Diplomatics (Medieval)

Über das frühe Leben des Uri Halewi, Sohn eines Joseph ben Ephraim Halewi in Braunschweig, wissen wir wenig. Jedoch kann aus den Quellen erschlossen werden, daß er in seiner Jugend 1557 bei der Vertreibung der Juden aus Braunschweig floh und sich schon bald darauf in der prosperierenden ostfriesischen Hafenstadt Emden niederließ. Dort waren seit einigen Jahren Juden ansässig geworden; Halewi ist dabei der erste, dessen Name überliefert ist. Dieser Name erscheint allerdings in verschiedenen Varianten. In jüdischen Quellen wird er nach dem Ort seiner Niederlassung Feibisch Emden genannt, wobei Feibisch (1598 "Pheyfuss", Variante unter seinen Nachfahren: "Phoebus") eine jiddische Entsprechung des hebräischen Uri ist. In den niederländischen Quellen erscheint er verballhornt als Philips (= Feibisch) Joost (= ben Joseph). In Unterlagen der jüdischen Gemeinden von Emden und Amsterdam wird die hebräische Namensform verwendet. Nur einmal, im Emder Memorbuch, das lange nach seinem Tod erstellt wurde, wird noch der Name "Moses" seinem Namen vorangestellt, der aber sonst urkundlich nicht belegt ist. Allerdings ist ein Moses ben Jacob Halewi in Emden bekannt, der mit hebräischen Büchern handelte (1590-92) und vielleicht ein Vetter war.

In this article, within the field of Paleography and Diplomatics, we introduce an approximation to a kind of chancellery documents called “Cartas Reales” and the differents kinds of them, specifically those coming from the resources found nowadays in the State Archives of Cagliari, in Sardinia (Italy), in a period of time from the end of the XIV century to the dawnings of the XVI century, i. e., from the Chancellery of the King Martin the Human to the Chancellery of Ferdinand the Catholic. We have to point out that the situation of writing and kinds of documents in the Crown of Aragon is different to that of the Crown of Castille, Aragon being more receptive to European cultural tendencies due to a series of facts which will be analysed next.

En el noroeste peninsular, el ciclo escriturario gótico se desarrolló con cierta
demora, hasta bien entrado el siglo XIII, pues la realidad gráfica visigótica perduró hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XII y su tránsito hacia la escritura carolina no se inició hasta mediados de esta centuria. El presente estudio pretende situar las fronteras de la escritura en la documentación producida, consumida y/o conservada en Santa María de Oia (Pontevedra) para los siglos XII-XIII; conocer las distintas fases vividas en el proceso de sustitución de la escritura visigótica por la escritura carolina, luego la natural evolución gótica y, por último, su derivación cursiva.

FRANCESCO BORGHERO
Scritture bifronti. Pratiche notarili e funzioni pubbliche nella Romagna toscana: la vacchetta di ser Alberto di Baldassino da Bagno (1395-1411)

Nel tardo Medioevo, l'attività dei notai si colloca al crocevia tra libera professione e servizio ai poteri pubblici. Nella Romagna toscana, regione di confine caratterizzata da una fitta rete giurisdizionale, i professionisti della scrittura ebbero un ruolo cruciale nella mediazione tra istanze private, autorità signorili e istituzioni comunali. Un caso esemplare è la vacchetta di ser Alberto di Baldassino da Bagno (1395-1411), articolata in due sezioni contrapposte: la prima dedicata a rogiti per privati e comunità locali, la seconda ad atti giudiziari redatti presso la curia del podestà di Bologna. Questo 'protocollo bifronte', per forma e contenuto, riflette la duplice veste del notaio e consente di osservare le dinamiche della scrittura pubblica e contrattuale tra comunità urbane e rurali nell'area tosco-romagnola tra XIV e XV secolo.


VANESSA GLORIOSO
I protocolli dei notai della Corona: specchio di un potere principesco in affermazione tra XIV e XV secolo

Il fondo dei protocolli dei notai della Corona, conservato presso l'Archivio di Stato di Torino, offre un'ampia testimonianza di come le forme della scrittura al servizio dei poteri pubblici si evolvano in linea con lo sviluppo degli stessi. Il raffronto tra i protocolli dei notai attivi nella prima metà del Trecento e quelli della prima metà del Quattrocento mostra il progressivo superamento del dualismo tra atti pubblici e privati presente nei registri trecenteschi, specchio di un potere centrale ancora poco maturo e avvezzo al controllo delle scritture, in favore di un modello redazionale centralizzato che vede il protocollo come esito finale di una verifica operata dall'apparato burocratico a partire dai minutari. Il controllo sulle scritture da parte del potere sabaudo, ormai in piena ascesa nel XV, secolo si esplica dunque da un lato nella regolamentazione delle prassi redazionali; dall'altro nel controllo delle scritture già prodotte attraverso lo strumento principe dell'archivio, ossia l'inventario.. SEDE Torino, Università degli Studi, Palazzo Nuovo, Via Sant'Ottavio, 20, 1 o piano, Aula 20 e contemporaneamente trasmesso sulla piattaforma Per richiedere il link di collegamento scrivere all'indirizzo di seguito riportato.

