Development Studies

Ethnic armed organisations or EAOs play a pivotal role in the revolutionary war against Myanmar’s junta. These ethno-national rebel movements have not only captured large swathes of territory, but they have also been crucial in transforming resistance into revolutionary warfare in the first place. The early support of some EAOs for the Spring Revolution was instrumental in this transformation. However, this support was not self-evident, especially in 2021 when most EAOs remained on the sidelines. To understand why the two most powerful EAO supporters of the Spring Revolution – the Karen National Union and the Kachin Independence Organisation – made their strategic moves, this article argues that focusing on their political objectives, external environments, and past allegiances is insufficient. Instead, it highlights the importance of internal politics and bottom-up social forces in shaping Karen National Union and Kachin Independence Organisation strategies. In doing so, the article revisits a figurational sociology of rebel politics and evaluates its applicability for comparing EAO politics in Myanmar after the coup. This helps to devise a systematic approach for analysing how the politics of EAOs influence their positioning towards the post-coup crisis and how the Spring Revolution, in turn, affects EAO politics.

Faith-based organizations that are rooted in India's diverse faiths give shape to their roles in an operational space shaped by the Hindu nationalist government. This paper, based on interviews with 34 FBOs, compares how FBOs rooted in five different faith traditions perceive that operational space, and how they relate to the state based on their perceptions of these conditions. One key finding is that there are important similarities in these FBOs' perceptions and ways of responding. Another key finding is that ways of understanding and responses vary in ways that can be explained at least partly by the differentiated position of diverse faith communities in Indian society itself and the specific challenges faced by members of each faith tradition. That is, the specific context of marginalization or promotion of a religious community by the state positions FBOs to advance their objectives through collaboration, confrontation, or by keeping distant from state agencies.

There is good reason to combine education with microcredit for poverty alleviation in the poor communities of the developing world, including in Indonesia. Poverty is dangerous, it deprives people of their right to education, their right to good health, their right to freedom of speech, their right to democracy, their right to financial services and of course their right to knowledge enhancement, which are all crucial to living a better life. We must therefore, provide services beyond, credits for the poor. In this case, education should be included to each and every development agenda for the poor since it is key to any positive change and sustainable development of people. If well planned and well integrated within the microcredit services, education can serve a good purpose in poverty alleviation. This paper describes how education and microfinance have been used in combination to alleviate poverty in Indonesia, especially in the areas studied. The study uses a multi-cases approa...

Abstrak Aktiviti pemindahan teknologi dalam pemprosesan makanan giat dilaksanakan di Stesen MARDI Kuching Sarawak semenjak awal tahun 1989. Antara aktiviti yang dikendalikan ialah kursus dan latihan pemprosesan makanan, skim usahawan anak angkat, khidmat bimbingan usahawan dan khidmat nasihat usahawan serta klinik usahawan. Sehingga akhir 2007, sebanyak 325 aktiviti kursus dan latihan dalam bentuk kursus bermodul, latihan amali dan demonstrasi pemprosesan makanan telah dilaksanakan. Seramai 4,462 orang peserta telah dilatih di bawah program ini yang terdiri daripada usahawan, bakal usahawan, kakitangan swasta, dan kakitangan pengembangan dari agensi kerajaan berkaitan di Sarawak. Melalui program pembangunan usahawan makanan pula, dua syarikat telah diserap ke dalam skim usahawan anak angkat MARDI manakala 13 usahawan terlibat dalam khidmat bimbingan usahawan. Stesen MARDI Kuching telah berjaya membantu usahawan yang terlibat dalam program ini melalui khidmat nasihat dari segi kaedah...

