Economic History

Kleriker als Bankiers im mittelalterlichen Görlitz (1380–1440). Mit einem Urkundenanhang, in: Görlitzer Magazin. Beiträge zu Geschichte und Gegenwart der Stadt Görlitz und ihrer Umgebung 19 (2007), S. 51–64.

by Christian Speer

2009

2007-Proposta di un database per reperti faunistici

by Vittorio Fronza

2009

The paper considers all the problems related to the planning of a computerised tool for archiving and processing faunal remains. We present a database management system used by the Prehistorical Section and by the Medieval Archaeology... more

World of Iron Conference 2009

by Brian Dolan

2009

Dolan, B. 2009 World of Iron Conference 2009 HMS News 71, 5-6.

Archaeologists excavating the remains of the 1840s boiler house at the Blists Hill blast furnace Paul Belford

Woodland enclosure bank and ditch near Little Missenden, Bucks A site with iron slag found within an old enclosure in Common Wood near Penn, Bucks, has had the enclosure ditch excavated by the Chess Valley Archaeological Society. They found Roman pottery fragments in the fill of the ditch and a bronze age spear was found nearby. So this is likely to be an early site for iron working.

Enclosure bank and ditch near Great Missenden, Bucks In recent years a number of woods in the Chilterns, a heavily wooded Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty to the north west of London, have been found to contain iron waste from small scale smelting or iron working activities. Most of these finds are just lying on the woodland floor in amongst the leaf litter. Some are thought to date back to the Iron Age and Roman period. The reason they are in woods is that perhaps as much as 60 tonnes of wood was needed to smelt a tonne of iron ore. The wood had to be converted to charcoal first so that it would burn hot enough to produce bloomery iron.

Trostre Works Cottage and Industrial Museum Finally, a search was made for antique Welsh furniture, china, paintings and other household commodities of bygone days to furnish the cottage. By August 1957, the work was completed. What had once been a derelict farmhouse had been transformed into the Trostre Works Cottage and Industrial Museum as we more or less see it today.

Delegates to World of Iron Conference enjoying the wine reception at the Natural History Museum the publication. How well it will work in practice when the chapters come to be written, particularly considering the time and effort involved in reviewing and making intelligible the recorded material, remains to be seen and will be an un-enviable task. Following the opening words we broke for lunch, during which we were treated to an optional video of a recent ethno- experimental iron smelt in Rwanda.

Finding the Familiar: Dealing with artefacts of the Modern Age publication of the proceedings, a publication that will inevitably become a significant resource for future iron researchers across the globe. publication of the proceedings, a publication that will inevitably become a significant resource for future iron researchers across the globe.

The Middle Ages at Work: Practicing Labor in Late Medieval England

by Michael Uebel and

2009

This timely volume examines the commitments of historicism in the wake of New Historicism. It contributes to the construction of a materialist historicism while, at the same time, proposing that discussions of work need not be limited to... more

This timely volume examines the commitments of historicism in the wake of New Historicism. It contributes to the construction of a materialist historicism while, at the same time, proposing that discussions of work need not be limited to the clash between labor and capital. To this end, the essays offer more than a strictly historical view of the complex terms, social and literary, within which labor was treated in the medieval period. Several of the essays strive to reformulate the very critical language we use to think about the categories of labor and work through a continually doubled engagement with modern theories of labor and medieval theories and practices of labor.

Praise

"This collection of essays examines a favorite topic of medievalists, breathing new life into its analysis. Robertson and Uebel have achieved something remarkable here. The essays are wide-ranging, innovative, and provocative. Medieval labor is granted a complexity and an expansiveness that readers will likely find inspiring. Consistently engaging, lucidly composed, and full of insight, the work gathered in this important book constitutes essential reading for all those interested in the critical reexamination of the past."--Jeffrey J. Cohen, Department of English, George Washington University

Table of Contents

Conceptualizing Labor in the Middle Ages--Michael Uebel * The Idioms of Women's Work and Thomas Hoccleve's Travails--Catherine Batt * "As If She Were Single"--Brian Gastle * "The Workman is Worth his Mede"--Kate Crassons * The Carpenters Company and Lay Spirituality in Late Medieval England--Mark Addison Amos * Reconstructing English Labor Laws--Anthony Musson * Branding and the Technologies of Labor Regulation--Kellie Robertson * The Displacement of Labor in Wynnere and Wastoure--Britton Harwood * Scribal Hermeneutics and the Genres of Social Organization in Piers Plowman--Andrew Cole * Poetic Work and Scribal Labor in Hoccleve and Langland--Ethan Knapp * The Erasure of Labor: Hoccleve, Caxton, and the Information Age--William Kuskin

Um agente de crédito e a sua rede de influência. As actividades creditícias do cónego António de Campos Branco (1770-1786)

by Ana Isabel Ribeiro

2009, Revista de História Económica e Social (2ª série), 8

Brochure SUMMER SCHOOL on PLS METHODS

by Laura Trinchera

2009

Culture and the State: Landscape and Ecology

by James Gifford

2009

In 1989 some proclaimed the imminent universal triumph of a particular state form -- the modern liberal state. Since then, others proclaim the imminent demise of the modern nation state under advancing globalization. Yet modern states... more

suggested the presence of an earlier arrival. The noises emerge from an

The site-specific nature of my work led me to theorists such as Gaston

European rivers: Avon, Mersey, Clyde, Tiber and so on.

echoes of Barthes’ epiphany, triggered for him soon after his mother’s death when looking at a photograph taken of her when she was five years old. The displaced,

scans were reproduced as large Kodak Lambda prints. Conclusion

But it was particularly in the Polaroids, the outcome of a serendipitous

own. Even on the surface, there are odd translations of Greek, where yes means

striking feature is the palace’s namesake: the Dying Achilles statue. Earnest Gustav

(177), which is all “on the Esplanade, at the corner of the Palace” (60). I have the Tomb of Menacrates; she sees “a football ground, the site of a Venetian fort” characters walks through a kaleidoscope of colonial architecture while looking for

Fig. 2-3-4: Socio-political expression on the streets of Caracas (Photos by Jorge Diaz , Urbina)

Fig. 7-8: Spontaneous pseudo-public space, Jan. 2002 (Photo by Jorge Diaz Urbina)

community has its own distinctive rites, rituals and culture. Each community thus Photograph 1, 2 & 3: Houses built on stilts. Photographs from field study by the

would have added to the security of the house. (10)

even within a very simple, homogenous framework. Photograph 7: On the way to a hamlet, Bandarban, January 2003.

is a political unit, acting in a traditional process. Moreover the total idea of of the total economic force of the community. Women take part in fieldworks and

Fig. 1 Lindsey Creek, Columbus, GA, USA. inclusive principles (Zaitzevsky n.pag).

