Economic policy

uman development is crucial to confronting the many economic and social ills facing Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). And within the context of human development, addressing the thorny issue of child labor is vital to the development of many of Africa's youngest citizens, who will determine the future of SSA. With more than a third of Africa's children not attending school, and most of them working, the child labor issue will be central in the fight against poverty and destitution. This paper looks at the question of child labor in its totality-cultural, social, and economic. In order to design effective interventions, the development community-including the Bank-must understand the complex problems linked to child labor and school attendance in many African countries. The paper argues for a comprehensive strategy rather than targeted approaches, and details some innovative instruments to address child labor. The World Bank is committed to supporting measures that reduce harmful effects of child labor, and to exploring fully the human capital potential in Africa. The authors hope that this paper will encourage future discussions on policies and strategies to address Africa's development challenges-especially human capital issues-in an effort to reduce poverty and spur economic growth.

The European Union has embarked on a European Green Deal programme that advocates for a transition from fossil fuels to sustainable production. Attempts are being made to identify biomass sources and bioproducts (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, or biofuels) that do not compete significantly with food production and have a low environmental impact. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the environmental impact of the supercritical CO2 extraction of poplar biomass in a life cycle assessment (LCA). The production system was examined in a cradle-to-gate approach. In the analysed system, poplar biomass was extracted, and residual biomass was converted to pellets which were used to generate process heat. The functional unit was 1 kg of packaged extract. The results showed that the step of biomass extraction using S-CO2 (in subsystem II) made the greatest contribution to all but two impact categories, with contribution from 25.3% to 93.8% for land use and global warming categories,...

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) ST147 caused a large multi-hospital outbreak in Italy from 2018 to 2021. We describe a new ST6668 NDM-producing Kp clone, belonging to CC147, which rapidly spread across hospitals in the Pavia province (Northern Italy) from February to August 2023. Genomic analyses revealed that ST6668 is different from ST147 and fast evolving. As shown here, genomic surveillance programmes are useful for tracking the spread of new clones with reduced susceptibility to most antibiotics.

What links the French "Gilet Jaunes" movement with the latest elections for the European parliament? Article aims at answering this question. The major argument is that the European elections function as a mask used by the Monnet integration method in order to hide the disintegration of a common world's constitutional foundations within the EU member states. Survival of the European order depends on a decision that will resolve the threatening either-or conflict between member states and their societies. Elections for the EP will maintain their functional justification so long as they remain able to cover the real decision maker and his accountability.Kakva je veza između pokreta "Žutih prsluka" i izbora za Evropski parlament? U radu tražimo odgovor na ovo pitanje. Osnovna teza je da izbori za Evropski parlament predstavljaju samo deo maske koju stvara Moneov metod integracije kako bi prikrio urušavanje temelja zajedničkog sveta u državama članicama. Opstanak...

Most of the Latin American countries that have introduced marketfriendly economic reforms during the course of the last two decades have also suffered serious increases in inequality. The systematic coincidence in timing of the two events suggests that the reforms have been one cause of the worsening distribution. The generalization that major increases in inequality have occurred in many Latin American countries over the last two decades is now widely accepted (Altimir 1994;. This article will add new information for a few countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador). Its main focus, however, is the possible causes of those increases, a complicated question because so many different currents have affected the region over this period-the economic crisis, the policy reforms, technological change, shifts in terms of trade, and still others. Samuel Morley (1995) and others have argued that much of the observed increase in inequality was related to the economic crises suffered by nearly every country in the region. This interpretation might suggest that the optimists who predicted positive distributional outcomes from the reforms (such as Krueger 1988) will eventually be vindicated, once the negative effects of the crises have played themselves out. Although I agree that this factor played a significant role, the fact that inequality appears to be significantly higher after the crisis than before (Altimir 1994) implies that other contributing factors were also at work. Of these, the reforms are suspect because of their content and implicated by the coincidences in timing with the increases. 1 1. This broad conclusion is also reached in a major forthcoming study directed by Victor Bulmer-Thomas (Bulmer-Thomas n.d.).

