Economic Development

Numerous studies have examined the growth rate and the level of development of countries. According to economy, sociology, and even history, it can be easily observed that knowledge is one of the most important indicators for countries to achieve sustainable growth and development. Education is seen as the main input for a society to be considered a "knowledge society," and the aim of this study is to investigate this multidimensional character of education. In the scope of the study, United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN)'s Knowledge Society Index is reviewed and recalculated with respect to different variables to understand the significance of being a knowledge society for the economic g rowth of a country. Regarding this recalculation, another important aim of the study is to rank Turkey in the recalculated index and try to expose reasons for its actual situation. In this context, Turkey's strengths and weaknesses are set out. In conclusion, in accordance with the determinations, policy recommendations to authorities are also included.

Two decades of substantial economic growth in Africa have challenged the deep-seated Afro-pessimism of the 1990s and 2000s and re-invigorated the academic debate on Africa's ability to grow out of poverty in the 21 st century. Although the opinions differ widely on how sustainable current African growth trajectories are, there is a widespread consensus that a fundamental agricultural transformation is key to consolidate current and future welfare gains. This study interprets recent signs of agricultural productivity growth from a long term global historical context, arguing that the combination of present-day developments in information and communication technology, transport infrastructure, demographic growth, urbanization and in macro-economic governance form a fundamental break with African history. This break does not offer any guarantees, but it does raise the probability that Africa will complete a green revolution of its own.

This paper focuses on measuring the efficiency of container terminals in Europe using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Container terminals in Europe play an important role in the region's economic development and, as the result of their geographic concentration, face fierce competition compared with the rest of the world. Despite this, studies of the efficiency of container terminals in the region are minimal. As a basis for further research, this paper serves to supplement existing studies by deriving estimates of relative efficiency for a sample comprising 69 of Europe's container terminals with annual throughput of over 10,000 TEUs. The scale properties of container terminal production are also considered as part of the study, as is the relationship of efficiency to geographical influence.

Capitalism’s inherent feature is “destructive creation”, said Marx. Decades later, in a similar fashion, Schumpeter stated that “Capitalist system incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure FROM WITHIN”.
What are those dynamic forces causing the incessant changes in an economy ?
According to P. Drucker, A. Toffler, Baumol-McLennan and many others it is the productivity increases (growth) in general. P. Romer provides a more specific reply: technological change or the growth of new ideas. In this paper, H. Gürak goes deeper to the core and claims that all technological changes are produced by the intellectual labor of human mind. In other words, knowledge on production, i.e., technology or productive knowledge, provides the premises and gives occasion to a dynamic and uninterrupted growth process, but technology itself is the product of mental labor. In support of this assertion, a simple model of growth based on productive knowledge (creativity of mind) is introduced in the final section.

A section of emerging local entrepreneurial class prospered through Galle harbour took to plantation industry around eighteen seventies and eighties in the outskirts of the cultivated area with the shifting of bulk port activities to Colombo with the construction of the breakwater. They started cultivating coconut, tea and rubber in large estates by using the managerial skills of western planters but using local labour. By the 20 th century plantation activities of this local entrepreneurial group extended beyond Galle Wallaboda pattu, Walallaviti korale, Talpe pattu and reached Hinidum pattu. With the enforcement of the provisions of the Land Development Ordinance of 1935, the middle class allotments put to sale were purchased by the local moneyed class and converted them into small rubber and tea plantations. The owners themselves using the local labour managed these plantations. In between these small allotments stood the larger estates run by a few European planters manned partl...

The Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS) is an independent foundation with its home base in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The Institute, established in 1958, is active in the field of housing and urban development in Asia, Latin America, Africa and in Central and Eastern Europe, focusing particularly on approaches relevant to low-income groups. IHS offers post-graduate training, research and advisory services to national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral development agencies and private companies. SINPA is a programme that aims to implement some of the ideas of Habitat II and National Plans for Action for Human Settlements by supporting efforts of pilot cities and disseminating the results. The programme focus is on building sustainable local capacity for effective planning and management of urban development. SINPA has four broad components: three country programmes based in Bangladesh, SINPA Seminar Programme List of Participants List of SINPA Research Paper Series Local Capacity building strategy Local Capacity building strategy local d l strategy and projects National C i Building organization National C i Building organization support support Internationa capacity b ildi strength h d Internationa l capacity b ildi strength + National i building h enhanced National i building h enhanced Local i enhanced Local enhanced Local implementatio improved Local implementatio improved Local inception Workshops + SINPA Programme concept Support programme Outputs Networking Networking Implementatio Implementatio Capacity building d support Capacity building d support Financial Improvement Planning in Local Governments: a comparison of experiences in Santa Cruz, Kitwe and Tangail 1. Netherlands Government and is implemented in three cities: Kitwe (Zambia), Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and Tangail (Bangladesh). The paper provides an overview of the capacity building strategies for solid waste management (SWM) that are adopted in these three cities and is divided into three main parts. The introduction briefly outlines the changes in present-day solid waste management systems in Southern cities. The second part of the paper focuses on the SINPA programme and describes respectively the background of the solid waste situation, the process of SINPA involvement in SWM, the role of politics and finally the participation of stakeholders for each city. In the concluding part some statements are posed, which can be taken up for further discussion during the seminar. The information provided in the paper derives from SINPA studies, annual SINPA reviews and progress reports, and interviews with SINPA / IHS staff.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to determine problems and success factors among members of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Moqan, Tajan and Varamin areas in northern Iran. The population consisted of farmers who were members of Water User Associations (N= 2,500). Using simple random sampling procedure, 262 farmers were selected for the study. A researcher made structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six factor solutions explaining 78% of variance in problems faced by members in WUAs. Problems common in all three regions were: Dissatisfaction of member farmers towards PIM, network ineffectiveness, inequitable distribution of water, lack of trust towards managers, lack of government support, and lack of in group coherence. Moreover, success determinants were factor analyzed using Varimax method. Common factors explaining success mechanisms in all three regions were elimination of administrative and technical pro...

The late 1980s witnessed a new interest in a competition-oriented approach in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) following a decade of almost complete oblivion for the two key instruments designed to address competition policy issues—namely, chapter ...

Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, it's critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how this affects China's global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China's top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents' participation in the primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 -5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, international organization official documents, journals, press releases, newspapers. The overall research accepts the study's alternative hypothesis, which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in Nigeria's market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability and the investment target region.

This paper investigates the effect of contamination and remediation on industrial and commercial real estate property market in the Italian NPL site of Porto Marghera, Venice, using hedonic price method and spatial econometrics to capture the spatial dependence between neighbouring properties. Results show that increasing distance from previously contaminated sites where permanent safety measures have been implemented has a positive effect on prices of nearby properties, suggesting the existence of post-cleanup stigma for this type of action. On the other hand, we find that a complete environmental remediation has a positive and significant effect on property price. The findings suggest that more enduring solutions have a positive effect on real estate properties. We also investigate the effect of the main properties' characteristics, such as size, age, location and economic factors on sale prices and our results support the findings of the main economic literature. Finally, we estimate a spatial lag model demonstrating the existence of spatial autocorrelation in property prices.

Tourist village as a new trend of tourism that has been growing rapidly in Yogyakarta. Based on attractiveness, accessibility, facilities, community empowerment, marketing and promotion, institutional, and human resources, tourist villages are devided into growing, developing and developed categories. Wetland rice agrotourism offers attractions in tourist village that leads to increasing income of the perpetrators (main actors, supporting actors, and managers). This descriptive research aimed to compare agro-tourism perpetrators's income contribution to household income in various categories of tourist village in Yogyakarta. This research was purposively conducted in Gabugan, Pancoh and Pentingsari Village as representation of grow, developed, and advanced tourism villages. The result depicted that the contribution of wetland rice agrotourism to household income of all agro-tourism actors was low in all tourism village categories. This indicates that the wetland rice agro-tourism has not contributed significantly in supporting the domestic economy of the perpetrators. The results of the study show that the advanced tourism villages have a higher contribution of income compared to developing and growing tourism villages.