Tegenspoed als onderscheidende periode: de gedichten van Adriaan Wilhelm Bentinck

by Isabelle A E Buhre

2009

In this article Isabelle Buhre translates and interprets the Latin poems of the Dutch landlord Adriaan Wilhelm Bentinck (1616-1678). His position as a member of a defeated and repressed catholic minority in the new Republic made him a... more

How much is enough?

by Alan Freeman

2009

How much is needed to get us out of the crisis? From the historical evidence, a lot more than we’ve seen so far. Obama’s stimulus, at five per cent of GDP, outstrips all others in the Western world – which on its own sheds doubt on them.... more

By Alan Freeman, University of Manitoba How much is enough?

A Public Company as a Challenger to a Private Monopoly: Providing Water to the Eternal City, 1865-1964

by Denis Bocquet

2009

Rome is an exception among European capital cities: the thousand-year-old capital of the Pope’s State only became the capital of the Italian national kingdom in 1870 and then grew rapidly. The Eternal City benefited from the... more

Mastering the Georgia 7th Grade CRCT in Social Studies: Africa and Asia

by Mark Fleszar

2009

Authored Chapter One: "Historical Understandings of Africa" (November 2007) and published February 2008 by the American Book Company.

Look at the map below and answer the following question.

Long before white Europeans began shipping slaves overseas, Africans established an interna African slave trade. When Africans went to war with one another, they often forced prisoner: to serve as slaves. Over time, they started selling some of these slaves to other Africans. Eventually, Africans built trade networks and began selling slaves to foreign peoples. Slave caravans traveled routes across the Sahara Desert to North Africa. Traders then shipped many of these slaves across the Mediterranean or Red Sea to parts of southern Europe and Asia. In the fifteenth century, Portuguese explorers arrived in Africa and quickly adapted the existing slave trade to suit their own purposes. They established forts where European slave dealers could buy slaves from Africans and hold them until ships arrived to carry them to Europe or across the Atlantic Ocean. Soon, the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French engaged in the African slave trade as well. Many European colonies in the Western Hemisphere relied on plantations (large farms that raise crops for profit) as the basis of their economy. These plantations raised sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton to be sold in Europe. Plantations depended on African slaves for labor. Shipping slaves from Africa to the Western Hemisphere was known as the Atlantic slave trade. The voyage across the Atlantic taken by these slaves became known as the Middle Passage because it was the middle leg of a journey that ran from Africa, to the Americas, and back to Europe. During the Middle Passage, slaves lived in cramped quarters and endured inhumane treatment. Many died along the way, usually from disease. Those that survived found themselves separated from their homeland and loved ones. They had to adapt to a new culture and were subject to masters they could not understand. They were forced to work hard. Women

Voluntary trade occurs when different regions choose to engage in the exchange of goods and/or currency with one another. Nations and regions choose to engage in trade because it is either impossible or inefficient to produce all that they need themselves. International trade involves trade between different countries. Exports are goods that a nation produces and sells to other countries. Exports bring money into the economy. Imports are goods that a country buys from other nations. Imports take money out of the economy by spending it on foreign products. For centuries, nations have depended on international trade. Long before the Americas were discovered, African, Asian, and European states relied on important trade routes (routes used for international trade) across the Sahara Desert, the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, and through parts of southern and eastern Asia. Mediterranean cities traded salt, cloth, and metal goods to West Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves. The height of the trans-Saharan trade (trade across the Sahara Desert) lasted from the eighth to the sixteenth century AD. either impossible or inefficient to produce all that they need themselves. International trade

In the seventeenth century, the Ottoman Empire underwent changes. Conquests of territories in the Arab world led to massive population growth and the need for new means of administration. The sultan became less powerful as local leaders gained greater authority within the empire. Many historians have viewed this period as a time of decline. More recent scholars, however, question this position and view the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries solely as periods of transformation. Eventually, European nations surpassed the Ottomans in military technology, and a number of them built powerful navies. Ottoman economic influence also weakened as European nations established colonies in the Western Hemisphere and found new trade routes to the East.

JORDAN The Arab country of Jordan sits to the east of Israel. Syria borders Jordan in the north, with Iraq to its northeast. Saudi Arabia lies to the east and south. Along with Israel, part of its territory forms the coastline of the Dead Sea. This body of water is called the Dead Sea because it is so salty that only certain microscopic organisms can live in it. The Dead Sea is so far below sea level that its shores are the lowest point of dry land on earth. Part of southwest Jordan also forms a portion of the coastline along the Gulf of Aqaba.

Terra Cotta Warriers Believed to be Thousands of Years Old Around the same time the Chinese invented paper, they also discovered gunpowder. At first, the Chinese only used gunpowder in fireworks. Eventually, however, they discovered it could be used as a weapon. China used the first guns and cannons (weapons that depend on gunpowder) to resist the invading Mongol army in the thirteenth century. Although

Chapter5 Geographical Understandings of Southwest Asia

“Technology and Engineering in the American Experience: A Survey of Literature,” National Park Service and the Organization of American Historians, 2004

by James C Williams

2009, Research and Education, Park History Program

“History of Energy,” Scientists and the Franklin Institute: Making Their Cases, Philadelphia PA: The Franklin Institute, 2006

by James C Williams

2009

Energy plays a fundamental role in shaping the human condition. People's need for energy is essential for survival, so it is not surprising that energy production and consumption are some of the most important activities of human life.... more

“Common Skies Divided Horizons: Aviation, Class and Modernity in Early Twentieth Century Egypt,” Journal of Social History Vol. 41 No. 4 (Summer 2008).

by Yoav Di-Capua

2009

Space hierarchy and the agricultural dynamics: the case of a mountainous rural industrial commune in the late ottoman period: Zagora 1800-1850 [Ιεράρχηση του χώρου και δυναμική της αγροτικής παραγωγής : η περίπτωση μίας ορεινής βιοτεχνικής κοινότητας στην ύστερη Τουρκοκρατία. Η Ζαγορά του Πηλίου]