Identifying research gaps and priorities is paramount to advance sustainability science and contribute to a sustainable future. This editorial contributes to this effort by contemplating the sustainability science research agenda and aligning it with recent changes in global dynamics. Drawing on consultations with the editorial board members of the Sustainability Science journal and a review of relevant literature, we identified 12 key research topics. These topics are interpreted within a strategic framework encompassing three key themes: (1) goals that drive sustainability science, (2) approaches to attain these goals, and (3) tools to advance sustainability science research. In so doing, this editorial emphasizes a sustainable development agenda extending beyond 2030, fostering equity and justice, and tackling issues related to power dynamics and geopolitical conflicts. It underscores the significance of research approaches to attaining sustainability goals, in particular, theorizing, coproduction of knowledge and action, attaining clarity in conceptual descriptions, and developing systems-oriented analytical frameworks. Additionally, it highlights the value of place-based approaches, learning from significant systemic shocks, and nurturing inner transformations. It also underlines the need to explore emerging technologies and data-intensive methodologies as a tool to address sustainability concerns. The systematic contemplation of the sustainability science research agenda presented in this editorial piece aims to invoke further discussion among researchers and practitioners about a fresh and relevant agenda that promotes the sustainable integration of nature and society.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-024-01586-3#article-info

Cross-border trade (CBT) has existed for centuries and plays an important economic, political, and social role for pastoralists, and it serves as a source of employment for most population in most African countries. The CBT has strong historical ties between Ethiopia and its neighboring countries that offer significant opportunities for economic development. The CBT contains formal CBT and informal cross-border trade (ICBT). The ICBT's contribution is estimated at 43% of the official GDP, over half of the population employment, and providing income to 43% of Africans in border areas. The formal livestock and its product export accounted for few percent of the total export compared with other agricultural output: coffee, Chat, oil crops, and pules in 2021/22, however ICBT for livestock takes place that not included in the national account, and different studies have been done on livestock ICBT so far, but most of them are not comprehensive, concentrate on specific border regions, and have limited outlook research. The purpose of the study was to examine the state and prospects of Ethiopia's livestock ICBT. The study made a literature review, used data from National Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Custom Commission, and Eastern African Quarterly Bulletin, and made FGDs, KIIs. The Naive, Linear Trend, and Simple Moving Average methods are used for quantitative analysis. The best model selected using MAD, MSE, and MAPE smallest error values. The study found formal live animal export showed a decreasing trend, while ICBT took place in border areas. The ECC seized 28,410 livestock and 455 donkeys attempted to smuggle to neighboring countries; Somalia was the highest expected livestock destination. The seized livestock decreased due to traders' different strategies led to cross more animals. Ethiopia's informal livestock exports accounted for 86% of the East African regions to Middle Eastern countries through Somalia; therefore, the ICBT is heavily concentrated during the annual Ramadan and Hajj seasons; therefore, ICBT integrated with Somalia ICBT and formal Saudi Arabia markets. If the Government does not take any action, the formal live animal export will never increase until 2026/27, and held livestock will reduce in ICBT for the coming five years. The ICBT for livestock to Somalia will continue and follow seasonal variations for Ramadan and Haj festivities. Therefore, policymakers should formalize ICBT by easing the formal marketing system, establishing alternative markets and facilities, revising policies, automating border trade systems, community sensitization campaigns, etc. may be the solution.

Democracy is the most suitable form of government and that it has seen many countries perform better through service provision to its citizens and thus improving their livelihood. Devolution of power can address the main challenges of underdevelopment in any government. In Kenya, the case is similar, there are 48 devolved governments and Mombasa County is one of them. This paper looks at secondary literature on the effects of devolution on the performance of an organization a case of Mombasa County. A desk analysis design was used to determine the effects of devolution on the performance of an organization. It was evident that devolution of powers, finances leads to greater performance of an organization. Employee's training, motivation and availability of funds in devolved governance improves the performance leading to provision of quality and better services to citizens.

This paper examines 23 recent case studies of post‐disaster settlement and shelter across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to provide examples of implementing transitional settlement and shelter as a process and how to build more capacity for such programmes. The case studies are examined by using a four‐part framework: (i) Safety, security, and livelihoods; (ii) the question “Transition to what?” in order to understand better how to connect post‐disaster programmes to permanent communities and housing; (iii) fairness and equity; and (iv) connecting relief and development, which also explores root causes of vulnerability. The main lessons identify six specific activities that should be highlighted for capacity building in transitional settlement and shelter: site selection, good governance, participatory and consultative processes, land ownership, logistics, and monitoring and evaluation. Santruka Šiame darbe analizuojami 23 neseniai atliktu nelaimes ištiktu žmoniu apgyvendinimo ir p...

In the last few months, our object of research has seen some dramatic changes. I am referring to the de-facto dismantling of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) after the inauguration of President trump in January 2025.

