Environmental Law

Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) became very prominent after the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as vibrant social movements. Since then, ENGOs operat-ing at the local, regional, or global levels have been instrumental in environmental man-agement in both developed and developing countries. This study sought to investigate the performance of the Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining (WACAM), a local ENGO, in some selected mining communities in the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipali-ty, in the Western Region of Ghana. Situated in the intepretivist research philosophy, the study employed in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations to collect data from some staff of WACAM, community residents and some government agencies. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 77 respondents for the study. Data collected was transcribed and manually coded into themes and categories for analyses. From the perspective of the respondents and part...

The term wilderness is one of the more mischievous, elusive, and conflict-laden words in the English language. The ways we think and talk about wilderness are well embedded in modern culture and the debates surrounding it have as much to do with meaning, values, and human perception as they have to do with the ever-changing physical world. This Essay explores the complex ways that wilderness and contemporary culture are linked. Its central claim is that the cultural clashes surrounding wilderness arise out of, and reflect, not just larger cultural currents, but fundamental confusions or deficiencies in the ways we comprehend the world and our place in it. They reflect deficiencies in the ways we think about ourselves as distinct beings, in our understandings of normative values and their origins and legitimacy, and in the limits nature imposes on our modes of living. These intellectual shortcomings play key causal roles in our ongoing patterns of misusing the natural order. They also help explain why we struggle so much to see the errors in our ways and to improve them, even when we have the facts and technology to do better. Once we see wilderness clearly, separating the physically real from the humanconstructed, we can gain a better sense of our ecological plight. We can also see better how wilderness areas can benefit us, not just by supporting the health of landscapes, but by providing places and opportunities to stimulate much needed cultural change. * Swanlund Chair and Professor of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A version of this paper was delivered at The Wilderness Act at 50 symposium, held at Lewis & Clark Law School in April 2014. I thank the organizers of the gathering, particularly Professor Michael Blumm, for giving me the opportunity to participate and for commenting on my remarks.

A family with a good quality of life is a target. The fact noted that some families failed to build the ideal family. They do not any idea how and when they have to start building family so the marriage is not well planned. In the last 2 years, the data issued by the Religious Courts (PA) Tulungagung in 2016 mention 120 dispensation of marriage done by the youth. Meanwhile, in 2017, the number increased to 190 .This study is aimed to find out the efforts to build the perception of the youth on the impact of early marriage in the form of qualified generation and factors that support and inhibit the efforts to build adolescent perception of the impact of early marriage in the form of qualified generation. This study uses descriptive a qualitative approach. The researcher distributed the questionnaires to respondents in the high school/vocational in Tulungagung. The focus of the research includes what are the efforts to build perception of youth against Early Marriages Impact performed considering the environment, formal educational institutions, communities, and country/global environment. One of the four factors which drive the perception is the highest educational level. For there is a limiting factor of 4 (four) indicators: adolescent victims of divorce,the importance of religion, the understanding of health and unhealthy environment. The factors of four teenagers who are victims of divorce are more vulnerable families in performing early marriage.

The Ecological Impact Fund (EIF) would promote the development of green technologies for, and their wide and effective use in, lower-income countries by offering green innovators a new deal: the EIF will pay you financial rewards for pollution-caused harm averted by deployments of your technology in lower-income countries (the "EIF-Zone") if you permanently forgo, throughout the EIF-Zone, any monopoly rents you might earn
from patents on your registered innovation. The EIF would assess harm on a single scale that takes account of contributions to global warming and to the global disease burden. Rewards would be paid from fixed annual pools divided among registered innovations according to harm averted in the preceding year.

Atti 11 a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA, Centro Congressi Lingotto, Torino 6 – 9 novembre 2007 – Volume II ... Una metodologia sistemica per la valutazione della vulnerabilità ... Giuseppe VILARDO (*), Andrea PROFICE (*), Eliana BELLUCCI SESSA (*), Rosa NAPPI (*)

Environmental Law is a contemporary issue and this invasive subject houses number of other disciplines like economics, sociology, social sciences, oil and gas law, law of the sea, international law and many others. These disciplines have made some efforts to understand the best way to approach the environment with divergent views through interdisciplinary approach in assessing their choice of policy and ideas. As a result, this work will delve into a qualitative approach in exploring the perspectives that influence ways of thinking and making policies that are reflected in Nigerian environmental laws and policies and judicial processes in maintaining a sustaining environmental development and conserving its bio-diversity.