2009

Στο άρθρο αυτό εξετάζονται οι παράγοντες διαμόρφωσης του οικιστικού πλέγματος και του αγροτικού συστήματος στη Ζαγορά του Πηλίου από τις αρχές του 18ου μέχρι τα μέσα του 19ου αιώνα. Επιχειρείται να υπογραμμισθεί η πολυμορφία των... more

Political Irredentism and National Unification in Greece (1830-1880) [Πολιτικός αλυτρωτισμός και εθνική ενοποίηση στην Ελλάδα., ca.1830-1880]

2009

Στο άρθρο αυτό διερευνώνται οι όροι που οδήγησαν μια προ-βιομηχανική καθυστερημένη οικονομία και μια εγκλωβισμένη κοινωνία, όπως η ελληνική στο εξεταζόμενο διάστημα, να αποκτήσει εξαιρετικά φιλελεύθερους θεσμούς και ατράνταχτη εθνική... more

Structure and function of regional credit markets in the Ottoman Europe : the case of the proto-industrial Eastern Thessaly (ca.1750-1840)

2009

Η μελέτη του παραδείγματος της λειτουργίας των τοπικών αγορών χρήματος και πίστης στην Ανατολική Θεσσαλία (1750-1840) στοιχειοθετεί το βάθος, την πολυμορφία και την πλαστικότητα των τοπικών αγορών πίστης στα βαλκανικά εδάφη της Οθωμανικής... more

Figure 1. The contribution on agricultural production in k. in nominal and real terms fluctuation around a stationary trend (see Figure 1). Looking at the budgetary and financial accounts of the town of Zagora between nominal terms but, expressed in real terms (e.g. deflated), 1t shows a normal cyclical

expenditure growth (see Figure 3). and began to fluctuate around an average. Until that trme the unexpected extraordinary

Figure3. The communal expenditure of Zagora in real terms (1784-1822) to bring down the average interest paid to less than 10% (see Figure 6).

difference is clearly observed in the case of women of notable origin. actually pranted, as a post-mortem legacy, to the town community. It seems that the plaintiff did not have in

Another category of local creditors, which was very important for the smooth

‘he endowments had other objectives according to the purpose of their founder. Figure 7. The monthly debt of Zagora in nominal terms The annual interest, as mentioned in the obligation bond, was “dedicated” to financing

Credit to customers by local grocers was the standard way of conducting business Table 1. The indebtedness of a small-owner in Milies, 1806-1811

The general framework of tax-farming: opportunity or impediment to the growth of credit markets? Table 2. The annual accounts of a grocery in Istanbul (1811 and 1812) merchants and grocers were in the centre of a multitude of such relations. It has also been argued that throughout the 17” and 18" centuries the privileged state elite had been increasingly involved in money lending” and tax-farming activities, at

The financial policy of communal notables Table 3. Major aggregates of the communal debt of Zagora (1784-1822) I have shown elsewhere” that the financial policy of the Zagora notables, wh

Table 4. The debt composition of the entire period 1784-1822. Interest rate and demand for credit: a direct correlation. It is not surprising to observe that, when extraordinary and unpredicted taxation administrators of these corporate bodies helped this development of course. soared the communal expenditure and the demand for credit (on a yearly basis) grew.

Table 5. The debt composition in nominal terms, 1784-1798.

Table 6. The debt composition, in nominal terms, 1799-1810. short-term, from women and children saving their liquid patrimony.

‘The communal treasury and the other corporate bodies could turn themselves Table 7. The debt composition in nominal terms, 1811-1822.

El comercio de la pasa de Corinto y su influencia sobre la economía griega del siglo XIX (1840-1914)

2009, in J. Morilla, J. Gómez-Pantoja and P. Cressier (eds.), Impactos exteriores sobre la Agricultura Mediterranea, pp.523-562

Στο άρθρο αυτό ερευνώνται η χρόνια σταφιδική κρίση, τα αποτελέσματά της και η επίδρασή της στην ελληνική αγροτική οικονομία. Η χρόνια κρίση υπερπαραγωγής της σταφίδας (1893 κ.ε.) μεταφράστηκε σε οξεία κρίση εισοδημάτων μεγάλου μέρους της... more

Στο άρθρο αυτό ερευνώνται η χρόνια σταφιδική κρίση, τα αποτελέσματά της και η επίδρασή της στην ελληνική αγροτική οικονομία. Η χρόνια κρίση υπερπαραγωγής της σταφίδας (1893 κ.ε.) μεταφράστηκε σε οξεία κρίση εισοδημάτων μεγάλου μέρους της ελληνικής ενδοχώρας (για το σύνολο σχεδόν της Πελοποννήσου και ορισμένων νήσων των Ιονίων και επαρχιών της ορεινής Στερεάς Ελλάδας) και σε κτηματική κρίση στις σταφιδικές παράλιες επαρχίες. Έπληξε επίσης τους μεγάλους εξαγωγικούς οίκους και αποδιάρθρωσε το εμπορικό κύκλωμα. Η στρατηγική σημασία της σταφιδικής εξαγωγικής οικονομίας για τον κοινωνική αναπαραγωγή της ελληνικής υπαίθρου, την εισροή πολύτιμου συναλλάγματος και την εξισορρόπηση του εξωτερικού εμπορίου, υποχρέωσε τις δημόσιες αρχές να αναλάβουν για πρώτη φορά, και αντίθετα από τις μέχρι τότε κυριαρχούσες μεταξύ των δημοσίων λειτουργών αντιλήψεις περί οικονομικής πολιτικής, τη διαμόρφωση μίας παρεμβατικής πολιτικής ενίσχυσης των τιμών του εξαγόμενου προϊόντος και των εισοδημάτων των παραγωγών, αρχικά μέσω του ελέγχου του όγκου και της ποιότητας του εξαγόμενου προϊόντος και στη συνέχεια μέσω της υποκατάστασης των λειτουργιών του εμπορικού κυκλώματος ως πιστωτών των παραγωγών. Η χρεοκοπία της δημοσίων συμφερόντων Σταφιδικής Τράπεζας άνοιξε στα 1905 τον δρόμο για τη δημιουργία της «Ενιαίας», μίας ιδιωτικής προνομιούχου Εταιρείας, ελεγχόμενης από την Τράπεζα Αθηνών, η οποία θα ελέγξει το σύνολο του μη-εξαγόμενου προϊόντος εξασφαλίζοντας στους παραγωγούς πιστώσεις και μια κατώτατη τιμή ασφαλείας του προϊόντος. Στα 1910 η σταφιδική κρίση είχε πλέον τιθασευτεί. Η Τράπεζα Αθηνών χρησιμοποίησε επιδέξια την «Ενιαία» για να τροφοδοτήσει τις βιομηχανικές εταιρείες οίνων και οινοπνευμάτων που έλεγχε με φθηνή πρώτη ύλη.

