Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Ethical and Economic Perspectives on Global Health Interventions

Profile image of Thomas PoggeThomas Pogge

2012, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

visibility

…

description

25 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

Interventions that improve childhood health directly improve the quality of life and, in addition, have multiplier effects, producing sustained population and economic gains in poor countries. We suggest how contemporary global institutions shaping the development, pricing and distribution of vaccines and drugs may be modified to deliver large improvements in health. To support a justice argument for such modification, we show how the current global economic order may contribute to perpetuating poverty and poor health in less-developed countries.

Related papers

Vaccines for children: policies, politics and poverty
Stephen Obaro

Vaccine, 2003

The dawn of the 21st century ushered in spectacular advances in vaccine production technology. However, the benefits of these developments have been largely confined to the world's most affluent and least afflicted. Of the 14 million deaths that occur worldwide in children aged less than 5 years, over 95% of these occur in developing countries and at least 70% are caused by infections for which vaccines are already available in other countries. While impoverished countries do not have a right to be assisted with the provision of funds or vaccines by affluent developed countries, an initiative for the global eradication of a vaccine preventable disease, requires a global effort. Assisting developing countries to achieve such goals should be a high priority for wealthy nations, even if only to protect their own populations. With improved international travel, not only can newly emerging diseases spread across the globe, but pathogens eliminated from one population can be re-imported by travellers or immigrants. In contrast, the recent decline in acceptance of immunisation programmes in developed countries are secondary to strong anti-vaccine movements attributing unproven adverse reactions to vaccines, placing these life-saving vaccines into disrepute. A fertile ground for propagation of these ideologies is created by parents who in their lifetime may not have seen a child killed or maimed from bacterial meningitis or measles and therefore have little understanding of the risk-benefit of vaccination. The development and deployment of vaccines must be a global effort as are the treaties for global disarmament for weapons of mass destruction.

View PDFchevron_right
Profiteering from vaccine inequity: a crime against humanity?
fatima hassan

BMJ, 2021

Early in the pandemic, Pfizer announced an intention to profit from its covid-19 vaccine. 1 In the first three months of 2021, Pfizer's vaccine brought in $3.5bn (£2.5bn; €3bn) in revenue and hundreds of millions in profit. 2 Other companies are also making exceptional profits from covid-19. Moderna, which received public funding to develop its covid-19 vaccine, will earn several billion dollars from vaccine sales. 3 Even Astra Zeneca, with its acclaimed "non-profit" model, will receive billions in revenue and is free to raise the price once itconsiders the pandemic to be over. 4 5 But the rich world is refusing to share vaccines with poorer countries speedily or equitably. Whereas 60% of the population in the UK is fully vaccinated, in Uganda it is only 1%. 6 The 50 least wealthy nations, home to 20% of the world's population, have received just 2% of all vaccine doses. 8 The rich world should

View PDFchevron_right
The Equity Impact Vaccines May Have On Averting Deaths And Medical Impoverishment In Developing Countries
Logan Brenzel

Health affairs (Project Hope), 2018

With social policies increasingly directed toward enhancing equity through health programs, it is important that methods for estimating the health and economic benefits of these programs by subpopulation be developed, to assess both equity concerns and the programs' total impact. We estimated the differential health impact (measured as the number of deaths averted) and household economic impact (measured as the number of cases of medical impoverishment averted) of ten antigens and their corresponding vaccines across income quintiles for forty-one low- and middle-income countries. Our analysis indicated that benefits across these vaccines would accrue predominantly in the lowest income quintiles. Policy makers should be informed about the large health and economic distributional impact that vaccines could have, and they should view vaccination policies as potentially important channels for improving health equity. Our results provide insight into the distribution of vaccine-preve...

