the skill distribution. For our utility specification, we suggest that the optimum can be implemented in a competitive equilibrium with a tax system where taxes each period depend only on current income and current schooling. We calibrate the model to the U.S. economy in order to quantify the optimal policies and evaluate their impact in the transition and in the steady state. We find that the optimal schooling policies are significantly smaller than the optimal marginal income taxes. If their are introduced jointly with optimal income taxes their welfare and * We would like to thank the participants of the Carnegie-Rochester conference in April 2007 and especially Borys Grochulski for helpful comments. This research has originated during out stay at the Univeristy of Tokyo. We would like to thank Toni Braun for his hospitality during our stay.

In recent times, there have been apprehensions as to whether outlays under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) result from an oblivious ‘one-size-fits-all ’ decision resulting in ‘equal ’ distribution of resources or targeted in an equitable manner across various states, and within states, across districts and blocks based on informed decisions. This paper, examines the biggest CSS in education, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to find out whether outlays and expenditures at state and district levels were in accordance with their requirements, as reflected in their status of educational development. The analysis shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the ‘real investment needs ’ of the districts, reflected in their status of educational development (as measured by educational development index –EDI) and the actual allocations made on an annual basis under SSA. The actual expenditures were even lower in educationally and socially disadvantaged districts, which further depres...

Over the Years, as Africans, we have Witnessed the Saddening Repulsion between Africa and Development. This Undesirable Reality has been Groomed by a Plethora of Deep-Rooted Challenges Faced by the Entire Continent. From the Years 1922 to 1990 African States had Gained their Independence from the European Powers, but nevertheless, a Century Later these States have not Developed into the ‘Wakanda’ they had Set themselves on a Path to. As a result  millions of Africans live Below the Poverty Line. The Whole GDP of Africa does not even Match the GDP of Japan, an Asian Country with a very small Geographical Area as Compared to any Country in Africa. Rather, Embarrassing Traits like Corruption, Greed and Nepotism run Rampant in African Affairs. Namibia, a Country Located in Southern Africa, has made Significant progress since Attaining Independence but, having Clarified all that, the Country seems to be running Divergently to Development.

In 1946 the Law Revision recommended an amendment to Section 250 of the Real Property Law,' the purpose of which is to harmonize Real Property Law, Section 250, as amended in 1937, with Decedent Estate Law, Section 20, so as to avoid doubts and confusion which might otherwise result. The amendment, which was adopted and became effective March 30, 1946, allows a direction charging the executor or administrator with a mortgage or other lien on real property devised or descended to be express or by necessary

Taken together, Pakistan’s development trajectory underscores the primacy of politics over economics in shaping policy choices. Each shift in model—whether towards state control or market liberalisation—has been driven more by regime interests and global alignments than by a coherent, long-term vision for inclusive growth. The result is a legacy of patchy reforms, missed opportunities, and enduring inequality. To move forward, future development models must prioritise broad-based human development, institutional reform, and inclusivity. Only by addressing the structural roots of inequality and moving beyond episodic, elite-driven growth can the country hope to achieve sustainable prosperity for all its citizens.

Transforming an engineering school into a nest of professionals with the ability to be effective and socially responsible, is a challenge of the present, to meet the needs of the future. It is also a big challenge. The first version of the recently presented PASUS, to be implemented between 2010 and 2015, is a major step towards this reality at ISEP. It's an integrated approach, which considers a set of qualification and quantification tools for monitoring and control, but also and most of all, tries to build the bridge between the tangible and intangible parts of sustainability, in a "plug-and-play"format into engineering students mental processes. The first analytical data, that supports the "base case"of this project should be available at the end of 2010, and subsequent results would be the support for future publications on this scope.

Nous présentons ici, à partir des entrées retenues dans cette étude, une réflexion sur les indicateurs existants et ceux qui pourraient y être ajoutés afin de saisir les évolutions de la région du lac Tchad sur un pas de temps annuel. Les pistes proposées consistent parfois à collecter et gérer (organiser, analyser, diffuser) des données existantes, parfois à les créer, si elles n'existent pas. Les principaux indicateurs sont résumés dans le tableau 2 à la fin de l'annexe. * L'annexe 2 a été rédigée par l'ensemble de l'équipe.

