Early Medieval History

Si Francesc d'Assis neix entre 1181 o 1182 com a fill d'un ric comerciant, Clara de Scifi (Clara d'Assis) ho farà poc després (1194) en una família (paterna i materna) de la noblesa feudal d'Assis. Ell disposa de llibres i d'una bona educació, dominava el francès (li deien el "franceset"), sent una mena de trobador del seu temps, també el llatí i les arts militars, tot un cavaller. Ella tenia l'educació que li venia del seu llinatge, amarada amb una devoció que li va transmetre la seva mare, Hortolana, peregrina de diferents enclavaments religiosos, com Roma o Jerusalem. Amb el rerafons de St. Francesc, ens endinsem en el que coneixem de Clara d'Assis, ressaltant els aspectes que considerem vàlids pel nostre món.

In this paper, we are going to discuss the problem of privacy protection in electronic data transfer systems . Electronic data is consist of video, image , and text . Providing protection is not sufficient for effective data transfer .it is also important to regulate all parameters of data transfer. like speed , bandwidth required ,size ,PSNR ratio .etc. ,we basically achieving both the things by using H.264/AVC algorithm ,and 256 bit encryption key. Because of it we get three layers of protection as well as efficient data transfer rate.

The ordo missae of Cod. Fab. VII, produced in the 12th century at the Abbey of Pfäfers, represents a unique witness of the so-called “Rhenish” type. Through codicological and comparative analysis, the manuscript reveals significant affinities with the centers of St. Gall and Reichenau, while maintaining distinctive features tied to its local context. Textual interpolations and ritual specificities highlight an adaptation of liturgical practice to the parish setting for which it was intended, providing insights into the evolution of the ordines missae in Europe and offering an opportunity to reflect on the current state of historiography on the subject.
Sommario
L’ordo missae del Cod. Fab. VII, prodotto nel XII secolo presso l’abbazia di Pfäfers, rappresenta una testimonianza singolare di ordo del tipo cosiddetto renano. Attraverso un’analisi codicologica e comparativa, il manoscritto rivela significative affinità con i centri di San Gallo e Reichenau, pur mantenendo tratti distintivi legati al contesto locale. Le interpolazioni testuali e le specificità rituali evidenziano un adattamento della prassi liturgica al contesto parrocchiale di destinazione, offrendo uno spaccato sull’evoluzione degli ordines missae in Europa e offrendo l’occasione di riflettere sull’attuale stato della storiografia in merito.

How far were elements of the Roman and Byzantine legacy found in Visigothic customs and institutions simply imitations, or were they something beyond facsimilia and instead unique interpretations of a shared cultural and historical model?
In this regard, the editors Damián Fernández, Molly Lester, and Jamie Wood have compiled a particularly  illuminating work to help guide studies of the Visigothic Kingdom away from a model of ‘acculturation’ and toward a unique interpretation of the common elements that formed the legacy of Rome. The individual chapters combine a variety of approaches focused on different types of evidence, ranging from numismatics and archaeology to new analyses of hagiography to champion a convincing argument that the idea of imitatio imperii needs to be reconsidered in light of the historical circumstances in which we situate the evidence.

The church of Santa Maria d' Àneu, located in the Àneu valley of the Catalan Pyrenees, holds significant yet debated historical importance within the ecclesiastical structure of the medieval period. While renowned for its Romanesque paintings, its exact role within the Àneu deanery remains unclear. This article explores whether the church's visibility and the audibility of its bells across the landscape, as a representation of ecclesiastical power, extended across the 22 parishes of the Àneu valley. The study is based on onsite acoustic measurements, virtual sound propagation simulations using the ArcGIS Sound Mapping Tools plugin, and different visibility models built with the QGIS Visibility Analysis toolbox. The findings suggest the existence of a bell aural network among most parishes in the Àneu deanery, positioning Santa Maria d' Àneu as a central church within the district.

This article presents an interdisciplinary programme for research on historic landscapes that has emerged since 2020 in the framework of the project Terraces as Sustainable Agricultural Environments ('TerraSAgE'). While the methodology has been tested in specific Mediterranean case studies, it is also applicable in other locations and regions. Our integrated approach provides new insights into the development of terraced agrarian landscapes and the changing dynamics in land management. It can provide knowledge of the extent to which past change has influenced present-day landscapes and has implications for the development of sustainable landscape practices. The research framework proposed here has been tested through case studies in different landscape types across southern Europe, including small-scale mixed farming landscapes of the Aegean islands (Naxos, Greece); terraces for vines and olives (Pelješac, Croatia); a landscape of dairy production (northern Apennines, Italy), which was until quite recently agroforestry; modern cereal cultivation (around Els Prats de Rei, Catalonia, Spain); upland irrigated landscapes on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Andalucia, Spain) and mixed farming in a wooded Atlantic environment (Galicia, Spain). 1 | Introduction Across the world terraced landscapes have been created to produce diverse crops, to improve soils and to manage water resources-historically, they have been widespread in many areas of both dry-land and irrigated agriculture. Despite occurring commonly in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia, the history of agricultural terraces has remained poorly This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