The advent of Frederick I Barbarossa in the mid-12th century marked a turning point for both politics and society on the Italian peninsula. Among the many areas in which imperial intervention unfolded, the administration of justice played a very significant role: on the one hand, it was necessary to give new vigour to the renewed claims of the Staufen sovereign; on the other, the development of culture and judicial practice in the city represented a challenge for those who were entrusted with the government of the Regnum Italiae. One of the most innovative experiments was the activity of a group of Italian iudices in the direct service of the Staufen court: they placed their legal expertise and acquaintance with the city they came from at the disposal of the empire, acting both as resolvers of a fair number of disputes and as mediators and political advisers. This volume aims to reconstruct the multifaceted work of these personalities in the context of the ‘Italian politics’ of Frederick I and Henry VI, characterised by constant interaction with institutional actors in the political space of the central-northern area of the peninsula.

El exquisito manuscrito conciliar que Vigila y Sarracino copiaron en Albelda en el año 976 lleva en uno de sus primeros folios (RBME, d-I-2, f. 16v) una interesante Maiestas Domini en la que imagen y texto concurren para transmitir el mensaje pretendido por sus autores. Este, sin embargo, no ha sido captado del todo correctamente por los estudiosos contemporáneos. En el presente artículo, tras una breve presentación de la Maiestas objeto de estudio (punto 1), discutimos las dos hipótesis interpretativas dadas hasta la fecha —la tradicional, representada por Soledad de Silva y Verástegui, y la más reciente de Fernando Rubert— (punto 2), para después proponer (punto 3) una interpretación alternativa que hemos calificado de lectura originaria u original, y ello no porque sea novedosa, sino sencillamente porque es la lectura original, esto es, la pretendida por los escribas. En el punto 4 se resume la tesis defendida: a saber, que la lectura correcta es la que se lee en el manuscrito, que no necesitaba ser corregido.

Апстракт: У раду ће бити приказана пословна активност домаћих трговаца из Праче на основу архивске грађе из Државног архива у Дубровнику из серије Debita Notariae. Ради се о кредитним уговорима, наизглед врло једноличне садржине, који нам, ипак, и поред тога што не обухватају цјелокупно дјеловање домаћих трговаца, омогућавају, на основу броја задужења као и висине појединих кредитних уговора, праћење пословне активности и издвајање најјачих представника ове привредне дјелатности у наведеном времену и простору.

In questo lavoro 1 si analizzerà, in chiave di sociolinguistica storica, parte della documentazione altomedievale datata tra il X secolo e il primo trentennio dell'XI proveniente dalla città di Benevento. Per la fase e il territorio di cui ci si occupa, l'adozione di tale prospettiva necessita di una particolare cautela, poiché, nonostante Benevento, capitale del ducato poi principato longobardo, 2 abbia avuto un ruolo politico di rilievo soprattutto a partire dalla metà del VIII secolo, rappresenta una realtà solo relativamente nota in termini sociali e culturali. L'importanza storica di Benevento è cruciale per definire la facies della città come centro di scrittura. In primo luogo, occorre sottolineare la profondità storica dell'insediamento dotato in epoca imperiale di una speciale rilevanza legata soprattutto alla sua posizione strategica, che aveva contribuito a rendere la città il centro di riferimento della zona. Già a partire dalla prima metà dell'VIII secolo, con un impulso ancora maggiore nella seconda metà, i dominatori longobardi avevano inoltre operato nella direzione di un incremento del prestigio e della dignità della città con l'obiettivo di adeguarla, anche attraverso operazioni altamente simboliche, alle prerogative di una vera propria capitale. In questa operazione doveva avere avuto certamente un ruolo il consolidamento culturale della città, ma gli interventi in questo campo sono poco noti. Secondo alcuni, 3 a partire dal 774, Arechi II avrebbe istituito nel monastero di

Sul sito LMR-Lirica Medievale Romanza, dedicato alla poesia medievale di area romanza, è oggi possibile reperire anche un'edizione digitale, con traduzione in italiano, dell'opera variamente de nita come Mapamundi o Atlante catalano. Probabilmente commissionata intorno al 1375 dal re d'Aragona all'illustratore e cartografo Elisha ben Abraham Cresques, constava originariamente di sei carte pergamenacee. Successivamente, tuttavia, i fogli sono stati divisi in due parti e montati su supporti lignei e oggi si presentano come un complesso di 12 tavole di 06/05/25, 22:05 Sull'edizione digitale dell'Atlante catalano nel laboratorio di Lirica Medievale Romanza-Insula europea

