English Literature

A modernidade ocidental é associada à imposição de novos valores ligados à religião, Estado, indivíduo, e também à imposição de fronteiras entre cultura e natureza. Ao longo do século XVIII e XIX, a hegemonia da sociedade moderna vislumbrou seu ápice. Nesse contexto histórico de transformações culturais, surgiram textos literários do gênero "pós-apocalíptico", imaginando o fim do mundo não por elementos divinos associados à escatologia religiosa, mas através da ideia de "Natureza" e suas potencialidades destrutivas, como desastres ambientais e epidemias. O presente trabalho aborda algumas visões presentes em tal literatura como fruto de ansiedades para com o futuro e leituras críticas do mundo moderno. Nossa hipótese é de que o "apocalipse secular" literário representa, sobretudo, o fim do moderno, de seus valores e crenças, quando levados à exaustão. Pensamos a literatura pós-apocalíptica na perspectiva da História Ambiental e da Ecocrítica, visando explicitar a percepção crítica da civilização moderna e a projeção de um futuro ambiental do planeta em que a natureza selvagem restaura sua hegemonia, conforme imaginado por escritores de língua inglesa, em obras escritas entre os anos 1800 e 1950. Palabras-chave: literatura pós-apocalíptica; modernidade; história ambiental; ecocrítica.

is essay was rst delivered as a lecture at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford on February 1, 2023, as part of the Aquinas Lectures series, held during Hilary Term (2023): "Aquinas and the Future of Christian ought." I am grateful to Fr. Oliver Keenan, O.P., and the Aquinas Institute for their kind invitation to participate in this lecture series, and to the community at Blackfriars Hall for their generous welcome.

A modernidade ocidental é associada à imposição de novos valores ligados à religião, Estado, indivíduo, e também à imposição de fronteiras entre cultura e natureza. Ao longo do século XVIII e XIX, a hegemonia da sociedade moderna vislumbrou seu ápice. Nesse contexto histórico de transformações culturais, surgiram textos literários do gênero "pós-apocalíptico", imaginando o fim do mundo não por elementos divinos associados à escatologia religiosa, mas através da ideia de "Natureza" e suas potencialidades destrutivas, como desastres ambientais e epidemias. O presente trabalho aborda algumas visões presentes em tal literatura como fruto de ansiedades para com o futuro e leituras críticas do mundo moderno. Nossa hipótese é de que o "apocalipse secular" literário representa, sobretudo, o fim do moderno, de seus valores e crenças, quando levados à exaustão. Pensamos a literatura pós-apocalíptica na perspectiva da História Ambiental e da Ecocrítica, visando explicitar a percepção crítica da civilização moderna e a projeção de um futuro ambiental do planeta em que a natureza selvagem restaura sua hegemonia, conforme imaginado por escritores de língua inglesa, em obras escritas entre os anos 1800 e 1950. Palabras-chave: literatura pós-apocalíptica; modernidade; história ambiental; ecocrítica.

A 61-m (200-ft) high FGD waste landfill over an existing fly ash impoundment is currently under construction. A concern was whether typical waste filling rates would be sufficient for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash to occur. In this paper, data from a large test fill is used to assess the potential for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash. The test fill comprised a 9-m (30-ft) high preload fill which was constructed using much higher fill placement rates than for typical waste filling. Excess pore pressures in the impounded fly ash were measured. The time history of filling and measured excess pore pressures were used to back-calculate the average vertical coefficient of consolidation of the impounded fly ash, a parameter that is representative of the drainage characteristics of the fly ash. As measured excess pore pressures were primarily the result of volumetric loading, an analysis was conducted to estimate undrained shear-induced excess pore pressures for a...

