Economic Geography

Background & objectives: Dengue caused by dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arbovirosis in the world. Around 100 million people are infected annually, causing a high economic burden for public health, especially in low-and middle-income countries. Herein, we investigate the sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors related to DENV infection among individuals from Luanda, the capital city of Angola. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out with 507 individuals screened for DENV in Luanda, between April to December 2021. Results: Overall, the DENV infection was 2.4%. The DENV positivity rate reduced with increasing age (41.7% in individuals under 20 years to 33.3% in individuals over 30 years). A lower risk of infection (OR: 0.64, p=0.507) in individuals aged over 40 years. DENV infection rate was higher among females, presenting 1.54 times more chances (CI: 0.48 -4.91, p=0.468). All cases of DENV infection were from individuals living in urbanized regions. No statistically signi cant differences were observed between DENV with age group, gender, or residential area (p>0.05). Interpretation & conclusion: Our ndings emphasize the need to implement programs or activities focused on the targeted prevention of infections transmitted by mosquito bites, early identi cation of signs and symptoms and effective treatment, especially in regions with high population density. The creation of programs for the surveillance of non-malarial febrile syndromes is crucial. In addition, further studies on risk factors for DENV infection should be carried out, especially in regions of Angola with high population density.

This paper critically reviews the role of geography and location on the spread and the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship. Since innovation is highly related to geographic competition, sources of geographic advantage are reviewed with a focus on the work of . The research defines the requirement for shifting towards innovation geographic concentration and how it might lead to both resilient economies that benefit from the spillovers. The paper concludes with recommendations on building future strategies based on the foresighted future spillovers.

Este trabalho tem como foco a relação entre a difusão de inovações tecnológicas e gerenciais, o crescimento da produtividade e seus impactos na competitividade da indústria, a partir de dados da indústria petroquímica do país. Para tanto, apresenta os termos da polêmica em torno do conceito de competitividade, relacionando-os com as concorrentes visões teóricas e faz uma breve revisão da literatura que debate a produtividade no Brasil, tendo como referência os números que mostram o seu vigoroso crescimento nos anos 1990. Discute a relação entre crescimento da produtividade e reestruturação produtiva -entendida enquanto mudanças organizacionais e gerenciais visando ao aumento da competitividade das empresas brasileiras -com base nos estudos que tentam verificar a extensão das mudanças estruturais no setor industrial e sua relação com o crescimento da produtividade e o desemprego. Mostra os dados sobre a petroquímica brasileira e os coteja com as questões teórico-metodológicas revisadas. Esses dados permitem que os problemas metodológicos vinculados ao cálculo da produtividade sejam, pelo menos parcialmente, superados. Nas conclusões, sintetiza os principais pontos do debate, enfatizando a limitação das abordagens que vinculam a obtenção de competitividade exclusivamente a ganhos de produtividade.

Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А.С. Макаренка У статті проаналізовано місце і значення навчальної практики у підготовці майбутніх фахівців з географії та показано важливість і необхідність їх проведення. Розглянуто деякі аспекти навчальної практики з географії спеціальності 014 Середня освіта (Географія) на основі краєзнавчого матеріалу. Розкрито мету, основні завдання та етапи проведення практики. Охарактеризовано бази навчальної практики з географії та описано конкретні приклади природних географічних об'єктів, при вивченні яких студенти набувають фахових компетентностей. Ключові слова: практична підготовка, навчальна практика з географії, фахівець з географії Елена Данильченко, Олеся Корнус, Анатолий Корнус, Сергей Сюткин, Борис Нешатаев УЧЕБНАЯ ПРАКТИКА ПО ГЕОГРАФИИ КАК НЕОБХОДИМАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ПО ГЕОГРАФИИ В статье проанализированы место и значение учебной практики в подготовке будущих специалистов по географии и показана важность и необходимость их проведения. Рассмотрены некоторые аспекты учебной практики по географии специальности 014 Среднее образование (География) на основе краеведческого материала. Раскрыты цели, задачи и этапы проведения практики. Охарактеризованы базы учебной практики по географии и описаны конкретные примеры природных географических объектов, при изучении которых студенты приобретают профессиональных компетенций. Ключевые слова: практическая подготовка, учебная практика по географии, специалист по географии Olena Danylchenko, Olesia Kornus, Anatolii Kornus, Serhii Siutkin, Borys Neshataev EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES ON GEOGRAPHY AS A NECESSARY COMPONENT OF TRAINING OF THE SPECIALISTS ON GEOGRAPHY The article is considered the place and importance of the educational practice for the training of students in geography. On the example of educational practice in field of geography students by the specialty 014 Secondary Education (Geography) the some aspects of its conduct on the basis of local lore material are considered. The article reveals the purpose of the training practice, which consists in consolidating the theoretical knowledge received by students during training, acquiring and improving of practical skills and habits, mastering of modern methods of the field research. The tasks of practice, suggesting to teach the students to use of special instruments and tourist equipment, correctly apply of them in various types of geographical research, teach students to conduct visual observations by themselves, perform of field measurements, and conduct the scientifically grounded processing of empirical results were also described. The stages of the training practice (preparatory, field, and cameral) have been described on the base of conduct of it in Sumy city and its environs. The article also showed the program results of training practice on geography, which consists in applying the theoretical knowledge to form the practical skills, demonstrating the ability to use the special instruments for geographical research, organizing of independent visual observations of the natural objects and phenomena, performing field measurements, demonstrating the ability to perform graphic and cartographic work, the use of professionally proficient knowledge and practical skills for the scientific researches of natural objects, processes and phenomena. The special attention was paid to the description of unique local lore objects: the Romny salt dome named of mount Zolotukhageological reserve of local significance, as well ad the Mohrytsky Landscape Reserve of local significance, Banitsky Quarry of quartzite, Psel river (along the route Baranivka-Zeleny Gaiin the vicinity of Sumy), and the Botanical Garden of the Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko, where students are acquire professional competencies. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the training practice on geography is an integral part of lead-up of a highly qualified geographer, it enables students to consolidate their theoretical knowledge in the field, broadens their horizons and cognitive abilities, evokes interest in geography, increases the effectiveness of teaching, and promotes the reliable formation of professional competencies of the students-geographers.