« Définir et redéfinir » : journée des doctorant.e.s du CRAHAM 2025
18 avril 2025
Coordination : Jocelyn Coulon (UMR Craham · Unicaen)
Programme
10 h – 12 h 15
Hélène FLEURY-AMEZTOY (UMR Craham · Unicaen)
Spoliation et restitution chez les Romains, vers une redéfinition des enjeux de pouvoir en Méditerranée orientale à l’époque augustéenne
Marine LEROY (UR GRHis · Université de Rouen Normandie)
« Votum Communem ». Qu’est-ce qu’une « dédicace collective » par une unité de l’armée romaine sous le Haut-Empire ?

14 h – 16 h 30
Nicolas BERNIER (UMR LIENSs · La Rochelle Université)
Cours d’eau et sociétés humaines dans le bassin atlantique de la Gaule franque
Lény RETOUX (UMR Craham · Unicaen)
Coutumiers et perception des coutumes dans les seigneuries de l’archevêque de Rouen à la fin du Moyen Âge
Angèle TENCE (UMR Craham · Unicaen)
La chute des Géants à la Renaissance : repenser l’articulation entre l’image, le texte et les inscriptions, de Dante à Otto Vaenius

In the proposed publication two terms of the First Bulgarian Empire are examined. They reached us through a Greek source: καναηρτχτηνος и βοιλα. The first mention of the term καναηρτχτηνος meaning "heir to the throne" was by Constantine VII Porphirogene tosinhisessay De Ceremoniis, styled as κανάρτικείνος. Attempts to interpret and translate this phrase have been made by W. Tomašek, J. Mikkola, G. Fehér, V. Beševliev etc. However, these have not led to a decisive conclusion as the phrase in De Ceremoniis does not convey the original Danube Bulgarian title. At the beginning of the 21st century, newly discovered lead seals from the First Bulgarian Empire gave the opportunity to clarify the term. On them it is found in the forms καναηρτχθην, κανεηρτχθην and καναηρτθην. From this we can restore the text in Danube Bulgarian language as follows: κανα/κανε is the title of the ruler, corresponding to the Old Turkic qan, qaγan. ηρτ is the old Turkic verb basis er-, ir-"to be" (something, somewhere etc.) in causative. In this formit means "must be". θην corresponds to Old Turkic teŋ "equal, equivalent".The phrase in its entirety becomes "qan airt θin"and can be translated from Danube Bulgarian as "must be equal to the qan". The second term, βοιλα, is a title, signifying belonging to the main nobility in the First Bulgarian Empire. The present publication shows that, in addition to this function, the term also serves as an adjective meaning "great" or "supreme" in word combinations such asβοηλα καυχανος, βουηλα ζοαπαν, κανα βοιλα κολοβρον etc.

The Preslav inscription (9 th century) is one of the very rare texts in Proto-Bulgarian language written in Greek letters. Its first publisher-Venedikov, assigns it to the so-called "lists of armaments", written in Greek stone inscriptions from the First Bulgarian Empire, which include varying numbers of armours and helmеts along with the persons responsible for them. The decipherment so far has revealed three types of armours and the names of two persons responsible for them (mentioned with their posts) in the inscription. The following phrases remain unclear:-ζητκω (as an adjective of ητζηργωυ βωυλε);-τωυρτωυναπηλε;-εστρογην / εστρυγην (as an adjective of κυπε);-χλωυβρην. In this article, they are deciphered through old Turkic, and the following translation is proposed: ζητκω corresponds to the old Turkic 'sıtğa-' ('to roll up sleeves'), but figuratively it means 'preparing (to do something)'. The phrase τωυρτωυναπηλε is separated into words and is transcribed as follows: 'turt una pilä'. 'Turt' is a causative in the old Turkic verb 'tur'-'to stand', 'to remain, stay, halt', 'is, exist'. Thus, 'turt una' means 'required to be present here in this moment'. Pilä is the old Turkic 'bilä', or 'with, together.' On the basis of this translation, we can postulate that this inscription is not a list of arms but a mobilization list. It shows the number of soldiers who had to appear before the person who was to be their commander in case of mobilization-'ichirgü boyla' (inner boyla). This list was kept in a place with a permanent garrison described as 'turt una.' The person carrying the title of 'zupan' was responsible for the staff of the garrison. Here, the separate types of weapons mean different types of troops. The term χλωυβρην should be understood as something belonging to the qualbur, or 'mage, priest'. It remains unclear how the chainmail marked with εστρùγην/εστρυγην κυπε is to be translated. The first Danube Bulgarian word is most likely a loanword from an Indo-European language.-ην is a suffix, and the Indo-European root of the word should be 'strog-' or 'strig-'.