Mentre in molti settori dei servizi e delle strutture comunali sono presenti figure professionali di ruolo di riferimento come assistenti sociali, geometri, architetti, geologi, e altre e per il loro rinnovo vengono svolti periodicamente concorsi, nel settore della cultura invece, e in particolare delle biblioteche, non avviene lo stesso. Perché, secondo lei, da molti Comuni sembra sia stata accantonata l'idea di attivare concorsi per bibliotecari? Perché, in generale, nel nostro paese si ritiene che la cultura sia poco importante. In passato abbiamo addirittura avuto un ministro che ha sostenuto che "con la cultura non si mangia". Da noi c'è anzitutto un clima culturale che non favorisce l'idea di spendere nel mondo della cultura e della ricerca. Viviamo un tempo in cui il pensiero dominante tende a sbeffeggiare la cultura e la scienza: una sorta di ribellione populista contro i saperi, spesso carica di rancore gratuito. Credo che questo si spieghi con il clima politico generale del nostro tempo e non è cosa che riguarda solo il nostro Paese. Nell'epoca dei populismi occorrono risposte semplici che parlino direttamente alla pancia delle persone ed ecco che quindi tutto ciò che è complessità, ricerca, articolazione che comporta dei distinguo, delle sfumature, viene ritenuto vecchio, superato, fuori dal tempo. Pensate alla strisciante riforma della scuola. Si cerca da tempo di trasformare la scuola da luogo della cultura e della formazione del cittadino a luogo di mera introduzione nel mondo del lavoro. L'ambizione più o meno nascosta di privatizzare la scuola pubblica, la retorica sulle competenze e sulla meritocrazia, le prove Invalsi, l'alternanza scuola/lavoro, sono tutti tasselli di un progetto che tende a ridisegnare l'orizzonte costituzionale della scuola pubblica attribuendogli esclusivamente un ruolo di preparazione e di introduzione al mercato del lavoro, una prova generale della selezione spietata che il mercato del lavoro compirà dopo.

Contending with the rationale for rate increases to counter inflationary pressures, this study revisits the quantity theory of money and the equation of exchange developed in the sixteenth century by the likes of John Locke, John Law, etc., and popularized over the years by economists, such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Irvin Fisher to predict the response of some variables, especially imports of goods and services, on the rate of inflation.  The vector autoregression (VAR) process was used to estimate the model.  Results show that import is significant in its impact in the reduction of the growth rate of CPI inflation, thereby dampening the weight of inflationary pressures on economic policy formulations. Because of present economic environment, coupled with author’s fulfilled seven-year prediction, the urgency of incorporating this into our economic policy determination cannot be overemphasized.

Dado que en el país no existe un consenso sobre la crítica situación actual que atraviesa la economía boliviana, de sus causas y de las medidas para superarla, el documento tiene por objeto, en primer lugar, proponer un punto de partida mínimo común centrado en el corto plazo y en la caracterización de la crisis económica por la erupción de la crisis cambiaria en 2023 en el contexto de una crónica crisis fiscal, que se arrastra desde 2014 junto con una continua caída de las reservas internacionales, asociada inicialmente a un shock externo de precios, después a un shock interno de caída de la producción y la oferta exportable de hidrocarburos que derivó en una balanza negativa de combustibles y, finalmente, al cierre del mercado argentino como destino del gas natural boliviano. En segundo lugar, la idea es discutir la viabilidad de las medidas que actualmente circulan como el ajuste fiscal y monetario-cambiario y, en tercer lugar, proponer medidas de corto plazo consistentes en la creación de un Fondo de Estabilización y Reservas junto a un shock de confianza, requisito previo para la aplicación de medidas de ajuste fiscal y otras opciones de política cambiaria. Al final, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones enfatizando que para enfrentar la crítica situación actual se requerirán no solo de buenas políticas económicas y un acuerdo político consensuado, sino también de la buena suerte con una alineación favorable de los astros.

This paper compares and contrasts Joan Robinson's theoretical-and "mythical", in her words-Golden Age with the real-world Golden Age of Capitalism documented in Marglin and Schor (1990). The former provided the analytical backdrop for Robinson's (1956, 1962) economic growth model based on a two-sided relationship between profits and investment, while the latter was a postwar empirical phenomenon in developed countries characterized by high and stable growth as well as low unemployment. In the mythical Golden Age, full-employment steady-state growth results from a highly stringent set of conditions that are satisfied only accidentally: Namely, the equality over time between the natural, the warranted, and the actual rate of growth of national income. In turn, the real-world Golden Age of Capitalism was born in the context of the welfare state, a robust trade union movement, the commitment to demand management, and international leadership by the USA, within which the macroeconomic structure, the international order, the system of production, and the rules of coordination operated. The paper then argues that Joan Robinson's economic growth model, with suitable adjustments that preserve the two-way investment-profits relationship, also offers a sound basis for the understanding of the real-world Golden Age. These adjustments are provided by Bhaduri and Marglin (1990) and Marglin and Bhaduri (1990), who allow for idle capacity in the long period and a more realistic investment function. The Bhaduri-Marglin approach provides a coherent and innovative account of real-world Golden Age, while preserving the theoretical core of the Robinsonian growth model. Therefore, this comparison exercise highlights the explanatory power of Joan Robinson's growth model: While originally designed to show the theoretical limits of economic growth and capital accumulation in a stylized capitalist economy, it also supplied the conceptual basis for an understanding of postwar capitalism in developed countries.