Mal-bouffe », « Junk-food », « MacDonaldization » du monde : les imaginaires les plus péjoratifs sur l'alimentation sont souvent liés à l'espace urbain. La ville serait ainsi le lieu par excellence de la transition alimentaire, nutritionnelle et épidémiologique, des « calories vides » et des produits ultra-transformés. Elle serait, par association, responsable de l'obésité, des maladies cardio-vasculaires, du diabète, de l'hypertension, des cancers liés à l'alimentation, et de l'intoxication croissante aux résidus chimiques. Espace privilégié de la consommation marchande, de l'industrialisation de l'alimentation via ses supermarchés où se battent nombre produits importés depuis des marchés internationaux, la ville incarnerait la « walmartisation » du monde.

The standard growth model predicts that allowing for labor mobility across regions would increase the speed of convergence in per capita income levels and that migration has a negative causal impact on regional growth rates. Although the empirical literature has uncovered some evidence for the former implication, the latter has not been verified empirically. This paper provides empirical evidence for the negative causal impact of migration on provincial growth rates in a developing country with a high level of internal migration that is characterized by unskilled labor exiting rural areas for urban centers. We utilize an instrumental variables estimation method with an instrument unique to the country examined, and we also control for provincial fixed effects.

The standard growth model predicts that allowing labour mobility across regions would increase the speed of convergence in per capita income levels and that migration has a negative causal impact on regional growth rates. Although the empirical literature has uncovered some evidence for the former implication, the latter has not been verified empirically. This paper provides empirical evidence for the negative causal impact of migration on provincial growth rates in a developing country with a high level of internal migration characterized by unskilled labour exiting rural areas for urban centres. We utilize an instrumental variables estimation method with an instrument unique to the country examined, controlling for provincial fixed effects.ResumenEl modelo de crecimiento estándar predice que el permitir la movilidad laboral entre regiones aumentará la rapidez en alcanzar una convergencia en los niveles de ingresos per cápita y que la migración tiene un impacto causal negativo en l...

This paper investigates the determinants of residential segregation in Paris region by disentangling households' preferences for local amenities, for dwelling type and for homeownership, in a nested logit model. This model is extended to account for unobservable borrowing constraints which might prevent some households from purchasing a dwelling. A counterfactual distribution of socio-demographic characteristics across the Paris region is then built by relaxing those constraints. The comparison of the actual and counterfactual distributions suggests that if their credit constraints were alleviated, households would tend to locate further from Paris. In particular if constraints were relaxed only on the poorest households, they would not be likely to mix with the richest households.