Scandinavian raiders, or vikings if one prefers, suddenly started to appear around the coasts of western Europe in the late eighth century and in the early decades of the ninth century. 2 The reasons for this sudden eruption have long been discussed and debated by scholars without any real consensus having ever been reached. In this thesis I will not add anything of significance to this debate regarding, to use Peter Sawyer's phrase, 'The causes of the Viking Age'; 3 the emphasis throughout will be on trying to understand in a Rankean sense what actually happened rather than speculation of why it happened, a question which is ultimately unanswerable. In the British Isles the first raids were pretty small although usually brutal affairs, such as that on the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumberland in 793 and on the monastery of Iona in 795. The Northmen were to make their presence felt all over Europe for the next two hundred years. In the early years their numbers were few and the aim seems to have been simply to plunder. In later years, as the size of their fleets and armies grew, trying to grab land to exploit and settle became 1 Dr Stephen M. Lewis undertook and defended his doctoral thesis entitled Vikings in Aquitaine and their connections, ninth to early eleventh centuries at the Université de Caen Normandie under the direction of Pierre Bauduin, it is available online at and at . He is a member of the Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales (CRAHAM) at the Université de Caen Normandie, and a member of the research centre for Histoire, civilisation, archéologie et art des mondes anciens et médiévaux (AUSONIUS) at the Université Bordeaux Montaigne. His research interests include the 'vikings' in Aquitaine and elsewhere in Western Europe and trans-Pyrenean matters in the early medieval period. 2 This paper is extracted from Chapter 2 of my Ph.D thesis as referenced above. An earlier, shorter and somewhat different version of this chapter/paper was published as S. M. Lewis, 'Salt and the earliest Scandinavian raids in France: Was there a connection? ', Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 12 (2016), pp. 103-36. This chapter/paper contains much of interest that was not in the earlier paper. 3 P. H. Sawyer, 'The causes of the Viking Age', in R. T. Farrell (ed.), The Vikings (London and Chichester, 1982), pp. 1-7. There is an abundant literature on this issue going back well over a hundred years.

Der Sammelband bietet einen Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit des Autors seit dem Doktorat der Geschichte 1984. 21 ausgewählte Artikel, die zwischen 1984 und 2020 erschienen sind, wurden in drei thematische Gruppen unterteilt: erstens Texte eher generischer Natur zum Frühmittelalter im Allgemeinen, zweitens Artikel zur Geschichte der Goten von den Anfängen bis zu den Regna der Ostgoten und Westgoten und drittens drei Studien zu den Vandalen ausgehend von der Beschäftigung mit der Historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae des Victor von Vita. Eine Auswahlbibliographie der Publikationen von Andreas Schwarcz findet sich am Ende des Bandes. Der Schwerpunkt der frühen Aufsätze und Tagungsbeiträge bei Konferenzen in Polen, Bulgarien, Spanien und Italien, lag ausgehend von der Zusammenarbeit mit Herwig Wolfram, der auch die thematisch damit verbundene Dissertation betreute, auf der Geschichte der Goten. Die Vorträge bei Tagungen in Bulgarien führten zur des Autors Tätigkeit im Verein der Freunde des Hauses Wittgenstein, dessen Präsident er seit 1999 ist und damit auch Herausgeber der Reihe Miscellanea Bulgarica, in der auch dieser Band erscheint.

Disponible aquí: https://doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.38.2025.44315

En este artículo se analizará una ejecución por ahogamiento en Galicia en 1220 que constituye un caso único hasta el momento en la documentación medieval gallega. Normalmente la investigación sobre las formas de tortura y ejecución posee un nivel de irrealidad vinculada con su dimensión teórica y procesal. Sin embargo, esta investigación presenta además del desarrollo genealógico de esta pena en la Península Ibérica, su pervivencia jurídica, histórica o erudita y su posible aplicación práctica en un caso de ejecución documentada durante el reinado de Alfonso IX de Galicia y León (1171-1230).

Located in the eastern part of northern Italy, Verona is one of the best excavated Roman towns in this territory, and the funerary dimension of the ancient and medieval period is one of the best known. This paper systematically examines the ritual use of coins in late antique and early medieval burials documented in the city and its hinterland and links this situation to those observed in other contemporary cases in northern Italy. The analysis focuses on the position of the coinage in the tomb, the sex and age of those buried, and the types of coins used. For this purpose, forty-three burials from between the third and seventh centuries were selected, yielding a total of eighty-four coins minted between the first and fifth centuries. The cases are documented in excavations carried out with the stratigraphic method in the city and its hinterland in recent decades, although some chance finds (unexcavated) were considered due to the quality of the data. By illuminating the ritual use of coins in the Veneto during this barely studied period, this study provides a reference for the analysis of contemporary cases in other areas.