Responses to Agricultural Income Crisis in a Southeastern European Economy: Transatlantic Emigration from Greece (1894-1924)

2009, in I.Zilli (ed.) Fra Spazio e Tempo. Studi in Onore di Luigi de Rosa, t.3, pp.427-487

Στο άρθρο αυτό, αφού εξετάζονται οι μέχρι σήμερα διαμορφωμένες απόψεις σχετικά με τα αίτια της υπερατλαντικής μετανάστευσης των ετών 1898-1923 (η οποία κυριολεκτικά αφαίμαξε την ελληνική αγροτική οικονομία από τις ζωτικότερες δυνάμεις... more

Στο άρθρο αυτό, αφού εξετάζονται οι μέχρι σήμερα διαμορφωμένες απόψεις σχετικά με τα αίτια της υπερατλαντικής μετανάστευσης των ετών 1898-1923 (η οποία κυριολεκτικά αφαίμαξε την ελληνική αγροτική οικονομία από τις ζωτικότερες δυνάμεις της), επιχειρείται η ανασκευή μερικών από αυτές και υπογραμμίζεται ιδιαίτερα ο πολυαιτιακός χαρακτήρας του φαινομένου. Προσδιορίζονται οι ποικίλες μορφές με τις οποίες οι Έλληνες γεωργοί αντέδρασαν στην οξεία κρίση εισοδημάτων (αποτέλεσμα, μεταξύ άλλων, της χρόνιας κρίσης υπερπαραγωγής της κορινθιακής σταφίδας) του τέλους του 19ου αιώνα. Η κρίση αυτή έπληξε τις πηγές των απαραίτητων συμπληρωματικών εισοδημάτων σε περιοχές με διαφορετικά αγροτικά συστήματα, από τις οποίες η κάθε μία διαμόρφωσε και ιδιαίτερη στρατηγική αντιμετώπισής της. Η υπερωκεάνια μετανάστευση αποτέλεσε μία από αυτές τις πολλαπλές μορφές αντιμετώπισης της κρίσης εισοδημάτων, η οποία όμως γρήγορα έλαβε επιπρόσθετα τον χαρακτήρα ενεργητικής επιλογής από τα στρώματα εκείνα του αγροτικού πληθυσμού που, μιμούμενα τους πρώτους επιτυχημένους μετανάστες, επιχείρησαν να συσσωρεύσουν γρήγορα το κεφάλαιο εκείνο που θεωρούσαν για δίφορους λόγους αναγκαίο. Η μικρή αγροτική ιδιοκτησία συνδέθηκε έτσι στενότερα με την παγκόσμιο αγορά αλλά ταυτόχρονα ανοίχτηκε ο στενός τοπικός ορίζοντας των αγροτών μεταναστών. Κατά την τελευταία περίοδο, εξωοικονομικά πιθανόν αίτια συντέλεσαν στη μονιμοποίηση της εγκατάστασης (παρά την αρχική τους θέληση) μεγάλου μέρους των μεταναστών στις ΗΠΑ.

Patterns of Proto-industrialization in the Ottoman Empire: The case of eastern Thessaly, ca.1750-1860

2009

Στο άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάζεται το θεσσαλικό βιοτεχνικό παράδειγμα στις δύο εκδοχές του (βιοτεχνίες βαμβακερών-μεταξωτών και βιοτεχνίες μάλλινων υφασμάτων), μέσα στα πλαίσια του ευρύτερου οθωμανικού πλαισίου. Εξετάζεται αρχικά η... more

Agresores y agredidos: factores de riesgo de la violencia juvenil en las escuelas (Aggressors and victims: Youth violence risk factors in schools)

by Nelson Portillo

2009

Nações e estilos de economia política

by Hugo da Gama Cerqueira

2008, Published in Revista de Economia Politica, v. 27, n. 3, p. 357-374, 2007.

This paper investigates the existence of national styles of political economy. The characteristics and determinants of the German, the Austrian, the French, and the English styles are suggested. Some methodological implications for the... more

SALVADORI F., Resti osteologici animali: elementi di continuità e discontinuità tra tardoantico ed altomedioevo

by Frank Salvadori

2008

Il dibattito sul tema della continuità e discontinuità tra tardoantico ed altomedioevo è un argomento di discussione affermatosi da tempo, ma non certo esaurito, nella ricerca archeologica e storica medievale. L'origine dei paesaggi... more