The Panama Papers refers to a massive leak of information encompassing more than 11 million documents involving more than 200,000 offshore entities. The leak originated in Panama. Some of the documents involve transactions as far back as the 1970s. Numerous wealthy individuals, including top government officials from many countries, have been implicated. The release of information and documents has led to several resignations and numerous lawsuits. The end of litigation is not in sight, as lawyers and government agencies in several countries continue to read and digest the information. Although there is nothing illegal per se about having offshore entities, some such entities have been used to hide assets, evade income taxes, launder money and evade sanctions. The whistleblower who leaked the information to Süddeutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, called himself John Doe to maintain anonymity. He leaked the information because of his strong distaste for income inequality and because of his view that there were many injustices being perpetrated by some of the entities and individuals who were availing themselves of the entities. This paper discusses some of the underlying ethical issues that lurk beneath the surface of most discussions about hiding assets and income offshore. The discussion will focus on the ethics of parking profits (or hiding assets) offshore, tax evasion, bribery, and whistle blowers. This paper also includes links to more than 80 studies on tax evasion and 11 studies on bribery.

Wife beating, spousal abuse, domestic violence, or whatever else you want to call it, has been around for centuries, probably since the beginning of human existence. There are several reasons why this kind of behavior exists, but the present paper will not get into those reasons. For more on this aspect of the topic, see the items listed in the reference section of this paper. The goal of the present paper is more modest, to merely measure the extent of support for wife beating among men and women in 60 countries, and determine whether women's views on the subject differ significantly from men's views. The present paper is part of a series on wife beating. Studies in this series examine male and female views on wife beating to determine if women think differently about this issue than men; a longitudinal study to determine whether wife beating has become more or less popular over time; two studies that examine the relationship between religion and wife beating; a study that ranks the acceptability of wife beating in 60 countries; and a study of attitudes toward wife beating in the United States. Links to these studies are provided in the reference section of this paper.

In preparation for the 1998 soccer World Cup, France banned the use of soccer balls made with child labor. As a result of that ban, Baden Sports, the company that supplied the soccer balls, closed down its Pakistani soccer ball operations, which used child labor, and moved production to China, where adult labor was employed. Many of the children who lost their jobs as a result of that decision became prostitutes or beggars. This paper discusses what ethical principles should be applied when determining whether child labor should be abolished or regulated.

1. A lot is documented about the protracted debate regarding the definition of poverty and its dimensions. In spite of the debate, there is however overwhelming consensus that poverty does exist and is indeed undesirable. In recognition of the latter concern many governments are making concerted efforts to counter poverty. This is important because any development initiatives aimed at

This project, nesting in the entrepreneurism area, aims to develop an innovative road transport network for passengers (TAXI) at the city of Lisbon, Portugal, combining energy efficiency with the reductions of costs associated with the operation of the network. This research highlights the importance of entrepreneurism and the role of the entrepreneur in the Portuguese economic conjuncture, showing its influences and contributes, as well as the main blockage factors to the creation of new ventures. The research presents some means that encourages the practices of entrepreneurism and venture creation, through the demonstration of a legal investment solutions set, as well as managerial formation. The analysis of the type of fuel that is used, leads us to conclude that the electric car is the most beneficial solution to passenger transportation. Nowadays, the most feasible solution, taking into account the economic conjuncture and the environment protocols, is the hybrid car transporta...