Since its discovery, the monument of Psychiko was considered to be of great importance for the topography of ancient Sparta. Its monumental and unique character led to the identification with monuments of the Hellenistic or earlier times mentioned by the travel writer Pausanias. The work carried out for the protection and enhancement of the site provided new and interesting evidence, which, combined with the results of the old excavation, led to the
conclusion that the Psychiko monument is an impressive funerary building of the Roman period.

Dating mortar from the building phase of the church ruin in the Museum Garden
Dating the subterranean remnants of a medieval church in the garden of Sigtuna Museum has proved an elusive task since first excavated in 1915. Three hypothetical datings have been presented: c. 1080, c. 1150–1160, and c. 1220. New radiocarbon dates (Ua-84213 & Ua-84214) of charcoal in lime mortar from the church’s building phase have, after undergoing KDE plot in OxCal v4.4.4. (Bronk Ramsey 2017 & 2021), established the building period to between 1020 and 1120. Hence, the hypothetical dating c. 1080 stand firm as most plausible.

In the first part of the article, the author briefly examines the role of transitional eras in Marxist theory and in more detail in Soviet historical scholarship. The author believes that for a number of reasons (related primarily to theoretical principles), transitional eras turned out to be those periods that could receive consistent coverage in Soviet scholarship only if this was done at the level of a general overview with a minimum allowance for historical facts. When historians using more historical material, problems arose with constructing a consistent narrative. The second part of the article shows on several examples how the discussion about the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages was transformed in provincial Soviet historiography. Here the author reveals the features of Soviet historians provincial life, and talks about three attempts to solve the problem of the transition era, made by M. Y. Syuzyumov, V. T. Sirotenko (influenced by the views of Syuzyumov) and by philosopher S. E. Krapivensky. The third and final part of the article presents the conclusions of the study. The author offers
an explanation for why these (and other similar) cases did not influence Soviet scholarship as a whole and were often not even taken into serious consideration by it: the problem lay in the communication distortion in interaction of the province and the “metropoles”. The actual result of the searches described in the article boiled down to the fact that the problem of the transitional era was discussed, but seemed to be lost in the discussion process.

В статье рассматривается роль переходных эпох в марксистской теории в том виде, в котором она была усвоена советской исторической наукой на примере проблемы перехода от Античности к Средневековью. Показано, что по ряду причин, связанных прежде всего с теоретическими установками, переходные эпохи оказывались теми периодами, которые могли получить непротиворечивое освещение в советской науке только в том случае, если это делалось на уровне общего обзора с минимальным допущением конкретики. Поскольку при использовании большего количества исторического материала возникали проблемы с построением непротиворечивого нарратива, то именно поэтому к началу 1950-х гг. сложилась ситуация, при которой подробное освещение поздней Античности (IV-V вв.) стало помехой как для антиковедов, так и для медиевистов. На нескольких примерах показано, каким образом дискуссия о переходе от Античности к Средним векам трансформировалась в провинциальной историографии. Объяснены особенности советской провинциальной научной жизни, зависимость и одновременно отдаленность от столичных историков (Москвы и Ленинграда), охарактеризованы попытки решения проблемы, предложенные М. Я. Сюзюмовым, В. Т. Сиротенко (испытавшим влияние взглядов Сюзюмова), а также философом С. Э. Крапивенским. Дана точка зрения автора статьи на то, как по-разному разобранные провинциальные примеры соотносились со «столичным» мейнстримом, а также объяснение того, почему они не повлияли и практически не были восприняты советской наукой. Фактический итог таких поисков свелся к тому, что сама проблема переходной эпохи была обсуждена, но как бы потеряна в процессе обсуждения, перейдя в разряд одновременно решенных (на формальном уровне) и неразрешимых (на уровне убедительности для самого научного сообщества), что не изменилось до конца советской эпохи. Ключевые слова: советская историография, переходные эпохи, провинциальная историография, переход от Античности к Средневековью.

Beginnings of the kingdom. Church synods of Split, Tomislav and his era on the 1100th anniversary (International conference, Split, 8th-10th May 2025)

Početci kraljevstva. Splitski crkveni sabori, Tomislav i njegovo doba o 1100. obljetnici (međunarodni znanstveni skup, Split, 8-10. 5. 2025.)