ARRÊT DE LA COUR (quatrième chambre) 9 juin 2011 * Dans l'affaire C-383/09, ayant pour objet un recours en manquement au titre de l'article 226 CE, introduit le 25 septembre 2009, Commission européenne, représentée par M mes O. Beynet et D. Recchia, en qualité d'agents, ayant élu domicile à Luxembourg, partie requérante, contre République française, représentée par MM. G. de Bergues et S. Menez, en qualité d'agents, partie défenderesse, * Langue de procédure: le français. I -4895 COMMISSION / FRANCE LA COUR (quatrième chambre), composée de M. J.-C. Bonichot, président de chambre, MM. K. Schiemann, L. Bay Larsen (rapporteur), M me A. Prechal et M. E. Jarašiūnas, juges, avocat général: M me J. Kokott, greffier: M me C. Strömholm, administrateur, vu la procédure écrite et à la suite de l'audience du 21 octobre 2010, ayant entendu l'avocat général en ses conclusions à l'audience du 20 janvier 2011, rend le présent Arrêt

DOD has not presented a sound business case demonstrating the need for the proposed exemptions from the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Best practices and prior GAO work recommend that agencies develop a business case that includes, among other things, expected benefits, costs, and risks associated with a proposal's implementation. However, DOD has not provided any specific examples showing that training and readiness have been hampered by requirements of these laws. Meanwhile some federal, state, and nongovernmental organizations have expressed concern that the proposed exemptions, if granted, could harm the environment. Until DOD develops a business case demonstrating the need for these exemptions, Congress will lack a sound basis for assessing whether to enact requested exemptions.

Kniha je určena především jako učební text pro studenty právnických fakult. Kniha má podtitul Základy ústavného práva Českej republiky, Maďarskej republiky a Poľskej republiky a podle jednotlivých zemí je tvořena i třemi relativně samostatnými díly. Ústavní systém České republiky zpracovala Věra Jirásková z Právnické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, maďarský a polský systém pak Ladislav Orosz z Právnické fakulty Univerzity P. J. Šafárika, který také působí jako soudce Ústavního soudu v Košicích. Všem třem státům je věnována zhruba stejná pozornost, i když při podrobnějším porovnání přece jen vystoupí do popředí rozsah věnovaný ústavnímu systému České republiky. To může čtenáře v Čechách, na Moravě a Slezsku potěšit, ale zřejmě nejvíce ocení díly věnované ústavnímu systému maďarskému a polskému. Zvláště maďarský systém a to i díky jazykové bariéře není u nás dobře znám. Kniha je psána dvojjazyčně podle mateřského jazyka autorů. Část Věry Jiráskové věnovaná České republice je v češtině, zatímco část věnovaná Maďarsku a Polsku, jakož i úvod Ladislava Orosze je ve slovenštině. Každý z dílu věnovaných konkrétnímu státu má část pojednávající o moderním ústavním vývoji od konce první světové války. Stručně jsou načrtnuty charakteristiky jednotlivých ústav anebo velkých ústavních změn, byť formálně šlo jen o novelizace ústav, nikoliv ústavy nové (federalizace Československa, změna maďarské a polské ústavy dle politických změn roku 1989). Dále se věnuje pozornost suverenitě lidu, kde je pojednáno o uplatnění přímé demokracie (referendu), volebním systému a právní úpravě politických stran. Další kapitola je věnována ústavním orgánům a to v pořadí jejich ústavní úpravy (parlament, prezident, vláda, soudní orgány, případně další orgány jako prokuratura, centrální banka, kontrolní úřad, veřejný ochránce práv). Samostatné kapitoly jsou věnovány územní samosprávě a základním právům. Při ústavní komparaci je možné postupovat dvojím způsobem. Buď určit základní strukturu institutů ústavního systému a ty postupně popisovat ve všech srovnávaných zemích bez ohledu na to, zda určitý institut je obsažen v ústavě dané země vyčerpávajícím způsobem, má pouze velmi obecné ústavní zakotvení či je zakotven jen obyčejnými zákony. Anebo je možné držet se především systematiky ústavy anebo nejvýznamnějších ústavních zákonů. Autoři recenzované publikace zvolili druhou metodu formou popisu jednotlivých ústavních

I diritti di traduzione, riproduzione e adattamento totale o parziale e con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla siae del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, comma 4 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633 ovvero dall'accordo stipulato tra siae, aie, sns e cna, confartigianato, casa, claai, confcommercio, confesercenti il 18 dicembre 2000.

