Economics

Vse od začetka politične in ekonomske tranzicije naprej je bila Slovenija glede na raven dohodka najrazvitejša nekdanja socialistična država na svetu. To je posledica večstoletnih izkušenj regije kot dela Avstrije, zatem pa kot dela zaprtega jugoslovanskega gospodarstva. Vseeno pa je 25 let po osamosvojitvi Slovenija primer Northove majhne homogene nacionalne skupnosti, ki zavrača zunanje vplive. Prispevek obravnava družbeno odgovornost ekonomistov, ki komentirajo gospodarske razmere v medijih. Največkrat z omejenimi mednarodnimi izkušnjami, pomemben del komentatorjev spregleda pomen uvajanja temeljnih načel ekonomije v državi tranzicije. Članek prinaša tudi analizo medijskih stališč, iz katere je razviden nesporazum pri terminu "nacionalni interes", ki se praviloma uporablja za zaviranje reform. Namesto da bi sodelovali pri razvijanju znanja o temeljnih načelih ekonomije, pomemben del komentatorjev gospodarskih razmer v javnosti sproža zmedo in napačna pričakovanja.

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Greece and was behind the EU15 level mainly regarding poverty and long-term unemployment rates. Groups at risk are single-parent families as well as unemployed and other inactive categories. Having at disposal these indicators for the years to come will be a must not only for the design but also for the evaluation of policies towards a better social cohesion.

The robust Indian textile industry results in prodigious consumption followed by equivalent waste, leading to environmental deterioration. The solution is circular textile production/products (CTPs), but their existence is almost absent in the Indian market due to a lack of focus on consumers’ acceptance of CTPs. To bridge the literature gap, the TPB model was extended to explore the antecedents that directly and indirectly influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions towards CTPs. The PLS-SEM (using Smart-PLS) was used to assess the structural model with the 409 samples collected through an online survey from the NCR of India. The findings revealed that personal benefits, environmental consciousness (except risk perception), perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms significantly and directly influence consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions towards CTPs. In addition, attitude significantly and indirectly mediates the relationship between “environmental cons...

The present study focuses on the Export trade financing by EXIM Bank of India for Various types of exports to Indian Exporters, asses as the sufficiency of quantum of finance and the suitability for enhancing the same, its working as a pioneer in export credit, its role in supporting Indian industries, particularly exporting companies which truly needs export credit, in their globalization efforts through a wide range of the products and services offered at all stages of the business cycle, has also been discussed. The impacts and implication has been pointed out and suggestions are also given to provide optimal export credit to Indian exporters.

This study compares the three-factor model (F&F model) proposed by Eugene Fama and Kenneth French with Daniel and Titman’s Characteristics Model (D&T model) using the data of Indian stock returns for the period of 25 years from 1993 to 2018. Three-way sorting (3 × 2 × 2) of stocks based on the B/M ratio and size of the firms, and then by SMB, HML, or ex-ante β loadings, is formulated to design thirty-six portfolios. Regression and rolling regression are applied to the data under study. Results obtained by the F&F model, despite its shortcomings, are found more conclusive than the D&T model for distinguishing between characteristics and covariances for returns on Indian stock. This study favors the F&F model over the D&T model.