An early medieval inscription carved on a relief-decorated stone beam, discovered in 1953 near the Church of St. Michael above Ston, gave rise to a wealth of historiographic production within the first decade after its discovery, with discussions continuing until the late 1960s (C. Fisković, B. Gabričević, Lj. Karaman, J. Kovačević, J. Lučić, I. Ostojić, D. S. Popović, M. Vego, F. Vlašić), and occasionally thereafter. Both its epigraphic and artistic components were examined (M. Jurković), with particular attention focused on the text, which mentions the personal name Michael. The short inscription was thus linked to the Archangel Michael as a heavenly protector, though alternative interpretations were proposed, identifying the donor of the inscription with several rulers of the narrower Hum region (Michael Višević, early 10th century) or the broader area of Duklja (Michael Vojislavljević, late 11th century). All three possibilities were, in various contexts, associated with different stages in the construction of the eponymous Church of St. Michael. Accordingly, the chronology of the inscription shifted with changing interpretations. This paper will offer another proposal for reading and recontextualizing the epigraphic text, aiming to solidify the chronology and cultural background of the inscription.

Ein karolingischer Denar Karls des Großen mit auf der Rückseite den Namen seiner Gemahlin, Königin Fastrada. Da der Münztyp erst im Jahr 793 eingeführt wurde und Fastrada im August 794 starb, lässt sie sich sehr genau datieren. Karl wurde mit ziemlicher Sicherheit von den Pfennigen der Königin Cynethryth, die von Offa in den späten 780er Jahren geprägt wurden, inspiriert. Die Münzprägung spiegelt sowohl die Zuneigung Karls des Großen zu Fastrada wider als auch seine Bereitschaft, die Macht mit ihr zu teilen.

A rather scathing review of a book whose title suggests it discusses how Frankish rulers used the iconography of coins and seals to convey a political message, but which fails to live up to that expectation. With regard to coinage, the author regrettably restricts his study to named portrait coins, of which there are few in this period, and unfortunately displays an inadequate and flawed knowledge and understanding of Frankish coinage.

Alice Stopford Green's work in the economic and social recovery of the Kingdom of Meath including her friendship with James McCann, her close attachment to the Hill of Uisneach, her involvement in the Durrow access controversy of 1914, and her objection to the use of the name Tara in Lord Aberdeen's title.

In this paper I propose that the so-called Siege of Lindisfarne was the end point of a series of running battles dating to c548 which started at Allt Clut Ford. It is further proposed that the reason that the Angles retreated to Lindisfarne was that at that time they did not control neighbouring Bamburgh-indicating that King Ida had not yet established control over his kingdom (and thereby reinforcing the very early date offered).

Experimento baseado no artigo; "A Síndone de Turim: Ensaio de tradução ‘grego-língua portuguesa (Brasil) – inglês’ para João 20, 5-8 e o experimento do manequim inflável."

Foi utilizado o Modelo: 1028 - cor prata em PVC. Altura 168 cm - Largura dos ombros 54 cm - Peito 95 cm - Cintura circunferência - 75 cm - Circunferência do quadril: 90 cm

O manequim tem dois pontos para inflar: o da cabeça (que é separado do resto do corpo) e um ponto na cintura esquerda que infla o restante
Com a intenção de desinflar simultaneamente as duas partes, foi utilizado um aspirador de pó de 1600W no bico do corpo e um aspirador de 130W na cabeça.

O procedimento consistiu em ligar primeiramente o aspirador do corpo e aproximadamente após 30 segundos ligar o aspirador da cabeça, (quando o tronco começa a baixar) obtendo o resultado do vídeo que demonstra a simulação antes de embrulhar o modelo
A seguir, o modelo foi embrulhado e repetido o procedimento.

Vídeo com a tradução em Português: https://youtu.be/LKq8Ho4NSLs

Vídeo with translation in english: https://youtu.be/fdsJ7ss3WUs

Experiment based on the article: "The Turin Shroud: A ‘greek-Portuguese (Brazil)-English’ translation essay for John 20:5-8 and the inflatable mannequin experiment."

Model used: 1028 - silver color in PVC. Height 168 cm - Shoulder width 54 cm - Chest 95 cm - Waist circumference - 75 cm - Hip circumference: 90 cm

The mannequin has two points for inflation: the head (which is separate from the rest of the body) and a point on the left waist that inflates the rest.

With the intention of simultaneously deflating both parts, a 1600W vacuum cleaner was used on the body nozzle and a 130W vacuum cleaner on the head.

The procedure consisted of first turning on the body vacuum cleaner and approximately after 30 seconds turning on the head vacuum cleaner (when the trunk starts to lower), obtaining the result in the video that demonstrates the simulation before wrapping the model.

The model was then wrapped and the procedure repeated.