Les opérateurs du développement ne peuvent pas avoir prise sur toutes les variables qui détermineront l'évolution de la situation dans la région du lac Tchad. Les questions de changement climatique et de fluctuation des prix des matières premières à l'international sont hors de portée. Il en est de même, dans une large mesure, de la croissance démographique, sujette à des pesanteurs structurelles très fortes. En revanche, il est possible d'essayer de peser sur les réponses sécuritaires à la crise et d'améliorer les modes de gouvernance, un point crucial au niveau local. Sur le plan des politiques économiques, les opérateurs de l'aide peuvent aussi accompagner des choix de politiques publiques dans les domaines de l'agriculture, des industries extractives et du commerce transfrontalier et infra-étatique. Un des enjeux sera de promouvoir l'investissement et de diversifier les activités productives dans le cadre d'États rentiers. Pour passer de l'urgence au développement, le rapatriement et la réinstallation des populations déplacées seront par ailleurs essentielles, de pair avec l'emploi des jeunes et le renforcement des capacités locales. Nous considérons ici quelques unes des principales variables qui influencent le devenir de l'espace considéré, en distinguant celles sur lesquelles les politiques publiques n'ont pas de prise -seules leurs conséquences pouvant être gérées -de celles que les choix des différents types d'acteurs (États, partenaires du développement) peuvent influencer.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This article investigates how financial development helps to reduce poverty directly through the McKinnon conduit effect and indirectly through economic growth. The results obtained with data for a sample of developing countries from 1966 through 2000 suggest that the poor benefit from the ability of the banking system to facilitate transactions and provide savings opportunities but to some extent fail to reap the benefit from greater availability of credit. Moreover, financial development is accompanied by financial instability, which is detrimental to the poor. Nevertheless, the benefits of financial development for the poor outweigh the cost.

This article investigates how financial development is beneficial to the reduction of poverty, on the one hand by promoting growth and in the other hand directly by the McKinnon conduit effect. At the same time, however, financial instability which accompanies financial development is detrimental to the poor and dampens the positive effect of financial development on the reduction of poverty. These hypotheses are tested successfully on a sample of developing countries over the period 1966-2000, resulting in straightforward policy implications.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Quality reassurance in construction projects relies on leveraging detailed specifications. This study emphasizes the role of specifications in achieving standards in building material selection, workmanship, and in addressing all the corresponding challenges. Therefore, by aligning materials with project requirements and using digital tools, stakeholders can enhance project outcomes and contribute to a sustainable built environment. The relationship between specification and quality reassurance is hereby examined, highlighting their symbiotic nature in ensuring the project's success. Empirical research findings and real-world examples show the positive impact of well-implemented specifications on construction projects. The identified research gaps in understanding specifications require a call for further research on the integration of new technologies to improve quality control.

The UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 ('Zero Hunger') aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by 2030. Thus, a range of different strategies are needed to facilitate the achievement of SDG 2 to overcome challenges and enable synergies between various SDG targets. Objective: The aim of this review is to highlight Africa's progress toward SDG 2, including targets, strategies, synergies and challenges. Methods: We scrutinized published research articles in peer-reviewed journals, UN reports and in-country Africa reports (between 2015 and 2020) that were relevant to the current topic. Results: Several hunger indicators are showing slow progress or even deterioration in Africa. The prevalence of undernourishment in the general population was 19.1% in 2019 and is expected to increase to 25.7% by 2030. Improvements in child stunting in several regions in Africa are slow, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where about 34% of under-fives were stunted in 2012 and 31% in 2019. In Eastern Africa, stunting prevalence decreased from 38% in 2012 to 34% in 2019. Major drivers of hunger are poor governance and state fragility, war and conflicts, increasing inequality, weak economic development, climate change, biodegradation -and now lately the Covid 19 pandemic -factors that all increase food insecurity. Conclusion: Africa is off track to reach SDG -'Zero Hunger' -by 2030. Current efforts and progress are insufficient. Africa must champion the SDG agenda on a national, regional and global level to facilitate synergies to unlock the potential for reaching 'Zero Hunger' throughout the continent.