Este libro reúne veinte investigaciones sobre la historia de ciertos documentos y archivos de la Edad Media a la Contemporánea, de Europa principalmente pero también de América. Son estudios que ayudan a conocer mejor la memoria escrita y los procesos de producción, transmisión y conservación documental, pero también situaciones de descuido e incluso destrucción de varios acervos documentales. Esta obra compila diecisiete capítulos escritos en español, más tres en portugués y uno en inglés. Sus autoras y autores —además de haberse doctorado en su mayoría— son personas expertas en la materia que tratan, ya sea porque hayan continuado una línea de investigación sobre el tema escogido, ya porque lo hayan analizado en profundidad para esta publicación.
Los capítulos están organizados atendiendo a criterios espaciotemporales, que aproximadamente siguen un orden cronológico y se desplazan desde unas zonas orientales hacia otras más occidentales. Teniendo en cuenta esos parámetros, tras el prólogo y la introducción, el libro se divide en cinco bloques. El primer bloque reúne cuatro capítulos sobre la Europa medieval y moderna referidos a Italia (a cargo de Rosamond Mckitterick), Inglaterra (Michael Spence), Norte de Europa (Paul Bertrand) y Malta (Valeria Vanesio). A continuación, los bloques segundo y tercero abordan España, con cinco capítulos sobre las épocas medieval y moderna (por Alicia Sánchez y Concepción Mendo et alii; Antonio Gutiérrez; Carmen Serrano; Ignacio Ezquerra; Sandra Piñeiro), más cuatro capítulos de tiempos contemporáneos (Santiago Olcina; Carlos Gómez; Luz Marina Delgado; Santiago Arroyo). El cuarto bloque trata sobre Portugal de la Edad Media a la Contemporánea (María José Santos; Leonor Zozaya; Joana Lencart; Paulo Batista; Maria João Silva). Siguiendo con el viraje hacia el oeste, el quinto bloque llega hasta América, con un capítulo sobre Mesoamérica (Raúl Soto) y otro sobre Perú (Omar Rojas).

Die Beiträge dieser Publikation gehen zurück auf ein wissenschaftliches Colloquium, das anlässlich des 75. Geburtstages von Jürgen Petersohn am 7. und 8. Mai 2010 in der Gemäldegalerie des Martin von Wagner Museums der Würzburger Residenz stattfand. Bei der Vorbereitung der Veranstaltung bildeten sich wie von selbst, ohne dass dies in irgendeiner Weise beabsichtigt worden wäre, zwei thematisch zusammengehörige Sektionen heraus, die zwei besondere wissenschaftliche Anliegen von Jürgen Petersohn spiegeln: "Kirche und Frömmigkeit" und "Italien und Rom". Die Themen "Kirche und Frömmigkeit" ziehen sich wie ein roter Faden durch das gesamte Oeuvre, der Komplex "Italien und Rom" trat, wenn auch anderweitig bereits vielfach vorgebildet, in seinem Schaffen seit den 1970er Jahren neu hinzu, um bis auf den heutigen Tag präsent geblieben zu sein. Wenn sich nun acht seiner Schüler Vortragsthemen aus diesen Bereichen ausgewählt haben, so stellen sie damit unter Beweis, wie fruchtbar die Arbeiten und die methodischen Ansätze von Jürgen Petersohn mittlerweile geworden sind. Die Publikation versteht sich als Dokumentation des Colloquiums. Bewusst will sie lediglich den Wortlaut der Vorträge wiedergeben und verzichtet insofern auf Belege. Bibliographische Anhänge verzeichnen Quellen sowie die wichtigste Literatur zu den einzelnen Beiträgen. Die Herausgeber danken dem Direktor der Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg, Dr. Karl Südekum, für die Möglichkeit der Veröffentlichung der Beiträge im Rahmen des Online-Publikationsservice (OPUS) der Universität Würzburg.

Resumen. A mediados del siglo XVII, tras un largo y convulso período (1633-1660) en el que se sucedieron hasta catorce escribanos en la titularidad de la escribanía pública de Dos Hermanas (Sevilla), se procedió a la reorganización de la documentación notarial, que había quedado en un estado lamentable, resultado de aquella inestabilidad. Tal reorganización, la primera de la que se tiene constancia documental, sería realizada por el personal auxiliar de la escribanía, y tuvo una gran repercusión en el trabajo posterior de esta institución, manteniéndose aún la división en legajos que se hizo en aquella ocasión. Palabras clave. Escribanías públicas; ámbito rural; reorganización; documentos; notarios; poemas; dibujos.

contenuti
1- Se consideriamo le novità emergenti dalle pergamene del 1217….al primo posto, per l’importanza economica, la via navigabile che oggi si ricorda col nome di Fossa Ostiglia,
che gli storici riportano come Fossa Bonifacia (scavata quindi dal marchese Bonifacio di Canossa agli inizi del primo millenio),
ma che sorprendentemente trova numerosi riscontri tra le trecento pezze di terra assegnate in locazione perpetua nel 1217.
In sintesi si tratta del Navilium  che viene così a rappresentare  l’anello mancante tra la Fossa Bonifacia e la recente Fossa Ostiglia nel collegamento tra Po e Tartaro.
Il toponimo  ha incoraggiato una possibile ipotesi sull’origine del Borgo Naviglio e  del fosso omonimo.
2- Altrettanto sorprendente e inedita la località Albara, una prima  illustre vittima dell’erosione del Po, zona portuale, periferia di Villa Hostilia, anche essa con numerosi riscontri e completamente scomparsa dalla memoria degli ostigliesi.