El estudio multidisciplinar de la Dehesa de Navalvillar ha revelado importantes hallazgos que arrojan luz sobre la construcción y organización de este poblado rural. A través del análisis de la fotografía aérea, se ha podido identificar la presencia de numerosos edificios, lo que sugiere la existencia de una compleja estructura social y económica en la aldea. La denominación de “Poblado Minero” se ha establecido en base a sus características únicas, como la extracción de minerales y la producción metalúrgica especializada. La presencia de talleres de vidrio y la distribución de productos importados desde centros urbanos indican una red de intercambio comercial activa en la región. La identificación de actividades artesanales y la presencia de artefactos que indican la islamización sugieren una diversidad de actividades y una influencia cultural variada en el poblado. El descubrimiento de un recinto con una puerta de entrada en la zona norte, así como la presencia de armas y la elaboración de plomo, plantean interrogantes sobre el papel de la élite en el control y organización del poblado. La circulación de monedas fragmentadas y la continuidad de la ocupación hasta el siglo IX revelan una compleja dinámica económica y social en la Dehesa de Navalvillar. Estos hallazgos apuntan a la existencia de una jerarquización interna en el poblado, con evidencias de un posible control directo de la élite sobre la producción de la explotación minero-metalúrgica. La falta de fuentes escritas sobre las minerías Tardoantiguas y Altomedievales destaca la importancia de la arqueología para comprender la economía y la organización social en este tipo de asentamientos. El análisis de la Dehesa de Navalvillar brinda importantes vestigios para esclarecer la cotidianidad y las labores desarrolladas en esta localidad rural, suscitando interrogantes y retos de relevancia para futuras investigaciones dentro del ámbito de la arqueología altomedieval.

This paper includes three studies about the Venerable Bede, the Great Famine of 1315-1322, and libraries in prisoner of war camps. The study of the Venerable Bede focuses on his views on and understanding of time, especially its relation to the Easter computus. The second study is a historiography of the Great Famine of 1315-1322, with an emphasis on the environmental aspects of the catastrophe. The third paper is a study of the libraries that were provided for German soldiers in prisoner of war camps in the United States during World War II, which includes an analysis of the role of reading in the United States' attempt to re-educate the German prisoners. She graciously agreed to stay my advisor after her retirement. She continually expressed interest in my progress, both in my academic and professional life. Second, I would like to thank Dr. Mark Harvey, who not only served on my committee, but who also introduced me to the fascinating field of environmental history. I want to express my appreciation to Dr. Verena Theile for also serving on my committee. I also wish to acknowledge the wonderful support of the entire Department of History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies, for working with me as both a student and colleague. I enjoyed getting to know them as NDSU's archivist and as a student in their department. Lastly, I want to thank my husband, parents, family, friends, and colleagues who have been my constant support. I could not have done it without all of you. v ABSTRACT .

The article analyses the so-called “autobiographical” works of Valerius of Bierzo, a hermit and monk who lived at the end of the 7th century in the mountains of Galicia in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. One of the main motifs of his works is the confrontation between Valerius and the clergy (presbyters and the bishop).
Scholars explain these conflicts by the rivalry between Valerius and the clergy for the leadership in the Christian community. The author carries out a detailed examination of the reasons for each of Valerius’ conflicts with the representatives of the church and monastic hierarchy, and also studies those methods and techniques that he used to apply when portraying his opponents.

The article examines the accounts about the treaty between the Croats and the Pope from ch. 31 of the mid-10th century treatise “De administrando imperio” by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Contrary to the traditional opinion according to which the accounts reflect some real contacts between the Croats and Rome in the 7th century or during the reign of the Croat dux Branimir (879–c. 892), the author substantiates the hypothesis according to which the idea of an oath given by the Croats to the Pope promising not to fight against other peoples, and of a prayer received from the Pope which ensured the Croats the intercession of St. Peter in case they were being attacked, arose in the context of the formation of the Croat gentile kingdom (regnum Chroatorum) in the territory of Frankish Dalmatia in the second third of the 9th century. The emergence of the idea of a special relationship between the Croats and Rome is considered by the author as a result of communication between the Franks and the Croats that ensured a mutually acceptable legitimization of a new status of the Croat elite in the political and ideological space of the Carolingian realm for which special relations with Rome and the patronage of St. Peter were of fundamental importance.

Questo volume nasce come prodotto del PRIN 2017 "LOC-GLOB. The local connectivity in an age of global intensification: infrastructural networks, production and trading areas in late-medieval Italy (1280-1500)". Il suo obiettivo è quello di esplorare il valore materiale e simbolico degli oggetti nel tardo Medioevo attraverso un dialogo sistematico tra storia e archeologia. Analizzando inventari, liste di beni sequestrati e oggetti materiali come reperti archeologici, il volume mostra come le merci non fossero solo strumenti economici, ma anche specchi delle dinamiche sociali e culturali dell’epoca. Con un approccio interdisciplinare, il libro intreccia fonti documentarie e dati archeologici per ricostruire il significato degli oggetti nella vita quotidiana e nei commerci medievali. Un’indagine che svela il rapporto tra beni, potere e identità sociale nel passato.