The present study seeks to examine the abolition of intermarriage according to Ezra 10 by asking the question as to what were the compelling reasons for such a social crisis, and to demonstrate its possible implications to ethnic identity in the postexilic Judean community. In order to accomplish this purpose, the researcher has chosen to use an integrated method which allows him to bring different exegetical approaches into dialogue, bearing in mind that the canonical narratives are an outcome of a long process of redaction of both oral and written traditions done by different editors from different socio-historical contexts. It is through this method that this research highlights the following outcomes: first, from a canonical point of view, the final editors understood the exilic experience as an objective outcome of the intermarriage phenomenon which led the Israelites into a complete loss of their group identity, namelybeing a Yahwistic community, and it was, therefore, the responsibility of the returnees to avoid, at any cost, letting history repeat itself. Second, the phenomenon of intermarriage in the Hebrew Bible has to be approached from a diachronic perspective. Unlike the patriarchal and deuteronomistic traditions in which intermarriage was about morality and apostasy respectively, in the context of the postexilic community this topic was all about puritya strong zeal for temple and worship, as particularly witnessed in the priestly tradition. Third, from the fact that these canonical narratives took shape in sociohistorical settings where, in addition to the religious factor, there were also other reasons such as political and socio-economic, which contributed significantly not only to the dismissal of those intermarriages, but also to the negotiation of a group identity of the Second Temple addressee. In other words, in response to those socio-historical circumstances, the returnees were compelled to divorce and dismiss their foreign wives and, at the same time, they were shaping their group identity, which came to be known as Judaism.

The study contributes to the existing literature on Chile's educational system. It's among the limited literature to examine Chile's academic policies. It compares them to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela, making the paper of great value to economists, educationalists, and the economic development unit in Chile.

Висвітлено результати історико-теоретичного аналізу дослідження в українській економічній думці фінансових механізмів радянської індустріалізації. Розкрито головні напрями досліджень, тематику теоретичних дискусій в економічній літературі 1920–1930-х років, ключові положення економіко-теоретичного обґрунтування політики держави щодо характеру, змісту, темпів і ресурсного забезпечення індустріальних перетворень вітчизняної економіки. Виявлено продуктивні ідеї щодо фінансового забезпечення організаційно-технологічної перебудови та структурної модернізації економіки. Аргументовано положення про критичний характер досліджень українських вчених-економістів з питань ресурсного та фінансового забезпечення радянської індустріалізації, співвідношення принципів фінансового централізму, економічного суверенітету республік і виробничої доцільності щодо алокації та перерозподілу ресурсів.Article is devoted to the coverage of the results of historical and theoretical analysis of research in Ukrai...

The study suggests that pension funds have developed methods to advance ESG objectives without significantly changing their investment portfolios. This approach enables them to influence corporate behavior while maintaining financial positions. However, all pensions and investors may suffer reduced returns when activism undermines value-creating investment. Pension systems that merely engage, rather than divest, may not underperform compared to other funds, but their tactics allow government-backed entities to exert extraordinary influence without sufficient accountability or transparency. The research found limited evidence that ESG activism has reduced the investment returns of the California and New York pension systems relative to those in Florida and Texas. However, this finding does not mean that ESG initiatives are cost-free. Instead, the costs are borne by the targeted companies and their investors, who absorb the operational changes and related expenses prompted by ESG demands. This arrangement effectively weaponizes pension fund capital to coerce corporate America into compliance with politically driven objectives, often at the expense of shareholders. Public pension systems increasingly influence corporate America through shareholder engagement rather than divestment. This approach may generate diffuse but substantial costs for publicly traded companies that are difficult to quantify or trace directly. The trend represents a troubling expansion of state power into private-sector governance and undermines free market principles and corporate autonomy in ways that may damage long-term economic growth.