3- il polesine ostigliese; più di 20 anni fa io e Gabriella avevamo concluso la ricerca sull’isola Boschina trovando la data della sua prima apparizione (1672) davanti alla chiesa di S. Sebastiano; contemporaneamente una seconda isola si era formata sul confine orientale  dirimpetto a un pollesine vecchio .
Negli ultimi anni, una seconda fase della nostra ricerca ha dimostrato che quel pollesine vecchio si era da poco saldato alla sponda dopo un secolare processo di sedimentazione a valle di Ostiglia; conseguentemente, da “giovane” è stato un’isola davanti al confine con Melara.
Questa è pure una novità: racconta le vicende del nostro Polesine; vicende che, va evidenziato, hanno coinvolto  con segno opposto la sponda destra : Al processo costruttivo in atto sulla sponda ostigliese si è contrapposto il processo erosivo sugli antichi siti di Nogarazza…… E’ un invito ad un dialogo-confronto tra le due sponde …
4- Il confine orientale: la via Pagana e i pilastri; oltre a dare una spiegazione dell’attuale contemporanea  presenza di due vie pagane, si è fatta una sorprendente ipotesi sul motivo della  deviazione della storica via Pagana in territorio melarese (presso l’agriturismo Bellis).
5- I nomi degli ostigliesi; si è sempre detto che la rievocazione del 2017 si poggiava su una base documentaria (pergamene) elaborata, trascritta da Giuliana Capra nella sua tesi di laurea, ma  in questo caso, la trascrizione della pergamena che contiene i nomi dei 420 ostigliesi che nel 1227 hanno giurato fedeltà al comune di Verona, è opera di Gabriella

The Kennedy administration sought to bring about changes in the structure and components of the army Intelligence Based on its belief that a gradual response is the best approach To respond to any military challenge, which led to To emphasize the importance of conventional forces What Defense Secretary McNamara, a former Ford Motor Company executive, enjoyed was From a background in systems analysis, he has cemented his position as a model bureaucrat. Rational in making the most of the powers of his position By introducing a series of reforms that affected the intelligence Community.

Originally XMLw as used as as tandardp rotocolf or data exchange in computing. The evolutionofinformation technology hasopenedupnew situations in whichXML canbe used to author,m aintain, andd eliver contenta nd consequently,n ew applications of XML occurred. XMLs ervesa sadata modela nd background ford atabases of XML documents as well as fora pplications beyond today'sd atam odels (hierarchical structures,r ecursives tructures, regular expressions).X ML also playsasignificantr ole as atechnological platform forSemantic web.

У овом раду се расправља о активној самосталној политичкој делатности деспине Ирине (Јерине) Кантакузин и равноправном односу са деспотом Ђурђем који је уживала у владању земљом. Њена улога постајала је све значајнија како је нарастајућа турска опасност постајала погубнија за Српску деспотовину. Као кључан доказ њене владавине, и права на власт, ту су два податка из извора која срећемо код Мавра Орбина и Михаила Критовула, који нас обавештавају да је деспот Ђурађ за наследника своје земље одредио своју супругу, што не би имало претераног смисла ако она пре тога није стекла искуство у државној политици и дипломатији, у одсудном тренутку српске државности. Продор Османлија и породична неслога, која је кулминирала деспинином смрћу под Рудником 1457. године, представљају завршетак појаве коју смо назвали Господство српских властелинки.

The only constant is change, and History is constantly revised and rewritten. You've probably heard the expression "but the Crusades" many times in debates and arguments. The simple uttering of these letters draws out emotions and heated discussions among historians, amateurs on the internet, and college/university students in classes and on campuses. A lot has been said about the events, covered from different perspectives and subject to centuries of historiography, yet occasionally a good, concise and engaging storytelling comes out of the sands of history. This is what Daniel Gwynne Jones, a British historian, TV presenter and journalist better known as Dan Jones, does in his 425 pages long book. Rather than reinvent the wheel, Dan waves a continuous intricate web divided into 3 parts with 27 chapters each, 10 maps, 30 illustrations and more than 100 historical figures into a swashbuckler, intriguing, provocative and thrilling narrative that still has noticeable influence till this day. Instead of sharing new information, he shows more nuanced insights into the epic conflict between Christians and Muslims for the Holy Lands, offering a tableau of characters outside of the usual kings, popes and knights such as regular pilgrims/visitors, scholars, poets and friars, as well the unlikely cooperation and diplomatic maneuvers among enemies.