View PDFchevron_right
Global justice and the COVID-19 vaccine: Limitations of the public goods framework
Nivedita Saksena

Global Public Health

As vaccines for COVID-19 were first being approved for use, there were widespread calls for it to be assigned a 'global public good'. However, allocating the COVID-19 vaccine globally poses a novel challenge of redistribution, one that cannot be effectively undertaken using current mechanisms for the dispensation of aid. An examination of the origins and implicit logic of global public goods theory shows that it would not be effective as a framework in this context. I argue that while it is a useful rhetorical tool to underscore the need for global access, it fails to account for concerns arising out of structural inequities between countries in the Global South and North. In addition to being illdefined, the phrase encodes a neoliberal logicone that prioritises the protection of private capital over democratic claims of redistribution and social justice. To ensure global access, our attention must be focussed instead on explicitly accounting for inequities, securing access for countries in the Global South and addressing the norm-setting powers of pharmaceutical companies.

View PDFchevron_right
An ethical analysis of vaccinating children against COVID-19: benefits, risks, and issues of global health equity [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
Steven R . Kraaijeveld

Wellcome Open Research, 2021

COVID-19 vaccination of children has begun in various high-income countries with regulatory approval and general public support, but largely without careful ethical consideration. This trend is expected to extend to other COVID-19 vaccines and lower ages as clinical trials progress. This paper provides an ethical analysis of COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children. Specifically, we argue that it is currently unclear whether routine COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children is ethically justified in most contexts, given the minimal direct benefit that COVID-19 vaccination provides to children, the potential for rare risks to outweigh these benefits and undermine vaccine confidence, and substantial evidence that COVID-19 vaccination confers adequate protection to risk groups, such as older adults, without the need to vaccinate healthy children. We conclude that child COVID-19 vaccination in wealthy communities before adults in poor communities worldwide is ethically unacceptable and consider how policy deliberations might evolve in light of future developments.

View PDFchevron_right
The Inefficient and Unjust Global Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccines: From a Perspective of Critical Global Justice
zhehan li

INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused huge losses and massive damage to socio-economic development around the globe, which might even potentially evolve into a humanitarian crisis as it continues to spread. In response to the further resulting public threats, collaborative research, rapid production, and efficient and just distribution of vaccines have been given a top priority. However, there exists a serious inefficiency and injustice in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines among different countries, regions, and social classes currently. Richer countries and regions have acquired far more vaccines than needed, further exacerbating the severity of the epidemic in underdeveloped and marginalized countries and regions. From a perspective of critical global justice, we explore the causes of the inefficient and unjust global distribution of vaccines and comprehensively examine the shortcomings of the current distribution frameworks, such as COVID-19 Vaccines Glo...

View PDFchevron_right
An ethical analysis of vaccinating children against COVID-19: benefits, risks, and issues of global health equity
Steven R . Kraaijeveld

Wellcome Open Research

COVID-19 vaccination of children over 12 has begun in various high-income countries with regulatory approval and general public support, but largely without careful ethical consideration. This trend is expected to extend to other COVID-19 vaccines and lower ages as clinical trials progress. This paper provides an ethical analysis of COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children. Specifically, we argue that it is currently unclear whether routine COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children is ethically justified in most contexts, given the minimal direct benefit that COVID-19 vaccination provides to children, the potential for rare risks to outweigh these benefits and undermine vaccine confidence, and substantial evidence that COVID-19 vaccination confers adequate protection to risk groups, such as older adults, without the need to vaccinate children. We conclude that child COVID-19 vaccination in wealthy communities before adults in poor communities worldwide is ethically unacceptable and c...

View PDFchevron_right
"Global Ethics and the Right to Universal Access to Covid-19 Vaccines." In Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, Volume 31, Number 3 (March 2021): 169-171.
Christopher Ryan Maboloc

The universal access to Covid-19 vaccines is a global issue. By universal access, we mean the need to equalize rather than optimize the distribution of the vaccines. We argue that such is a matter that concerns social justice. Medical ethics presupposes the justice principle, but we need to understand other ethical questions. We will present the concept of entitlement and human rights with respect to the public good in which the vaccines are a part of. Liberalism puts as a matter of priority the equal respect for the moral worth of persons. The duty of the state, in this way, is to protect the well-being of everyone. But given the uneven structures in the world, the challenge is to ensure that the global poor will not be left behind when it comes to the vaccines.