This study lifts husband-to-wife aggression theme from Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns. This theme is hopefully relevant to some recurring cases that literally happen in real life and expected to reflect and explain what the reasons are behind this very act. The writer opts to have Rasheed's aggression as the central attention and intends to reveal what can possibly generate his cruel behavior toward his wives. The problems formulated to solve in this thesis are (1) how are Rasheed's aggressive behaviors over his wives described in the novel? and ( ) what are the reasons of Rasheed's aggression over his wives? This study applied psychological approach to solve both of the problems formulated. The former was solved by the theory of aggression in regards to the kinds of aggressions that Rasheed commits on his wives. Meanwhile, the latter was resolved by the theory of aggression in which it provides the particular views to trace reasons of someone's aggression. The result of the study of Rasheed's aggressive behavior yields findings that Rasheed's is both psychologically and physically aggressive towards his wives. His psychological aggression can be sensed in his acts which are: keeping silent toward Mariam, responding to Mariam's questions by harsh tone and sarcastic replies, faulting Mariam's cooking, hurting Mariam when he reaveals his intention to marry Laila, undervaluing Mariam with unfavorable comparison to Laila, unjust faulting towards Mariam when Laila gets problems, and turning away his attention from the three (Mariam, Laila, and Aziza). While his physical aggression are physically insulting Mariam after repeatedly faulting her cooking, severely punishing both Mariam and Laila over leaving the house, and getting more abusive towards Laila, Mariam and Aziza. The second findings are of the second problem formulation solving which coins the reasons of Rasheed's aggressive behavior by the help of the three points of view-ethological theory, drive theory, and social learning theory. The ethological theory provides Rasheed's physical appearance and the presence of gun as the factors influencing Rasheed's aggressiveness. The drive theory concludes that Rasheed's act of aggression is generated from his frustration over his bitter ordeal in the pastonce he lost his beloved boy, Zalmay. Besides, his frustration also comes from the food deprivation as a recurring result of losing his jobs. In this same case the social learning theory views the male domination over woman and the influence of Taliban's ruling have given the role model to all husbands in Afghanistan to practice aggression on woman or wife. The first suggestion derived from this study is an offer to study Mariam's religious side that help her stay strong among many upheavals, or the role of parents in rearing their children as in comparing Mariam family and Laila's. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI viii second suggestion is an offer of teaching material for Intensive Reading II developed from A Thousand Splendid Suns' excerpts.

This study explored the learning styles of 50 MAT-VTE Generation Y (millennial) learners and the teaching styles they preferred for their Graduate School professors. This employed the descriptive-correlational research design. Majority of the learners absorbed and retained information better when pictures, diagrams, and charts were presented to them. Their sexwas not associated with their learning styles. Respondents who graduated from public tertiary schools were more of visual learners while those from private institutions were more auditory and kinesthetic. Likewise, respondents who came from rural areas were more auditory and kinesthetic and those from urban areas were more of visual learners. The respondents preferred funny, casual, physically expressive and intelligent teachers. Teachers who taught repeatedly, meticulously and raised tough questions and disturbing opinions did not appeal to them.

This article originates from the Dickens Seminar, traditionally a feature of the biennial ESSE—European Society for the Study of English—Conference, which was held in 2022 at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. The Dickens Seminar, jointly chaired by Matthias Bauer, Angelika Zirker (both Tübingen University), and Nathalie Vanfasse (Aix-Marseille University) focused on “Dickens and / in Colour.” Hence the
notion of chromophobia deployed in this article, a notion applied to a Dickensian text in which colour and its uses play a paramount role of remarkable importance. The text is "American Notes: For General Circulation" (1842), generally considered a travelogue, an
account of Charles Dickens’s experiences when travelling across the United States. As a travelogue, American Notes should obey the laws of descriptive realism, but a close analysis of the text suggests that Dickens places a special emphasis on the use of colour
which tends to create descriptive effects that ignore the accuracy of realistic description. Colours in the United States are either heightened to a maximum degree of saturation, or to a wholly discoloured state. The transition between colour and non-colour is best described by David Batchelor in his study of chromophobia, a notion which illuminates
the discursive meanings embedded in the Dickensian text, helping unveil his strategy of conveying disappointment and disgust for things American.