This paper sheds light on how tax policies can affect the relationship between the wage share in national income and output growth, in a situation of near-or full-capacity utilization, from the standpoint of the Cantabrigian tradition of Nicholas Kaldor, Joan Robinson and Luigi Pasinetti. To do so, the starting point is a Kaldor-Pasinetti style saving function, in which taxation is explicitly included into the analysis. From the standpoint of the potential (warranted) growth rate, a trade-off between growth and income redistribution towards wage-earners can be influenced by changes in tax policy, in the form of taxes on profits and wages. In particular, for a given warranted growth rate, a lower profit tax rate is associated with a higher share of wages in national income. This result holds only under full capacity utilization. When a Robinsonian investment function is introduced, the resulting paradox of thrift is shown to worsen the trade-off between potential growth and the share of wages in national income.

This John Deutsch Institute publications series arises from our CIDA-supported projects with the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) and the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER). Central to these projects is collaboration by Canadian, Malaysian and Thai researchers. These monographs are intended to make research results available to broader Canadian and international audiences. We are grateful to CIDA for its financial support. This paper was prepared in connection for a project-sponsored workshop on The Future of Social Security in Malaysia held in Kuala Lumpur on 23-24 June 1998. The purpose was to bring together policy-makers and researchers to discuss alternatives for social security reform in Malaysia. The economic crisis has produced a sharp increase in attention to "economic security" in Malaysia ! a topic that had received little attention in the years of rapid growth. Professor Osberg's paper explores some of the roots of thinking about economic insecurity in OECD countries. He discusses how economic insecurity affects social and political stability, as well as individual wellbeing, personal identity and labor market behavior. For a country like Malaysia, which does not yet have extensive unemployment insurance or welfare programs, it is important to understand the meaning and implications of economic insecurity, and how best to measure it. The paper discusses as well the importance of the distinction between "economic insecurity" and "risk".

The diversity in the current degree of financial development across the EU can be a great opportunity at a time where this area is poised to become increasingly financially integrated. Integration should accelerate the development of the most backward financial markets, and allow companies from these countries to access more sophisticated credit and security markets. In line with a large recent literature, it is reasonable to expect that financial integration will have a "growth dividend" in Europe. This paper attempts to quantify this growth dividend, using both industry and firm-level data to estimate the empirical relationship between financial market development and growth, and to gauge how it will distribute itself across countries and sectors.

The increase in national and international terrorist activities and the measures taken against them have led to a close analysis of the economic effects of terrorism. Terrorism causes significant changes in the basic building blocks of the national and world economy by influencing the activities, behaviors and expectations of economic units. Terror affects the development and growth of countries negatively. If there is inequality in income distribution in a country, if the education and health services of the country are not widespread, it is not possible to talk about the national income in that country even if it shows an increase. The most important element for development and growth is the environment of trust and peace. In an environment where people do not feel safe, economic activities will not be at the desired level. Today, along with globalization, terrorism brings social and economic consequences. As a result of these consequences, serious damages occur in financial systems and national economies. For this reason, our study examines the relationship between terrorism and the financial structure and attempts to analyze the effects of terrorism on economic growth and the effects on the financial structure.

Beginning with the election of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in 1998, the rise to power of the left took Latin America by surprise. During the previous two decades, the region's economies had increasingly moved toward an open, market-oriented model of development and away from the statist, import-substitution-industrialization (ISI) model that had prevailed for decades. 1 Toward the end of the twentieth century, there were few if any challengers to the liberalizing trend. The devastating effects of the debt crisis of the early 1980s contributed to a generalized perception that ISI and state-interventionist policies advocated by the left had failed. The collapse of the Soviet Union-exposing the vices and inconsistencies of centrally planned economies-gave credence to this view and heralded the universalization of the market economy as the only feasible mode of organizing economic relations. The Washington Consensus permeated most policy and academic circles as the dominant paradigm. 2 Against these trends, the left's political revival seemed extremely unlikely. To make matters worse for the left, the market-oriented reforms adopted across the region severely undermined the left's main base of support-organized labor. The exposure of previously protected domestic industries to foreign competition and the privatization of state-owned companies resulted in widespread layoffs particularly affecting highly unionized sectors. Stabilization policies that relied on wage restraints to enhance productivity and competitiveness eroded labor's negotiating power. Overcoming these obstacles was a challenging task for leftist parties in the region. In describing its general disarray in the early 1990s, Steve Ellner and Barry Carr characterized the left as "more disoriented and lacking in credible options than ever before." In this adverse context, a series of leftist electoral victories swept the region.