Given the global importance of bioeconomy for sustainable development and its trendiness in the knowledge driven literature, our research aims to develop a general assessment framework for several shaping factors of bioeconomy fundamentals within the European Union under the decisive impact of the intellectual capital credentials, namely educational attainment, research and development activities and innovation patterns. Considering that there is a high heterogeneity among Member States (MS), selectively regarding the implementation of the intellectual capital in the knowledge economy, but also a differential degree of bioeconomy advances, we have compiled distinct panels on the two groups of EU-28 MS, namely EU-15 (old MS) and EU-13 (new MS). The purpose is to examine the inferences of the intellectual capital in the context of economic development and to shape its role in achieving a sustainable bioeconomy. We have applied several macro-econometric procedures for each considered g...

Good governance promotes the fundamental grounds of participation and democracy in contemporary public administration, whilst institution building and the (in)effectiveness of public administration is linked to economic growth. This synergy brings forth sheer implications on the sustainable economic development. On this composite setting, the paper examines several fundamental credentials of public administration in the European Union (EU) countries, in relation to economic development, but also poverty, research, and development support, as representative socio-economic credentials. The empirical analysis is based on data covering the 1995–2017 lapse of time, processed through three econometric procedures, namely robust regression, structural equation modeling, and Gaussian graphical models. The main results emphasize that there are significant joint implications of public administration on the considered socio-economic dimensions. General government spending and, particularly, the...

Given the global importance of bioeconomy for sustainable development and its trendiness in the knowledge driven literature, our research aims to develop a general assessment framework for several shaping factors of bioeconomy fundamentals within the European Union under the decisive impact of the intellectual capital credentials, namely educational attainment, research and development activities and innovation patterns. Considering that there is a high heterogeneity among Member States (MS), selectively regarding the implementation of the intellectual capital in the knowledge economy, but also a differential degree of bioeconomy advances, we have compiled distinct panels on the two groups of EU-28 MS, namely EU-15 (old MS) and EU-13 (new MS). The purpose is to examine the inferences of the intellectual capital in the context of economic development and to shape its role in achieving a sustainable bioeconomy. We have applied several macro-econometric procedures for each considered group, namely: multifactorial macro-econometric models, structural equation modelling (SEM) and Gaussian Graphical Models (GGM), for the period 1995-2016. The results highlight that education, innovation and research, along with main bioeconomy credentials, are at the core of economic development of both EU-13 and EU-15 countries, having distinctive dissimilarities between them, particularly enhanced for the new EU-13 MS.

The analysis of this study is based on the inherited results using the panel data of climate shocks and risks faced by farmers in 12 preventative provinces of the seven ecological regions of Vietnam as surveyed by and the data collected from the in-depth studies with 330 farmer households sampled from six selected provinces that represent five sub-ecological areas of Mekong River Delta. The response probability models are employed to determine the impacts of weather risks on incomes of the farmer households as well as the effects of applying several climate change response measures on poverty vulnerability of the farmers. As shown by the analytical results, the poor household group is most impacted by the natural risks, which in turn also affects the level of their poverty vulnerability. To mitigate the negative impacts of extreme weather events, farmers have proactively applied different responsive measures designed to improve their resilience to climate and natural risks, such as changing crop or animal varieties, changing farming patterns, and improving production infrastructures. These measures are found to have contributed significantly and effectively in preventing productivity decline and mitigating income losses and therefore the farmers' poverty vulnerability.

This John Deutsch Institute publications series arises from our CIDA-supported projects with the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) and the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER). Central to these projects is collaboration by Canadian, Malaysian and Thai researchers. These monographs are intended to make research results available to broader Canadian and international audiences. We are grateful to CIDA for its financial support. This paper was prepared in connection for a project-sponsored workshop on The Future of Social Security in Malaysia held in Kuala Lumpur on 23-24 June 1998. The purpose was to bring together policy-makers and researchers to discuss alternatives for social security reform in Malaysia. The economic crisis has produced a sharp increase in attention to "economic security" in Malaysia ! a topic that had received little attention in the years of rapid growth. Professor Osberg's paper explores some of the roots of thinking about economic insecurity in OECD countries. He discusses how economic insecurity affects social and political stability, as well as individual wellbeing, personal identity and labor market behavior. For a country like Malaysia, which does not yet have extensive unemployment insurance or welfare programs, it is important to understand the meaning and implications of economic insecurity, and how best to measure it. The paper discusses as well the importance of the distinction between "economic insecurity" and "risk".