This précis examines decarbonization policies through a political economy lens, emphasizing the integration of cultural, economic, political, and social factors alongside technological advancements. It identifies Sweden as a global leader in climate action, analyzing the origins, key precepts, and recent milestones of its emissions reduction efforts. Despite challenges, Sweden’s multidimensional approach provides valuable insights for shaping policies that balance economic, environmental, and social priorities, advancing a more inclusive and sustainable global response to the climate crisis.

Ao professor Luis Fernando Barzotto, pela contínua orientação e paciência -que já duram dez anos -e por uma novidade (ao menos para mim), percebida a pouco: a autonomia. Poucos orientadores têm a coragem de deixar o aluno arcar com suas escolhas livremente, pois uma derrota do orientando poderia significar um demérito para o mestre. E isso só poderia partir de alguém despido de vaidade e do desejo único com a eficiência, tão freqüente, na academia brasileira. Ao Luiz Reimer Rodrigues Rieffel, meu colega veterano, que constantemente me guiou nesta etapa acadêmica de descobertas em torno do tema da pesquisa. Também agradeço ao doutor Cláudio Fortunato Michelon Jr., por ter me proporcionado, ao longo do curso de mestrado, desafios que contribuíram para meu amadurecimento. Em especial, sou muito grato ao Mateus e ao Alejandro, pois nos divertimos e aprendemos bastante com as preparações de aulas e monitorias. Gostaria de expressar a minha gratidão ao Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, a São Judas Tadeu e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, instituições nas quais passei algumas horas pesquisando e dividindo o que aprendi. vi Este trabalho, também, não teria sido possível sem o apoio dos funcionários do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Direito. vii O problema real é como compreender a inescapabilidade da idéia de realidade objetiva, que nos força a formular interpretações subjetivistas ou relativistas de nossos pensamentos como explicações rivais do mundo, em competição com a alternativa objetivista. Thomas Nagel Água, só vejo água por toda a parte, e nem uma só gota que se beba. Poema do Velho Marinheiro de Samuel Coleridge viii RESUMO A dissertação é uma pesquisa dos fundamentos filosóficos para o Direito Ambiental. Propondo-se, no primeiro capítulo, a nomear o bem comum ambiental como o fundamento e seus pressupostos antropológicos, políticos e jurídicos, a saber, o antropocentrismo harmônico, o cosmopolitismo e a teoria da justiça realista como instâncias complementares. Por contraste, dialogaremos com os pressupostos rivais: o antropocentrismo individualista, a soberania e o normativismo. O segundo capítulo tratará da aplicabilidade dos conceitos trabalhados anteriormente segundo três casos globais: o Protocolo de Quioto, a distribuição de água e os créditos de carbono. A metodologia aplicada é a análise conceitual dialética.

Yeşil gasp, geleneksel toprak gaspının daha sinsi bir biçiminden ibaret. Mülksüzleştirme, yerinden etme ve ötekileştirme yeşile boyanıp gezegeni kurtarmak için gerekliymiş gibi gösteriliyor. Oysa krizin bizatihi nedeni olan güç dinamiklerini yeniden üretmekten öteye gitmiyorlar. Çevreyi koruma bahanesiyle doğal kaynaklara el konması -yani "yeşil gasp" -son zamanlarda daha da yakıcı bir mesele haline geldi. Çünkü insan hayatını ve daha tuhafı, doğanın bizzat kendini gitgide daha fazla etkiliyor.

General of Fiscal Balance (DJPK) in the form of quantitative. With panel data analysis and processed using Eviews 9 and Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The result shows that Government Expenditure for infrastructure, education, health and GDP was determined 98% (r-squared) of Poverty Rate simultaneously. Partially the result showed that government expenditure for infrastructure did not have an effect on poverty rate in NTT, government expenditure for education had negative effect on poverty rate in NTT, government expenditure for health did not have an effect on poverty rate in NTT, GDP had a positive effect on poverty rate in NTT.

There is now a worldwide collective obligation, a reality, to acknowledge environmental challenges. The paper discusses and analyses the principles of international environmental laws and how those are applied in international conventions and treaties, and the effectiveness and weaknesses of those laws. This discussion mainly focuses on the principles’ backdrop, what they mean, and how they have been adopted in international environmental law. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the outcomes of formulating the principles and enforcement of the legal framework. It analyses their prospect to strengthen the legal framework to achieve the objective of these principles. Besides, some recommendations have been made to strengthen these legal frameworks. It shows why it is essential to form efficient environmental platforms in present climate issues and how all nations can be brought under a common platform where they can take decisions regarding the safeguard amid the evolving environmental ...