Pour un juriste avisé, la gratitude est une vertu; A Dieu tout puissant pour la grâce de vie et qui nous a accordé la force nécessaire pour réaliser ce travail. Nos remerciements vont également à l'endroit de l'Université de Yaoundé II pour nous avoir donné la possibilité d'effectuer ce Master. Nous voulons également exprimer notre reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont oeuvré à la réalisation de ce travail. Nous pensons notamment : -Au Professeur PEKASSA NDAM Gérard Martin pour avoir accepté guider nos premiers pas dans la recherche scientifique et pour ses astuces et conseils. Il a toujours été présent, disponible, rigoureux et méthodique dans l'évolution de nos travaux; -A notre cher Doyen le Professeur ONDOA Magloire pour l'encadrement administratif; -Au Professeur GUESSELE ISSEME Lionel pour ses conseils et orientations; -Au corps enseignant de la FSJP pour les enseignements dispensés; -A Monsieur ESSOGO Raymond et sa chère épouse ESSOGO Cécile pour l'amour indescriptible et sans pareil dont ils ont toujours fait montre au quotidien à l'endroit de ma modeste personne; -A Monsieur TENE MPONDO Charles et sa tendre épouse Mama Chantal pour l'altruisme et l'aide au quotidien ; -A mes frères et soeurs VOUNDI BINGONO Patrick, MVENG BINGONO Franck Vincent, BILOA ESSOGO Guillaume, MBENE Claudia Géraldine, ETIE BINGONO Arlette Beatrice, ETOA BINGONO Brenda Suzanne pour l'amour au quotidien et leur soutien indescriptible durant cette épreuve, et pour les prières sans relâche; sans oublier mes neveux Frederick Ulrich, David-Enzo, et mes nièces Angela Joliane, Gabrielle, Claudia Dalhia auxquels je témoigne mon profond amour ; -Au commissaire de police MVOGO Léonel Claude pour les précieux conseils et le soutien dans toutes les épreuves; -A certains ainés académiques tels AKONO OLINGA André et BEKADA ONANA Patrice Pascal pour la précieuse documentation et les conseils;

ABSTRACT
Fisheries-related livelihoods are affected by both climatic and non-climatic factors. Climate variability can play a profound role in the dwindling returns from fisheries and has impacts on socio-economic livelihoods of fisher folks. The objectives of this study were to determine evidence of rainfall and temperature changes, evaluate the effects of rainfall and temperature changes on fish catch, identify the general determinants or drivers of fish outputs at Yeji, determine the impacts of the prevailing climate on the fisheries value chain and assess the current coping and adaptive strategies of fisheries dependent households. Household surveys were conducted with 108 fishers from three fish landing sites in the Pru district in addition to in-depth interviews, key-informant interviews and focus group discussions. Historical data on fish catch, rainfall and temperature conditions were also taken from the Fisheries Department, Ghana Statistical Service, and Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMet). Summary frequencies were generated from the survey data and rainfall and temperature anomalies were generated and compared to ENSO occurrences and fish catch. The qualitative data mainly textual or word-based information from in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were analyzed, and reported using boxes. The study found that rainfall, rainstorm, drought and flood events, high fishing season temperatures are climatic drivers of fish outputs while non-climatic drivers of fish catch volume include type of fishing boat, fishing experience, number of fishing gears, crew size, lack of knowledge, poor health, lack of credit, cost and irregular supply of premix fuel. The study identified two major coping and adaptation strategies. First, diversification of livelihoods includes rearing of domestic poultry, livestock rearing, crop farming, petty trading and tree planting. Second, movement of fishers across the fishing landscape in search for better fishing grounds during the lean season. The study recommends that in order to reduce risks from climate hazards on livelihoods, local policies should lessen dependence on climate sensitive alternative income sources.

The ruling political party or the ruling government has rights in drafting and implementing economic policies including the budget policy. In the case of Malaysia, as observed, the budget policy is associated with the long or medium term economic development plans that are drafted, current thinking or thought of economic policies and additional measures that would be introduced probably related to major economic events such as the impact of financial or global economic crises. Also the budget includes economic policies according to the ruling party"s manifesto and promises made during the election. Eventhough the budget is the ruling government"s privilege but the government"s financial plan, i.e the allocation and the manner of spending, taxation and borrowing are subject to law, acts, rules and procedures. The ruling government cannot simply utilize economic resources for its political means or interests. This paper argues that there is a solid link between the ruling political party with the preparation of the budget policy. To examine the matter this paper uses the survey method. This paper has found that in the case of Malaysia the Member of Parliaments do influence the outlining of the annual budget.