sought to identify the strategic gender needs of women from the Great Lakes Region and to develop through consultation a plan of action for meeting those needs. Participants included representatives of the Ministries of Women's Affairs from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda, as well as representatives of the women's academic and non-governmental organizations. Participants also included Social Affairs Commissioner of the Africa Union, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for the Great Lakes Region and other regional and international gender experts. peace-building processes have been neglected or undervalued in the past, their equal participation in fi nding solutions and proposing alternatives is paramount to the establishment of durable peace and development. This position is endorsed in a number of documents such as the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Millennium Declaration, UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, and the Dar es Salaam Declaration on Peace, Security, Democracy and Development in the Great Lakes Region. All of these and many other international, regional and national instruments call for the full and equal participation of women in every aspect of development and respect for their rights. UNESCO's support of women's full and equal participation in post confl ict reconstruction and in development processes is what led the Social and Human Sciences sector to agree to support the establishment of an African Great Lakes center for gender research and documentation, as well as the strengthening or establishment of gender studies program at major universities in the sub-region. The Center will principally contribute to developing the body of knowledge available on issues related to the human rights of women and gender equality in the Great Lakes region, and making this knowledge available to policy, decision and opinion makers. Women studies programs will help build a cadre of gender sensitive African graduates who have the requisite competences to mainstream gender into their future work and in the development of their region. Additionally, a portal on the UNESCO website is being created to assist gender researchers from the region to, inter alia, publish and disseminate their research fi ndings to the rest of the world, and will include a database of women and gender researchers from the region. In light of our support of women and gender research in the Great Lakes Region, UNESCO is therefore pleased to be associated with the publication of this book which provides an opportunity for academics from the Great Lakes Region to share their research fi ndings and work with the regional and international community. A wide range of topics are addressed in this publication and many of the recommendations touch upon issues which the Social and Human Sciences sector at UNESCO have identifi ed as priority, including the impact of globalization on women's human rights, the impact of socio-cultural practices, norms, laws on gender equality and women's human rights and the gender dynamics of confl ict, peacebuilding and reconstruction. We hope that readers of this publication will fi nd the analyses useful and be inspired to implement the many recommendations.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the nature of the relationship between deposit rates (disaggregated into various categories of deposit rates charged by DMBs in Nigeria) and deposit mobilization in Nigeria within the period 1981 and 2012 using annual data collected from the Statistical Bulletin published by the CBN. Using the OLS multiple regression, unit root tests, co-integration, error correction mechanism (ECM) and Granger causality tests, the empirical results report no significant relationship between all categories of deposit rates and total deposit liabilities of DMBs in Nigeria. The same results were also obtained with respect to the impact of deposit rates on time, savings and foreign currency deposits. In addition, the paper found no granger causality relationship between deposit rates and deposit liabilities. It is therefore recommended that a policy of interest rate liberalization alone may not be enough to induce higher levels of fund mobilization. The government should pursue programmes aimed at boosting investment and growing the economy to increase incomes that would release further savings for sustainable growth.

Business ethics is an ever-evolving field of theoretical and practical study that has enjoyed a steady stream of interest with a hockey stick of attention since globalization, especially global collaboration, which took off after 2000. There is a relatively new movement towards alterocentric ethics, a philosophical approach that places the "other" at the center of a company's consideration. Alterocentric ethics asks businesses to integrate responsibility toward stakeholders, the community, and the environment as intrinsic components of their operations. This study systematically reviews current literature on alterocentric business ethics. we applied a structured search methodology across academic databases, using predefined eligibility criteria to examine existing scholarly work comprehensively.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact

North desenvolveu suas idéias por um longo período, que vai desde o início dos anos 1970 ao final dos anos 1990. À medida que desenvolveu sua análise histórica, North se tornou convicto da existência de um vínculo positivo entre crescimento econômico e liberdades. Este trabalho procura demonstrar que, não obstante o caráter incompleto da análise de North das democracias modernas, ele estabeleceu um programa de pesquisa para novos desenvolvimentos analíticos e históricos, na medida em que foi bem-sucedido na caracterização da barganha entre Estado e sociedade na especificação de direitos de propriedade.

Desempenho dos Bancos Comerciais Brasileiros, 1981Brasileiros, -1986 RONALDO FIANI *) Este texto examina o desempenho dos bancos comerciais brasileiros durante os anos 1981 -1986, analisando as transformagdes na sua estrutura ativa e passiva, assim como a evolugSo da sua lucratividade. Esta andlise distingue dois subgrupos: os bancos comerciais privados e oficiais, investigando as eviddncias em favor de diferentes padrdes de comportamento para cada subgrupo. Palavras-chave; histdria econdmica, sistema financeiro, bancos comerciais, estrutura patrimonial, desempenho.

Resumo Os modelos mais relevantes da teoria econômica da regulação são revistos criticamente neste trabalho, sendo apontadas as inconsistências entre os resultados teóricos ea falta de suporte empírico de caráter decisivo para esses modelos, apontando-se a necessidade de se considerar a autonomia do regulador perante os grupos de interesse eo contexto institucional. Palavras-chave: Regulação; Grupos de interesse; Política industrial.