This study aims to investigate the access to a mobile phone, usage pattern, and its impact on mountainous rural women of two districts, i.e., Hunza and Nagar districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. To attain the objective of the research, the researchers have employed various statistic methods, and data were collected through a questionnaire from 190 respondents in the study area (200 respondents were selected). Initially, Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s tests were used for sampling adequacy, and factor analysis technique was used to explain correlations among multiple outcomes. The results revealed that 80% of women in the Hunza and Nagar districts own mobile phones (access) and 63% have good skills of mobile phone usage for a variety of purposes. Moreover, 56.4% of women use mobile phones in their daily life activities; however, 23.6% disagreed with the statements. On the contrary, the results show that 71.8% women use mobile phones for security purposes. Therefore, the s...

s Russia lurches from crisis to crisis, it is difficult to be optimistic about its evolution toward democracy. Russia continues to confound our hopes and seems to be the exception to Western economic and political theories about the global triumph of democracy and liberal capitalism. 1 As the Economist observed, "false dawn follows false dawn." But our task is to analyze this evolution, not just lament it. Although it may be impossible to define Russian democracy in a way that satisfies all analysts and participants, we do know when we see democracy and when it is absent. Among other things, democracy entails free and fair elections, the rule of law, separation of powers, accountability of the executive to the legislative branch, a flourishing judiciary, the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, dissent, and press, the right to own property and dispose of it freely subject to laws that are legitimately produced and implemented, effective civilian control over the means of violence-the power ministries-freedom from untoward state interference and oppression, and so on. With this brief and admittedly incomplete list in mind, we see how many of these prerequisites are honored more in the breach than in their observance. Not even the 1996 presidential elections can be called free and fair, even by our own poor recent standards. 2 And the next election in 2000 is likely to be worse, if only because of President Boris Yeltsin's example in 1996. 3 Despite all of the campaign finance scandals of both American parties, nobody contends that President Clinton bought the support of H.

This paper proposes a new regional division map for the State of Israel, as a response to the country's ongoing social, political, and territorial crises. Against the backdrop of the October 7th massacre, the war in Gaza, and Israel's deepening internal divisions, the proposed regional framework is an act of spatial and political imagination, aimed at fostering equity, safety, and sustainable development for all citizens. Building on a critical reassessment of the 1951 Sharon Plan-Israel's first national master plan-the study deconstructs its colonial and ethnocratic foundations while retaining its structural vision of interdependent regional planning. The new map outlines 33 regions anchored by strong urban cores, promoting collaboration between local authorities and bridging urban-rural divides. Drawing on contemporary theories of new regionalism and city-based democracy, the paper positions cities not only as engines of economic growth but as hubs for democratic engagement, social justice, and environmental resilience. It argues for the need to move beyond Israel's fragmented municipal landscape of 259 local authorities toward a more integrated regional framework that enables equitable distribution of resources, strengthens local governance, and enhances civic participation. Mapping is thus employed as a transformative tool-both diagnostic and generative-capable of shaping more just spatial futures. The proposed regional vision invites a rethinking of national planning as a platform for pluralistic, inclusive, and resilient society-building.

Development accompanied by urbanisation results in unplanned consequences which increases inequalities. Urban societies are generally recognised as centres of prosperity, while they cultivate prominent disparities making individuals into the margins based on social dimensions. The state Kerala is renowned for its achievement in the social development arena, garnering the 'Kerala model of development'. However, literature reveals inequalities and exclusion within the 'celebrated developmental experiences' pointing out more inclusive approaches for addressing the marginality. Urbanisation in Kerala emerged rapidly from the 21st century which led to a growth spurt in urban societies and paradoxically, the growth was accompanied by a faster growth rate in slums rather than cities. The empirical evidence from previous research points out critical challenges to the promising inclusive development that the Kerala model has acclaimed. The study conceptualises Lefebvre's production of space and other sociological frameworks, further interpreted by several theorists to scrutinise the factors influencing urban marginalisation. The adoption of the macro-meso-micro approach identifies the reciprocation ranging from broader urban policies to individual perceptions. The paper is an attempt to draw a picture of urban marginality in Thopp lane, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, adhering to the theoretical framework and empirical evidence employing an explanatory sequential mixed-method research design, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The study utilised survey questionnaires for census survey and Focus group discussions along with in-depth interviews for addressing the narrations of lived realities. The proposed macro-meso-micro approach examines the broader urban
policies, local community dynamics addressing community cohesiveness as well as territorial stigma and individual perceptions along with experiences of marginality. The study also applies social work interventions through which the researcher not only gathered data but also applied participatory approaches leading to the development of grassroot level solutions for the existing problems of the community, especially regarding the waste management. The paper contributes to the literature on urban marginalisation by examining the gaps between the promising policies and empirical realities.