Abstract: The author delves into the theme put forth by Pope Francis, advocating for a fresh approach to the study of economics that aligns with the complexities of contemporary society. This new perspective emphasizes the need to integrate the unique identity and interests of every individual with a deep understanding of the tools provided by the Global Educational Pact. In this context, the author specifically examines three interconnected themes: labor, the common good, and finance. These themes, while closely related, demand distinct theoretical and empirical approaches to achieve a transformative shift in economic education. The objective is to cultivate a new mindset that places the well-being of each person at the forefront while ensuring the care and sustainability of our shared environment, or “common home”. By rethinking the way we teach and approach economics, we can build a system that better safeguards human dignity, promotes the collective good and the care of our common home.

Since gaining independence in 1991, Ukraine has been involved in the international division of labor, participating in international trade and global capital flows. As a result, the degree of its involvement in the global economy has changed, and the country's relatively high economic potential has provided grounds for optimistic forecasts. Since the beginning of the 21 st century, the conditions for the functioning of national economies have become highly complex and highly variable. This was particularly true for Ukraine, which has been struggling with internal and external challenges. The study's main objective is to describe the evolution of Ukraine's international economic ties after 2000 and indicate the most critical determinants of its development. To achieve the aim of the study, several research methods were used, including a critical analysis of the subject literature, the method of inference based on statistical data, and the analytical-descriptive method. The time scope of the study covers the years 2000-2023, and the subject covers foreign trade and capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment. The analysis of the development of Ukraine's international economic ties conducted in this study gives a rather pessimistic picture of the situation. In the analyzed areas, i.e., international trade and foreign direct investment flows, the Ukrainian economy is experiencing unfavorable changes.

belanja pencegahan COVID-19, belanja jaring pengaman sosial, dan belanja penanganan dampak ekonomi. Penelitian ini juga didasarkan pada kuesioner yang dilakukan dengan pemerintah daerah mengenai kinerja kesehatan dan upaya pemulihan ekonomi. Data yang digunakan adalah cross section dengan periode akhir triwulan II tahun 2020. Hasil pengujian membuktikan bahwa realokasi anggaran yang digunakan untuk belanja pengendalian COVID-19 dan belanja jaring pengaman sosial berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan perekonomian daerah. selama masa penelitian dengan p-value 0,021 dan 0,000. Pemerintah melalui APBD kembali fokus pada belanja untuk mendorong pemulihan ekonomi.

The questions which the global crises insistently sets today once again head to the organization of monetary circulation. Many scientists defend the proposal to eliminate the state monopoly, respectively the central bank monopoly as the only issuer of currency and to be allowed the circulation of the complementary currencies as a local legal tender altogether with the national currency. On this base the setting of currency communities has some logic. Practically, these types of complementary currencies are constructed as microstructures and are proof of favorable impact to social-economy activity at local level. Data indicates that they are beneficial to both the participants and the higher rank economic systems as the community, the state, the union. This paper studies the positive impact of community currencies to the community welfare, if they are used but not the degree of this impact compared to another measures types during crises.

International experience has indicated that while tourism concentrates on space and time as a particular form of a changing private consumption with its subsequent production and distribution problems, which diffuse society and economy as a whole, it requires the state's regulatory intervention. The particular approach of the Greek case is made because tourism evolves in a developing country like Greece, which at the same time is a member of the European Union (EU). This means that it is gradually subject to the wider framework of the developed EU member states. Particularly, this article examines the impact of the indirect financing policy, for the production and distribution of the tourism product in Greece, mainly through the examination of the regional variation of development incentives in the hotel industry. The financing policy of Greek tourism is promoted as a basic development instrument for regions and especially for socio-economically disadvantaged regions.

Compass of the European Union, which delineated the goals pertaining to technology applications, has been achieved so far. The purpose of this assessment is to provide guidance for the subsequent seven years of the development stage. The evaluation is conducted with data acquired from the Network Readiness Index (NRI) and the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) for the year 2022.

Le modèle qui sert de référence à l'organisation des échanges commerciaux internationaux, depuis un siècle environ, est le libre échange. En effet, depuis la création de l'OMC en 1995, la libéralisation économique est devenue une donnée incontournable qui s'impose progressivement aux pays dans différents secteurs d'activités. Par ailleurs, l'introduction de la Chine sur cet échiquier a complètement bouleversé les calculs des stratèges. Dans ce papier, nous avons montré l'impact de la mondialisation sur les économies du Maghreb, en vue de décrypter les retombées de la libéralisation économique au Maroc. A la lumière des données traitées nous avons conclue que le bilan de la libéralisation est mitigé et laisse planer beaucoup de doutes quant à l'atteinte des objectifs escomptés du libre échange. C'est plutôt les partenaires commerciaux du Maroc qui en tirent profit.