This paper develops new estimates of ‡ows into and out of unemployment that allow for unobserved heterogeneity across workers as well as direct e¤ects of unemployment duration on unemployment-exit probabilities. Unlike any previous paper in this literature, we develop a complete dynamic statistical model that allows us to measure the contribution of di¤erent shocks to the short-run, medium-run, and long-run variance of unemployment as well as to speci…c historical episodes. We …nd that changes in the in ‡ows of newly unemployed are the key driver of economic recessions and identify an increase in permanent job loss as the most important factor.

A consensus has recently emerged that variables beyond the level, slope, and curvature of the yield curve can help predict bond returns. This paper shows that the statistical tests underlying this evidence are subject to serious small-sample distortions. We propose more robust tests, including a novel bootstrap procedure specifically designed to test the spanning hypothesis. We revisit the analysis in six published studies and find that the evidence against the spanning hypothesis is much weaker than it originally appeared. Our results pose a serious challenge to the prevailing consensus.

This paper examines the factors responsible for changes in crude oil prices. The paper reviews the statistical behavior of oil prices, relates these to the predictions of theory, and looks in detail at key features of petroleum demand and supply. Topics discussed include the role of commodity speculation, OPEC, and resource depletion. The paper concludes that although scarcity rent made a negligible contribution to the price of oil in 1997, it may be an important feature of the most recent data. *I thank Menzie Chinn for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

and an anonymous referee for comments on an earlier draft. Okimoto thanks the JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad for financial support. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

I am grateful to Alan Blinder, David Romer, Lutz Kilian, conference participants, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and to Davide Bertoli for supplying the Blanchard-Galí data and code. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

D ans ce travail, on décrite np remier lieu l'évolution de la consommation des produits alimentaires en Tunisie. Plusieurs changements, dus àu n ensemble de facteurs d'ordre économique et sociodémographique, ont affecté la structure de la demande alimentaire en Tunisie. Deux aspects principaux témoignent de ces changements :i )l ad iminution relative des dépenses alimentaires lorsque le revenu augmente, et ii) l'augmentation relative des produits d'origine agro-industrielle face aux produits non transformés. Pour analyser la structure de la demande, un système de demande différentiel avec des effets prix fixes (modèle CBS) aé té retenu car il permet, comparé àd 'autres modèles (Rotterdam, AIDS et NBR), de mieux expliquer la structure de la demande alimentaire sur la base de données de séries chronologiques pour les principaux groupes de produits alimentaires. Les résultats de l'estimation du modèle, en imposant les conditions d'homogénéité et de symétrie, indiquent plus de sensibilité face àd es variations dans la dépenset otale ou les prix propres que dans les prix croisés. En conclusion,c ertaines recommandations de stratégies et de politiques en matière d'alimentation sont proposées sur la base des résultats empiriques. Summary -In this paper the evolution of food consumption in Tunisia is first described. In recent years, the pattern of food consumption in Tunisia has been changing. The factors behind these changes are both economic and socio-demographic. Twoi mportant aspects of these changes are :i )t he reduction in relative terms of expenditure on food as real income increases (Engel'sl aw) and ii) the relative increase of manufactured products from agro-food industries in comparison to non processed products. In order to study the response of demand for food to prices and total expenditure, ad ifferential demand system with fixed prices effects (CBS model), has been estimated, which better explains consumer'sf ood structure in Tunisia based on at ime series of food data calculated from food balances compared with other models (Rotterdam, AIDS and NBR). Structural change is also considered. Calculated elasticities from the CBS model with both homogeneity and symmetry imposed are more sensitive to variations in total expenditure or in prices than in cross prices, even some relations of complementarity and substitution possibilities emerge. The demand is inelastic for all food groups. Finally,some policy and marketing considerations are provided on the basis of the empirical results.