Climate change induced by the growth of carbon dioxide emissions has become a global concern. Therefore, it's necessary to pinpoint the factors that drive carbon emissions to provide suitable mitigation policies. This study uses Taipo Decoupling Index and Log Mean Divisa Index (LMDI) decomposition techniques to examine Pakistan's decoupling status between environmental impact and economic growth and to analyze driving forces of carbon emissions over a time span of 1990-2014. The outcome suggests that Pakistan has experienced four decoupling statuses, where the most prominent is the expensive negative decoupling status. Furthermore, energy intensity and carbon intensity usually encouraged decoupling, while economic growth and energy structure restricted it. The population has a neutral effect on decoupling. The decomposition results demonstrated that population, energy structure, and economic growth significantly contributed to carbon emissions. While, energy and carbon intensity help in curbing carbon emissions. This study provides useful insights to mitigation carbon emissions. Besides, it also helps in promoting sustainable economic growth.

Risks in rainfed agriculture has generated wide discussion in India in the
context of the reported farm distress. In this study, the risks in rainfed
agriculture, major adaptation strategies followed by farmers and the
covariates of adaptation strategies are studied. Results suggested that
farmers face a multitude of risks in the realms of weather aberrations,
input supply, crop management, and output marketing. The adaptation
strategies were related to varietal management, community support, price
stabilisation mechanism, government support, and self-insurance. The
study points to the need for early warning system for weather and price
forecasts, flexible credit delivery, supply of quality inputs at affordable
prices and interventions for efficient output delivery. The farmers'
adaptations to the risks were positively correlated with the value of owned
assets, availability of farm labour and machinery as well as farm
information. The study suggests considering risk as an integral
component while developing farm income improvement strategies.

Les analyses et opinions émises sont celles des auteurs et n'engagent pas la Banque Mondiale, ses Directeurs Exécutifs ou les pays qu'ils représentent. . Ainsi, au-delà des progrès réalisés jusqu'ici, les efforts du pays pour consolider ces progrès doivent être redoublés, en particulier en zones rurales où la pauvreté reste très importante.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

Ejemplos concretos de la implementación de buenas prácticas que combinan de manera sinérgica y complementaria los objetivos de estas convenciones, son los pequeños proyectos impulsados por el Programa de Pequeñas Donaciones (PPD) que es implementado con apoyo del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF) y del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), en armonía con el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG) y el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), pero con potencial de inclusión paulatina de todos los actores clave para la cogestión de cuencas.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Links between social capital, human capital, and product imitation are studied in an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth where the key benefit of social capital is to promote imitation. There is also a twoway interaction between imitation and human capital. Building social capital (which brings direct utility) requires time. Because life expectancy is endogenously related to human capital, time allocation between market work and social capital accumulation is also This paper is a product of the Operations and Strategy Unit, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at .

This paper considers several issues relevant to the debate on the extent to which poverty, or development progress in general, should be measured by income or by a broader set of objectives. (See Robert Sugden's review (1993) of Amartya Sen's Inequality Revisited (1992) for a comparison of the two approaches.) Issues covered here are: practical implications of the two approaches for poverty reduction efforts; the impact of growth on basic social indicators; and how national achievement on social indicators is best measured. Sri Lanka and Pakistan, countries often cited in this debate, are used as examples.

Genetically modified for resistance to bollworms, Bt cotton saw rapid
adoption by farmers nationwide since its introduction in 2002. This paper
examines the impact of Bt cotton adoption in India over two decades. The
study analyzes adoption trends and effects on pesticide usage, input costs, farmer incomes, and crop loss risk. Using unit-level data from India's Cost of Cultivation Scheme (2002-2022), the study analyses the shift in
production costs and returns. Findings reveal significant increase in
cotton yields and returns between 2002 and 2016, although recent years
display mixed results due to secondary pest pressures and heightened
yield variability. The study examines the growth of Total Factor
Productivity (TFP) during the pre- and post-Bt cotton periods. The
estimated cumulative cost savings from the adoption of Bt cotton amount
to Rs. 3.47 lakh crore, measured at constant 2011-12 prices. The
macroeconomic impact of Bt cotton adoption is also examined by focusing on its role in enhancing export growth and foreign exchange earnings using FAOSTAT data. This study throws light on the policy implications for GM cotton in the country.