Il dibattito sul tema della continuità e discontinuità tra tardoantico ed altomedioevo è un argomento di discussione affermatosi da tempo, ma non certo esaurito, nella ricerca archeologica e storica medievale. L'origine dei paesaggi medievali , le trasformazioni delle città , i processi di metamorfosi dei manufatti e le implicazioni economiche , sono solo alcuni dei temi affrontati nell'ultimo ventennio di ricerca. Queste problematiche hanno fatto sì che la ricerca archeologica affinasse i propri strumenti di analisi attraverso un'osservazione sempre più attenta delle sequenze stratigrafiche sui cantieri, dei paesaggi fossilizzati nei survey ed, infine, dei resti della cultura materiale nelle analisi archeometriche. Il presente contributo intende accostarsi al dibattito per mezzo di quest'ultimo complesso di informazioni, ed il titolo indica chiaramente lo studio dei resti osteologici animali quale punto di partenza o lente di ingrandimento attraverso cui osservare il momento di passaggio tra il mondo tardoantico e quello altomedievale. Nell'ultimo convegno SAMI (SALVADORI 2003) era stato presentato un articolo in cui si proponevano alcuni spunti di riflessione scaturiti dalla composizione di campioni osteologici animali rinvenuti in siti rurali di età tardoantica. Le idee proposte avevano origine da un lato dal confronto sincronico tra campioni afferenti a contesti cronologicamente ben delineati (V-VI secolo), dall'altro da una comparazione diacronica con insediamenti di età medievale. Le conclusioni, tracciate in forma assai sintetica, costituiscono il terreno sul quale discutere il tema di questo contributo. Sulla scorta delle evidenze zoologiche emerse dai resti osteologici si ipotizzava la persistenza di un'economia agricola intensiva fino almeno agli inizi del VI secolo, oltre il limite proposto dagli storici (ANDREOLLI, MONTANARI 1985;) e recentemente ribadito, anche se in forme di crisi più o meno accentuate a seconda degli insediamenti, dai risultati di sistematiche ricerche archeologiche . In base alle evidenze documentarie, quindi, il sistema delle ville decade definitivamente già nel corso del V secolo, ed a questi si sostituisce un modello di azienda autosufficiente connotata da un'economia definita naturalizzata, cioè da un aumento consistente dell'incolto a scapito dei campi a produzione cerealicola. Sulla scorta dei dati archeologici, invece, nonostante il generale epilogo architettonico delle ville, in alcuni insediamenti si rinvengono indicatori di un persistere dell'economia di scambio . L'idea a suo tempo elaborata sulle evidenze osteologiche per cui il sistema agrario di derivazione romana, sembra essere proseguito per buona parte del VI secolo (sostanzialmente fino alla guerra greco-gotica) si basava sulla convergenza di una serie di dati derivati direttamente da diversi tipi di analisi archeozoologiche . Tali informazioni riguardano la distribuzione tassonomica, in particolare l'alta percentuale di resti osteologici bovini non riscontrata nei campioni altomedievali italiani, l'età di decesso generalmente adulta della specie bovina, la presenza tra questi animali di patologie derivate da stress da lavoro (principalmente Villa Clelia e Calvatone), la distribuzione dei sessi connotata, nei campioni più consistenti, da una preminenza di soggetti maschi o castrati, infine, l'osteometria. L'insieme di questi dati, quindi, suggeriva l'ipotesi di una presenza diffusa nelle zone rurali di specie bovine (distribuzione tassonomica), generalmente sfruttate come forza lavoro (patologie, osteometria, frequenza di castrati e maschi) e consumate quando il loro apporto produttivo decadeva (età adulta), in quanto essenziali ad un tipo di economia volta ad una produzione cerealicola intensiva. In definitiva i bovini assicuravano, con gli schiavi ed i contadini in affitto nelle aziende rurali in decadenza dell'aristocrazia romana, la forza lavoro

BOSCATO P., FRONZA V., SALVADORI F., Proposta di un database per i reperti faunistici,

by Frank Salvadori and

2008

The Winescape of New Zealand

by Tobias Danielmeier

2008

Tobias Danielmeier [tobias.danielmeier@design.otago.ac.nz], Master of Arts [in Architecture], promoviert am Department of Design Studies an der University of Otago, Dunedin, Neuseeland als Stipendiat der Hochschule. Er beschäftigt sich... more

Between the 16th and 18th centuries, in the time of exploration and conquerors, wine making found its we into the New World countries. The discovery that, in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, wine grapes best grow between the 30th and the 50th latitude lead to the quick dispersion of viticulture. As the New Zealand example shows, the cultivation of wine seemed particularly desirable as it was regarded as a cultural asset in the new claimed regions. A new era in not only the history of wine but also our colonial history had begun. At the time, the production of wine in the Old World countries was in the hand of the monasteries. of the vines in European winegrowing regions. Phylloxera is a type of mildew that is highly detrimental to grape plants and is believed to having been introdu- ced to Europe in the 1860s, possibly on imported North American vines. nary Society missionary Samuel Marsden in 1819. Not only did he lobby for New Zealand to become christianised, he also planted 100 different grape varieties in Kerikeri on the North Island. Today, almost two hundred years later, some of the varieties Marsden introduced form the backbone of the New Zealand wine industry, notably Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir and Gewurztraminer.

'New World meets Old World': contemporary wine cellar and traditional oak barrels at the Peregrine Winery, Gibbston Valley, Otago. In 1918 a petition with more than 240.000 signatures was presented to the Parliament, demanding an end to the ma- nufacturing and sale of alcohol. Finally, this legislative restriction reflected a wider absence of a cultural appreciation of wine. There was religious advocacy of temperance, and these people would not hear of drinking alcohol, let alone in public. Other New Zealand immigrants preferred beer and spirits to wine since they were not used to consuming and appreciating wine. On these accounts, there was hardly any wine industry in New Zealand until the 1970s. This changed in 1973, when Britain entered the European Econo- mic Community, which required the termination of existing trade terms for New Zealand meat and dairy products.

The Peregrine Winery, Gibbston Valley, Otago, combines the wine cellar experience with event architecture. have become an important selling and marketing point, there is certainly much innovation to expect from wine “down under’. traditional cork turn bad, the industry searched for new solutions. Screw caps allow for a taint-free wine and a con- sistent aging can be ensured. Skinner (2005) notes that no other country has taken advantage of the positive features of a screw cap as well as the New Zea- land wine industry. By now, many Euro- pean wineries have also turned to using screw caps in order to benefit from the aforementioned advantages and it is safe to suggest that more will follow that ex- ample.

John Muir: The grandest character in national park history

by C. Michael Hall

2008

Discusses John Muir's travels around Australia as part of his world trip 1903-4 and their implications for conservation thought.

The Key Security Challenge in the 21st Century – Second Cold War

by Jelena Petrovic

2008

Claiming that Russian Federation has regained its superpower position enabling some of its influence through energy policy and using not only changes in its security concept but also the examples of latest events such as Iran nuclear... more

Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt. The structure of land tenure, 305-30 BC. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

by Joe (J.G.) Manning

2008

The Pitt

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis and Air Pollution in Finland

by Jan Kunnas and

2008

"The article tests a hypothesis claiming that the gaseous emissions of energy production follow an inverted U-curve related to income. The hypothesis is known as the ‘environmental Kuznets curve’ (EKC). The tested data contain Finnish... more

Understanding Recent Trends in Inflation

by Neha Batura

2008

Week1 Week7 Week 13 Week19 Week 25 Week31 Week37 Week43 Week 49-52 Source: OEA web site. Figure 2: Weekly WPI for lron and Steel, 2006-07 and 2007-08 Apr Wildy JUN Jul AUG Sep UCT NOV bec Jan Fed Mar Figures are point-to-point annual inflation rates based on monthly averages of the WPI. Source: Office of the Economic Adviser (OEA), web site (http://eaindustry.nic.in).