View PDFchevron_right
Regulating vaccines: Can health -- economics tools be used profitably? [editorial]
Jacob M Puliyel

Indian Pediatrics, 2007

Direct-to-consumer vaccine advertisements are a recent phenomenon. In India a newborn can make up to 27 visits to the doctor for immunizations before his fifth birthday(1) (Table I). The vaccines cost approximately Rs 11,000. There is a built-in incentive for doctors to prescribe the vaccines. After a market presence is established, in the next stage the equity argument is brought up. Pressure is brought to bear on Government, to bring the vaccine under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) saying that the well-to-do are protected and it is not equitable that the poor go unprotected(2). The Government of India recently had to take out advertisements in leading newspapers cautioning the public to 'evaluate carefully the commercial claims' of various vaccines beyond the 6 UIP vaccines(3). Pressure is also put by international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). Resolution 45.17 of the World Health Assembly mandates that member countries integrate cost effective 'newer vaccines' into the national immunization programs. Regardless of costeffectiveness, organizations like GAVI persuade developing countries to use new vaccines by providing donor-grants (effectively driving costs to zero in the initial stages). The full cost implications are only realized once funding is withdrawn, after the vaccine has been included in the UIP.

View PDFchevron_right
A Vaccine Tax: Ensuring a More Equitable Global Vaccine Distribution
Andreas Albertsen

Journal of Medical Ethics, 2022

While Covid-19 vaccines provide a light at the end of the tunnel in a difficult time, they also bring forth the complex ethical issue of global vaccine distribution. The current unequal global distribution of vaccines is unjust towards the vulnerable living in lowincome countries. A vaccine tax should be introduced to remedy this. Under such a scheme, a small fraction of the money spent by a country on vaccines for its own population would go into a fund, such as COVAX, dedicated to buying vaccines and distributing them to the world's poorest. A vaccine tax would provide a much-needed injection of funds to remedy the unequal distribution of vaccines. The tax allows for a distribution that, to a lesser degree, reflects the ability to pay and is superior to a donation-based model because it minimizes the opportunity for freeriding.

View PDFchevron_right

References (77)