Numerous studies have examined the growth rate and the level of development of countries. According to economy, sociology, and even history, it can be easily observed that knowledge is one of the most important indicators for countries to achieve sustainable growth and development. Education is seen as the main input for a society to be considered a "knowledge society," and the aim of this study is to investigate this multidimensional character of education. In the scope of the study, United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN)'s Knowledge Society Index is reviewed and recalculated with respect to different variables to understand the significance of being a knowledge society for the economic g rowth of a country. Regarding this recalculation, another important aim of the study is to rank Turkey in the recalculated index and try to expose reasons for its actual situation. In this context, Turkey's strengths and weaknesses are set out. In conclusion, in accordance with the determinations, policy recommendations to authorities are also included.

The colonial heritage of high land inequality in Latin American countries is still, after nearly two centuries of independence, one of the crucial underpinnings of its persistent high levels of income inequality. This paper assesses the colonial strategy of land redistribution in a global comparative perspective using new and existing land inequality figures in an OLS regression framework. The two central questions addressed are 1) what explains the cross-country variation in land inequality at the end of the colonial age? 2) how does initial land inequality relate to current income inequality? The main conclusions of the paper are that geography and factor endowments play a less decisive role than often argued in literature. And second, when controlled by several other variables, initial land inequality explains a substantial part of the present cross-country variation in current income inequality.

I never thought that I would continue studying ten years after graduating from my bachelor degree, or five years since my master's degree. But the opportunity arose and made me rethink my decision. The first people I must thank are my wife and our lovely children, who supported me greatly on my first decision of undertaking the project, as we had never lived far from each other for about a week, thus, what would happen when this course takes at least three years? In addition, they have encouragingly supported me during my hardship of doing this research. For this reason, I would also like to thank my two fathers and my mother and other members of my extended family for their great help and encouragement for myself and my own family from the beginning to the end of my research project. In terms of financial support, I owe a lot to my sponsor, Project 100 of Haiphong City. But more specifically, I would like to sincerely thank all the pioneers of the project for their resolute commitment despite significant initial challenges and difficulties. Additionally, my special thanks are given to Mr Hung Manh Dang, the head of the Project Office, and all other members of the office, notably Ms Linh Dieu Mai, who have helped me much more than just what a financial sponsor can normally do. Moreover, I always understand that I have been sponsored by all the people and institutions having contributed to our state revenues, and for whom I would like to express my great thanks now and wish to pay back as much as possible by my future devotion. Beeson and Doctor André Broome. I have always thought that how lucky I am to have such kind, nice, considerate, and encouraging supervisors. I have been deeply indebted and do not know how to thank Mark Beeson, my former lead supervisor, and still my external supervisor now even though Mark has moved to Australia. From the bottom of my heart, I always regard iv Mark as my third father for his kindness and great support and for my personal feelings. The same thanks I would like to give to André Broome, my current lead supervisor, who has been enthusiastically helpful and extremely encouraging. Mentioning my sincere thanks to my supervisors, I cannot forget to thank Julie Gilson, whose early advice on the project was also helpful, especially her recommendation about Mark as a suitable supervisor for me. My study would have followed another direction if I had not had Julie's help at the beginning. Last but not least are all other academic staffs and my colleagues at our POLSIS Department who have significantly and encouragingly helped me in both my study and my personal life since I first arrived in Birmingham. I will definitely keep missing our POLSIS family forever! v