Link all'edizione openaccess: https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/SSMD/issue/view/2613

Early-Medieval sources concerning the inhabitants of Frisia  overwhelmingly represent the Frisians as an intrinsically maritime people.  Several such are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, the brainchild of Alfred the Great’s court. Starting c. 890, they record the events concerning Wessex, including the frequent campaigns against the Danes. These annals are generally brief, recording occurrences on a year-by-year basis without (usually) providing much supporting detail. The passage that concerns us is less taciturn than most, though to gain a fuller understanding of the context of the Frisians mentioned, other sources of evidence must be consulted. While frequently mentioned in passing in previous scholarship, this is the first study to analyse the Frisian presence in Alfred’s navy as a whole and present it within its context on both sides of the North Sea in the 890s. I will first present the passages in question with their translations, before briefly turning to some theories previously put forward. Following this I will explore the function of the early-medieval merchant and their military capabilities. I will look at both the English and continental contexts, focusing on the military, political, and economic developments that occurred in Frisia which I believe are crucial for explaining the presence of Frisians in Alfred’s navy.

The charter known as S221 survives in a single-sheet original, held in the British Library under the shelfmark Cotton Charter VIII.27. Issued in 901 for the church community of Much Wenlock, it records several grants and exchanges of land. In his now-ubiquitous handbook that supplies the charter its identifying number, Peter Sawyer describes it as being issued by ‘Æthelred and Æthelflæd, rulers of Mercia’. This makes it one of the few charters that can be (or is usually) directly connected to the reign of Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (d.918) in the early tenth century.

One of the main periods of the Armenian Middle Ages, which has so far been studied somewhat superficially, is the VII century, or more precisely from 640 to 700. This is the period when Sassanian Iran (Persia) fell down, the Byzantine Empire deprived its former military power, and Armenia, entering into new and confusing legal relations, became a Principality. Proceeding from the quantitative composition of the Armenian princes (nakharars), who not only possessed vast territories, but also were the core of self-government, a table was compiled, which also allows to see the military potential and approximate borders of the Armenian Principality. Since this topic is specific, the following methods were used to study it: joint study of sources as well as the historical-geographical and historical-comparative methods. It is shown that the big princely houses maintained their status and even expanded their possessions. Based on the princely possessions, the territory of the Armenian Principality is shown, which stretched in the West from the Euphrates River to Syunik in the East, from Tashir to the Korduk Mountains in the North. That is, in general, the administrative system that had existed since the time of the Armenian Arshakunis and was partially changed by the Sassanians, was relevant for the Armenian Principality. As a result, the military-political power of Armenia on the one hand and the difficult international situation on the other allowed two Armenian rulers (T’eodoros Ṙštuni and Grigor Mamikonyan) to receive supreme power from the Chaliphate, over the Transcaucasian countries (Armenia, Kartli, Aran, Shirvan and Derbend). In general, the Armenian Principality (640–700) can be charac¬te¬rized as a semi-independent state entity.

The article deals with three regional groups of early medieval luxury jewellery: in Moravia, in Bohemia (both from the 9th century and the first half of the 10th century) and in Poland (roughly the 10th-11th centuries). Earlier research explained the emergence of these regional groups as the result of the arrival of foreign craftsmen from the neighbouring region and often linked it to one of the important historical events. The author confronts this traditional view with the current state of research. First, he emphasizes that the knowledge of all three groups is strongly determined by the nature of the archaeological sources (inhumation graves with grave goods, or hack-silver hoards); however, the luxury jewellery could also be used in the mentioned regions in periods from which similarly significant archaeological sources have not been preserved. Secondly, it is necessary to draw attention to the long-term existence of the early medieval aristocracy, whose members maintained contacts with each other even over considerable geographical distances. Such contacts played a key role in the spread of luxury jewellery, but only a small part of them is recorded in the surviving written sources.