Figure 1: Annual WPI Inflation, 2006-07 and 2007-08 (in %) countries, food articles are significantly weighted in the price index. As such, a measure of core inflation may not provide a caMmplete nicture of the nrice cecenario

Figure 3: Weekly WPI for Select Manufactured Products (December 2007- April 2008) After decreas- ing steadily for a period of eight months, primary articles inflation stood at 3.7 per cent in the last week of Decem- ber 2007 and increased steadily thereafter to 8.9 per cent in the Table 2: Weekly WPI Inflation, (April and May 2007-08) (in %) 2008 2007 April Week 1 7.14 644 Week 2 7.33 3.34 Week 3 7.57 6.07 Week 4 7.61 6.01 May Week 1 7.83 5.74 Week 2 7.82 5.62 Week 3 81 5.3 Week 4 8.24 5.15 Source: OEA web site. last week of March 2008. This was mainly due to increases in the prices of food arti- cles (particularly rice, wheat, vegetables, milk and tea), non-food items (oilseeds and raw cotton) and minerals. This accel- eration in the rise in prices of food articles reversed a trend in the earlier part of 2007-08, when inflation in these com- modities had slowed. 39 per cent in 2006-07; this fell to 27.1 per cent in 2007-08. Indeed, while there has been much concern about the rise in prices of food articles and the year-on-year wPI figures show an increase in inflation for rice and vegetables, the point is that, over- all, food articles actually saw a decline in inflation to 6.1 per cent in 2007-08 from 8 per cent the previous year. An interesting

"Why is Manufacturing Trade Rising Even as Manufacturing Output is Falling?"

2008

Description of the data

2008

"Recent Great Depressions: Aggregate Growth in New Zealand and Switzerland"

2008

"Decades Lost and Found: Chile and Mexico Since 1980"

2008

Chile and Mexico experienced severe economic crises in the early 1980s. This paper analyzes four possible explanations for why Chile recovered much faster than did Mexico. Comparing data from the two countries allows us to rule out a... more

Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Review from the Perspective of New Development in Monetary Economics

by Robert E. Hall

2008

Radio and the Raj: broadcasting in British India (1920–1940)

by Alasdair Pinkerton

2008

‘ig. 1. India’s chain of Broadcasting Stations actual and prospective, and the areas covered (1937).* puzzle to me; and although I forgot about India in the breathless task of feeding the ever-hungrier

Is Poland the Next Spain?

by Silvana Tenreyro

2008

We revisit Western Europe's record with labor-productivity convergence and tentatively extrapolate its implications for the future path of Eastern Europe. The poorer Western European countries caught up with the richer ones through both... more

Self-Enforcing Democracy

by James Fearon

2008

If democracy is to have any of the good effects said to justify it, it must be self-enforcing. Those who control the government must want to hold regular, competitive elections for the highest offices, and all parties must be willing to... more

Bones of Contention ..>

by Frances Rosenbluth

2008

"The Great Escape: A Review Essay on Fogel's The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100"

by Angus S. Deaton

2008

In this essay, I review Robert Fogel's The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100 which is concerned with the past, present, and future of human health. Fogel's work places great emphasis on nutrition, not only for the history... more

pdf version

by Danny Quah

2008

This article is one of an occasional series provided by academics working outside the Bank of England. The views expressed reflect those of the author rather than those of the Bank of England.

PDF

by Danny Quah

2008

Immediately after 1997 the Asian economies were viewed to be catastrophes of financial excess, corporate and political misgovernance, and diminishing returns to over-investment. But they are now freshly restored as the world's economic... more

Globalization and Pension Reform in Latin America

by Sarah M. Brooks

2008

The striking depth and pace of old age pension privatization in Latin America has raised important questions about the influence of common global economic forces in this movement.

… and Domestic Foundations of Policy Change: The Diffusion of Pension Privatization Around the World

by Sarah M. Brooks

2008

While financial globalization has created powerful incentives for Latin American governments to privatize old age pension systems, reliance on short-term capital flows has also constrained the ability of cash-strapped governments to enact... more

Figure 2. Argentina: External Debt to Private Market and World Bank (Current US$) ee ee, GS Pa iS Oa with which to finance ongoing state pension liabilities. In no case, moreover, have social sector loans from IFIs come close to covering the annual cost of transition to a private pension system, which in Chile exceeded 4 percent of GDP in the first decade after the reform. For owners of highly liquid assets, whose investment decisions in an economy may be revised daily or even hourly, it is precisely the short-term effects of pension privatization—including the widening of fiscal deficits or swelling of government debt—to which they will respond most forcefully. When the time horizon over which investors— and therefore government actors—weigh the merits of policy change is short, privatization’s putative long-term benefits (such as raising domes- tic savings) may be heavily discounted. Globalization thus entails much more than pressures for reform; it se eee: eee le oe Be gece: ee eS eee Mi ec cc ec a ec em eR Pee

Figure 3. Current Account Balance in Argentina and Brazil

Figure 4. Annual Change in Gross Private Capital Flows: Argentina and Brazil

Sources: Argentina: IMF 2004; Brazil: Rocha and Pichetti 2003. Table 1. Primary Fiscal Balance: Argentina and Brazil

Empty stomachs, empty pockets: poverty and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa

by Benjamin Roberts

2012, State of the nation: South Africa

source: otats oA 2U0U Note: Household poverty line based on monthly consumption expenditure of R800 or less in 1996 prices. Eastern Cape (EC), Free State (FS), Gauteng (G), KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), Limpopo (L), Mpumalanga (M), Northern Cape (NC), North West (NW), Northern Province (NP), Western Cape (WC) Percentage below poverty line

Percentage he government’s bold moves to tackle the inequities inherited from the partheid era by restructuring the public health system and promoting equity, iousehold data indicate the continuing influence of barriers to access on ealthcare demand. These include distance to the nearest healthcare facility nd cost of care, medication and transportation, especially given that many ack a basic income to cover food and other essential non-food spending equirements. Lower socio-economic groups seek care less frequently than ther groups, despite their generally worse health status, even through rimary healthcare is free. There is a growing burden of chronic illness, ncluding HIV/AIDS, and injuries, even whilst poverty-related illness persists. \s a consequence, poor African households in particular have had to cope vith the triple burdens of health system restructuring, increased levels of hronic illness and broader economic shocks over the last decade. The impact f HIV/AIDS is likely to exacerbate the burden over the next decade. The ercentage of adult deaths that could be attributed to AIDS-related diseases as increased from about 9 per cent in 1995-96 to about 40 per cent by 000-01, and is expected to rise steadily and peak around 2010 (van Aardt in Noolard 2002).