States (U.S.), where bees are responsible for one out of every three bites of food eaten. 4 In the past few years, the number of honeybee colonies has plummeted-not only in the United States, but throughout the world. 5 Since 2006, beekeepers all over the world have seen an annual loss of 30 to 90 percent of their honeybee colonies. 6 Wild pollinators have also been affected; many wild bee, butterfly, and moth species are experiencing similar population declines. This severe decline in pollinator numbers is worrisome due to the key role bees and other pollinators play in food production. Honeybees assist in the production of more than 90 commercially grown crops in the United States. 8 Globally, 87 of the leading 115 food crops, or 35 percent of the global food production, is dependent on pollinators. 9 Much of the food we take for granted-such as apples, almonds, onions, broccoli, and many other fruits, vegetables and nuts-would simply cease to exist without honeybee pollination. 10 This massive honeybee die-off is now recognized as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Researchers have spent years trying to find the cause of CCD, with the hopes that finding its cause will lead to a solution that will increase pollinator populations. Recent studies show that CCD does not have a sole cause, as previously expected, and may instead be caused by the accumulation of stress 4.

Este estudo explora a importância da gestão escolar na promoção de práticas de sustentabilidade no ambiente educacional. A revisão bibliográfica abrange diversas
obras, incluindo livros impressos e digitais, além de artigos publicados em meios virtuais. O objetivo é analisar como a gestão escolar pode integrar e fortalecer ações socioambientais nas escolas, garantindo que esses esforços sejam contínuos e sistemáticos. A metodologia adotada é qualitativa e documental, complementada por
um estudo exploratório e descritivo. Dados foram coletados por meio de questionários estruturados aplicados a 100 estudantes do ensino médio e entrevistas
semiestruturadas com 10 professores e 2 gestores escolares. As respostas foram submetidas a uma análise de conteúdo, identificando padrões e temas recorrentes
relacionados às práticas de sustentabilidade e gestão ambiental nas escolas. Os resultados indicam que 85% dos estudantes demonstraram uma compreensão básica
do conceito de sustentabilidade, e 70% relataram a adoção de práticas sustentáveis em casa.

Este Texto para Discussao faz parte de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo compreender os Condicionantes institucionais a execucao do investimento em infraestrutura no Brasil contemporâneo e propor melhorias das politicas publicas. A justificativa sao as evidencias que indicam a baixa capacidade do governo federal e do empresariado brasileiro para executar de forma acelerada o investimento em projetos de infraestrutura. Para a analise foram selecionados seis estudos de caso, sendo tres considerados exitosos e tres nao exitosos; quais sejam, exitosos: usina termeletrica (UTE) de Candiota fase III, usina hidreletrica (UHE) Teles Pires e Transporte Rapido por Onibus (Bus Rapid Transit – BRT) saida sul do Distrito Federal; e nao exitosos: ferrovia Transnordestina, metro de Salvador e BR-163, trecho norte, de Mato Grosso a Santarem, no estado do Para. Para cada estudo de caso, sete condicionantes foram analisadas: i) planejamento, projeto, gestao e coordenacao intragovernamental; ii) lic...

The tension between equity and common law represents a fundamental paradox in legal philosophy, pitting the predictability of precedent against the flexibility of fairness. This article explores this dynamic through a speculative lens, reimagining equity not as a rival to common law but as a corrective mechanism within it. Drawing on case studies like Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17 and Ephraim v Pastory [1990] LRC (Const) 757, it examines how equity addresses rigid common law outcomes, particularly in property and customary law disputes in pluralistic systems like Kenya’s. A proposed two-step framework integrates equitable principles into common law adjudication, using a three-part checklist to ensure consistency and fairness. Supported by historical cases such as Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) and contemporary Kenyan developments, the framework offers a practical approach to harmonizing these legal traditions. By reframing equity as an internal corrective, this article invites scholars and practitioners to rethink their interplay, fostering a more just and adaptable legal system in diverse jurisdictions.