The objective of this paper is to analyse how the economic conditions and the cultural values of a country influence its level of entrepreneurial activity. To this end, panel data is utilised. An innovative approach is applied, which adapts itself to the fact that the cultural values remain fairly stable over time, while the economic conditions are changeable. Specifically, a stochastic frontier production model is set in which the changeable economic conditions determine the frontier (maximum) for the entrepreneurship rate of a country, while the stable prevailing cultural values explain the level of efficiencyinefficiency. Specifically, embeddedness is the cultural value that has the strongest relationship with the level of efficiency.

This paper assesses the effects of occupational segregation on the gender wage gap in urban Colombia between 1986 and 2000. The empirical methodology involves a twostep procedure whereby the occupational distributions of workers by gender are modelled using a multinomial logit model in the first stage. In the second stage, the multinomial logit estimates are used not only to derive a counterfactual occupational distribution of women in the absence of workplace discrimination but also to correct for selectivity bias in the wage equations for each occupational category using the procedure suggested by . Besides the explained and unexplained components in conventional decompositions of the gender wage gap, this methodology differentiates between the justified and unjustified effects of the gender allocation of workers across occupational categories. The results for urban Colombia indicate that controlling for selectivity bias at the occupational category level is found to be relevant in all years reviewed in this study. They also suggest that a changing composition of the female labour supply in terms of un observables (i.e., ability and motivation) is playing a role in the dramatic reduction of the observed wage gap.

In Malaysia, the participation of women in the labor market has increased over time. However, occupational segregation and wage differentials continue to be prevalent between men and women in the labor market. The present paper investigates gender-related occupational segregation and wage differentials based on data collected from 7135 working households in Peninsular Malaysia in 2011. The wage decomposition model introduced by Brown et al. ( ) is used to examine the determinants of gender-related wage differentials. The results suggest that differences within occupations account for the largest portion of the wage gap between men and women. The results also indicate that wage discrimination within occupations plays an important role in the gender wage gap, while sample selection bias plays an important role in the examination of gender wage gaps.

Por otro lado encontramos que si bien no se redujo tanto la dolarización, la economía en su conjunto se encuentra actualmente menos vulnerable ante shocks devaluatorios que a principios de la década. El sector público por su parte continúa siendo el agente menos cubierto. Por último, si bien el análisis de la hoja de balance del Banco Central muestra dificultades a la hora de sostener una política de "pesificación" sin el apoyo del sector público en su conjunto, entendemos que la generación de confianza en los instrumentos denominados en esta moneda permitirá disponer de más de una alternativa de financiamiento en tiempos difíciles. PALABRAS CLAVES: fragilidad financiera, dolarización, desdolarización, PMV, mercado de calidad en pesos, descalce de monedas, Capital del Banco Central.

This paper identifies key barriers to young Iraqi and Syrian refugee children's access to education in Lebanon and highlights how local initiatives serve as glimmers of hope, or 'lifelines', for their well-being and learning. Reporting on aspects of my doctoral study, the paper homes in on one case study with an Iraqi family and their 5-year-old son, Kefa. The 'Day in the Life' methodology enabled rich insights into Kefa's home life and the informal school he attended, supplemented by interview data with his schoolteacher and observation of his school. The paper also draws on questionnaire data to situate this case study in a broader spectrum of refugee children's experiences in Lebanon (n = 100). Framed by sociocultural approaches to learning, the findings illustrate the interplay of social, economic and relational barriers that impede refugee children's access to quality education, and demonstrate how, despite limited resources, the informal school offered an inclusive and anti-discriminatory environment and pedagogy to break down barriers that bred racism, bullying and isolation. The paper argues that, although important, these lifelines are limited in their scope. State intervention is needed to build non-discriminatory systems that promote inclusive education, so all children can receive quality education, feel safe and belong. Cet article identifie les principaux obstacles se présentant à l'accès de jeunes enfants réfugiésirakiens et syriens à l'éducation au Liban et souligne les façons dont les initiatives locales constituentdes lueurs d'espoir, ou des « bouées de sauvetage », pour leur bien-être et leur apprentissage. Basésur des recherches effectués lors de

