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2020, Routledge eBooks
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315686097-5…
24 pages
1 file
2023
The article deals with the nature of the political relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states. The various forms of dependency led to varied limitations on the functioning of these states, espe cially in the field of their international politics. The Ottoman Empire's relations with weaker, allied, vassal and subordinate states were shaped by the following factors: the historical period, the political and legal nature of the mutual relations, religion, the current political and military situation. On the basis of analysis of the sources and scientific literature, it has been shown that the Ottoman Empire was unable to prevent more or less official poli cy by its subordinate centres, as long as they had any state structures (even if they were only of a self-governing nature). In the 14 th century, most of the Balkan states found themselves as allies and tributaries of the Ottoman Empire. The alliance with the Ottomans did not limit political relations with countries uncommitted against the Ottomans. In the 15 th century there was a process of more and more clearly political subordination of the Balkan states which added two important elements to earlier financial and military obligations-investment and obe dience. In the 16 th century, it was extremely important to surrender to the King of Hungary John Zápolya un der the authority of Sultan Suleiman. It also resulted in the Ottoman Empire taking over direct political control of the Romanian principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia. The Sultan was not able to fully control them, they of ten carried out independent political activities, connected with the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Empire, and Transylvania. In the 18 th century the process of building the Balkan nation states launched, albeit very slowly. In the 19 th century, any independence, even very limited, was conducive to the rapid formation of their own independent statehood.
2021
Historiography calls the period between late 18 th and mid-19 th century the Age of Revolutions which witnessed a number of revolutions in Europe. These movements made changes in the socio-political structures: absolutist monarchies faded away handing over their power to representative governments with a written constitution, and left room for creating nation states. There are three great powers that directly influenced the Balkan Peninsula. The Ottomans had imposed a strong control over the region since they captured Byzantium in 1453. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) laid a strong foundation for the empire in the 16 th century, which continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military throughout the 17th and for much of the 18th century. However, the rising Russian Empire, due to the reforms of Peter the Great, started to challenge the Ottomans' power creating a long period of military conflicts between the two states. The third Great Power was the Habsburg Empire that gradually lost its influence in Western Europe and turned its attention to Central and Southeast Europe. This paper deals with on the process that ends up in the establishment of a nation state with constitutional institutions focusing on Great Power diplomacy. It is going to examine the interaction among the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the intention of the Habsburgs and the Romanovs to penetrate into the region and the formation of the first nation state in Southeast Europe. The efforts of the Greeks to gain their independence was the first step to push out the Ottomans from the Balkans and to make it possible for the peoples of the region to make an attempt to form their own government, which meets their economic, social and cultural needs. Additionally, the opportunity also opened up for the Balkans to join the European system.
MUWEESI CHARLES, 2010
Przegląd Humanistyczny, 2022
The historical issue of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875−1885) is examined as a significant phase in the social and political development of parts of Southeastern Europe connected with the territorial withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire. Through a brief presentation of the crisis’ main events, a more extended periodization of its stages is offered when analyzing this complex historical process. Based on the analysis of Article XXIII of the Berlin Treaty (1878) and its (non)implementation, the consequences for the further historical development of Ottoman Macedonia are discussed.
In the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, the Kingdom of Serbia wrested Old Serbia and Macedonia from Ottoman rule. The process of instituting the constitutional order and local government institutions in the liberated and annexed areas was phased: (1) the building of provisional administration on the instructions of government inspectors and the head of the Military Police Department; (2) implementation of the Decree on the Organisation of the Liberated Areas of
Zeitschrift für Mittelmeerstudien, Vol. 3, 2024
The essay investigates the emergence of constitutional statehood in post-Ottoman Southeast Europe during the 19 th century in comparative perspective on the example of Serbia, Greece and Romania. It locates central turning points and highlights similarities as well as peculiarities of these processes in relation to the paradigm of Europeanization which functioned as the guiding principle in all three cases. It concludes that Europeanization, respectively "De-Ottomanization", although dominating Southeast European political discourses, was not a clear-cut uniform concept but to a considerable degree influenced by specific regional factors, in particular the imperial legacies of the region, which have to be considered in order to make the Europeanization-paradigm a viable analytical tool for historical research.
The Greek Thought
The 1821 events led to one of the most intense challenges for the Concert of Europe. The Great Powers were facing an unprecedented situation considering the Greek insurrection and how it and the Romanians' movement led by Tudor Vladimirescu affected the equilibrium of force and the destiny of "the sick man of Europe" (as the Ottoman Empire was called). At the time, the two mutinies drew the attention of the Great Powers because they generated tension throughout Europe on the one hand and because the issues they encompassed bore solutions for the continental peace on the other.
Empires and Peninsulas, Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople 1699–1829, ed. P. Mitev, Münster, 2010
Тhe Serbian Revolution (1804–1835) is one of the most significant events in the history of the Serbs and can be divided in two periods: war (1804-1815) and peace (1815–1835). In the phase of war the First Uprising (1804–1813), Hadži Prodan’s Revolt (1814) and the Second Uprising (1815) represented a unique phenomenon: the first Serbian war against Turkey. The Serbian Revolution was carried out by the Serbian peasants. the war destroyed turkish feudalism and created a new society. The Serbian insurgents fought endlessly for almost twelve years, a feat unprecedented in world history. All peasant wars before that had lasted much shorter.
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