  1. Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J. Robinson. 2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation." American Economic Review, Volume 91 (5): 1369-1401.
  2. Akresh, R., S. Bhalotra, M. Leone and U. Osili. "War and Stature: Growing up during the Nigerian Civil War." American Economic Review Papers & Proceedings (forthcoming May 2012). (IZA Discussion Paper 6194, Dec 2011.)
  3. Almond, D. and K. Chay. 2007. The Long-Run and Intergenerational Impact of Poor Infant Health: Evidence from Cohorts Born during the Civil Rights Era. Mimeograph., Columbia University.
  4. Almond, D. and J. Currie. 2011a. "Human Capital Development Before Age Five." In Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 4b, edited by O. Ashenfelter and D. Card. Elsevier, Volume 4 (5): 1315-1486.
  5. Almond, D. and J. Currie. 2011b. "Killing Me Softly: The Fetal Origins Hypothesis." The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 25 (3): 153-172.
  6. Baird, S., J. H. Hicks, M. Kremer and E. Miguel. 2011. "Worms and Work: Long-Run Impacts of Child Health Gains." Mimeograph., University of California, Berkeley.
  7. Banerjee, A. L., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., and Kothari, D. 2010. "Improving Immunization Coverage in Rural India: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Evaluation of Immunization Campaigns With and Without Incentives." British Medical Journal, 340: c2220. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c2220.
  8. Barker, D. 1992. Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease. London: British Medical Journal Publishing Group. BBC. 2004. "Natural disasters 'on the rise.'" September 17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3666474.stm.
  9. Bhalotra, S. and A. Van Soest. 2008. "Birth-Spacing, Fertility and Neonatal Mortality in India: Dynamics, Frailty and Fecundity." Journal of Econometrics, Volume 143 (2): 274-290.
  10. Bhalotra, S. and S. Rawlings. 2010. "Intergenenerational Persistence in Health in Developing Countries: the Penalty of Gender Inequality?" Journal of Public Economics, Volume 95 (3-4): 286-299.
  11. Bhalotra, S. 2010. The Intergenerational Spillover of Early Life Conditions. Mimeograph., University of Bristol.
  12. Bhalotra, S. and S. Rawlings. "Gradients of the Intergenenerational Transmission of Health in Developing Countries." Review of Economics and Statistics (forthcoming 2012).
  13. Bhalotra, S. and A. Venkataramani. 2011a. "Shadows of the Captain of the Men of Death: Long-Run Impacts of Early Life Pneumonia Exposure." IZA Discussion Paper 6041.
  14. Bhalotra, S. and A. Venkataramani. 2011b. Policy Led Infectious Disease Decline and the Quantity-Quality Tradeoff in Mexico. Mimeograph., University of Bristol.
  15. Bhalotra, S., A. Miranda and A. Venkataramani. 2012. Waterborne Disease and Cognitive Development: Quasi- Experimental Evidence From Mexico's 1991 Clean Water Policy. Mimeograph., University of Bristol.
  16. Bhalotra, S., D. Hollywood and A. Venkataramani. 2012. The Fertility Response to Simultaneous Declines in Child and Maternal Mortality: Evidence from the Sulfa Drug Era. Mimeograph., University of Bristol.
  17. Bharadwaj, P. and Christopher Neilson. 2011. The Role of Early Childhood Health Interventions on Mortality and Academic Achievement. Mimeograph., UCSD.
  18. Bharadwaj, P. and Leah Nelson. 2010. Discrimination Begins in the Womb: Evidence of Sex Selective Prenatal Care. Mimeograph., UCSD.
  19. Black, R.E., S. Cousens, H. L. Johnson, J. E. Lawn, I. Rudan, D. G. Bassani, P. Jha, H. Campbell, C. Fischer Walker, R. Cibulskis, T. Eisele, L. Liu and C. Mathers. 2010. "Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality in 2008: A Systematic Analysis." The Lancet, Volume 375: 1969-1987.
  20. Black, S.E., P. J. Devereux and K. G. Salvanes. 2007. "From the Cradle to the Labor Market? The Effect of Birth Weight on Adult Outcomes." Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 122 (1): 409-439.
  21. Blattman, C. and E. Miguel. 2010. "Civil War." The Journal of Economic Literature, Volume 48 (1): 3-57. DOI: 10.1257/jel.48.1.3.
  22. Bleakley, H. 2007 "Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 122 (1): 73-117.
  23. Bleakley, H. 2010. "Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Volume 2: 1-45.
  24. Bleakley, Hoyt and Fabian Lange. 2009. "Chronic Disease Burden and the Interaction of Education, Fertility, and Growth." Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 91 (1): 52-65.
  25. Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. "Poverty Trap Formed by the Ecology of Infectious Diseases." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Volume 277: 1185-1192. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1778
  26. Brown, G.W. and R. Labonte. 2011. "Globalization and its Methodological Discontents: Contextualizing Globalization through the Study of HIV/AIDS." Globalization and Health, Volume 7, (29): 1-12.