Les données historiques Venus des confins de la mer Baltique, les Wisigoths, qui étaient des Germains orientaux, firent progressivement mouvement au cours des premiers siècles de notre ère jusqu'aux rives septentrionales de la mer Noire et s'installèrent sur les terres entre le Danube inférieur et le Dniestr. À la différence des Ostrogoths, ils refusèrent de se soumettre aux Huns, nomades asiatiques parvenus dans les steppes pontiques à la fin du iv e siècle, et ils firent irruption dans le nord des Balkans, qui était partie intégrante de l'Empire romain d'Orient, avec Constantinople pour capitale. Pour les contenir, celui-ci les fit alors bénéficier en 376 d'un foedus (traité), c'est-à-dire du statut de « fédérés », qui en faisait des alliés militaires conservant leurs structures de pouvoir et une large autonomie. Dénonçant en 377 les conditions de cet accord, ils battirent et tuèrent l'empereur Valens à la bataille d' Andrinople en 378. Malgré plusieurs renouvellements de leur foedus, ils devaient régulièrement ravager les Balkans jusqu'en 401, menaçant même Constantinople. C'est alors que leur roi Alaric Ier (395-410) décida de passer en Italie. Ne parvenant pas à s'emparer de Milan ni de Ravenne, tenues par l'empereur romain d'Occident Honorius, il dirigea son armée vers Rome qu'il mit à sac du 24 au 27 août 410. Mais, faute d'un nombre suffisant de navires, il dut renoncer à son projet de débarquement en Africa (province romaine correspondant à l' Afrique du Nord), mourant subitement en Calabre à la fin de l'année, son beaufrère Athaulf (419-415) lui succédant. Ayant pris en otage Galla Placidia, soeur de l'empereur Honorius, celui-ci décida alors de quitter l'Italie et de conduire son armée errante en Gaule, celle-ci parvenant en Provence au printemps 412. Sans grande résistance, ses troupes s'emparèrent de Narbonne, de Toulouse et de Bordeaux en 413. En 414 Athaulf devait épouser à Narbonne Galla Placidia, afin de renforcer ses relations diplomatiques avec l'Empire romain. Les années suivantes furent incertaines jusqu'à l'avènement de Théodoric Ier (418-451), dont l'allégeance à Rome fut sans faille puisqu'il devait trouver la mort à la bataille des Champs catalauniques, non loin de Troyes, où l'armée romaine du patrice Aétius, renforcée par des contingents germaniques, dont une majorité de Wisigoths, vainquit Attila en 451. Comme leur père, Théodoric II (453-466) puis son frère Euric (466-484) respectèrent le foedus, menant en Espagne pour le compte de Rome des campagnes contre les Bagaudes (paysans et esclaves révoltés) et les Suèves, Germains orientaux établis au Portugal actuel depuis l'invasion de 407 où, avec des Vandales et des Alains, ils avaient franchi le Rhin. C'est sous le règne d'Euric que les Wisigoths du royaume de Toulouse, profitant de la déposition du dernier empereur romain d'Occident en 476, entreprirent la conquête de l'Hispania. Comme ils étaient trop peu nombreux, leur colonisation se limita alors à la Vieille-Castille.

Особi Iвана Мазепи присвячено тисячi студiй, якi нинi вже дають бiльш-менш повне уявлення про його життя та справи. Разом з тим i досi дослiдники дискутують над тим, яким же на вигляд був сам гетьман, де справжнiй його портрет. Вiдповiдi на цi питання намагалися знайти упорядник книги «Гетьман Iван Мазепа. Погляд крiзь столiття» В. Недяк (Київ: Емма, 2003. - 64 с.) та автори розвiдки «Мазепа. Дослiдження портретiв гетьмана» Л.Шендрик та О. Янович (Полтава: Верстка,2004. -72 с.)

Niniejsza publikacja dotyczy wciąż aktualnego i nierozpoznanego definitywnie zagadnienia kształtowania się w Polsce wczesnopiastowskiej budownictwa rezydencjonalnego związanego z początkami i rozwojem Państwa Polskiego w newralgicznym momencie przyjęcia przez księcia Mieszka chrześcijaństwa, co zaowocowało wkroczeniem w strefę oddziaływań kulturowej spuścizny Cesarstwa Rzymskiego.
Przedstawiam w niej architekturę wczesnopiastowskich rezydencji królewskich, książęcych i możnowładczych konfrontując dotychczasowy historyczny już niekiedy stan badań z najnowszymi odkryciami i interpretacjami, w tym też własnymi, autorskimi badaniami i koncepcjami.
Celem publikacji jest zaproponowanie alternatywnych rozwiązań i rekonstrukcji tych szczątkowo zachowanych kompleksów architektonicznych, zarówno pod kątem bryły i proporcji budynków, jak też dyspozycji funkcjonalno-przestrzennej oraz rozwiązań urbanistycznych, a także udowodnienie postawionej przeze mnie tu tezy, iż badane palatia wczesnośredniowieczne w Polsce reprezentują dojrzały i nie
ujawniający śladów ewolucji model rezydencji książęco-królewskiej o racjonalnie i adekwatnie do potrzeb zaprogramowanym układzie funkcjonalno-przestrzennym i rozbudowanej infrastrukturze.

Annexe 1 : Rapport d'analyses par 14 C (Laboratoire de Poznan, 2020) Annexe 2 : Rapport d'analyses par 14 C (Laboratoire Beta Analytic, 2019) Annexe 3 : Programme des ateliers 3 et 4 du programme ANR/DFG Coenotur CONTENU DU CD-ROM Rapport 2020 : un volume Travaux d'étudiants (fichiers pdf) -Mémoire de Master 1 d'Audrey Lebrun (2020), deux volumes : Le travail du bois de cerf au monastère de Marmoutier entre la fin de l'Antiquité et la période moderne -Mémoire de Master 2 de Geoffroy Lemer (2020), deux volumes : Les inhumations médiévales et modernes dans l'église abbatiale de Marmoutier