This study combines a livelihoods approach with a regression approach to quantify the effectiveness of irrigation infrastructure investment on improving people's livelihood strategies. Using a unique dataset based on households in southern Sri Lanka, and a natural experimental setting, we estimate from a two stage income regression model to show that irrigation access has a positive effect on income through livelihood choices. We also show through qualitative approaches that factors not linked to irrigation infrastructure may contribute to changes in livelihood portfolios. In addition, we highlight factors that result in certain households being unable to move out of poverty despite access to the improved irrigation infrastructure.

Cet ouvrage fait partie du projet Mutual Heritage : from historical integration to contemporary active participation, un projet sur la patrimoine architectural et urbain récent dans le monde méditerranéen. Il rassemble des matériaux de cours issus d'une de ses formations

Within the broad spectrum of infrastructure and sustainable development, NDB’s operation focus on a range of key areas: clean energy and energy efficiency, transport infrastructure, water and sanitation, digital infrastructure, environmental protection and social infrastructure
Hence Ethiopia could benefit greatly from these facilities to promote its transition into an African industrial hub in addition to the support it receives from other multilateral and bilateral sources,

China's engagements in Africa in recent decades have been both substantial and controversial. However, China's economic growth has slowed substantially in recent years due to issues such as trade wars, excessive debt and policy mistakes, with implications for overseas engagements, which have also suffered from their own contradictions. Consequently, new Chinese loans to Africa have precipitously declined in recent years, while other economic indicators are more mixed. Furthermore, other powers are also now vigorously contesting for 'space' on the continent. This paper examines whether or not there are indications we are now in a period of 'post-peak China in Africa' through a literature review, data analysis and a Zambian case study. While some vectors of economic engagement have decreased, and Zambia's geopolitical positionality shifted or reoriented towards the West, under US President Biden, China and its companies nonetheless retain substantial embedded influence. However, there are indications that a, if not 'the' peak, in the relationship has been reached, as the dialectics of power and economy are always in process and evolving.

The core and central objective of this paper is to present the concept of sociocultural advantage as an important and a foundational pillar of anthropological economics, and as an complementary concept to the concept of absolute and comparative cost advantage that already exist in traditional or what we may call legacy economics. The concept of sociocultural advantage may also be productively and effectively be used in economic planning along with the concepts of cultural and anthropological equilibrium which are two other important concepts that we introduce here. We begin this paper by overviewing our previously published work on anthropological economics and reviewing the twin theories of absolute and comparative cost advantage. Our previous concepts such as human, social, cultural and economic capital are also reviewed along with the concepts of sociocultural and socioeconomic groups besides creative intellectual and entrepreneurial classes. The concepts of sociocultural advantage are also assessed along with cultural remediation patterns, strategies and outcomes. This is done with recourse to a study of important social and cultural movements all across the world. The concepts of economic enculturation and economic mind-orientation are also discussed along with the concepts of cultural and economic competitiveness. We hope, expect and believe that this paper will become an important paper in the virgin and nascent field of anthropological economics and improve the lives of hundreds of millions of people all over the world.

This dissertation examines the use of mediation as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method in property cases in the provision of legal aid. Mediation is employed as a counter strategy to expensive litigation for ordinary people. The challenges that women face in accessing justice when utilising the court processes are highlighted. The linkages between the right to legal aid and access to justice are also explored. ADR provides an opportunity for women to access justice in a system where the provision of legal aid is inadequate. The limitations that are found in litigation pose barriers to women's access to justice which makes alternative means of resolving disputes attractive to them. The cultural perceptions of the mediators as well as those of the parties influence the effectiveness of the mediation process. The weaknesses that are inherent in the use of ADR where parties seek binding solutions to their disputes are also discussed. The gender-focused methodologies that were used in the research highlighted the impact of the mediation on the women's lives. This study seeks to give a feminist and human rights analysis of the use of mediation as an intervention in the provision of legal services for the poor. There is, therefore, the need to explore the potential found in using mediation and tap into its advantages. v 5.4 Conclusion .