Tourism destinations have long recognized the importance of competitiveness in fostering growth and development within the travel and tourism sector. This study delves into the concept of tourism destination competitiveness, particularly in the context of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) developed by the World Economic Forum (WEF). The TTCI serves as a global benchmark, evaluating the factors and policies that contribute to a country's ability to sustainably and resiliently develop its travel and tourism (T&T) sector. Initially introduced in 2007, the index has undergone continuous refinement to capture the evolving dynamics of the T&T industry and its impact on economic progress. This study sheds light on the implications and challenges associated with the TTCI, emphasizing the need for further refinement to enhance its effectiveness. Despite ongoing improvements, the TTCI remains a valuable tool for comparing the competitiveness of different countries, offering insights into their strengths and areas for improvement.

Despite the very few studies regarding FDI in Portuguese regions -especially regarding its effects -FDI can be an important catalyst for regional economic development and growth. This work studies the existing FDI in the Portuguese regions, analysing its distribution by NUTS III, the sectors in which FDI has more weight in each region, as well as it evolution between 1986 and 2009. Over the years analysed, the results show an increase in the number of firms with FDI in Portugal, although their relative weight remained constant. At the same time, these firms spread to all regions of the country, besides the main economic and services agglomerations (Lisboa and Porto). The regions attracted not only FDI for the sectors in which they have already been specialized, but also for other activities, diversifying the regional productive structure. The increase and diversification of FDI coincided with the tertiarisation of the economy, approaching the totality of the productive specialization of the country, while continuing to focus on manufacturing.

I met Angela, a 27-year-old Dominican migrant, in November 2015 in Quito. We used to get together to have coffee and talk about life at a bakery located a couple of blocks from her job. 6 months after we met, via WhatsApp, she extended this invitation: "Let's have coffee at my place. My address: three blocks south from the Santa Clara Market you will find a tall wine-coloured building, third floor, apartment 301. If you get lost just ask for the Edificio de los Migrantes [the Migrant Building]. Anyone will guide you." The encounter was exceptional. We met at her place in a seven-story building where South American, Caribbean, African, and Asian migrants shared flats, hence its colloquial name. Angela's flatmates-Tania from the Dominican Republic, Rosa and Amelia from Cuba-joined us. I not only witnessed the bonds of solidarity and community they had woven as an essential living strategy, but also how the four of them were planning their departures. On the table, our coffees were lost amid scribbled papers containing routes with towns to be crossed, bus fares, names and rates of hotels, and even telephone numbers of the "guides" to be counted for border crossings. In those pages, Angela and her Caribbean flatmates had organized their transit from Ecuador southwards. While they explained their routes to Peru and Chile, the four showed a clear sense of exhaustion with their life in Ecuador and a desire to move elsewhere. Later, as we said goodbye, Angela said to me: "I assure you, mami, that in most of the seven floors of the Edificio, my neighbors are planning departures. We migrants endure much, but there is a limit. We've learned what it means to leave our home

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between global versus regional orientation and the performance of international new ventures (INVs). Building on internalization theory and organizational learning literature, we develop two competing hypotheses on the performance effect of geographic scope on INV performance. We test these hypotheses on a sample of Italian manufacturing INVs. The study extends the regionalization/globalization debate to the context of INVs. Our findings show that INVs mainly operate on a regional, rather than global basis. However, when they succeed in achieving a global reach, the effect on profitability is positive and significant, supporting the hypothesis that global orientation improves firm performance.

The Transatlantic Productivity Gap: Is R&D the Main Culprit? * The literature has pointed to different causes to explain the productivity gap between Europe and United States in the last decades. This paper tests the hypothesis that the lower European productivity performance in comparison with the US can be explained not only by a lower level of corporate R&D investment, but also by a lower capacity to translate R&D investment into productivity gains. The proposed microeconometric estimates are based on a unique longitudinal database covering the period 1990-2008 and comprising 1,809 US and European companies for a total of 16,079 observations. Consistent with previous literature, we find robust evidence of a significant impact of R&D on productivity; however -using different estimation techniques -the R&D coefficients for the US firms always turn out to be significantly higher. To see to what extent these transatlantic differences may be related to the different sectoral structures in the US and the EU, we differentiated the analysis by sectors. The result is that both in manufacturing, services and high-tech sectors US firms are more efficient in translating their R&D investments into productivity increases.

A close relationship with customers, mainly achieved through the opening of local branches, has long been a fundamental key to competitive advantage in the banking sector. Financial innovation, changes in customer behavior and competitive dynamics have transformed this relationship over time, leading to the closure of numerous branches. This work explores the determinants of branch evolution in an advanced and notoriously bank-centric country (Italy) using NUTS 3 panel data over the 2000-2016 time-span. Results show how - in general - demographic, industrial and economic variables explain the dynamics of banks’ branch location strategy. However, more heterogeneous evidence emerges when North and South Italy are taken into consideration separately suggesting that territorial and regional dimension might play a role even in the banking sector.