For most of the African countries agriculture still remains the mainstay of the economies supplying both food and incomes via marketable surpluses. However, many odds against agriculture such low productivity, poor prices, and drought among others make it unsustainable. Results thus far show that such dependence has contributed little to neither economic development nor growth. Still many of its people living on and from agriculture remain poor, and are susceptible to hunger and malnutrition. Additionally, their over reliance on a few traditional exports such coffee, tea, and cocoa etc., products whose world prices keep declining has not helped either. At most this is futile response to raising incomes of its people, let alone spur any meaningful development. Agricultural may still contribute to development, if the countries could diversify from traditional products to the untapped areas. The continent's rich botanical heritage offers an excellent opportunity to diversify away f...

Europe is today the culmination of its development, and European funding is the driving force behind the development of the economy of the Member States. The study aims to break down the economic phenomena related to the absorption of European funds and to analyze their evolution in the Multiannual Financial Frameworks (MFFs) 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. Methodologically, the research included a documentary analysis of some studies, reports, strategic documents and an empirical study based on the sociological investigation in the field of public food and tourism. The paper analyzed the impact of European funding at the level of Romania and the added value of European funds in the field of public food and tourism. The results of the study highlighted the major impact of European financing on economic development and the increase of the competitiveness of the economic sectors. The MFF 2007 -2013 contributed to a great extent to the achievement of the proposed objectives. Thus, 9.4 million jobs were created, of which 42,000 research jobs were created, 0.4 million SME-s were created, access to road networks, railways, water supply increased for about 7 million people. In the current programming period (2014-2020) the European Commission aims to support specific areas such as economic, social and territorial cohesion, competitiveness for growth and jobs, administration, global Europe, sustainable growth; natural resources, security, and citizenship. For the next programming period, 2021 -2027, the proposed budget amounts to 1.135 billion euros, representing the equivalent of 1.11% of the gross national income of the EU-27. The long-term objectives of the European Union are related to the single market, innovation and the digital sector, cohesion and values, natural resources and environment, migration and border management, security and defense, neighborhood and worldwide, European public administration. The case study conducted in the field of public food and tourism has revealed that although there are still barriers to accessing European funds (legislative, strict conditions imposed by specific guidelines, financial limitations) there is a high openness to the added value brought to the national economy by European funding.

Under the current global forces, economics muddled with politics is exerting undue pressures on the BRICS countries and is challenging the sustainability of their accord. Unanticipated problems are increasingly inhibiting economic and social prosperity. This paper analyzes the current difficulties that the BRICS are facing, scrutinizes their unique individual economic and political environments, and ventures to anticipate their prospects. Our consensus is that the future prosperity of these countries depends not only on their individual political and economic environments, but also on the major global powers. Furthermore, the current inevitable interconnectivity of politics and economics provides foresight into their future role on the world stage.

During the past decade we have witnessed a great deal of changes, many triumphs and tragedies. We have seen the rush to privatization and marketization of many centrally-planned economies, removal of trade barriers, trade pacts and economic unions, to integration of financial markets. Some of these changes have had dramatic impacts on the financial community and global economy. New technologies-especially in computers, electronics, and communications-have changed the global economy's landscape. The impact of such changes will be even more dramatic in the future. The Internet and multimedia have and are putting their marks on almost everything including, banking and financial services, education, marketing, engineering, sciences, medical technology, geography, art, and even zoology. We have witnessed financial crises, monetary and otherwise, that are so rampant all over the world, from Chile, to Mexico, to the Asian Tigers: Thailand,