A lack of public sector employment opportunities in Benin is pushing youth into self-employment. About 35% of youth are self-employed in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and 26% are in non-paid family work, whereas only around 19% are in wage employment1. However, youth entrepreneurs face important limitations to the growth and sustainability of their businesses. Lack of credit to start or grow a business is one of the main obstacles for Benin’s young entrepreneurs, over 60% of whom rely on personal funds or money from friends and family1,2.

Fundação pública vinculada à Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República, o Ipea fornece suporte técnico e institucional às ações governamentais -possibilitando a formulação de inúmeras políticas públicas e programas de desenvolvimento brasileiro -e disponibiliza, para a sociedade, pesquisas e estudos realizados por seus técnicos.

This paper identifies the actors involved in the sectoral ICT innovation system in Costa Rica and describes their interactions for three key activities: human resources training, R&D&I, and creation of new enterprises. We use a qualitative approach and consider five stages: literature review, conceptual delimitation for the ICT sectors in Costa Rica, identification of actors, and analysis of their interactions. The analysis showed coordination problems among actors in the industry, government and academic sectors for these three activities. New institutions are proposed to solve these problems and improve the coordination among actors.

Los principios de la acción pedagógica son construcciones de carácter epistemológico, metodológico y teórico que funcionan como armazón para la acción en las diferentes esferas del conocimiento humano, ya sean ciencias, disciplinas y hasta el conocimiento cotidiano. En cierta medida son "mandatos" que norman los procederes. Constituyen valores. Son de naturaleza compleja. Una de sus características es que a la vez que emergen de la práctica, la guían y reconstruyen constantemente. A continuación delinearé algunos de los principios y propiedades de los Ejes de Acción formativa.

Combined wall and trench systems at onshore are investigated in this study to identify their usability as a defence measure against tsunami like waves. This paper focuses on several arrangements and geometries of combined wall and trench systems which are located at onshore. The structure system is assessed via a numerical model, which is calibrated by physical experiments of tsunami like wave transformation. A dam break event is used to model a tsunami like wave interaction with structures. Resulted wave properties were investigated to identify the behavior of the structure system from the viewpoint of structure configuration. Our results clearly show that the combined wall and trench systems at onshore can suppress the impact of tsunami like waves well than a single sea wall system.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2015.A construção do legado de Fernando Henrique Cardoso tem transcorrido a partir do signo de rupturas e dicotomias estruturantes, características que se articulam em torno da ideia da transição da atividade intelectual para a atividade política, num processo que reforça traços marcantes da imaginação política brasileira. Partindo da crítica dessa visão, este trabalho investiga o que o processo de formação do legado do autor como levado a cabo até aqui tem a dizer sobre os modos pelos quais se produz e se reinventa o ?pensamento político brasileiro?, ou, em outras palavras, o que sua trajetória intelectual individual representa em relação à trajetória coletiva de pensamento designada por esta expressão. Duas teses interpretativas principais são desenvolvidas ao longo deste trabalho: a primeira, de que o fio de continuida...

The saying that water issues are women issues has been bandied about in Developing Countries since the 1980s. A lot of meetings have been held with the view to ascertaining how best to involve women in water and sanitation projects. The factors inhibiting and militating against active and effective involvement of women are however multi-faceted and complex. This paper attempts to highlight some of the key challenges women have to contend with in the water and sanitation sector. These include psychological, socio-cultural and economic factors. Suggestions are made on how to involve women in water and sanitation projects right from the design phase, through promotion, mobilization, planning, construction phase up to the follow-up or monitoring and evaluation stage, given the crucial role of women in the sector.

El desarrollo de los estudiantes constituye (o debe constituir) el producto principal de la formaación en todos los niveles. El advenimiento de la IA y su irrupción en todos los espacios de vida ha revolucionado el quehacer educacional. La formación de las nuevas generaciones no puede dar la espalda a todo lo que entraña esta nueva revolución de la vida. Se trata de que se oscila entre la sumisión y la libertad. La interacción con la IA puede ser desarrolladora del ser humano o entorpecer este desarrollo.