The second half of the eighteenth century is one of the most fascinating periods in the history of medicine. The old ideas of disease etiology were crumbling and physicians searched phrenetically for a substitute. This they thought they had found in the several systems of medicine, the neural pathology, homeopathy, and in mesmerism, although the concept of anatomical pathology which was eventually to replace most of these did not reach full force until the early nineteenth century. It follows that a book dealing with contemporary ideas of the Enlightenment (1740 to 1790) will be a useful work to provide a discussion of the background against which medical and scientific advancement took place. The author studies German thinkers and their historical consciousness, and he endeavours to show that the Enlightenment was not a unitary movement. In Germany it was dominated by two opposing intellectual traditions, pietism and rationalism. Their historical speculation explored relations between religion and rationalism, religion and law, aesthetic and historical thought, new theories of history, the use of causation in historical analysis and the rediscovery of the Middle Ages. By revealing these little- known aspects of Enlightenment thought, Dr. Reill shows how their purveyors anticipated nineteenth-century scholars, and he gives a new interpretation of a period usually thought to have been relatively static in the area of learning, historicism. His book is produced at a high level of scholarship and can be highly recommended to all students of the eighteenth century. A further study would be to see if any in- fluence was felt in the medicine and science of this period.

Countries in the Asia and Pacific region have shown many macroeconomic similarities such as current account surpluses, exchange rate appreciation, export-oriented economies, growth success, etc. This paper argues that there may be one more macroeconomic feature to add to the list: strong tax convergence. Using data on the statutory corporate tax rate in 15 countries from 1980 to 2014, we identify (i) a significant dynamic tax convergence pattern, and (ii) three tax convergence clubs. The latter consist of the small tax haven economies of Hong Kong and Singapore, the East Asian countries (plus one), and the South and Southeast Asian and Oceania countries. These economies, within groups, have been reducing the tax gaps with their neighbours over time.

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of implementation of regional financial accounting system and control activities on financial accountability. The method used in this research is explanatory survey method. The analysis method that used in this research is path analysis. The result of the analysis shown that the implementation of regional financial accounting system and control activities give positive and significant influence simultaneously reaches 55,20% on financial accountability. The second result shown the implementation of regional financial accounting system give positive and significant influence reaches 20,05% on financial accountability. The third result shown the implementation of control activities give positive and significant influence reaches 35,15% on financial accountabilityDOI: 10.15408/etk.v13i1.1876

Pemberdayaan ekonomi kreatif bagi Masyarakat sangat diperlukan untuk memecahkan permasalahan terutama dalam aspek hasil panen yang melimpah. Ekonomi kreatif adalah pembangunan ekonomi berbasis lokal yang dilakukan dengan cara meningkatkan nilai jual produk lokal sehingga mampu meningkatkan pendapatan Masyarakat. Oleh karena itu kami memotivasi Masyarakat supaya bisa memanfaatkan hasil panen menjadi kreativitas yang bertujuan untuk memberikan kesempatan, pengembangan, dan pembangunan kesejahteraan hidup, terciptanya lapangan kerja dan kemandirian dalam membangun kehidupan yang layak dan cukup serta memanfaatkan potensi desa dari hasil panen yang melimpah demi meningkatkan perekonomian. Metode yang digunakan adalah berorientasi pada Masyarakat dengan sebuah pendekatan dalam pengembangan yang dapat mewujudkan tatanan kehidupan sosial dimana pelaku dan penentu pembangunannya adalah masyarakat itu sendiri. Berdasarkan penelitian yang ditemukan, kami dan masyarakat memiliki keputusan untu...

The Butler movie explored discrimination between white and black people that created  social  grade  which  lead to the conflict.  This became  a very interesting one to explore. The purpose of this study was to find more about the  racism  in  such  movie.  The  researcher  used  a  qualitative  descriptive method,  and  the  research  material  was  a dialogue  from  the  movie  "The Butler". The analyse was done by using the theory of racism, "three types of racism”, Michel Wieviorka (1995). The dialogue of the movie accompanied by picture as the sample of the data in analysis done by contextually and theoritically. The result of the study showed attitudes racism was the most prevalent, which means there are discriminations occured to black people in The  Butler  movie.  Attitudes  is  a  pattern  of  thinking  or  feeling  about something or someone, generally represented in a person's behavior. While prejudice and opinions racism are the most rarely occured i...