This paper addresses, both theoretically and empirically, the sectoral patterns of job creation and job destruction in order to distinguish the alternative effects of embodied vs disembodied technological change operating into a vertically connected economy. Disembodied technological change turns out to positively affect employment dynamics in the “upstream’’ sectors, while expansionary investment does so in the “downstream’’ industries. Conversely, the replacement of obsolete capital vintages tends to exert a negative impact on labour demand, although this effect turns out to be statistically less robust.

Sustainable tourism management can generate income and enhance related business that contribute to economic growth at both local and national level, promote natural and environmental conservation and local culture, create careers and income for local people as well as building long-term strength of local communities and the nation. This research study aims to 1) examine the level of the following variables; tourist attraction potential, leadership, government policy, innovation and sustainable tourism management, 2) explore the relationship among those variables; tourist attraction potential, government policy, leadership and innovation affecting the sustainable tourism management in the east coast tourism development zone, and 3) develop the model of sustainable tourism management in the east coast tourism development zone. The mixed research methodology was applied between quantitative and qualitative terms. In view of the quantitative term, the sample group consisted of 360 tourism operators in the east coast tourism development zone whereas its sample size was calculated based on the 20-time criteria of the observed variables and systematic sampling. Data collection was undertaken through questionnaires that were later analyzed by the structural equation modelling. For the qualitative term, an in-depth interview was conducted with 20 primary informants who were tourism management expertise in the east coast tourism development zone. The research findings revealed that the variables; tourist attraction potential, leadership, government policy, innovation and sustainable tourism management in the east coast tourism development zone were all at a high level, 2) the variables ; tourist attraction potential, leadership, government policy and innovation affected the sustainable tourism management in the east coast tourism development zone with statistical significance level of .05, and 3) the sustainable tourism management model as developed by the researcher was called GLTI-STM Model (G = Government Policy, L = Leadership, T = Tourist Attractions Potential, I = Innovation, STM = Sustainable Tourism Management). Additionally, the qualitative findings indicated that to manage the sustainable tourism in the east coast tourism development zone, the application of new technology and approaches such as 3D (Data Digitizing, Data Sharing, Digitalized Process), intelligence data base management system for tourism data, ecosystem strategy, creation of virtual tour experience and tourism applications are recommended for development and improvement of tourism patterns according to the sustainable tourism principle. The findings in this study can be also applied as a guideline to determine the policy for conservation of natural resources in parallel with the sustainable tourist attraction development, and to standardize the tourism management to be more effective at the international level for future creation of economic value.

Propuesta metodológica para valorar la integración de las mujeres en el medio rural. Ideas clave: 1. Propuesta metodológica para conocer la realidad económica-social de la mujer en zonas rurales (VIMUR). 2. Estudio piloto para validar la metodología y constatar su potencialidad para la toma de decisiones. 3. El proceso participativo nos permite incorpora la perspectiva de género a la gobernanza territorial. 4. Los workshops se han estructurado por temáticas fundamentales en la integración de la mujer en zonas rurales. 5. Composición de la información cualitativa en un indicador (VIMUR), termómetro del nivel de integración. Resumen: Este trabajo aborda la propuesta de una metodología cualitativa y la construcción de una herramienta de análisis territorial para valorar la integración de las mujeres en el medio rural (VIMUR). La falta de información estadística y de visibilidad que sufren nos ha llevado a la elaboración de un índice que permite valorar la participación de las mujeres en las actividades agrarias, el empleo y emprendimiento, la identidad, la corresponsabilidad y la gobernanza, a través de la intervención y cooperación de las propias mujeres. En este estudio testeamos la operabilidad tanto de la metodología de trabajo como del índice, a través de un trabajo de campo que se centra en varias localidades que representan diferentes realidades territoriales del medio rural aragonés. Los resultados muestran que la metodología basada en encuestas y entrevistas a través de reuniones abiertas, y el índice propuesto son apropiados para valorar la inserción de la mujer en el medio rural y el desarrollo de propuestas para mejorar calidad de vida en el territorio. Por lo tanto, consideramos pertinente seguir desarrollando una metodología de trabajo que refuerza los procesos de participación local y que podría llegar a otorgar mayor coherencia territorial y social a las distintas normativas y programas que se ocupen del mundo rural.

The dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 also led to a different development of religiosity 1 in Czechia and Slovakia in the last 30 years, which, however, continued to take into account the historical conditions of the last centuries. The current state of the religious structure of the population of Czechia and Slovakia is the result of the influence of several common (both states in the EU, open borders in the Schengen area, etc.), but also different factors (different role in the relationship between the church and the state, different number of migrants from abroad, migration from Slovakia to Czechia, etc.). The paper aims to analyse the development of religiosity of the population in both states over the last 30 years and to explain the causes of regional differentiation in Czechia and Slovakia. By comparing the results of the 1991 and 2021 censuses, we have identified not only spatial disparities at the national and regional level but also the driving forces that had the greatest impact on them. Secularization tendencies on the one hand and interest in new religiosity or alternative spirituality can be observed in both countries, but in the case of Czechia it is a more pronounced acceleration.

Industrial systems in countries with a significant technological gap is generally characterized by low competitiveness, manifested, among others, the low share of high technology products in international trade. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the various phases of the directions of the economic cycle on the behavior of innovative firms with the determination of the strength of this effect. Achieved results confirmed the presence of cyclic of innovative activity in the Pomeranian region. Based on the analysis performed on a group of 680 industrial companies using probit regression can be stated that in the period boom innovative activity occurs much more frequently than in other phases of the business cycle -recession and stagnation. The economic situation is therefore an important and time-varying factor in the decisions of innovative enterprises. On this basis, there is a need for a reference to the current market conditions, the impact of the phenomenon of programming innovation processes in our country.

Fundação pública vinculada à Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República, o Ipea fornece suporte técnico e institucional às ações governamentais -possibilitando a formulação de inúmeras políticas públicas e programas de desenvolvimento brasileiro -e disponibiliza, para a sociedade, pesquisas e estudos realizados por seus técnicos.

This study investigates the evolution of the Swedish financial system since the 1980s. The concept of financialisation, with its different elements and perspectives, is used as a lens through which the key historical developments are analysed. The aim of the study is two-fold. First, by highlighting some unique country-specific features, it addresses the profound changes that have taken place in the Swedish financial system during the last decades in relation to the ‘rise and fall’ of the so-called ‘Swedish model’. Second, in doing so, the study considers the appropriateness and applicability of standard attempts to categorise financial systems according to the weight of banks versus markets, states versus markets and so forth. The picture that emerges from the Swedish example in particular shows the need to go deeper and beyond these classifications in order to obtain or more nuanced understanding of the increasing role of financial markets in developed countries.

The costs of managing the consequences of the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear have been significant already, and the estimated total future costs have increased over time. The immediate payments have been possible by direct payments from the Japanese government. However, most these payments are not acknowledged as government spending. Instead, a complicated system of envisioned re-payments have been created. Based on the three Special Business Plans published by TEPCO since the nuclear disaster, this evolving perception of the economic consequences and the increasingly complicated repayment schemes are described. The conclusion of the authors are that the repayment schemes are not compatible with a future efficient, competitive electricity market. It is suggested that other governments who implicitly or explicitly accepting economic liabilities for nuclear accidents prepare themselves in order to avoid un-necessary indirect cost after future reactors accidents.

This paper looks at migrations as an inherent component of urban resilience and critically examines the linear understanding of rural-to-urban migration in urban studies. Based on an eight-month-long qualitative empirical study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this paper reports how migrants from different rural parts of the country, with their complex experiences around migrations, enter various spatial systems in urban Dhakaranging from shared living to institutional involvements to temporal displacements due to external factors(such as pandemic). This paper also documents how their nonlinear migratory journeys contribute to building a sense of urban resilience toward the uncertainties that various spatial systems offer to them. Drawing from a rich body of literature on urbanization, rural-urban migration, and actor-based resilience, we explain how alternative narratives of non-linear migration studies from our fieldwork can redefine urban resilience from a migrant’s perspective.

One of functions of the modern public states for improving dynamism in the economic system is the use of their support to cope with the market and systemic failures created in the innovation area: the R&D promoted by public administrations can be considered a dimension, among others, of their performance in society. This paper explores the relationships between the R&D promoted by public administrations and the different typologies of states from a European perspective. The results show some similarities between the public sectors in terms of general characteristics such as performance or stability and the most R&D-oriented promoters. However, differences are found depending on indicators and types analyzed. The existence of large differences within each type of public sector is also confirmed. Results suggest the influence that pro-innovation profiles of public sectors might exert on general innovation system and performance patterns in EU countries.