Summary On 16 March 2022, the Russian Federation’s membership in the Council of Europe was terminated with immediate effect on account of its aggression against Ukraine. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, to analyze the content of the suspension and expulsion clause in the Council of Europe Statute (Article 8), to put it into context with three other relevant provisions, namely the clause on Member States’ obligations (Article 3), the withdrawal clause (Article 7) and the clause on suspension due to the non-payment of compulsory contributions (Article 9). Second, to argue that the way the Russian Federation was expelled as well as the consequences of its expulsion, raise several legal and procedural issues. Among them, whether it should have been given the opportunity to justify the use of force against Ukraine; whether, as stipulated in Article 8, it should have been requested to voluntarily withdraw before having its membership terminated; which were the effects of the...

This paper investigates the costs and benefits of portfolio investment versus foreign direct investment (FDI) in a comparative study between China and the US. Recently, China‟s authorities have announced a plan to make the Reminbi fully convertible in the near future. This relaxation of the capital controls surely will benefit foreign firms, who are doing business with China and who want to transfer money easily from Chinese bank to a foreign bank. However, this raises the questions of whether or not the full convertibility benefits China. This paper shows empirical evidence that the US benefits much more from portfolio investment, which often rises sharply with full convertibility, than China does. In contrast China benefits much more from FDI, which can flourish without full convertibility, than the US does. The paper concludes that China might want to phase out its full capital convertibility slowly over time instead of implementing the process abruptly in the near future. Keywor...

Políticas Macroeconómicas para Reactivar el Crecimiento y gobierno podría tomar los primeros pasos para privatizar algunas empresas públicas, tales como la de teléfonos, lo cual brindaría grandes beneficios como mejor calidad y cobertura de los servicios públicos y reduciría el costo fiscal de las empresas que pierden dinero. Una explicación de la baja productividad de la inversión es que una gran parte de la economía -casi la mitad de acuerdo a una estimación -es informal. Las actividades informales no logran aprovechar las economías de escala, la protección de los derechos de la propiedad, o atraer inversiones extranjeras. También tienden a ser menos productivas, resultan en impuestos mas elevados sobre la economía formal, y reducen los incentivos de inversión en capital humano. Otra explicación de la baja productividad es que Paraguay ha invertido fuertemente en vivienda, lo cual no crea capacidad productiva. Una tercera explicación es el bajo nivel de cobertura y calidad de los servicios de infraestructura del Paraguay, especialmente teléfonos y abastecimiento de agua y alcantarillado. Paraguay está rezagado en comparación de sus países vecinos en la provisión de caminos, teléfonos, abastecimiento de agua, alcantarillado y hasta electricidad. Una cuarta explicación es la baja calidad de la educación primaria y la poca cobertura de educación secundaria. La informalidad emerge principalmente de tres factores: (i) las firmas son renuentes a formalizarse a fin de evitar ser sujetas al estricto código laboral y al alto salario mínimo que está por encima del de sus vecinos más ricos y aún mas alto que el sueldo promedio en Paraguay. Aunque los costos laborales adicionales al sueldo son bajos en Paraguay. (ii) un sistema de impuestos en el cual las compañía formales pagan un impuesto fijo del 30 por ciento mientras las firmas informales pagan sólo el 3 por ciento, en caso de pagarlo, lo cual alienta a las empresas a permanecer pequeñas y/o informales (especialmente dado que no hay impuesto de ingresos personales en el Paraguay); y (iii) los aranceles bajos han resultado en un gran volumen de importaciones de bienes de consumo y electrónicos que son re-exportados a los mercados en Brasil y Argentina, que tienen mayor protección. Hasta el impuesto al valor agregado en Paraguay, generalmente del 10 por ciento, es sólo 2 por ciento para los bienes principales de re-exportación. Mientras una parte del comercio triangular es legal, en el sentido que los residentes de los países vecinos viajan a Paraguay para aprovechar los aranceles bajos y regresan con la mercancía en mano, una fracción importante del comercio es a través de contrabando. El contrabando alienta la corrupción, afecta la gobernabilidad, y multiplica otras actividades ilegales. También desalienta la inversión en el sector formal, especialmente la inversión extranjera directa. El crecimiento está también afectado por severos problemas en el sistema de pensiones. El sistema existente es un régimen de pagos con cargo a los ingresos Resumen Ejecutivo

Pereira, abril de 2025 Resumen El presente documento, muestra como la inflación influye sobre la calidad de vida de los habitantes adscritos a las diferentes clases sociales existentes en el muncipio de Pereira, escenario este poco abordado por quienes debe tomar decisiones relacionadas con la protección del bienestar de sus habitantes como también el de la población visitante. Abstrac This document shows how inflation affects the quality of life of residents belonging to the different social classes in the municipality of Pereira. This issue is rarely addressed by those who must make decisions related to protecting the well-being of its residents as well as that of the visiting population.