Gürcü Yazını, A. G. Baramidze ve D. M. Gamezardaşvili tarafından kaleme alınan ve Sudan Altun ile Ulaş Başar Gezgin’in çevirisiyle Türkçeye kazandırılan kapsamlı bir edebiyat tarihi çalışmasıdır. Eser, Gürcü edebiyatının yaklaşık on beş yüzyıllık seyrini tarihsel, kültürel ve estetik bağlamlar içinde ele alarak hem bir yazın tarihi hem de bir kültür atlası işlevi görmektedir.
Kitap, Gürcü yazınının gelişimini beş ana dönemde incelemektedir: Erken Hristiyanlık öncesi halk anlatılarından başlayarak, Orta Çağ’daki kilise yazını; klasik dönem epik şiir geleneği; Fars etkisi altındaki biçimsel dönüşüm; Sovyet dönemi sosyalist gerçekçiliğe dayalı ideolojik üretim süreçleri ve modern döneme uzanan geniş bir panoramaya sahiptir.
Özellikle erken dönem edebiyatında, Yakob Tsurtaveli’nin Azize Şuşanik’in Şehit Oluşu* adlı yapıtı feminist kuram çerçevesinde değerlendirilebilecek özgün bir kadın temsili sunarken, Yoané Petritsi gibi düşünürler Bizans, Ermeni, Süryani ve Arap entelektüel gelenekleriyle kurulan felsefi diyaloglara örnek teşkil etmektedir. Şota Rustaveli’nin Pars Derisindeki Şövalye adlı eseri ise yalnızca Gürcü değil, dünya edebiyatı ölçeğinde etik, estetik ve felsefi derinliğiyle dikkat çeken klasik bir metin olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu yapıtta aşk, kahramanlık, kadın özgürlüğü ve halkların kardeşliği gibi temalar, özgün ve evrensel bir anlatı kurgusu içinde sunulmaktadır.
Sovyet dönemi yazını, sosyalist gerçekçiliğin etkisiyle bireysel anlatıların geri plana atıldığı, kolektif kimliğin ön plana çıkarıldığı bir anlayışla değerlendirilmiştir. Bu dönemde edebiyat, ideolojik bir araç olarak kullanılmış; çok seslilik yerine monolojik bir anlatım biçimi egemen kılınmıştır.
Eser, çevirmenlerin dilsel ve kavramsal hassasiyetleriyle Türkçeye aktarılmış; karşılaştırmalı edebiyat, çeviri kuramı, kültürel çalışmalar ve Kafkasya bölgesi yazın araştırmaları açısından önemli bir kaynak haline getirilmiştir. *Gürcü Yazını*, edebiyatın estetik üretimden öte kültürel kimlik ve toplumsal dönüşüm aracı olduğunu vurgulayan, disiplinlerarası nitelikte bir çalışmadır.

Despite the fact that they are both known as leading figures of existentialism, the relationship between 19 th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard and 20 th century French philosopher and novelist Albert Camus has largely gone unexplored in secondary scholarship. In the few times that their relationship is discussed, focus is heavily placed on the most obvious difference between the two thinkers: their religious orientations, which tends to prevent any further analysis or discussion. Furthermore, popular conceptions of each thinker -largely informed by their most popular works, arguably Fear and Trembling and The Myth of Sisyphus, respectively -tend to depict them as pessimistic and individualistic figures, the former basing his philosophy on an irrational leap of faith and the latter basing his own on the world's meaninglessness and absurdity. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an alternative, or rather a corrective, to these aforementioned views on the two thinkers. Through literary and philosophical analyses, I will attempt to demonstrate not only that there is a concrete, fecund relationship between Kierkegaard and Camus, but furthermore that this relationship is grounded in a practical, duty-based philosophy of love. The thesis will look at three concepts that play a key role in both philosophies: the absurd, love, and aesthetic creation. As the analysis progresses, it is repeatedly shown that the thinkers' opposing views on theology do not prevent us from finding similar conceptions and practical manifestations of selfhood, neighborly and romantic love, and the social role of the artist. Thus, I shall argue that they are most properly understood as philosophers of love who saw themselves as social critics whose main goal was to help eradicate the corrupting and dangerous nihilism of their respective eras rather than as traditional philosophers. An acknowledgement page likely represents the biggest challenge of this entire endeavor, for it requires me to perform two actions for which I'm largely lacking in proficiency: being concise and expressing my gratitude to those who deserve it. I would first and foremost like to thank Dr. Michael Strawser for all his guidance, patience, and for leading me, knowingly or unknowingly, to find a whole new way of thinking which ultimately made this work possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Bruce Janz and Mr. Stephen Schlow for their help and support as committee members, which they provided despite their busy schedules. I must additionally thank Dr. Jason Danner, for all his support and enthusiasm, and Dr. Gordon Marino, for his generosity and faith. I would like to thank the entirety of the UCF Philosophy Department and the UCF Philosophical Society, the members of which have for three years (mis)taken me for someone worthy of their stimulating conversations and their warm company. I must single out Jahfre Colbert, Ben

Робоча навчальна програма з дисципліни «Історія зарубіжної літератури» є нормативним документом Київського університету імені Бориса Грінченка, який розроблено кафедрою світової літератури на основі освітньо-професійної програми підготовки бакалаврів відповідно до навчального плану для всіх спеціальностей денної форми навчання

Робоча навчальна програма з дисципліни «Історія зарубіжної літератури» є нормативним документом Київського університету імені Бориса Грінченка, який розроблено кафедрою світової літератури на основі освітньо-професійної програми підготовки бакалаврів відповідно до навчального плану для всіх спеціальностей денної форми навчання