Human migrations involve adaptations to the new environment occupied now; it includes how to appropriate the biodiversity available. This paper aims to describe the migration account of the Indigenous group, currently forming the Truká Camixá Village, and its implications on the sociocultural expressions and the Truká identity with a focus on man-wildlife relations. Data have been collected from interviews and informal conversations with local leaders. To save the information, we have recorded interviews about how the community perceives, organizes, and manages their sociocultural universe. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in a junctional model of various individual competences in which all the information gathered is considered. Historically, the interaction with the wild fauna shows a predatory relation, and the animals consumed to supply protein necessity of the community, while its by-products used for therapeutic purposes. Some sociocultural expressions of the Truká people persist in the Camixá village, viz. zootherapy, hunting, and the raising of wild-life animals as domestic ones.

Knowledge, as a constituent of a firm's intellectual capital and the outcome as well as a major driving force of its R&D process, is essentially different from technology. However, the literature on knowledge and technology management often treats the two terms as equal, particularly when it comes to empirical measurement. The present research contributes to the literature by providing distinct empirical approaches to knowledge and technology, among other contributions. More precisely, we find a research gap on the link between a firm's structuration of technical knowledge (across dimensions of depth and breadth) on the one hand, and its technology diversity on the other. To address this issue, we offer a novel approach based on the machine learning method to identify a firm's technological capabilities. The applicability of the proposed method is then illustrated by analyzing technological capabilities in 204 biopharmaceutical firms during the period 2006-2018 and comparing these capabilities with the firm's patents. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the breadth of knowledge and technology diversity in a firm, while the relationship between depth of knowledge and technology diversity is negative. Furthermore, the firm product/market diversification strategy moderates the relationship between the breadth of knowledge and technology diversity. The findings also indicate that knowledge and technological capabilities must be analyzed differently. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

In this paper it is argued that the concept of power has much to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship. The un-critical stance taken by most entrepreneurship scholars towards how entrepreneurs use people and how entrepreneurial discourses seem to pervade society, and it calls for critical inquiry based on power in terms of patterns of domination/suppression (i.e. a hierarchic notion of power). At the same time, there are increasing claims that entrepreneurial processes is a way for people to take control over a situation and create something new (i.e. a non-hierarchical notion of power). Our aim with the paper is to discuss how the concept of power can be applied to entrepreneurship and how it can be seen as both a way of unlocking hierarchical thinking and power relations and at the same time producing new power in relations. This is done through a case study of the Hultsfred rock festival and its base organization RockCity, in which the collective process of entrepreneurial action is put in focus, instead of individualistic entrepreneurship. Out from this, we discuss the different notions of power in relation to entrepreneurship theory.

Tartalomjegyzék A globális értékláncok -a multinacionális vállalat, mint globális gyár Fejezetek a nemzetközi üzleti gazdaságtanból 6. Absztrakt A tanulmánykötet a globális értékláncok névvel fémjelezett jelenséget veszi górcső alá. A fókuszban a multinacionális vállalatcsoportok ill. a nemzetközi cégek állnak. A tíz tanulmány különböző megközelítések alapján betekintést ad abba, hogy hogyan ragadhatják meg és vizsgálhatják a kutatók a globális értékláncokat a vállalatok, ill. vezetőik nézőpontjából, mi következik a kutatási eredményekből a vállalatok vezetői számára, és milyen következményei vannak a globális értékláncok karakteres és terjedő jelenlétének a nemzetgazdaságok gazdasági politikáit formálókra. A tanulmánykötet szerzői a 2012/2013.tanév tavaszi félévében a Nemzetközi üzleti gazdaságtan c. PhD kurzus hallgatói voltak.

The polycentric idea has recently been reinvigorated in many rapidly urbanising countries, but the paucity of reliable and disaggregated data has so far made it almost impossible to understand the policy feedback there. This paper capitalises on official statistical data, novel online data, and proprietary digital data, and builds a dynamic spatial equilibrium model for understanding the past lessons and future options for developing new urban sub-centres. Following the post-2010 situation of a negative sign of monocentric bid-rent curve and physical polycentric growth, we assemble, corroborate, and validate multi-source data sets within the model to explore possible polycentric development scenarios . The data analysis and model tests show that over time, the balance between jobs and housing provision appears to have been lost, and it is insufficient job opportunities in the planned sub-centres rather than any lack of housing development that has led to the loss of this balance. Localised circumstances have also played a role in this overarching pattern of evolution. The insights are cogent for current decision making regarding polycentric planning and growth, especially in developing countries.

This article first provides a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China. The review finds that residential suburbanization alone increases travel, polycentric development has mixed effects, and jobs-housing balance reduces travel. Second, this article compares the empirical findings of the urban structure-travel relationships in China with those observed in other countries, and it identifies contextual factors that can explain the differing relationships in China. We suggest that future research improve data and methodology and broaden the research scope to investigate the complex mechanisms that affect the urban structure-travel relationship in China.