Capitalism’s inherent feature is “destructive creation”, said Marx. Decades later, in a similar fashion, Schumpeter stated that “Capitalist system incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure FROM WITHIN”.
What are those dynamic forces causing the incessant changes in an economy ?
According to P. Drucker, A. Toffler, Baumol-McLennan and many others it is the productivity increases (growth) in general. P. Romer provides a more specific reply: technological change or the growth of new ideas. In this paper, H. Gürak goes deeper to the core and claims that all technological changes are produced by the intellectual labor of human mind. In other words, knowledge on production, i.e., technology or productive knowledge, provides the premises and gives occasion to a dynamic and uninterrupted growth process, but technology itself is the product of mental labor. In support of this assertion, a simple model of growth based on productive knowledge (creativity of mind) is introduced in the final section.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el nivel de educación adquirida por una persona y los factores determinantes de dicho resultado. Con este propósito se analizan cinco categorías: asistir a la primaria, completar a la primaria, asistir a la secundaria, completar la secundaria y asistir al nivel superior. Se aplica un modelo Logit para explicar la probabilidad de cada categoría. Las conclusiones a las que se llegaron, es que las características socioeconómicas son determinantes significativos de la educación adquirida por una persona y tienen importantes efectos sobre las probabilidades de satisfacer los distintos niveles educativos.

Can rational choice modeling explain why Hamas, Taliban, Hezbollah and other radical religious rebels are so lethal? The literature rejects theological explanations. We propose a club framework, which emphasizes the function of voluntary religious organizations as efficient providers of local public goods in the absence of government provision. The sacrifices religious clubs require are economically efficient (Iannaccone (1992)), making them well suited for solving the extreme principal-agent problems faced by terrorist and insurgent organizations. Thus religious clubs can be potent terrorists. That explanation is supported by data on terrorist lethality in the Middle East. The same approach explains why religious clubs often choose suicide attacks. Using three data sources spanning a half century, and comparing suicide attackers to civil war insurgents, we show that suicide attacks are chosen when targets are "hard," i.e., difficult to destroy. Data from Israel/Palestine confirm that prediction. To explain why radical religious clubs specialize in suicide attacks we model the choice of tactics by rebels attacking hard targets, considering the human costs and tactical benefits of suicide attacks. We ask what a suicide attacker would have to believe to be rational. We then embed that attacker and other operatives in a club model. The model has testable implications for tactic choice and damage achieved by clubs and other rebels, which are supported by data on terrorist attacks in the Middle East: Radical religious clubs are more lethal and choose suicide terrorism more often, when they provide benign local public goods. Our results suggest benign tactics to counter terrorism by religious radicals.

Este texto hace un repaso de lo ocurrido durante el gobierno de Cambiemos (2015-2019) en Argentina, con el foco puesto en la deuda externa y la fuga de capitales. Esos movimientos son mencionados como el principal problema que tuvo el modelo económico de ese gobierno, y analiza su dinámica y posterior crisis.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Yemeni economy. Coffee is a product that has an important place among agricultural products. Coffee contributes to approximately 17% of Yemen's Gross Domestic Product. Approximately 54% of the total workforce in the country is employed in this production branch. Yemeni coffee is exported, providing foreign exchange input to the country's economy. However, there is a significant decrease in the amount of coffee production and export today. The aim of the thesis is to determine the factors affecting Yemeni coffee production and export. For this purpose, Sana'a province, which ranks first in coffee production, was selected as the research area. In line with the objectives of the research, field trips were organized to Beni Matar, Haraz and Al-Hayma Al-Dakhiliya, and a semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 377 coffee producers by face-to-face interviews. The obtained data were analysed with the help of the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS).
According to the results of the research, 70% of the total agricultural lands of the examined enterprises are allocated to coffee production. The average area allocated to coffee production is 13.15 ± 13.11 decares. Adini is the most produced coffee variety. The average age of coffee producers is 49. Young people are moving away from agricultural production. Water scarcity is one of the most important factors that negatively affect coffee production. Insufficient agricultural extension services, high input prices and inadequate agricultural mechanization prevent coffee producers from increasing their yields with better cultural practices. The average coffee yield is 101.55 ± 85.14 kg/da. Coffee is processed manually after production, and drying of coffee is usually carried out in primitive ways on the roofs of houses. The inadequacy of facilities in the production and processing stages causes quality losses. The advantages of the khat tree such as yield, income and ease of marketing are the most important threats to coffee production. The civil war in the country, the closure of ports, the lack of state policies for coffee and the lack of an institution to carry out branding activities negatively affect coffee exports. Yemen is the country that gave its name to Mocha coffee. Although traditional practices in production negatively affect yield, they are an advantage in terms of marketing. The name Mocha and natural production are the main emphasis that can be used in coffee exports. The name Mocha should be protected by registering it with a geographical indication as soon as possible.
Key words: Coffee, Mocha, international trade, khat tree, Yemen