This study investigates phonological translation and spelling adjustment as linguistic phenomena in the translation of English medical terms into Indonesian. It aims at identifying the phonological translation and describing spelling adjustment taking place in English-Indonesian medical terms translation. Here, phonological adaptation is specifically discussed to demonstrate the translation of the English terms that are, then, adopted into the Indonesian language through the adjustment of pronunciation. The adjustment can be clearly seen through the comparison of the phonemic transcription of each term. Meanwhile, spelling adjustment presents the adaptation of writing system in accordance with the phonological translation. In Indonesian, the spelling system of the foreign adopted terms is standardized in the Indonesian guidance of term formation. The data are taken from the translation of six selected articles from a medical textbook, General Ophthalmology (2008) that is translated ...

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary ‘tradition’ means “passing of belief or customs form one generation to the next” and modern stands for “present or contemporary times”. Tradition and modernity look to be poles apart but in this research paper and attempt would be made in order bring out the amalgamation of tradition and modernity in Wole Soyinks’s celebrated play The Lion and the Jewel.

Vi bliver ofte fortalt, at filosofi er kaerlighed til visdom. At den oplyser mennesket, åbner sindet, løfter os ud af mørket. Men den moderne filosofis lys bedrager. Det skinner skarpt, men varmer ikke. Det skaber klarhed, men forvandler ikke. I sin akademiske skikkelse er filosofien ikke laengere en vej til indsigt, men en øvelse i afstand. Den analyserer, kategoriserer, problematiserer -men den vaekker ikke. Den fører mennesket ind i et spekulativt rum, hvor alt kan diskuteres, men intet erkendes i åndens forstand. Dette er ikke blot en intellektuel svaghed. Det er en åndelig slummer. Filosofien sover. Den drømmer, at den ser klart -men det, den ser, er kun spejlinger i dens eget tankespind og dens egne tankekonstruktioner.

This study investigates the complex dynamics of Kazakh-English bilingualism, the influence of technology on language promotion, and regional variations in language attitudes across Kazakhstan. Using a structured online survey, data were collected from 1000 respondents representing all regions of the country, providing insights into language competence, daily communication preferences, attitudes toward bilingualism, and the role of technology in language development. Quantitative analysis, including descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, and Chi-square tests, was conducted to identify significant trends and patterns. The findings highlight Kazakhstan's evolving language environment, where bilingualism and multilingualism thrive alongside initiatives to strengthen Kazakh language use through technological advancements. This study underscores the need for balanced language policies that embrace linguistic diversity while fostering the development of the national language in an increasingly globalized world.

This study explores the level of awareness and understanding of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) among secondary school students in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat. Indian Knowledge system deals with the systematic representation of the myriad repository of knowledge developed in the Indian subcontinent which includes domains such as Yoga and Ayurvedic Knowledge, Indian Philosophy, mathematics, history, astronomy and environmental practices to name a few. Understanding its massive importance, the ministry of education, in the recent past has focused on the integration of different aspects of Indian knowledge system in the school curriculum. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 as well as the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) 2023 has advocated for the inclusion of Indian knowledge system and provide a detail blueprint of its inclusion in school education. In the light of these developments, the researchers through this study, intends to investigate the extent to which the students are engaging with the content related to IKS. The study adopts a quantitative research design with the sample consisted of 100 students from both urban (n=48) and rural (n=52) backgrounds. The researchers administered a structured and validated questionnaire to assess the level of awareness among the secondary students across the five domains of IKS. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality, and independent samples t-tests to compare mean awareness scores based on gender and locality. The findings revealed no statistically significant difference in IKS awareness between urban and rural students (t(98) = 0.313, p = 0.755, d = -0.06), nor between male and female students
(t(98) = 0.0861, p = 0.932, d = 0.01), which indicates a uniform level of awareness across demographics. Despite this homogeneity, the overall moderate awareness scores indicate the necessity for efficient curriculum integration and pedagogical approaches to improve students' understanding of IKS. The study concludes that while students exhibit some familiarity with IKS, formal education must play a stronger role in deepening engagement with India's cultural and intellectual heritage
through targeted interventions.

The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the postwar and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s.

Tennessee Williams most famous play The Glass Menagerie presents the socio-political conflicts of the contemporary society. The play refers to the 1930s era of Great Depression in America. It was a period of struggles against hopelessness that threatens their lives and family relationship. Middle class people suffered mostly specially the Wingfields who represents this kind of people. American dream is a pathway to escape from this suffering, but it is difficult to attain it. This dream is not only about material prosperity but it is all about success that is gained through hard work. The United States of America’s Declaration of Independence proclaims that ‘life, liberty and pursuit of happiness’ are rights of every individuals irrespective of their personal background. Most Americans believe that it can be achieved through hard work but this dream is like a myth.