This paper investigates the formation of employment sub-centers from a new perspective of heterogeneity in agglomeration economies. Using highly granular commercial and residential land-use data (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011) in Chicago, we measure how the locations of jobs, population, quality-of-life amenities, and transportation networks shape specific and heterogenous sub-centers. First, the results suggest that the CBD as it was traditionally defined is no longer the primary source of agglomeration externalities for the new economic sectors; sub-centers with sectorspecific positive agglomeration externalities have stronger correlations with new commercial establishments. Secondly, residents appear to give the highest weight to quality-of-life amenities in choosing where to live. Both trends imply dis-incentives for CBD agglomeration. These findings connect the heterogeneous production theories with land use planning and urban design, through new empirical insights into how urban sub-centers grow. Furthermore, we put forward a method for forecasting of future sub-center growth through measuring changes in the probability of commercial development, and discuss its practical implications for planning and design in Chicago.

The polycentric idea has recently been reinvigorated in many rapidly urbanising countries, but the paucity of reliable and disaggregated data has so far made it almost impossible to understand the policy feedback there. This paper capitalises on official statistical data, novel online data, and proprietary digital data, and builds a dynamic spatial equilibrium model for understanding the past lessons and future options for developing new urban sub-centres. Following the post-2010 situation of a negative sign of monocentric bid-rent curve and physical polycentric growth, we assemble, corroborate, and validate multi-source data sets within the model to explore possible polycentric development scenarios . The data analysis and model tests show that over time, the balance between jobs and housing provision appears to have been lost, and it is insufficient job opportunities in the planned sub-centres rather than any lack of housing development that has led to the loss of this balance. Localised circumstances have also played a role in this overarching pattern of evolution. The insights are cogent for current decision making regarding polycentric planning and growth, especially in developing countries.

This article first provides a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China. The review finds that residential suburbanization alone increases travel, polycentric development has mixed effects, and jobs–housing balance reduces travel. Second, this article compares the empirical findings of the urban structure–travel relationships in China with those observed in other countries, and it identifies contextual factors that can explain the differing relationships in China. We suggest that future research improve data and methodology and broaden the research scope to investigate the complex mechanisms that affect the urban structure–travel relationship in China.

This paper investigates the formation of employment sub-centers from a new perspective of heterogeneity in agglomeration economies. Using highly granular commercial and residential land-use data (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011) in Chicago, we measure how the locations of jobs, population, quality-of-life amenities, and transportation networks shape specific and heterogenous sub-centers. First, the results suggest that the CBD as it was traditionally defined is no longer the primary source of agglomeration externalities for the new economic sectors; sub-centers with sectorspecific positive agglomeration externalities have stronger correlations with new commercial establishments. Secondly, residents appear to give the highest weight to quality-of-life amenities in choosing where to live. Both trends imply dis-incentives for CBD agglomeration. These findings connect the heterogeneous production theories with land use planning and urban design, through new empirical insights into how urban sub-centers grow. Furthermore, we put forward a method for forecasting of future sub-center growth through measuring changes in the probability of commercial development, and discuss its practical implications for planning and design in Chicago.

Sık dikim sistemleri; zeytin yetiştiriciliğinde birim alandan alınan verimi arttırmak, hasat maliyetini düşürmek, budama ve ilaçlama işlemlerini kolaylaştırmak için son yıllarda başvurulan bir yöntemdir. Bu amaçla, özellikle yağlık zeytin yetiştiriciliğinde İspanya, İtalya, ABD, İsrail ve Avustralya başta olmak üzere, çoğu ülkelerde zeytin yetiştiriciliğinde dekara 200-300 bitkinin dikildiği süper sık dikim yetiştiriciliği hız kazanmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle İspanyol ve İtalyan çeşitleri sık dikimlerde yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak her ülke kendi mevcut zeytin çeşitlerinden sık dikime uygun çeşitleri saptamak ve yeni çeşitler elde edebilmek için ıslah çalışmaları yürütmektedir. Türkiye süper sık dikim zeytin yetiştiriciliğinin yapılmadığı ülke konumundadır. Son yıllarda süper sık dikime uygun bazı İspanyol zeytin çeşitleri ile bahçeler kurulmaya başlanmış, ancak üreticiler bu çeşitleri küçük alanlarda geleneksel yöntemlere göre yetiştirdikleri için sonuçlar olumsuz olmuştur.

Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel [Diamond J, (1997) Guns, Germs, and Steel (WW Norton, NY)] has provided a scientific foundation for answering basic questions, such as why Eurasians colonized the global South and not the other way around, and why there is so much variance in economic development across the globe. Diamond’s explanatory variables are: ( i ) the susceptibility of local wild plants to be developed for self-sufficient agriculture; ( ii ) the domesticability of large wild animals for food, transport, and agricultural production; and ( iii ) the relative lengths of the axes of continents with implications for the spread of human populations and technologies. This third “continental axis” thesis is the most difficult of Diamond’s several explanatory factors to test, given that the number of continents are too few for statistical analysis. This article provides a test of one observable implication of this thesis, namely that linguistic diversity should be more persiste...

Sammanfattning 1. Introduction 2. The Nordic urban-rural typology 2.1 Background and context 2.2 Approach for constructing the Nordic typology 3. Examining territorial and settlement patterns and population change dynamics across the urbanrural continuum 3.1 Urban-rural differences according to the Nordic urban-rural typology 3.2 Comparing the Nordic typology with the DEGURBA classi ication 4. Concluding discussion References Annex 1 Proportion of population in the different Nordic typology classes in all Nordic municipalities. References Annex 2 Proportion of land area in the different Nordic typology classes in all Nordic municipalities. References

Edition 2 -grid data as a tool for studying residential change at local level Population change dynamics in Nordic municipalities -grid data as a tool for studying residential change at local level Nordregio Report 2019:1 Edition 2: Correction to Table have been made. In Edition 1 Shrinking (n) and Growing (n) headlines under Grid cell behavior were misplaced on wrong columns.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta a evolução da teoria da Geografia Econômica Relacional (GER) como uma base teórica de análise regional e de destinos turísticos. São apresentadas as origens, fundamentos, tendências de conceituação e críticas da GER. Também é realizada uma contextualização mediante uma comparação entre as análises de destinos turísticos baseadas em aglomerados produtivos (redes, distritos, clusters e arranjos produtivos locais) e a análise da perspectiva da GER. É um estudo qualitativo, de revisão teórica e conceitual, que tem por objetivo verificar se a GER é uma perspectiva complementar aos clássicos estudos de aglomerações produtivas ou se é uma perspectiva que pode substituí-las, suprindo algumas deficiências que têm sido apontadas pelos pesquisadores. Conclui-se que a GER pode ser utilizada para estudos de destinos turísticos, independentemente da forma de organização territorial/produtiva que este tenha. Assim como poderá gerar ferramentas para traduzir o pensamento relacional, tirando-o da abstração e trazendo esta concepção teórica para a prática de gestão territorial de destinos turísticos.

The purpose of this study is to provide a temporal dynamic analysis of transitions of the regions in Turkey from one state of innovative performance to another by using successive Markov Chains. Regarding the intellectual assets, consisting of the patent, utility model, trademark and design applications, Markov Chains have revealed that there are regional disparities (between i. regions located in the east and west of the country, ii. metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions, iii. high-developed and relatively less-developed regions). Results show that metropolitan regions have higher performances. Innovation leaders which take place in all indicators and time periods in terms of applications are Adana, Ankara, Bursa, Eskişehir, ˙Istanbul, ˙Izmir, Kayseri, Kocaeli, Konya and Manisa regions. It is explicitly distinct that ˙Istanbul leads in the innovation performances for each variable in all time periods. In contrast, regions with the lowest innovation performances are A grı,

The present paper investigates city-to-city linkages and the role of urban networks in socio-economic development of cities. This paper addresses the relationships of 'Eurocities' with their 'Sister Cities' to highlight the contributions of the mutual relationship to trade, tourism, cultural activities and investment. How do the networks of cities increase the interaction between cities and contribute to their socio-economic development? In order to answer this question the present study evaluates the Sister city experiences of 29 Eurocities from 16 European countries. The results of our study show that the contributions of Sister city relations depend on former relations, quality and quantity of current joint activities, reciprocal visits and benchmarking. The results of our study also show that after signing the Sister city agreements, the number of visitors, students, cultural activities and economic cooperation with entrepreneurs have increased in 50% of both Eurocities and their Sister cities. In the surveyed cities, especially the increase in the number of visitors (59%) and students (52%) is remarkable and it seems by creating an interest about their cultures, cities pull tourists from their Sister cities. Sister city relationship has had also a positive impact on the number of investments in both the cities. However, the most important contribution of Sister city relationship is the increasing number of tourism and cultural activities, joint projects and benchmarking, therefore, the increasing cultural dialogue and common values which will make a great contribution to the construction of global urban culture.