Si te gustó, ¡comparte! Facebook X LinkedIn Pinterest Compartir por correo electrónico La onda de los planes de ajuste y estabilización, ha creado una nueva fase en América latina y Venezuela-que hemos llamado la de la trampa de los planes de ajuste y estabilización-. No se trata de las específicas trampas que en campos como el monetario o fiscal pueden formarse sino de una que se asocia a la manera como se percibe el desempeño económico y las posibilidades de actuar sobre él, a través de la política económica. Claro, siempre estará presente la pregunta de que hacer ante los problemas que en esos campos o en otros se presentan. La respuesta es de perogrullo: la economía como disciplina, los especialistas y la propia experticia dan ya suficiente instrumental para atender tales requerimientos. De nuestra parte, entonces, la respuesta a la pregunta del título de esta nota es que, si se puede vivir sin planes de ajuste y estabilización. La misma puede sustentarse en dos grandes frentes de interpretación: el del desarrollo y el de la condicionalidad.

Rural transformation (RT) is a process in which the agricultural system undergoes transformation towards off-farm, commercial, and market-oriented ones. The research objective is to analyze the dynamics of rural transformation, farmer incomes, and poverty in rural areas in North Sumatra. This study used secondary data from Statistics Indonesia and analyzed using descriptive and tabular methods. The results show that the agricultural structure has shifted over the last two decades from low-value commodities (food crops) to high-value commodities. At the same time, non-farm employment opportunities also showed an increase. The development of high-value commodities and non-farm sectors has also contributed to reducing rural poverty rates. The plantation sub-sector is the highest contributor to agricultural GDP in North Sumatra and tends to increase yearly, in addition to the livestock and horticulture. The nonagricultural industry began to increase and contributed significantly to GDP. Per capita income in 2011-2020 has increased. Poverty depth and severity are still below the national average, meaning that efforts to alleviate poverty have been relatively successful to increase incomes and reduce poverty in rural areas, one of the strategies that need to be taken is to encourage the development of high-value commodities and expand non-agricultural employment opportunities in rural areas.

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Foreword iii Task force members x Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv Abbreviations xvi Millennium Development Goals xviii Overview Contents vii Contents 13 Free trade agreements 249 Do free trade agreements confer benefits? 249 Intra-developing country free trade agreements 251 14 The Dispute Settlement Understanding 253 Who uses the system? 253 Why has developing country participation been limited? 254 15 Main conclusions and recommendations 257 Main conclusions 257 Main recommendations 265 Appendix 1 Countries on the UN official list of LDCs that are WTO Members or observers Task force coordinators Ernesto Zedillo, Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Professor in the

Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, it's critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how this affects China's global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China's top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents' participation in the primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 -5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, international organization official documents, journals, press releases, newspapers. The overall research accepts the study's alternative hypothesis, which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in Nigeria's market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability and the investment target region.

Food insecurity, which is a growing issue in Canada, affecting one in eight households, has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting one in seven households (Tarasuk and Mitchell 2020). Ethnic and racialized communities, particularly Muslim households, are disproportionately affected. This chapter explores the potential of Muslim philanthropy, guided by Islamic food-related principles (Iftar, Fidya, Kaffara, Udhiya, and Aqeeqa), to address food insecurity in Toronto by reimagining them as the 5 Pillars of Sustainable Food Security (5PSFS). As an action research piece, the chapter, using a grounded theory approach with data from interviews of 15 charitable institutions, reveals that while more Muslims are turning to food banks, local charities underutilize the 5PSFS. This chapter underscores the need for a better understanding of the 5PSFS as a sustainable means of addressing local food insecurity and needs, aligning with Islamic ethics, Maqasid, and fostering stewardship.