This thesis re-examines the purpose and value of New England women's local color fiction, asserting that local color functions as the groundwork on which the standards and practices of literary realism are based and as the way that nineteenth-century women writers could promote their domestic ministry. Furthermore, the thesis maintains that Stowe, Freeman, and Jewett utilized literary realism to publicize alternative theologies and progressive communities. 2 and unjust restrictions placed upon the female role by society" (11). These local colorists embraced literary realism and used the tenets of the nineteenth-century American literary movement in their own "woman-identified realism" (Donovan's term) that depicts glimpses into what they want their readers to believe is exemplary of real life. Literary realism is, broadly, representative of life. Typically, realists use the novel to explore ordinary people and situations. Often they utilize particular attention to detail and fully describe location, time, and place, in order to authenticate the stories they present. Furthermore, literary realism deals with the ordinary and values character over plot (Pizer 1966). Local color manages to fulfill the criteria for literary realism while using geographically specific details such as community character or personality and dialect. These women writers found an already existing faction of literary realism, local color, they could make their own, while exposing themselves to mainstream literary and public life. By publishing works that promoted their principles and morals, these women local colorists sent their message outside the home and into the public realm. As women, becoming writers was a challenge simply because of the weighty domestic duties and the social role for which they were responsible. Therefore, Stowe, Freeman, and Jewett faced a tremendous challenge of living in both public and private spheres. Unlike women Sentimentalist writers who were popular during the nineteenth century, these three women, as well as some of their fellow female local colorists, did not compose fictional stories about heroines whose linear narratives culminate in marriage and end before domestic life ensues. Following in the new practice of literary realism that attempts to disguise its own fictitiousness, local color fiction often features the "home 3 plot" (in Ann Romines's words), a sketch of or a glance at simulated real life. However, women's local color fiction, as a practice in "woman-identified realism," goes even further to suggest its "realness" by not necessarily ending the story after marriage. Besides, many of the female characters in Stowe, Freeman, and Jewett's fiction never marry. Therefore, instead of writing linear narratives about courtship and marriage, women local colorists wrote cyclical narratives about people, places, and situations they knew. These women writers knew about family, home, and domestic ritual, and by writing and publishing, they used their realm of knowledge and experience to exist within both the private and public spheres. How Stowe, Freeman, and Jewett made use of local color fiction will serve as the primary focus of the following chapters. Critics disagree whether these writers chose to write their local color fiction as a literary, aesthetic endeavor or as a social, political one. Richard M. Weaver's "Realism and the Local Color Interlude" from 1968 suggests that, although the local color movement received harsh criticism for its limited subject and character matter, it should be praised for its refusal to address national political themes (301-2). Other readers, however, appreciate local color fiction not because of its lack of political and social concern and its loyalty to interesting, even eccentric characters but because of its wealth of "national" commentaiy. Weaver holds a limited view that the woman-identified realism of local color contains no value other than artistic or aesthetic importance. The text of the following chapters argues quite the opposite. These three local colorists use the elements of literary realism including careful character portraiture, meticulously detailed descriptions, and realistic portrayals of ordinary life, to express 4 crucial issues of real political importance to women writers and readers. Stowe maintained a natural ability to minister because of her family's historical religious service as ministers and teachers, but she could not work as a professional minister since she was female. Freeman wanted to support herself and a sick aunt early in her writing career, and later she continued to write in order to afford luxuries. Apparently, she believed that women could support themselves; many of her female characters reflect that same self-sufficiency. Jewett visualized a female Utopia, and her community of women in The Country of the Pointed Firs enjoyed the same egalitarianism and comradery she shared with her own personal community of women. By examining Stowe's Oldtown Folks, select short stories in Freeman's "A New England Nun" and Other Stories, and Sarah Orne Jewett's The Country of the Pointed Firs, as not only literary works but as literary works with social and political agendas, one may see these women local color writers in a different light. In analyzing these works, an understanding and appreciation should be gained of the power of women's local color fiction that has been marginalized for decades as not quite literary realism and, therefore, not quite important enough to include in the canon. Furthermore, this thesis approaches the fiction of Stowe, Freeman, and Jewett as the writers' efforts to test the boundaries imposed upon them as women and to propound their progressive domesticity, their domestic ministry, in hopes of improving and transforming their society. As a result, the project challenges traditional views of local color and will offer a new way of thinking of this particular movement in American literature.