Thousands Sources: van der Berg & Louw 2003:11; Business Report 25.02.04 Figure 18.3 Real annual per capita income by race group, 1970-2000 (constant 2000 Rands)

Source: Calculations from electionic data made avilable by Stats SA, OHS 1994-99 and General Household Survey 2002 Table 18.1 Subjective assessment of food insecurity in South African households

Sources: van der Berg & Louw 2003:11; Business Report 25.02.04

Table 18.3 Gini coefficients by population group using per capita income Source: van der Berg & Louw 2003:15, based on estimates from various surveys and censuses

Source: Bhorat et al. 2001:33, using 1995 IES data Note: PL refers to poverty line, which was defined as income per adult equivale

Thomas, R. 2006. Of books and bones: the integration of historical and zooarchaeological evidence in the study of medieval animal husbandry, pp. 17-26, in Maltby, M. (ed.), Integrating Zooarchaeology. Oxbow, Oxford.

by Richard Thomas

2008

Fig. I Relative proportion of the main domestic animals at Dudley Castle by phase.

Fig. 2 Comparison of cattle post-cranial bone measurements between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397). susceptible to environmental influence (Bull and Payne 1988). The histograms of measurements for cattle tooth width measurements (Fig. 3) do not show any significant difference between the samples from phases 5 and 6, or indeed with any other phases at the site, a pattern that was confirmed statistically using a Student’s T-test. This would suggest therefore that the increase in the size of cattle between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397) may have been driven mainly by environmental factors, although the introduction of new genetic stock cannot be completely excluded. precise than the plotting of individual measurements on a single axis, serves to increase the sample size, enabling statistical tests to be more reliably carried out. In this study the following standard measurements were employed for comparisons. For cattle, the post-cranial measurements from the phase 8 assemblage (15th century) from Laun- ceston Castle in south-west England have been used (Albarella and Davis 1996). For sheep, the average meas- urements of a group of modern adult female sheep of the Shetland breed were used as the standard values for comparison (Davis 1996). For pig, the log ratio standard has been derived from a sample of late Neolithic domestic pig bones and teeth from Durrington Walls, near Stone- henge in Wiltshire (Albarella and Payne 1993). The very low number of sheep teeth that were recovered from the site unfortunately restricted the assessment of whether any size variation was due to the introduction or emergence of new genetic stock. However, consideration of the size of the post-cranial bones reveals that a signif- icant increase in size occurred between phases 5 (1262— 1321) and 6 (1321-1397) (Fig. 4). Examination of the biometrical data for the domestic mammals reveals some startling changes occurring in the 14th century. In cattle, for example, it is clear that a dramatic increase in the sizes of the post-cranial bones occurred between the samples from phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397) (Fig. 2). It is generally accepted however, that teeth are more reliable indicators of size change than post-cranial bones because they are less Analysis of biometrical variation in pigs demonstrated that a significant increase in the sizes of both post-cranial bones (Fig. 5) and teeth (Fig. 6) occurred between the samples from phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397)

Fig. 3 Comparison of cattle tooth width measurements between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397).

Fig. 4 Comparison of sheep post-cranial bones between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397).

“ig. } Comparison of pig post-cranial bone measurements between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397).

Integration of Historical and Zooarchaeological Evidence in the Study of Medieval Animal Husbandry ‘ig. 6 Comparison of pig tooth width measurements between phases 5 (1262-1321) and 6 (1321-1397).

Fig. 7 Relative proportion of neonatal pig bones at Dudley Castle by phase.

Land Lease Markets and Agricultural Efficiency: Theory and Evidence from Ethiopia

by Marcel Fafchamps

2008

This paper develops a theoretical model of land leasing that includes transaction costs of enforcing labor effort, risk pooling motives and non-tradable capital inputs. We test the implications of this model compared to those of the... more

This paper develops a theoretical model of land leasing that includes transaction costs of enforcing labor effort, risk pooling motives and non-tradable capital inputs. We test the implications of this model compared to those of the "Marshallian" (unenforceable labor effort) and "New School" (costlessly enforceable effort) perspectives using data collected from four villages in Ethiopia. We find that land lease markets operate relatively efficiently in the villages studied, supporting the New School perspective. Land contract choice is found to depend upon the social relationships between landlords and tenants, but differences in contracts are not associated with significant differences in input use or output value per hectare. We find that other household and village characteristics do affect input use and output value, suggesting imperfections in other factor markets. The efficiency of land lease markets is a critical is sue in many developing countries, where land sales markets are often thin and inhibited by problems of asymmetric information and transaction costs. The issue is particularly important in Ethiopia, where land sales are officially prohibited by the new Constitution and where land leases were prohibited by the former Marxist government until 1991. Land leases have been permitted since 1991, and are again becoming common in many parts of Ethiopia. Now is thus an opportune time to assess the efficiency of the lease markets developing in Ethiopia. There is an old and large literature on land tenure contracts and their implications for agricultural efficiency. Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshall, and many economists since have argued that share tenancy causes inefficient resource allocation because the share tenant receives only a fraction of the value of his marginal product of labor, thus reducing the incentive to supply labor or other inputs. More recently, others have argued that if the tenant's work effort can be costlessly monitored and enforced by the landlord, then resource allocation can be as efficient under sharecropping as under owner-cultivation or fixed-rent tenancy (Johnson; Cheung). Whether costs of monitoring and enforcing tenancy contracts are sufficiently low to allow for efficient sharecropping is of course an empirical question.