Es imprescindible que la metodología formativa se ajuste a las nuevas exigencias del desarrollo. Corresponde actuar en consecuencia.

In recent times, there have been apprehensions as to whether outlays under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) result from an oblivious ‘one-size-fits-all ’ decision resulting in ‘equal ’ distribution of resources or targeted in an equitable manner across various states, and within states, across districts and blocks based on informed decisions. This paper, examines the biggest CSS in education, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to find out whether outlays and expenditures at state and district levels were in accordance with their requirements, as reflected in their status of educational development. The analysis shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the ‘real investment needs ’ of the districts, reflected in their status of educational development (as measured by educational development index –EDI) and the actual allocations made on an annual basis under SSA. The actual expenditures were even lower in educationally and socially disadvantaged districts, which further depres...

This article builds on Engebretsen and Baker's editorial to explore recent developments in medical neutrality, the depoliticization of healthcare, and political intervention in the context of the war in Gaza. We examine how international health organizations have increasingly, though insufficiently, taken a political stance, criticizing the detrimental structural forces affecting Palestinians' life and health. Concomitantly, many Israeli healthcare professionals and organizations have shifted from a declared neutral stance to endorsing the state's official narrative. Additionally, we analyze the connections between settler colonialism, Israeli and US policies, medicine, and international health organizations. While the discourse of decolonization provides valuable historical context for understanding the ongoing oppression of Palestinians, it often obscures critical issues, particularly the atrocity of the October 7 attack. We conclude by discussing the shift from literal denial to interpretive and implicatory denial, emphasizing the role of international health professionals and organizations in confronting these pervasive forms of denial.

Working-Class Politics in Turkey demonstrates the importance of critically reexamining a period of Turkish history often characterized by nostalgia and myth. The book meticulously explores how industrialisation and nation-building processes intertwined and intersected, spanning from the late Ottoman Empire's industrialisation efforts to the end of the Democratic Party era. Furthermore, it aims to fill a significant gap in historiography by offering a fresh perspective on the history of the working class, a central figure in these processes.

entre estos Venezuela, se debaten entre el estancamiento, la desindustrialización, pobreza crítica de la población, alta tasa de desempleo, en fin una serie de crisis de sus estructuras básicas en lo referente a lo social y económico, donde el ingreso por habitante ha retrocedido a los mismos niveles alcanzados en los primeros años de la década de los setenta y se ha elevado el porcentaje de hogares pobres de 18% en 1977 a más de 60% en 2001, la tasa de crecimiento económico promedio per capita de los últimos 25 años es aproximadamente -1% (Daza 2002). Dada la magnitud de los desequilibrios sociales y económicos y de los intereses criados para mantenerlos se ha presentado una involución en términos reales, este proceso se traduce en un desaceleramiento de la actividad económica, incapacidad del estado para impulsar políticas públicas que redunden en: una mejor calidad de vida, proceso acelerado de desinversión privada, la alta volatilidad del nivel de precios, cierre de empresas, entre otros. Ante la situación planteada surgió la necesidad de estudiar el sistema socioeconómico venezolano entre 1970 y 2002 bajo el enfoque epistémico economicista y de la economía de la complejidad. La metodología utilizada fue descriptiva documental, se aplico un análisis estructuralista. Como conclusión, el proceso de ajuste estructural que se implementó en Venezuela, referente a nuevas tasas de intercambio y de medidas de liberación, a través de reformas internas y externas ha sido negativo y regresivo para el país. Palabras clave: Sistema socioeconómico venezolano, enfoque estructuralista de la economía venezolana.

Using national risk and vulnerability assessment dataset, which is a nationwide household level dataset, a study was carried out to explore the impact of rural urban migrations on the wellbeing of migrants in terms of consumption expenditure and income level. Comparing the annual consumption expenditure and income level of migrant households with non-migrant households in origin places through a quantitative analysis, results show that rural-urban migrations can actually make migrant households better off; such that annual income level of migrant households were around 20% higher than non-migrant households. Furthermore, unemployment and underemployment are the main push factors in origin places. In addition, a primary survey was carried out in Kabul province, the capital of Afghanistan, with the intention to investigate the income earning ability of migrants after migration (Faryab migrants were chosen as sample). By regressing the monthly wage income of migrants on some major individual characteristics, results show that migrants with access to social networks and personal connections are hired in highly paid jobs than skilled migrants.