Fuel tanker explosions in Nigeria pose significant environmental, economic, and human challenges, yet systemic factors driving these disasters remain underexplored. This study examines the historical trends, policy responses, and efficacy of public awareness campaigns in mitigating fuel-scooping practices. Using a mixed-methods approach, including case studies of the 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion and the 2012 Okogbe tanker fire, the research identifies key drivers such as infrastructural neglect, poverty-driven risk-taking, and governance failures. The study applies Risk Perception Theory to analyze how marginalized communities prioritize short-term survival over long-term hazards and Political Ecology to situate these disasters within Nigeria's broader resource-driven inequities. Findings indicate that environmental degradation manifesting as soil contamination and biodiversity loss exacerbates food insecurity, while economic losses from destroyed livelihoods and emergency responses strain local economies. Public awareness campaigns, though essential, are often undermined by socioeconomic desperation and low trust in authorities. The analysis concludes that sustainable solutions require a multi-sectoral approach integrating poverty alleviation, infrastructure investment, and community-led governance reforms. By advocating for systemic change rather than temporary interventions, this research contributes to discussions on environmental justice and disaster prevention in resource-dependent economies.

The economics and environmental impact of a new technology for the production of urea from municipal solid waste, particularly the residue-derived fuel (RdF) fraction, is analyzed. Estimates indicate a cost of production of approximately €135 per ton of urea (internal rate of return more than 10 %) and savings of approximately 0.113 tons of CH4 and approximately 0.78 tons of CO2 per ton of urea produced. Thus, the results show that this waste-to-urea (WtU) technology is both economically valuable and environmentally advantageous (in terms of saving resources and limiting carbon footprint) for the production of chemicals from municipal solid waste in comparison with both the production of urea with conventional technology (starting from natural gas) and the use of RdF to produce electrical energy (waste-to-energy). A further benefit is the lower environmental impact of the solid residue produced from RdF conversion. The further benefit of this technology is the possibility to realize...

En las últimas décadas, los gobiernos de América Latina impulsaron la explotación de recursos naturales a gran escala mediante el uso de técnicas y/o productos químicos considerados nocivos para la salud y el ambiente. Esto ha provocado una creciente conflictividad social entre dos coaliciones heterogéneas que se disputan entre sí la necesidad de promover o de restringir estos desarrollos productivos.
Dentro de los sistemas federales de gobierno, es posible visualizar una importante heterogeneidad de respuestas políticas asociadas a los recursos naturales que reflejan una variada incidencia de las coaliciones de actores. En el caso de Argentina, las coaliciones anti-extractivistas lograron impulsar políticas restrictivas en algunas provincias mientras que, en otras, no lo lograron y se adoptaron políticas productivistas. Incluso, varias provincias reflejan un avance contradictorio, promoviendo el uso de ciertas sustancias y/o técnicas y restringiendo otras con impactos ambientales similares. Frente a estos diferentes escenarios, esta tesis busca responder: ¿Qué factores explican la incidencia de las coaliciones en las políticas provinciales de recursos naturales?
El argumento que guía esta tesis es multicausal y sostiene que la capacidad de incidencia de las coaliciones varía entre las provincias según la interacción entre factores internos y externos. El factor interno refiere a la composición de las coaliciones, mientras que los factores externos incluyen la configuración de la matriz económica provincial y el grado de competitividad del sistema político. Para examinar esta hipótesis, se realizó un estudio comparativo de dos sectores extractivos (minería metalífera y fracking) en cuatro provincias: Chubut, Mendoza, Neuquén y Río Negro, durante el período 2003-2023. Además, se incorporaron dos casos auxiliares para fortalecer la comparación: la regulación de fracking en Entre Ríos y la política minera en San Juan. La investigación se basó en 93 entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores clave, el análisis de documentos relevantes y la elaboración de datos económicos y políticos provinciales.
Argentina es un laboratorio interesante para la investigación debido a la variedad de respuestas subnacionales. En la minería metalífera se encuentran rutas divergentes, es decir, políticas que oscilan entre la promoción y la restricción. En este sector se identifica mayor permeabilidad por parte de los actores políticos e institucionales para dar curso a las demandas restrictivas. En cambio, en el caso del fracking, la cancha está inclinada. Las coaliciones anti-extractivistas enfrentan un escenario más desfavorable para tejer acuerdos con los actores políticos y contrarrestar las narrativas asociadas a la soberanía energética.

É concedida à Universidade de Brasília permissão para reproduzir cópias desta tese e emprestar ou vender tais cópias somente para propósitos acadêmicos e científicos. O autor reserva outros direitos de publicação e nenhuma parte desta tese de doutorado pode ser reproduzida sem a autorização por escrito do autor.