In occasione della tavola rotonda "Scrivere al femminile Uno sguardo plurale alle scritture di religiose a fine Medioevo" (Bologna, 30 aprile 2025), coordinata da Sylvie Duval, parlerò della questione dell'autografia delle lettere e degli scritti normativi di Colette de Corbie. Sulla grande riformatrice del mondo femminile francescano è in corso un progetto di ricerca internazionale coordinato da Ludovic Viallet

In seiner Rektoratsrede uber den ,Ursprung der bisch6flichen Insignien und Ehrenrechte" hat Theodor Klauser einer Anschauung widersprochen, die Josef Braun fast vier Jahrzehnte zuvor in einer Untersuchung iiber ,,Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient nach Ursprung und Entwicklung" niedergelegt hattel und die etwa so zusammengefaBt werden kann: ,,Die christlichen Bischofe.... haben im 4. oder 5. Jahrhundert das Bediirfnis empfunden, sich durch geeignete Rangzeichen und Gewander von den Klerikern niederen Grades und von den Weltleuten abzuheben; sie haben deshalb eine Reihe von Insignien und Kostumelementen erdacht, fur welche die Rangzeichen und die Amtstracht der hohen Staatswurdentrager das Vorbild abgaben' '2. Klauser setzte dagegen seine These, ,,da3 die rnsignien und Ehrenrechte der Bischofe identisch sind mit den Insignien und Ehrenrechten, die ihnen aufgrund ihrer Einreihung in eine der hohen staatlichen Rangklassen des spatromischen Imperiums zugefallen sind"'. Die Argumente, mit denen er die Nobilitierung der Bischofe uberhaupt und ihren Beginn in Konstantinischer Zeit zu beweisen sucht, sollen im Folgenden einer erneuten Prufung unterzogen werden. Als zeitlich friihestes Zeugnis zieht Klauser den Brief heran, den im Jahre 3I4 die Teilnehmer an der Synode von Arles an den Bischof von Rom,

Bishop AEthelwold, His Followers, and Saints' Cults in Early Medieval England: Power, Belief, and Religious Reform (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2022), xvi + 293 pp., 10 ills. Alison Hudson's first monograph, the latest volume in the Anglo-Saxon Studies series, is an ambitious work that aims to recontextualize the reforms of Bishop AEthelwold and his followers through a hagiographical lens. A specialist in early medieval England, Hudson has served as a Project Coordinator for Early Medieval English Manuscripts at the British Library and published extensively on this period. Her new book marshals her impressive command of the manuscript sources to reconsider how AEthelwold and his followers used the worship of saints to influence the laity and shore up their political and economic base. Hudson focuses on the bishop's "circle," whom she describes as "the men and women who staffed and/or were trained at the houses AEthelwold refounded … because they were conscious of their links to each other, identifying themselves as 'alumni AEthelwoldi' " (3). Pushing back against scholars such as Eric John who argued that this group's reforms were made possible only through royal backing, she argues that "they also … interacted and engaged with groups outside their monasteries, and thereby sought to gain others' support" (225). Hudson analyzes how this circle carefully encouraged the veneration of certain saints to achieve their political and religious goals as part of their reform program. Using the introduction and first chapter to lay out the terms of her analysis and establish her historiographical intervention, Hudson suggests that AEthelwold and his circle's choice of saints had more to do with constituencies outside the monastery than with monastic worship. She identifies three contexts for saintly veneration, which she describes as "'individual, ' 'intra-communal,' and 'supracommunal' " (18). Although the majority of the book focuses on the third category, Hudson does not discount the importance of the worship of saints by individual monks and monastic communities. Her first chapter considers veneration of saints in individual prayers and monastic life by considering their role in education and in daily readings, relying upon sources such as AEthelwold's Regularis concordia. Hudson pushes back against previous scholarship that argued that the the circle focused primarily on the worship of local saints and especially those mentioned by the Venerable Bede. She argues instead that in individual and monastic spaces, the monks generally favored the same continental saints being worshipped in the Carolingian world. Accordingly, she notes that their use of local saints was instead an attempt to reach external audiences through "supracommunal" veneration. Hudson explains that this form of worship allowed reformers to reach the laity through activities such as "liturgical celebrations … translation ceremonies, pilgrimage to shrines, and miraculous healings" (18). Using a wide range of written sources and archaeological evidence, she suggests that this furthered their reforming goals and secured their economic and financial security. The second and third chapters consider how the circle's choice of local saints served practical purposes. Building upon the work of David Rollason, Stephen White, and Barbara Rosenwein, Hudson examines their charters to consider how

La récente parution de l’édition critique intégrale de Guiron le Courtois offre enfin au public la possibilité de lire cet ensemble de romans arthuriens médiévaux. Sont ici réunies quelques « premières lectures » du cycle destinées à en souligner l’intérêt narratif et les relations intertextuelles.

Мировой рынок мяса и мясных продуктов функционирует и развивается в условиях жесткой конкуренции, в которых факторы хозяйственного риска побуждают к вложению инвестиций, оптимизации, реструктуризации и расширению мясной промышленности, тем самым увеличивая ее важное значение среди других отраслей народного хозяйства. За период с 2013 по 2017 гг. основные регионы-производители мяса существенно не изменили свои позиции (рисунок 1) [1-6]. Рисунок 1 -Структура производства мяса по регионам мира в период с 2013 по 2017 гг., % Так, доля стран Азии занимает наибольший удельный вес на протяжении всего анализируемого периода, имея, однако, незначительную тенденцию к снижениюс 43 % в 2013 г. до 42,4% в 2017 г. Объем мирового экспорта мяса и мясных продуктов с 2013 по 2017 гг. увеличился на 3,16 млн т (таблица 1). или на 8,11%. Удельный вес государства за 2017 г. в мировой торговле составил 1,04 %.