The Butler movie explored discrimination between white and black people that created  social  grade  which  lead to the conflict.  This became  a very interesting one to explore. The purpose of this study was to find more about the  racism  in  such  movie.  The  researcher  used  a  qualitative  descriptive method,  and  the  research  material  was  a dialogue  from  the  movie  "The Butler". The analyse was done by using the theory of racism, "three types of racism”, Michel Wieviorka (1995). The dialogue of the movie accompanied by picture as the sample of the data in analysis done by contextually and theoritically. The result of the study showed attitudes racism was the most prevalent, which means there are discriminations occured to black people in The  Butler  movie.  Attitudes  is  a  pattern  of  thinking  or  feeling  about something or someone, generally represented in a person's behavior. While prejudice and opinions racism are the most rarely occured i...

Objective: This study analyzed the stages of the material storage process in an industry that operates in the industrial hub of Manaus. Theoretical Framework: The research was based on the theories of processes and storage to build a theoretical architecture that summarizes the state of the art. Method: The method used was a survey, with data collected using a semistructured interview script and another observation script, analyzed using the client-supplier technique and organized using tables summarizing the stages and their contents and objectives. Results and Discussion: The results showed that a) there are eight stages in the storage process used, including a previous stage of weighing the material; b) the more complex stages are performed with a greater number of sub-stages, which allows for fewer failures in the operations as the labor force and technological instruments are specialized in their execution; and c) the specific objectives of each stage are aligned with the intended objective of the storage process. Implications of the Research: The findings show that the empirically observed stages are in line with the theoretical architecture of the study, with the first and last stages being, respectively, reception and dispatch, and the intermediate stages varying according to the type of material and specificities of the production process. Originality/Value: The main contributions of the study to science were the proposition of a conceptual definition for the materials storage process and the confirmation that this process begins with reception and ends with dispatch, differing in the intermediate stages.

Initiating and developing a business involves a considerable risk and a sustained effort in order to defeat the inertia against what is new. The person initiating a business, assuming the responsibility and risk of its development and benefiting from the results of this work is the entrepreneur. In the context of economical development, the number of entrepreneur-women has increased significantly in comparison with the past periods. The spectacular modification of family life and professional activity made that more and more women got involved in businesses. The entrepreneur-women differentiate from the other women by the fact that they are more inclined to assume the risk, they are much more determined and firm and have a greater wish to control their own destiny.

The legal evaluation of the penalty interest, meaning the ex lege determination of its level is applicable only in the case of non-fulfillment of a monetary payment obligation. The applicability of the system of legal evaluation of the interest is generally determined by the absence of a document that ascertains the agreement of the parties, such as a contract, through which the parties, following this agreement, evaluate the prejudice caused by the non-fulfillment of a monetary payment obligation, before the prejudice has occurred. The legal evaluation of the penalty interest, as a component of the regulation in the field of legal interest has the purpose to ensure creditor's protection. Regardless of the prejudice caused to the creditor, the legal penalty interest shall be determined by relating it to a variable benchmark that is the level of the reference interest rate of the National Bank of Romania, which is the monetary policy interest rate of the National Bank of Romania.

The aim of this study is to identify the role agriculture plays in the economic development of Romania. Consequently, we studied the specialized literature, which analyzes the relationship between agriculture and the economic development, as well as the role of agriculture in reducing poverty. In order to study the impact on Romanian economy of the shift from a centralized economy to the market economy, we use four variables of which the independent one is represented by the added value of agriculture, and the other three variables are dependent, they only slightly characterize Romanian economy: the GDP/capita, inflation consumer prices and external debt stocks. Conclusions show that the increase of the added value in agriculture positively influences the evolution of the GDP/capita. At the same time, it also exercises a major influence on inflation, thus the positive correlation highlights the fact that the annual percentage of the purchase price of a consumer basket will decrease when the internal crop is rich, and it will increase when agriculture production is unsatisfactory. It is interesting to notice that Romania's external debt increases when the added value of agriculture records surges as compared to the previous years.