The development of a sustainable economy is the goal of the whole society in the European Union. With over half of the global population residing in urban areas, the significance of building resilient cities cannot be overstated. Cities are at the forefront of driving adaptation and building resilience implementing ambitious strategies and activities to effectively cope, adapt, and transform, considering three pillars of sustainable development: economic growth, environmental management and social inclusion. This study explores the toolbox of best practices -activities and innovations that European cities are implementing to achieve sustainable development goals. In the article, the best practices and innovative approaches that cities are taking toward sustainability were identified. This article explores the key aspects of smart mobility and its potential to reshape urban transportation systems for a more sustainable future. The findings in the paper indicate that European cities are making significant efforts to adopt sustainable practices, including investments in renewable energy, green infrastructure, public transportation, waste management, and sustainable urban planning. The study highlights the importance of the need for inter-sectoral collaborations to achieve SD goals. The insights gained from this study can inform policy-making and assist cities in developing effective strategies for sustainable development.

The article is devoted to the international trade and economic relations of Ukraine with the countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to relations between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). Ukraine considers the way to EU membership. Attention is drawn to the European integration progress of our country, which is a natural consequence of Ukraine's independence. The most acceptable ways for regulation of relations in the area of international business activity are considered. The main goal of Ukraine is to create conditions for joining the community of developed European countries by means of large-scale internal transformations. Trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union became an inevitable political reality. European guidelines became a practical reflection of a number of decisions and actions of official bodies of the Ukrainian state and the European Union. The fact that the European choice of Ukraine does not change is explained by th...

One of the major themes in New Zealand economic development thinking has been concerned with the balance of trade, industry and infrastructure policy that should accompany entrepreneurial activity. A new era of export development began in the early 1980's with the introduction of a 'more market' approach. However, this did not mean the end of economic development thinking. There were concerns at the time that the non-food manufacturing sector would be decimated by the large reductions in rates of protection. This concern with the breadth of non-food manufacturing has run deep in the New Zealand psyche since the economy opened to trade early in the 19 th century. New Zealand's economic development thinking has focused on attempting to transform a very small economy, without major natural resource endowments, and distant from large foreign markets, into a nation with broadly based opportunities. This thinking was multifaceted in terms of the dispersion of output, emplo...

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar em que medida os recursos do FCO, para o interregno de 1995 a 2012, estão em conformidade com as diretrizes traçadas pela Lei n o 7.827 e pelo Decreto n o 6.047. Adota-se a hipótese de que a distribuição dos recursos do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Centro-Oeste (FCO) seguiu os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo inciso III do Artigo 3 o da Lei n o 7.827, que determina que os recursos do FCO sejam direcionados para reduzir os desequilíbrios intrarregionais no Centro-Oeste. As principais conclusões do trabalho destacaram que os recursos do FCO, para as atividades econômicas no Centro-Oeste, tiveram um impacto positivo tanto nos setores voltados para as atividades rurais quanto empresariais. No caso dos empréstimos do FCO por porte, nota-se que se concentraram, particularmente, naqueles tomadores que estão classificados nas tipologias mini/micro e pequeno. Por fim, observa-se, para o período de 1995 a 2012, que os recursos do FCO concentraram-se, prioritariamente, nas microrregiões de alta renda e estagnadas.

Обширный и глубокий государственный контроль за всеми сторонами жизни в стране и над экономикой, защита государством множества рынков от конкуренции, нестабильность законодательства и, в особенности, правоприменения, жесткий и полный контроль государства за землей (львиной ее долей) и недрами-основа избыточного регуляторного бремени и рисков для ведения бизнеса. Это бремя и риски ведут к удорожанию всех основных товаров и услуг-от жилья и коммунальных услуг до продовольствия. Определенный вклад в дороговизну вносят естественно налоги и, в частности, импортные пошлины и акцизы.