Statutes are rules issued by a community that recognizes a higher authority, which is responsible for issuing the law, common to the entire Empire, whereas statutes are only valid within the municipal territory. Statutory rules always enter into the specifics of daily life in a town and can be equated to a code of laws. There remain today the Statutes of the municipality of Mondolfo (PU, Marche, Italy), published in 1540, with a text written in Latin and divided into six parts, except for the sixth part written in vulgar Italian. But some documents show the existence of an older compilation, at least from the fourteenth century.

Resumen. El presente artículo ofrece nuevos datos sobre las bibliotecas de los canónigos y beneficiados de la Catedral de Valencia a través del análisis de sus inventarios de bienes y almonedas. El hallazgo de nueva documentación permite estudiar la cultura material de estos eclesiásticos y comprender su nivel cultural, además de su modo de vida. Asimismo, se expondrá cómo las lecturas y la influencia de las nuevas corrientes devocionales harán posible que irrumpan las imágenes en los hogares de los eclesiásticos valentinos en torno al año 1370. Para el estudio de dicha élite se ha recurrido a la historia social, concretamente a la rama de la historia de las mentalidades. Todo ello con el fin de estudiar el comportamiento individual y colectivo de este grupo privilegiado, quienes se convirtieron en auténticos clientes y promotores artísticos. Palabras clave: Catedral de Valencia; bibliotecas; imágenes devocionales; eclesiásticos.

O presente livro tem como objetivo o estudo do tabelionado régio na cidade do Porto e no seu termo durante o período compreendido entre o reinado de D. João I (1385-1433) e o de D. João II (1481-1495). A abordagem ao tema foi feita numa dupla vertente «Os Tabeliães» como produtores dos actos notariais, e «Os Documentos», como produto da sua atividade. No que diz respeito à primeira vertente, tratamos de identificar os tabelliones e estabelecer cronologias de atividade, famílias, redes clientelares, extensão do seu património, formação, habilitação e qualificação profissional, e a sua ligação ao poder municipal e régio. Relativamente à segunda vertente, elaborámos um estudo diplomático da documentação produzida por cada um dos indivíduos, analisámos tipologias e formulários documentais, entendemos conjunturas e modificações nas práticas notariais, e compreendermos de que forma a documentação notarial foi utilizada para a construção da memória das instituições, e o percurso dessa informação. Colocamos questões relativamente aos vários ramos («Notas» e «Audiências») e circunscrições («cidade», «termo», «julgado», «especial», «geral»), assim como às condições de acesso ao ofício notarial. Debruçámo-nos sobre o seu papel além da escrituração, e procuramos aferir possíveis cumprimentos maliciosos do ofício.

I. Enquêtes sur l'écrit documentaire: 1. Quelques récits de "depositio" de reliques. 2. A propos de la lecture des listes (lignes ou colonnes?). 3. Miettes diplomatiques.
II. Atelier diplomatique : quelques recherches présentées par les auditeurs.

En el n. anterior (cf. «ATCA», 34 [2022], 457-468), vam tenir ocasió de ponderar els condicionaments del treball d'editor de documents de Ramon Ordeig, la continuïtat estricta del seu treball en relació amb els treballs de vigatans -i no solament vigatans-il•lustres predecessors seus, i la seva ambició de dotar Catalunya d'un corpus de cartorals i diplomataris de l'alta edat mitjana catalana que contribuissin eficaçment al programa que s'havia proposat de dur a terme en aquest aspecte l'IEC naixent. Al llindar d'aquesta recensió, constatem que l'ambició perdura i fructifica de nou. Després del Diplomatari del monestir de Ripoll, del Cartulari de Cuixà i del Diplomatari de Bernat I de Besalú i Guifre II de Cerdanya, apareix ara un altre Diplomatari en dos volums, que recullen la documentació dels segles IX-XII de Sant Martí de Canigó. Incendiat l'axiu del monestir de Ripoll el 1835, Ordeig hagué d'aplegar documentació dispersa, diplomes i notícies percaçats ací i allà per al seu Diplomatari ripollès; per a Cuixà fou possible assajar la reconstrucció del seu cartoral major gràcies al ms. 117 de la col•lecció Baluze de la BnF, gràcies també al Recueil de Fossà i a les indagacions de Bernat Alart als arxius perpinyanesos. Per desgràcia, l'inventari de l'arxiu cuixanenc redactat el 1586 pel visitador Jaume d'Agullana, canonge gironí, s'ha perdut. En canvi, l'investigador de l'arxiu de Sant Martí del Canigó té més sort: l'inventari fet el mateix any pel mateix canonge Agullana dels documents de Sant Martí s'ha conservat als ADPO; encara que no sigui l'original de l'inventari, n'és una còpia del 1785. En presència ja dels sis volums que Ordeig ha editat sobre els tres grans monestirs pirinencs catalans i del volum de documents referents als dos comtes també pirinencs, germans del bisbe i abat Oliba, és just recalcar el mèrit de l'esforç científic exigit per a coronar una obra de tanta ambició. En el primer volum dedicat a Sant Martí del Canigó, que conté els documents dels segles X-XI, Ordeig obre la introducció esbrinant com era l'arxiu del monestir abans de la secularització, fent servir l'inventari d'Agullana, les dades posteriors sobre l'arxiu que es poden extreure de Pujades, de Guillem Costa, de Baluze, dels benedictins francesos Durand i Martène; després Ordeig descriu l'itinerari -el calvari-de l'arxiu canigonenc fins que fou integrat als ADPO, amb les pèrdues seques de rigor: documents que foren cremats, venuts o dispersats. Finalment el que se'n salvà fou traslladat a la Biblioteca Municipal de Perpinyà, i d'allí als ADPO l'any 1861, on Alart, Brutails i Palustre van treballar i inventariar el fons. S'ha conservat un cartoral antic de només vuit folis amb documentació comtal i papal de prestigi. El lector apreciarà pel seu compte l'explicació detallada que dona Ordeig de l'iter d'aquesta peça excepcional abans de trobar el seu assentament definitiu als ADPO. El document és curt, si es vol, però cap dels altres monestirs estudiats per Ordeig no pot fer gala de