Non-governmental  organizations  (NGOs)  have  been  assisting  the  people  of  Ethiopia  with charity,  relief  and  development  activities  especially  since  the  major  famine  of  1983/85. The aim of this study was to assess the participations of NGOs in education service delivery in Gedeo Zone. The research is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research in its approach. The researcher collected primary and secondary data from the NGOs, government officials and beneficiary communities. Accordingly, the study found that NGOs role in education includes direct service delivery, capacity building, material contributions and school constructions.  The study also found that even though, NGOs involvement has benefited the local community; their operation is not diversified functionally and geographically.  Except  pre-  education  and  non  formal  education,  NGOs  role in  direct provision  of    education service  is  limited  to  specific area.  This is mainly du...

Women equal participation in local government plays a pivotal role in the general processes of the advancement of women. In Ethiopia, although women are granted constitutional rights to take part in any affairs affecting their life, they do not exercise equal rights of participating in politics due to many of factors. The general objective of this study was to assess the political participation of women in local government and identify factors affecting their participation. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach were followed. The research is both descriptive and explanatory in its type. The researcher has collected both primary data from both women and men citizens of the town and government officials. The study identified that the political participation of women in Sebeta town is low compared to men except for their equal participation in election.  The study found that women are underrepresented in local power structure, decision making body and political parties. T...

Taken together, Pakistan’s development trajectory underscores the primacy of politics over economics in shaping policy choices. Each shift in model—whether towards state control or market liberalisation—has been driven more by regime interests and global alignments than by a coherent, long-term vision for inclusive growth. The result is a legacy of patchy reforms, missed opportunities, and enduring inequality. To move forward, future development models must prioritise broad-based human development, institutional reform, and inclusivity. Only by addressing the structural roots of inequality and moving beyond episodic, elite-driven growth can the country hope to achieve sustainable prosperity for all its citizens.

Since the economic development has arisen as a model, some critical positions have emerged, both from theoretical aspects and in its terms of measurement. A non worthless set of indexes and indicators, so called alternatives, has been produced, building up an important basis of quantitative information. Examples of them are: Genuine Progress Index, Social Progress Index, Human Development Index, Basic Capacities Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Happy Planet Index. Each proposal contains innovative elements: new approaches or social components as gender and environmental issues, and more recently include also subjective aspects. This paper contains a critical systematization of indicators and indexes of objective/ subjective nature. A comparison is made and also statistical correlation for Latin-American countries.

Transforming an engineering school into a nest of professionals with the ability to be effective and socially responsible, is a challenge of the present, to meet the needs of the future. It is also a big challenge. The first version of the recently presented PASUS, to be implemented between 2010 and 2015, is a major step towards this reality at ISEP. It's an integrated approach, which considers a set of qualification and quantification tools for monitoring and control, but also and most of all, tries to build the bridge between the tangible and intangible parts of sustainability, in a "plug-and-play"format into engineering students mental processes. The first analytical data, that supports the "base case"of this project should be available at the end of 2010, and subsequent results would be the support for future publications on this scope.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This article investigates how financial development helps to reduce poverty directly through the McKinnon conduit effect and indirectly through economic growth. The results obtained with data for a sample of developing countries from 1966 through 2000 suggest that the poor benefit from the ability of the banking system to facilitate transactions and provide savings opportunities but to some extent fail to reap the benefit from greater availability of credit. Moreover, financial development is accompanied by financial instability, which is detrimental to the poor. Nevertheless, the benefits of financial development for the poor outweigh the cost.

This article investigates how financial development is beneficial to the reduction of poverty, on the one hand by promoting growth and in the other hand directly by the McKinnon conduit effect. At the same time, however, financial instability which accompanies financial development is detrimental to the poor and dampens the positive effect of financial development on the reduction of poverty. These hypotheses are tested successfully on a sample of developing countries over the period 1966-2000, resulting in straightforward policy implications.