En 1918, Casímir Malévich pintó el controvertido Cuadrado blanco sobre fondo blanco. Según Alain Badiou, esta obra es "el origen de un protocolo de pensamiento sustractivo que difiere del protocolo de la destrucción" (El siglo 79), por lo que sería errado interpretarla como el símbolo de la 'destrucción' de la pintura. Para el filósofo francés, la singularidad de la obra de Malévich radicaría en que "en vez de tratar lo real como identidad, se lo trata desde el principio como distancia" (79). Así, el Cuadrado blanco sobre fondo blanco evidencia en su blancura indefinida la distancia misma de lo real, la imposibilidad de aspirar a su depuración[1]. Este gesto es diferente al acto de la destrucción, el cual intenta captar la identidad de lo real por medio de su desenmascaramiento: la destrucción se apasiona por lo auténtico, intenta tener certeza de lo real y anular su sospecha[2]. Por este motivo, la destrucción o "la lógica de la depuración" c...

As a prologue to a John Clare-inflected poetry reading, this is a talk I gave in 2024 about John Clare and influence: that is to say, influence on Clare, and the influence of Clare on other poets. It is necessarily brief and selective (many of the points in it are more fully developed elsewhere in my writing). My hope is that it will lead people who are new to the poet to read Clare’s poetry, and poetry inspired by Clare.

This essay explores and analysis the condition of female characters in Mongo Beti's novel, The Poor Christ of Bomba(1971). The paper argues that women in the novel's settings are being oppressed and unjustly maltreated by both colonialists, spearheaded by Father Drumont, and by the native African culture. Thus, the concept of "double oppression" is suitable in demonstrating the theme of maltreatment and exploitation of women in the novel, and their roles in the society. The paper exposes the pretence, hypocrisy, insincerity and biasness of the Christian mission in respect to women issues such polygamy, adultery and other sundry issues.

VIII n.s.L’esegesi dell’opera Los gozos y las sombras è stata preceduta da un capitolo che ha cercato di ripercorrere l’esperienza umana, letteraria e intellettuale di Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, intitolato Torrente Ballester par lui-même. L’uomo e lo scrittore, allora, sono diventati un pretesto per allargare lo sfondo e cercare di rendere più comprensibile un paese passato attraverso le grandi speranze e le grandi tragedie della politica; in più tale capitolo ci ha dato la possibilità di guardare più da vicino le modalità narrative che Torrente ha utilizzato nell’arco della sua lunghissima attività di scrittore. Successivamente si è passati all’analisi della trilogia Los gozos y las sombras, che ha fatto leva essenzialmente sul nesso inscindibile che legava il reale con l’immaginario descritto dalla trilogia, la Pueblanueva del Conde letteraria con la Galizia reale, la storia con la geografia, nella ipotesi, anzi, che la geografia, nei suoi aspetti più significativi, potesse poten...

George Orwell wrote at least thirteen letters to Siegfried Charoux
which appear to be unknown to Orwell scholars. Twelve of these were
handwritten from beds in three different hospitals, and one typed,
at Orwell’s home on the Isle of Jura. Darcy Moore reflects on what
these letters tell us about Orwell, including the writer’s sentimental
attachment to ancestral portraits.

Francis Bacon, born in 1561, was a remarkable figure in English history, excelling as a politician, philosopher, scientist, and writer. Despite facing challenges and persecution, including false bribery charges, Bacon’s brilliance shone through in his contributions to science, literature, and law. He is remembered as the “father of modern science” for his groundbreaking works like “Novum Organum,” which revolutionized scholarship and laid the foundation for contemporary scientific inquiry.

The disappearance of Lord Francis Bacon in 1626 is shrouded in mystery, with evidence suggesting he faked his death to escape political persecution. His supposed tomb in St. Albans is elusive, with conflicting accounts and a puzzling bathroom tile covering a possible inscription. Bacon’s philosophy, emphasizing inductive reasoning, religious faith, and the unity of science and religion, remains influential, focusing on understanding human nature through observation, experimentation, and tradition.

Francis Bacon’s scientific method focused on removing superficialities to uncover the underlying reality. He believed that absolute truth, like God, is intangible and cannot be analyzed. Bacon advocated for a practical, dynamic approach to knowledge, emphasizing its application for progress and understanding the universe, ultimately seeking God.

Bacon envisioned a world ruled by wisdom and virtue, where living truths guide humanity. This ideal, the City of Peace, is achievable through knowledge, living, and teaching others.