Opicinus de Canistris, a Pavian cleric lived between 1296 and 1352, was a scriptor, miniaturist,
cartographer sui generis, writer, theologian, philosopher. This fluctuating identity corresponds to an
heterogeneous secundary literature, from psychoanalysis (Jung 1943, Kris 1952) to anthropology
(Gurevič 1993), from iconology (Saxl 1915; Solomon 1936) to a biographical and pathological
approach (Laharie 2007), from history of arts (Whittington 2014) to history of philosophy (Randi
1989), until the most recent Dialectique du monstre (Piron 2015). Although well-founded on Opicinus’
work, this kaleidoscope of perspectives risks losing sight of his equally significant unitarian
sense. To avoid overinterpretations, this contribute will propose a semiotic reading of Opicinus’
work, intending it in the light of the set of rules – however so personal – of a code of signs. Even
if caution is called for applying modern categories to a medieval man, this approach seems to be
useful to decant interpretative layers, bringing to light the underlying symbolic mechanism that acts
as a semantic engine of Opicinus’ thought. Using tools as the semiotic concept of “idiolect” (Eco
1968), the analysis will focus the topic – pivotal for the Pavian cleric – of the structural homology
between individual and collective body. In this case, this relationship of analogy is radical, grounded
on the root of Opicinus’ individuality, that is his own body, and on the symbolic references that
make it a map of the world, so that his contingent body image becomes a sign of an absolute
meaning: «Ego infirmus ex corpore meo testificor dispositionem Europe. Umbilicus mee Papie
[…]) aliquantulum profundior quasi foramen assimilatur Venetie Castellane. Condensitas pilorum
colli mei est copia vinearum Wasconie» (Vaticanus Latinus 6435, 32v). The paper will try to define
this idiosyncratic semiotic code against the background of the relationship microcosm/macrocosm,
topos of the medieval forma mentis. Opicinus’ model can be described as a metaphysical pansemiosis
(Eco 1987): all the world is a semantically saturated space, where every thing is symbolically
meaningful. His papers and charts – a singular bricolage of glosses, diagrams, maps, acrostics – are
characterized by this horror vacui: every word, every drawing, every part of his sheets of parchments
is significant and polysemic. So, the analysis will focus on the figure of calligram, because it shows
as the Opicinus’ conceptual imaginery works. The written words are arranged per figuram and they
act as a visual object; on the other hand, the graphic signs produce a paratext of glosses. This
interweaving of verbal and visual codes operates on different cognitive levels: the visio, that grasps
all the things of the world sub specie aeternitatis, as a metaphysical unit; the linguistic knowledge, that
temporally proceeds by definitions and differences. In his anthropomorphic maps and
autobiographical writings, therefore, the body works as a calligram: through this formula, a semiotic
model takes shape, keeping together word and image, spirit and flesh, cultural references and
bizarre etymologies, high and low culture, political conformism and palingenetic utopias.

This doctoral dissertation presents a quantitative analysis of pious donations documented in charters from the Nidaros province during the Middle Ages. As these documents have yet to be collected and researched as a distinct document category, the present project represents a pioneering work.

Through a mixed methods research model, supplementing the quantitative results with more traditional, qualitative research methods, the study explores how the practice spread through elite society, and across time and space.

Furthermore, this dissertation examines the motivations behind the involvement in the practice of making and documenting pious donations. Throughout the dissertation, a comparative perspective is employed, in which the donations found in the wills of Lubish merchants residing in the town of Bergen are compared to those of the native text witnesses issued across the province. This comparative perspective enables the elucidation of the local peculiarities, as well as the universal traditions of pious donation practised in the Nidaros province.

Among its findings, the research identifies an increase in laypeople’s involvement in pious donations by the last quarter of the thirteenth century and participation across a wider segment of society by c. 1300, marking a diversification of the practice which has been debated in previous scholarship.