Tests of labor supply models often rely on wages. However, wage variation alone generally cannot disentangle the classical time separable model and its extensions: reference dependent preferences (income targeting) and time nonseparable preferences (disutility spillovers; timing-specific preferences). We set up a novel laboratory experiment in which individuals choose their working time. We vary, independently, wages, historical income paths, and cumulative past work. We also vary the timing of experimental sessions. Statistical tests and stochastic revealed preference methods cannot reject the classical model in favor of income targeting or disutility spillovers, but the data suggest that labor supply varies by time-ofthe-day.

The aim of this study is to identify the role agriculture plays in the economic development of Romania. Consequently, we studied the specialized literature, which analyzes the relationship between agriculture and the economic development, as well as the role of agriculture in reducing poverty. In order to study the impact on Romanian economy of the shift from a centralized economy to the market economy, we use four variables of which the independent one is represented by the added value of agriculture, and the other three variables are dependent, they only slightly characterize Romanian economy: the GDP/capita, inflation consumer prices and external debt stocks. Conclusions show that the increase of the added value in agriculture positively influences the evolution of the GDP/capita. At the same time, it also exercises a major influence on inflation, thus the positive correlation highlights the fact that the annual percentage of the purchase price of a consumer basket will decrease ...

The purpose of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the manner in which the professional status of individuals influences the mobility of the Romanian population. In order to reach this objective we studied the scientific literature which attempts to define labour market, active population, employed population and the unemployed. Within the case study carried out for this paper we started from the idea that the professional status influences the natural mobility of the population and we set the following independent variables: the employment and the unemployment rate in Romania. In order to determine whether there is a relation between the professional status of individuals and the natural mobility of the population in Romania we chose three large sectors for the dependent variables: marriage rate, divorce rate and birth rate. The statistical data were taken from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, and they refer to a period of 24 years, namely between 1991 and 2014....

This article analyzes the influence of the internal population migration phenomenon on unemployment in Romania. During the analyzed period, the years between 1991 and 2015, Romania has gone through important economic and social changes and the long-time economic crisis generated a high unemployment rate involving reduced chances of re-employing the unemployed. At the same time the internal migration rate from urban to urban area, respectively from urban to rural area shows the fact that in Romania the population living in cities is influenced by the professional status and they take risks easier than the ones that come from rural area. The conducted research has a high degree of novelty as it refers to internal migration that, besides the external one, may generate economic unbalances and this is the reason why we take into consideration that these analyzed aspects and tendencies be known and taken into consideration especially by the decision factors at socioeconomic level.

Maramureº County is quite endowed with natural resources. Together with quantity, the quality of resources must also be considered. The SWOT analysis helps identify other resources that, together with the natural ones, can support development in the county.

BackgroundEmpathy in healthcare service refers to the ability of healthcare workers (HCWs) to put themselves in patients’ shoes, which is necessary to ensure a good physician-patient relationship and provide quality care. Various studies have shown that empathy varies depending on the country, the instrument used, the evaluator, and the HCW’s specialty. This systematic review aims to estimate the levels of empathy among HCWs in South American countries between 2000 and 2019.MethodsWe conducted searches in 15 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scielo, PsycoInfo, ScientDirect, Latindex, and LILIACS), four preprint servers (medRxiv, bioRxiv, SportRxiv, and Preprints), and other search engines such as Dimensions (20), Google Scholar, Yahoo!, and Alicia CONCyTec (c). We followed the PRISMA guidelines, and this study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023454007).ResultsOut of 18,532 documents identified from November 10 to 28, 2021, 10 articles were included (n = 2,487 parti...

This study details the development of a series of enhancements to the Trip Reduction Impacts of Mobility Management Strategies (TRIMMS) model. TRIMMS© allows quantifying the net social benefits of a wide range of transportation demand management (TDM) initiatives in terms of emission reductions, accident reductions, congestion reductions, excess fuel consumption and adverse global climate change impacts. The model also includes a sensitivity analysis module that provides program cost-effectiveness assessment. This feature allows conducting TDM evaluation to meet the Federal Highway Administration Congestion and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program requirements for program effectiveness assessment and benchmarking. This document provides guidance to help TDM professionals to use the model by selecting the appropriate cost parameters, providing referenced sources where such parameters can be obtained, and by offering general guidance on how to incorporate data already at their disposal.