É concedida à Universidade de Brasília permissão para reproduzir cópias desta tese e emprestar ou vender tais cópias somente para propósitos acadêmicos e científicos. O autor reserva outros direitos de publicação e nenhuma parte desta tese de doutorado pode ser reproduzida sem a autorização por escrito do autor.

La realización de viajes de campaña constituye un aporte fundamental para los estudios de grado de algunas carreras. Específicamente para alumnos del área biológica es la oportunidad de aprender en ambientes informales, realizar actividades que no podrían ser desarrolladas en el laboratorio y permite construir conocimiento a través de interacciones con el ambiente que invitan a observar, identificar, medir y comparar. En esta presentación se describen las características del viaje de campaña al Palmar de Colón del curso de Fisiología Vegetal de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, con el propósito de evaluar la experiencia piloto que el equipo docente viene desarrollando y definir algunas orientaciones para mejorar su aprovechamiento. El propósito de la actividad es que los alumnos integren contenidos previos de su carrera con los específicos del curso de Fisiología Vegetal para analizar, interpretar y explicar el comportamiento adaptativo de especies en ambientes naturales. Los alumnos deben completar una guía de actividades, en la registran parámetros descriptivos de cada ambiente, rasgos morfo-fisiológicos de las especies, miden procesos vinculados con el balance de agua y carbono y discuten su posible importancia en cada ambiente. Se realiza una puesta en común sobre cada ítem fomentando la discusión e intercambio de ideas. Con el fin de que los estudiantes tengan acceso a algunos equipos utilizados en la disciplina, la cátedra aporta aquellos que permitan efectuar mediciones morfológicas y fisiológicas de caracteres y procesos vinculados con los balances de agua y carbono. Se evalúa la experiencia a través de una encuesta.

This paper provides a critical analysis of the legal framework for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India, with a focus on the Companies Act, 2013. It examines the provisions introduced under the Act, evaluates their impact on companies, and analyzes the broader societal implications. The study also presents statistical data on CSR spending in India and compares the Indian framework with global CSR standards. Despite the signicant improvements in corporate transparency and social responsibility, challenges persist, including limited enforcement and the prioritization of compliance over meaningful impact. Recommendations for strengthening the legal framework are also provided.

In order to ensure the sustainable exploitation and use of water resources Vietnam has started to elaborate a legal framework of the water sector during recent years. This new legal framework includes a large set of regulations that deals with waste water management, including the treatment and disposal of waste waters from industries, agriculture and households. The protection of water resources, particularly with respect to water quality and the prevention of water pollution, is a crucial and serious issue due to the country's rapid development and industrialization. Nevertheless, the quality of the current regulations (issued by both national and local levels) on water resources management in Vietnam does obviously not meet reality requirements. Furthermore, there is evidence that the enforcement of the national framework encounters various problems when it comes to the implementation by local governments. In recent years, more than 300 legal documents required to implement the Law on Water Resources have been developed as secondary regulations to protect and use water resources in a sustainable manner in different legal aspects. Among these 300 legal documents, over 60 are related to wastewater and water pollution management. Moreover, at local level important regulations on water resources protection, particularly regulations on water pollution management have been developed to implement national regulations at sub-national scales of government. In Can Tho City, located in the Mekong Delta, 100 water-related legal documents have been issued by the People's Committee of the city that claim creating a comprehensive legal system on water resources protection for the city's jurisdiction. By using Can Tho City as a case study, this paper intends to analyze contradictions and conflicts between the national and local regulations, specifically in the field of wastewater management. It will be discussed how the provincial government of Can Tho City enforces the national law on water resource management and how national regulations are interpreted and newly defined in the context of local governance. Furthermore, the study aims at contributing to the debate on how to create a comprehensive and coherent legal framework of the water sector at both national and local scale of government.

This article examines the application of Article 114–1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in cases of obstruction of mobilization. It identifies strengths and weaknesses in charge formulation, motive assessment, characterization of the accused, legal qualification of actions, and case outcomes. The findings suggest the need for legislative amendments and a revised approach to enhance the effectiveness of criminal law in addressing mobilization obstruction.