Additionally, it demonstrates the ways in which the practice of pious donation not only expressed piety and a desire for salvation, but also served as a means to gain prestige and maintain social bonds and obligations. Among the latter, this study has noted a connection between inheritance, especially of land, and commemoration obtained through donations. The study thus sheds light on the significance of spiritual aid within medieval society and the complex social and interpersonal dynamics it fostered.

Bei der soteriologischen Frage "Cur Deus homo" rezipiert Johannes Duns Scotus das gleichnamige Werk des Anselm von Canterbury. Dabei geht es auch um den "Gottesbegriff", den Anselm im Proslogion entwickelt hat. - Nachdem ich das Thema 1994 unter dem Titel "Für uns Menschen und um unseres Heiles willen ... Überlegungen zu einem Glaubensartikel" schon einmal behandelt hatte, habe ich es aus Anlass der Festschrift für Georgi Kapriev einer Relecture unterzogen.

The Enseignements of Theodore Palaiologos, Marquis of Monferrat, are an example of an original, military-related treatise from the first half of the fourteenth century. The Enseignements have not had a lucky publication history; both originals were lost, they survive only in one French translation. They are currently accessible only in a transcription of 1983, long out of print. The tract has received attention from Italian and Byzantinist historians, but anglophone academic treatments are not evident. Unusually for a military treatise of the time, it does not rely on Vegetius, but integrates the author’s personal experience of warfare in Italy and (presumably) the military literary tradition of his native Byzantine Empire. The result is a handbook combining integrated strategic thinking to produce a manual on leadership. The purpose of this brief article is to provide an introduction to this exceptional text and especially its military-related content, and thereby make it and the secondary literature related to it more generally accessible.

Los «libros maestros, o de tumbo» de los monasterios cistercienses de la Congregación de Castilla son ejemplares destinados a guardarse en el arca de la comunidad o en el archivo de los cenobios. Su amplio y complejo contenido se detalla en las compilaciones normativas –Definiciones– desde mediados del Quinientos. Son fuentes relevantes para el estudio de la historia, la hacienda y los archivos de las casas titulares. Sin embargo, caben también otras lecturas. Como demuestra el estudio de un conjunto de los siglos XVI y XVII, sus autores -todos monjes de la Orden- introdujeron en ellos textos fruto de su reflexión sobre la fragilidad de la memoria y la necesidad de dejar constancia escrita de lo vivido para conocimiento de las comunidades futuras. Estas composiciones permiten un acercamiento a la personalidad de sus redactores, a sus conocimientos de retórica y a su capacidad para narrar sirviéndose de un lenguaje alegórico.

Provost of Spiš Chapter John wrote a will in 1348. He had been ill for a long time and the document was read on his deathbed. More than ten witnesses were present, eight of whom were mentioned by name. The present will, which is still preserved in the Private Archives of the Spiš Chapter, provides historians with four key pieces of information. We have learned from it about the existence of two provostal palaces at the Church of St. Martin, one of which may have been located in the courtyard at the Pažica site. We read about the provost's private curacy near the thermal springs and the vineyard in Buda, which he bequeathed to his successor in office, or to the Spiš Chapter. We added to our knowledge about the fate of two extinct villages: Ivanovce (Iuanusy, today Pavľany-Krigov) and Zotmarovce (Sothmar, situated near today's Letanovce village). Provost John bequeathed parts of the tithes and other receipts of the two aforementioned communities. From these receipts, he established six priestly prebends in Spišská Kapitula. Four were located in St. Martin's Cathedral and the other two in adjacent detached chapels, which do not exist today. Regular Masses were to be celebrated from the income of these prebends. He also donated his crucifix to the main church of Spiš, a collection of decrees and unspecified codices to the library. He designated his burial place there. He donated his breviary to the Church of St. John the Baptist in Krigov. On the basis of the analysed last will, we have gained an idea of the end of the Provost's life and of his chosen priorities he was dealing with at that time.

Mobility can be analysed from many perspectives. One promising method is lookingat push factors, namely the reasons why people moved from one place to another.1Among these factors was enforced mobility, owing to reasons of political persecution,enmity, or banishment. Involuntary exile was considered a damnation or condemna-tion (exilium: damnationem)2because it broke with social and material relations byisolating specific individuals or groups. When speaking of exile–be it outside thehouse, manor, village, city, or the home kingdom–sources rarely specify the distanceor duration of travel imposed on an individual separated from home, since the mainpurpose of this act was to make people invisible by severing ties with their family,friends and social networks, thereby ensuring a state of loneliness. Thus, exile was aform of enforced mobility generally implemented as a social punishment for commit-ting a crime, mostly homicide or high treason (or both). There exists little informationabout relevant cases in sources related to early medieval local societies in Iberia.Those few valuable sources remaining include charters and other documents relatedto activities executed inside local societies and by individuals or families in the north-western part of the peninsula. In opposition to chronicles and laws, which have al-ready been studied by focussing on upper-class elites, the intention of the present in-vestigation is to examine the exiles of middle- and lower-class people and what thisexperience meant for them