The Invention of Tradition: The Values of Stradivari Violins

by Benjamin Hebbert

2008

This chapter-length monologue uses the principals exposed in Hobsbawm and Ranger's "The Invention of Tradition" (Cambridge, 1992) as a model to describe manipulations in the violin market that took place in the mid-nineteenth century... more

For Whom The Windfalls? Winners and Losers in the Privatisation of Zambia's Copper Mines

by John Lungu and

2007

Differing expectations about who should get what benefits from digging the wealth out of the ground are causing serious tensions in the Copperbelt region of Northern Zambia. Multinational copper-mining companies, the Zambian Government,... more

forced to spend huge amounts on treatment in order to provide clear, palatable water Since Copperbelt residents now face being cut-off if they don’t pay higher charges to wate! companies, including through pre-paid metering, they are effectively subsidizing the mining companies. Where the companies in question are supported by state subsidies, the Government is also paying to clear up after the companies. This is a problem for most of the companies, but particularly MCM and KCM. MCM’s spills have created significan' problems in Mufulira, where the costs of clean-up were handed on to the private wate1 company AHC-mining municipal services until the company found itso costly to continually treat contaminated water that it gave up and passed the responsibility to Nkana Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC), a public water supply and sanitation utility company which receives government funding. 1) Excess sulphur dioxide emissions from smelting create human respiratory diseases as well as acid rain that damages rivers and trees. This is not purely an environmental problem - it creates immediate problems for local communities in securing a livelihood. As a local environmentalist noted, “The only crops that survive are mangos, avocados and cactus. With low salaries, people can't buy food. But they can’t grow their own vegetables either.” (90). This is a problem particularly for communities downwind of the Nkana, Mufulira and Kitwe smelters. KCM recognise that they have a problem in this area, and have undertaken to reduce emission by up to 80% by installing technology which captures sulphur dioxide and converts it into sulphuric acid which the company then uses in mineral processing. MCM have also committed to developing acid plants at both of their smelters.

UIGLIGLOOU ULLOLIIUGL UVLUCIUG UYU 0 1,000% of acceptable levels of copper, 77,000% of manganese and 10,000% of cobalt 93). The result was that residents of Chingola Township were cut off from supplies of freshwater ‘or six days. Some residents of more informal settlements in the area, such as Hippo Pool lownship, who do not have access to piped water, have always drawn their drinking water rom the Kafue. In cases where piped water had been cut off, others were forced to go direct o the river. Although the Government has attempted to provide water tankers and to liscourage people from going direct to the Kafue, residents have complained that there is nsufficient water, and newspapers report that some families continued going to the Kafue. One resident told a newspaper reporter, “We are scared. In fact even this water they are oringing in tanks is not enough. Now we are dead because of KCM. We may have problems n the future. We do not know what is in our bodies. We drank because we were thirsty. But he taste was bitter. It was like chloroquine. Most people are sick. Most people can’t even stand up. If we try to put chlorine, the water becomes black. If we boil it, it becomes brown.” Q4),

SEE — ae assets, but secondly, in a situation wher many feared losing their jobs, and with them their houses, and were reluctant to return to rural areas, they presented a means by which workers could afford to stay on the Copperbelt, perhaps to look for alternative paid employment. In many cases, these hopes were also disappointed and, unable to afford to renovate the properties, many ex-miners have either sold the houses on in order to raise capital, or started to rent out the front of the house to another family and to live in one room. Job losses and wage cuts in the Copperbelt over the past twenty years have seen a shift in coping strategies on the part of families, with many attempting to grow their own food on small plots of land either by moving away entirely from the mining townships, or by seeking land in the area on which to farm. In many cases this land belongs to the mining companies who hold ‘exploration rights’ in areas where communities live. As a result, livelihoods in the area are very precarious. People are attempting to build houses and to farm in areas subject to subsidence, flooding with toxic waste from mining operations and evictions by the mining companies if they decide to re-allocate their use of particular chunks of land. In some cases, as mining operations expand, communities will need to be moved to alternative accommodation. The most positive solution for local communities is that they should be relocated to high quality housing in well- serviced settlements with which the community is satisfied. However, land conflicts have been handled in different ways by different companies. The ECZ pointed out that this was not an isolated incident of environmental neglect by KCM, which had seen several tailings pipe bursts resulting in some communities facing polluted water for over a year. An ECZ spokesman complained, “this is a clear indication of poor corporate social responsibility by KCM management in their environmental management.” ECZ also announced that it “reserved the right to prosecute KCM management or Directors in their individual capacity if upon investigations, they are deemed to have been negligent in carrying out their duties to prevent pollution thereby threatening human life and the environment.” (100).

Health provision Since privatisation. retrenched ZCCM mine workers and their families, who would als previously have had access to mine hospitals, have found it difficult to access health car facing higher fees. For the 52 unionised employees on old ZCCM terms of service, hospit provision is, as it was previously and is for unionised workers in all of the other mines, fre to all dependents. However workers on fixed-term contracts are allowed to nominate ju one family member for health care, which, until this year, was automatically a registere wife - the worker may now nominate one person of their choice. NFCA is the only minin company that denies all dependents health care. Zambian average family size is 6. In othe words, NFCA will provide no free healthcare to the children of their employees. It is far fror clear that in this situation NFCA is operating within the terms of its Development Agreemen This states that: “NFCA shall: provide the Social Services to all employees of NFCA and th Registered Dependents of such employees entitled to benefit therefrom... NFCA agrees | continue to employ the same registration practice for determining the eligibility of dependen to qualify as Registered Dependents as the practice for determining the same which we in place at the date of this Agreement.” (123) As discussed further below, if NFCA is attemptin to justify this practice, itis likely to be on the (legally false) basis that it’s contracted worke! are not ‘employees’.

Workers under different Conditions of Service in five large-scale Zambian Copper Mines 2006

Source: Collective Agreements accessed in the MUZ information and research centre

Monthly Salary of the Highest and Lowest paid MUZ unionise« workers in Zambian copper mines, Jan 1 2006

Source: Chamber of Mines, The Zambian Mining Industry Post-Privatisation, Unpublished, pase given by Chairman of the Chamber to the IMF Visiting Mission to Zambia, O ctober 2006 Source: Foreign Investment Advisory Service, Zambia: Sectoral Study O f The Effective Tax Burden, a joint service of the International Finance Corporation and The World Bank, December 2004

Source: Weeks and McKinley, 2005, Page 15