La cultura actual de potenciación del desarrollo sostenible en la que nos encontramos inmersos está obligando a las empresas a desarrollar modelos de gestión de carácter integral en el que llevar a cabo procesos de autodiagnosis e implantación de mejoras de calidad y de rendimiento medioambiental entre otras. En este sentido, la logística inversa representa un factor clave especialmente en las organizaciones empresariales donde el valor del producto o el índice de retornos son altos. Este campo es, en general, todavía un reto y en él los operadores logísticos pueden jugar un papel fundamental.

Comparative law is an important aspect of research field among lawyers, students and researchers. If any problem arises in legal issue, and no solution can be found within own legal system, then a comparative study can be drawn on the comparative research for better solution of the problem. However, in comparative law, there is no specific subject matter like other fields of law (e.g.-contract, tort). This paper will initially discuss the definition of comparative law, advantages and its pitfalls and differences between comparative research and the concept of foreign law. This paper also focuses on the various comparative methods applied by Zweigert and Kotz, De Cruz, Reitz and Kamba. Through this study, my aim is to find out which one is the most effective method for the comparative research. Finally, I have drawn a conclusion on the whole submission.

SUMARIO: I. CIRCUNSTANCIAS MODIFICATIVAS DE LA CAPACIDAD DE OBRAR DEL ADMINISTRADO Y PROHIBICIÓN GENERAL DE DISCRIMINACIÓN: 1. La edad como circunstancia modificativa de la capacidad de obrar para el acceso a la policía. 2. La enfermedad como requisito para acceder a prestaciones sociales en el contexto militar: límites. II. DERECHO A UN PROCESO EQUITATIVO: 1. Promoción en la carrera judicial: la interpretación del término especialización. 2. Cuestión prejudicial comunitaria. 3. Acceso al tribunal: resoluciones dictadas en única instancia y exigencia del interés casacional del asunto para el acceso a la casación. III. DERECHO AL RESPETO DE LA VIDA PRIVADA: 1. Integridad física y libertad religiosa: transfusiones de sangre IV. LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN: 1. El nudismo entre el exhibicionismo y la libertad de conciencia y expresión. 2. Bloqueo de un sitio de internet. V. DERECHO DE PROPIEDAD: 1. La orden de demolición: ¿sanción o medida de restauración de la legalidad urbanística? 2. Procedimiento administrativo para la enajenación de suelo público y descoordinación administrativa. 3. Medidas antidumping. 4. Expropiación, confiscación temporal de la propiedad e indemnización: el Convenio no protege la intención de negocio. VI. DERECHO DE MANIFESTACIÓN EN TIEMPOS DE PANDEMIA.

El Derecho al Desarrollo dentro del sistema de fuentes mexicano Capítulo I Marco teórico sobre el derecho humano al desarrollo…11 I.I. Aspectos generales del derecho humano al desarrollo: su promoción en Naciones Unidas y Agencias….11 I.II. Implicaciones del derecho humano al desarrollo en México….19 I.II.I. La reforma constitucional en materia de derechos humanos 2011….19 I.III. Bases para la interpretación legal del derecho humano al desarrollo….23

En esta tesina analizaremos el conflicto de derechos que existe frente a la actividad extractiva dentro del Parque Nacional Yasuní, específicamente en el área protegida denominada Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini (ITT). El análisis principal de este conflicto jurídico se evidencia en la explotación petrolera como una atribución del Estado, según lo prescrito en el artículo 408 de la Constitución de 2008; y, como una excepción a la explotación petrolera en áreas protegidas, según el artículo 407 de la misma Constitución. Para poder aclarar este conflicto utilizaremos los principios ambientales básicos aplicables al caso, reglas de ponderación e interpretación del neo constitucionalismo, a los derechos constitucionales de la naturaleza, y al derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Bajo estas prerrogativas y parámetros, tenemos como finalidad principal el estudio del posible conflicto de derechos dentro del Parque Nacional Yasuní, específicamente en el Yasuní ITT.

This Research examines the multifaceted legal and practical challenges surrounding
environmental protection in Tanzania. The study investigates the effectiveness of
existing environmental laws and regulations in mitigating environmental
degradation and promoting sustainable development. Key issues explored include
the enforcement mechanisms, institutional capacities and socio-economic factors
influencing compliance and outcomes. Through a comprehensive review of
relevant literature, policy analysis and empirical data collection, this research aims
to identify gaps in current practices and propose recommendations for enhancing
environmental governance framework. Ultimately, the findings seek to contribute
to the discourse on improving environmental sustainability in Tanzania and similar
developing contexts globally.