This article focusses on the past lives of two prominent males in Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff and Hareton. It particularly highlights the challenges that they have encountered in the past, especially those that involve how they have been treated by those in whose care they had been intrusted, namely parents and guardians. It follows how these behaviours have shaped and influenced the habits of the characters and the extent to which these behaviours have been internalised and embraced. In the instance of Hareton, the article underscores the fact that negative circumstances do not have to necessarily engender negative attitudes. They can be used to create uplifting and creative possibilities.

Im Fokus dieses Beitrags stehen die Funktionen des Mythischen und Märchenhaften sowie in Verbindung damit die Rolle der Zeit im 2011 erschienenen Roman Brenntage des in der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei geborenen österreichischen Schriftstellers, Michael Stavarič. Der Romantitel verweist über die konkrete Handlung der Sperrmüllverbrennung hinaus auf einen sich wiederholenden symbolischen Akt, der das Verhältnis des Kollektivs zur Vergangenheit bestimmt. In den folgenden Ausführungen wird das Werk im Hinblick auf die sprachliche Gestaltung der nebeneinander existierenden erzählten Welten untersucht, wodurch die Polyphonie des Textes verdeutlicht werden kann. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei der Parallelführung von zyklischer und linearer Zeitauffassung, welche in großem Maß zur Mehrschichtigkeit des Textes beiträgt und in Zusammenhang mit dem Prozess des Erwachsenwerdens interpretiert wird. Abschließend wendet sich der Beitrag den Konsequenzen zu, die diese Engführung von Zyklizität und...

This manual provides guidance and documentation for users of the 1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF-93) restricted-use data files and of the public-use institution data file. The NSOPF-93 was the successor to a 1988 study of postsecondary faculty. Information about the purpose of the study, the data collection instruments, the sample design, data collection, and data processing procedures for NSOPF-93 are also included. Chapters 1 through 5 provide background to the study, information on questionnaire development, sampling, and data collection and processing procedures. Chapter 6 is a guide to the data files and codebooks, and chapter 7 discusses the comparability between the NSOPF-93, the 1988 study, and other data sets. For the 1993 study, the sample was increased from the 480 institutions and 11,013 faculty members surveyed in 1988 to 974 institutions and 31,354 faculty. Response were received from 817 institutions and 25,780 faculty members. Fifteen appendixes contain survey instruments and cover letters and technical information on the data files and codebooks. (Contains 24 exhibits.) (SLD)

The report is organized into 11 chapters and begins by introducing NSOPF-93 in the context of the earlier study in 1988. Chapter 2 details the data collection instruments, while chapter 3 discusses the NSOPF-93 sample design and implementation. Chapter 4 reviews institutional recruitment procedures and their results. Data collection procedures are discussed in chapter 5, and chapter 6 discusses data processing and control. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with institution and faculty response and nonresponse and questionnaire item response. Chapter 9 examines data quality in terms of validity and reliability. Chapter 10 examines faculty counts and summarizes the procedures used to reconcile discrepancies and to calculate best estimates for the NSOPF-93 faculty dataset. Recommendations for future NSOPF studies are found in chapter 11. The full-scale NSOPF-93 included an institution-level survey of 817 colleges and universities in the United States and a survey completed by 25,780 faculty members. Eighteen appendixes contain survey instruments, cover letters, and additional details about the research methodology. (Contains 61 exhibits.) (SLD)

The 1992-93 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF-93), the second cycle of this study, surveyed institutions and faculty, with a sample of 974 public and private nonproprietary higher education institutions and 31,354 faculty members. The study was designed to provide a national profile of faculty, including their professional backgrounds, responsibilities, workloads, salaries, benefits, and attitudes. This manual was developed with the goal of providing analysts with the information necessary to use and interpret the NSOPF-93 public use files. Chapter 1 provides background information on questionnaire development, sampling, and data collection procedures. Chapter 2, the "Guide to the Data Files and Codebooks," contains information on: (1) content and organization of NSOPF-93 files; (2) identification codes; (3) variable names; (4) derived variables; (5) use of flags and weights; (6) notes on variance estimation; (7) using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the datasets; (8) a guide to hardcopy codebooks; and (9) a description of the NSOPF:93 electronic codebook for institution files. Eight appendixes provide information on data collection instruments, file record layouts, and codebooks. (Contains three exhibits.) (SLD)

This work analyses Gilles Deleuze's account and interpretation of Shakespeare's classic play Hamlet as it relates to poietic action. To accomplish such a comparison, it is established that Deleuze finds in Hamlet a proper definition of how Time can become free from the spatial joints and show itself as the pure Difference, or formal universality, that grounds all becoming. Hence, the main hypothesis of this work is that in Hamlet, Deleuze finds a model to explain not only poietic activity and creation but also the absolute ungrounding of Time. Secondly, it is also held that by exploring Hamlet's agency and play, it is possible to sustain an analysis that condenses the notions of Time out of joint and purely optic and sonic situation, which are deemed central to Deleuze's conception of Time as creative scission or Difference.