Nogues indicates that the R&D-intensive drug-inventive companies to appropriate the pharmaceutical industry is one of few for which returns from their innovations. Patents sustain patents are a major instrument for protecting the high monopoly prices that provide rents to returns from innovations. In this industry, undertake further R&D and allow the invention investment in R&D is comparatively high, and of new drugs. drugs are easily copied. Under these circumstances, the legal protection of patents is of Much of the developing world -with very crucial importance in determining the market poor innovative capabilities -provide weak or performnance of the R&D-intensive pharmaceutino patent protection for pharmaceutical drugs. cal industry. Moreover, some countries have not signed international patent agreements, and they provide Stringent regulations introduced in the 1960s no enforcement or dispute settlement mecha--to protect consumers from risky drugs - nisms. To confront this situation, industrial increased the costs of R&D in the U.S. pharmacountries have resorted to bilateral and multilatceutical industry and reduced effective patent life eral pressures. For example, industrial country (because the time needed on testing for complynegotiators at the Uruguay Round (especially ing with drug safety regulations has increased Japan, the EC, and the United States) have quite significantly'. This reduces the profits per proposed that patents be offered in all fields dollar invested in R&D. Also during the 1980s, (including pharmaceuticals), that they last 20 several institutional changes seeking to reduce years from date of application, that compulsory medical costs facilitated competition from licenses be applied only in extraordinary circumgeneric drugs and squeezed the sales of the stances, and that a strong dispute settlement R&D-intensive industry. Finally, the potential mechanism be established. By historical stan-market for patented drugs in developing coundards, these homogeneous proposals are unique. tries is no longer trivial. In general, developing countries have opposed these reforms. Some of them, su'ch as Brazil and So this powerful industry is lobbying India, have done so explicitly. strongly for longer patent protection domestically and stronger protection in developing countries. The PRE Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work under way in thc Bank's Policy, Research, and Extemal AffairsComplex. An objectiveofthescries is to get these Findings outquickly, even if presentations are lcss than fullypolished. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in these papers do not necessarily represent official Bank policy.

The opening of the capital account was one of the important structural reforms implemented by Argentina. This liberalization increased the linkage of the real economy with the changing conditions of the international financial markets. In particular, recent data show a clear relation between interest rates and the business cycle on the one hand, and sovereign spreads on the other. In order to understand better these linkages, it is necessary to analyze the determinants of these spreads also known as country risk. Using monthly data for the period 1994 to 1998, we find that this spread is explained by: 1) growth expectations, 2) fiscal deficits, 3) the debt service to export ratio and its growth rate, 4) contagion effects, 5) external shocks including movements of international interest rates, and 6) political noise. Based on these findings, we offer a discussion of some of the policies that should be implemented in order for the spreads to start declining and for the country to eventually reach an "investment grade" rating for its sovereign bonds.

This paper is the result of a joint UNCTAD/World Bank study on non-tariff barriers. J. Michael Finger's direction and comments have been instrumental to this paper's progress as h•1.Ve the programming skills and diligence of Jerzy Rozanski. Helpful contributions have also been made by Emmanuel Aniebonam, Shirin Fozouni, Paula Holmes, F a r r o 1 Mamaghani, and Shahin Outadi. First rate typing by Nellie Artis and Jackson Magargee is also greatly appreciated. Naturally none of these people are responsible for the paper's remaining shortcomings. *The World Bank and the UNCTAD do not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein which are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank or UNCTAD or to their affiliated organizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank or UNCTAD. The designations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps used in this document are solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank or UNCTAD or their affiliates concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries

Mit neuem Wachstum aus der Krise 2 JEL-Klassifikation: E3 -Konjunkturschwankungen# E6 -Makroökonomische Wirtschaftspolitik O4 -Wirtschaftswachstum Zusammenfassung Nordrhein-Westfalen ist wie das gesamte Land massiv von den Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise betroffen. Während die Verbreitung der Erkrankung spürbar zurückgeht, befindet sich die Wirtschaft weiterhin in der tiefsten Rezession in der Geschichte des Landes. Zur Stabilisierung und Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen Lage sind die Auflösung bestgehender angebotsseitiger Restriktionen, die Sicherung von akut gefährdeten Unternehmen und ggf. gezielte Impulse zur Stabilisierung der Nachfrage notwendig. Um kurzfristig die Erwartung in dynamische Wachstumsperspektive zu stärken und damit die Voraussetzungen für unternehmerische Investitionen zu schaffen, ist ein Wachstums-und Modernisierungsprogramm für Nordrhein-Westfalen notwendig. Nur so kann das Land aus der Krise herauswachsen und zugleich den Strukturwandel bewältigen, der durch Digitalisierung und Dekarbonisierung forciert wird. Die aktuelle Krise führt tendenziell zu einer Beschleunigung der Veränderungsnotwendigkeit, während die Fähigkeiten zur Investition durch den Kapitalverzehr zurückgehen. Klare, investitionsfreundliche Rahmenbedingungen sind notwendig, um heute die Basis für Wachstum und Wohlstand von morgen zu legen. Dazu zählen die Förderung von Innovationen und Unternehmensgründungen, gut ausgebaute Infrastrukturen und ein Kostenrahmen, der auch industrielle Produktion unter den Bedingungen der Dekarbonisierung wettbewerbsfähig möglich macht. Nordrhein-Westfalen hat mit seiner starken industriellen Basis gute Voraussetzungen dafür, bei diesem grundlegenden Wandel eine führende Rolle zu spielen, wenn jetzt die wirtschaftspolitischen Weichen entschlossen gestellt werden