This article aims to compare two translations of George Gordon Byron’s
poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, which were published only a year apart
during the Young Poland period: Jan Kasprowicz’s Wędrówki Rycerza Harolda (1895) and Aleksander Krajewski’s Wędrówki Childe Harolda (1896). A comparative analysis using the methodological background of translation studies shows the equal value of the two translations, one of which is still the basic version of Byron’s work in Polish while the other has been almost entirely forgotten.

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On chivalry & the place of Women Chivalry, knighthood, man's gentle tone that filled the very breath of man towards women, the candlelight warmth of reverence exuded by the men of old, was made much of in times past. That heritage that is ours, given to us from the medieval corpus and carried over into the early Renaissance,1 was bled by the thieves in the night when, at the revolt, the bloody swords of England murdered its own.2 That heritage of Europe has been throttled in place of the genteel reverence toward the lilting rose petal resting on the stilled water; the sword has cut the branches off the rose in an attempt to take the petals. They bled the water's spring and crippled the beauty of the petal.3 In place of those sublime traditions of the knight and his lady such as the reading of poetry, now it is not beauty sought in the distillation of language,4 but lust and sin sought by the trickery not only in the distillation of cheap irreverent language but through all forms of manipulations.

This research paper seeks to study the juxtaposition of antithetical forces in the text The Fault in Our Stars penned down by John Green. The research centers on the characters' quest for finding an answer to the meaninglessness, attempts for filling the void, facticity, existential angst, and ultimate despair in the framework of the philosophy of 'Existentialism' posited by Jean-Paul Sartre. All the major characters in the novel are cancer patients, living a dismal and distressing life under the looming shadow of death. In an existential vein, the protagonists set out on a journey of self-exploration and choose to eke out a momentary optimism from their pessimistic situations. While battling with the terminal disease, Hazel Grace Lancaster and Augustus Waters engage in an emotional liaison that becomes a redeeming force in their traumatized existence. This research will study how love becomes a life force, an antithetical force juxtaposed with death and devastation. The...

But now we can talk of you! I hope that you are very well, together with everyone in your home and family. I understand that you are a seamstress. I wish you a good, prosperous future with your art. In your photograph, I see that you look very, very nice and beautiful, and of course you're taken, no? I assure you that in America, beautiful girls like you are not easy to find! If possible, I am eager to know your age. Your mother and family I do not know, but you should introduce me to them and give them my regards and salutations. My aunt, uncle, and Dorothy, together with my dear mom and dad, send greetings to all. I hope this letter finds you well and in good health. Do not forget to pray to our God in heaven, that peace will come soon, so that I can come and learn in the country where my father was born. Affectionately yours, Gennaro P.S. I would greatly appreciate a response. Please excuse my grammatical errors.

Just like some other great people in the world, from the past or the future, James Baldwin represents the transcending of evil in a world where evil is the common currency of human behavior. He is like a light in the middle of the darkest night. He is the light feather and feather of light that will take us up into the sunny blue sky. And there is little more to say. No one asks the sun why it is shining, or the night why it is dark. That’s the way James Baldwin is, unquestionable. Just right through and through in all the multitude of colorful facets he hides and buries between the lines of his books and among the words of his language.

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John Keats, a celebrated figure among the English Romantic Poets of the 19th century, is often characterized as a poet of escapism or an unfulfilled genius. However, these binary positions overlook the profound wisdom embedded in his poetry. Keats' works, particularly his renowned odes, encapsulate Romantic ideals, celebrating emotions, imaginative experience, and nature's beauty, while grappling with human suffering and the fleeting nature of life. This article challenges the above-mentioned dichotomous views by applying a Jungian archetypal analysis to Keats' poetry. It explores Keats as a holistic poet whose poetry bridges conscious and unconscious realms, intuition, emotion, and imagination. After examining the historical reception of Keats' poetry, this study uses Jungian archetypal perspective to conduct a close reading of Keats' poems, and concludes by emphasizing how this perspective enhances our understanding of Keats in the context of psychic health and holistic living. Keats emerges as a poet who offers profound psychological insights and guides us towards a more complete understanding of the human psyche and existence.