  27. Card, David and Alan Krueger. 1992. "School Quality and Black-White Relative Earnings: A Direct Assessment." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 107, No. 1. Feb.: 151-200
  28. Chay, Kenneth, Jonathan Guryan and Bhashkar Mazumder. 2009. "Birth Cohort and the Black-White Achievement Gap: The Role of Access and Health Soon After Birth." Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper 2008-20.
  29. Cohen, Joshua and Charles Sabel. 2006. "Extra Rempublicam Nulla Justitia?" Philosophy and Public Affairs, Volume 34: 147-75.
  30. Crimmins, E.M. and C. E. Finch. 2004. "Inflammatory Exposure and Historical in Human Life-Spans." Science, Volume 305 (5691): 1736-1739.
  31. Cunha, F. and J. Heckman. 2007. "The Technology of Skill Formation." American Economic Review, Volume 97 (2): 31-47.
  32. Cunha, F. and J. J. Heckman. 2009. "The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human Development." Journal of the European Economic Association, Volume 7(2): 320-364.
  33. Currie, J. 2009. "Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise: Socioeconomic Status, Poor Health in Childhood, and Human Capital Development." Journal of Economic Literature, Volume 47: 87-122.
  34. Currie, J. and E. Moretti. 2007. "Biology as Destiny? Short-and Long-Run Determinants of Intergenerational Transmission of Birth Weight." Journal of Labor Economics, Volume 25 (2): 231-264.
  35. Currie, J. and D. Thomas. 2001. "Early Test Scores, Socioeconomic Status, School Quality and Future Outcomes." Research in Labor Economics, Volume 20: 103-132.
  36. Cutler, D., A. Deaton and A. Lleras-Muney. 2006. "The Determinants of Mortality." Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 20 (3): 97-120.
  37. Davies, Daniel and Christine Schmid. 2010. "Global Wealth Report." Credit Suisse Research Institute. https://infocus.creditsuisse.com/data/_product_documents/_shop/291481/credit_suisse_global_wealth_re port.pdf.
  38. Deaton, A. 2007. "Global Patterns of Income and Health: Facts, Interpretations, and Policies." WIDER Annual Lecture, Helsinki, September.
  39. Dunning, Thad. 2004. "Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility and Democracy in Africa." International Organization, Volume 58: 409-423.
  40. Eppig, C., C. L. Fincher and R. Thornhill. 2010. "Parasite Prevalence and the Worldwide Distribution of Cognitive Ability." Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, Volume 277 (1701): 3801-3808.
  41. Fenske, J. 2011. African Polygamy: Past and Present. Mimeograph., University of Oxford.
  42. Flynn, S., A. Hollis and M. Palmedo 2009. "An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries." Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Volume 37(2): 184-208.
  43. Friel, S. and M. G. Marmot 2011. "Action on the Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities Goes Global." Annu Rev Public Health, Volume 32: 225-236. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101220.
  44. Fung, W. and W. Ha. 2010. "Intergenerational Effects of the 1959-61 China Famine." In Risks, Shocks, and Human Development: On the Brink, edited by Fuentes-Nieva and Seck, 222-254. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  45. Galor, Oded. 2010. "The Demographic Transition: Causes and Consequences." Cliometrica, (forthcoming).
  46. Galor, Oded and David Weil. 1996. "The Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth." American Economic Review, Volume 86 (3): 374-387.
  47. Galor, Oded and David Weil. 2000. "Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond." American Economic Review, Volume 90 (4): 806-828.
  48. GHF (Global Humanitarian Forum). 2009. The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis. Geneva: Global Humanitarian Forum.
  49. Glewwe, P. and E. Miguel. 2008. "The Impact of Child Health and Nutrition on Education in Less Developed Countries." In Handbook of Development Economics, edited by J. Strauss and T. Schultz, T. Elsevier, Volume 4 (5): 3561-3606.
  50. Gwatkin, Davidson R., Kiersten Johnson, Rohini P. Pande, Shea Rutstein, and Adam Wagstaff. 2000. "India: Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition, and Population." Washington, DC. The World Bank, Working Paper 30544. Accessed January 14, 2012. www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/ WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/12/06/000012009_20041206145841/Rendered/PDF/305440PAPER 0india.pdf
  51. Hollis, Aidan and Thomas Pogge. "The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Available for All." Incentives for Global Health 2008: Oslo and New Haven. www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/hif.html.
  52. Jayachandran, S. and A. Lleras-Muney. 2009. "Life Expectancy and Human Capital Investments: Evidence from Maternal Mortality Declines." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 124 (1): 349-397.
  53. Jones, R. et al. 2003. "How many child deaths can we prevent this year?" The Lancet, Volume 362, (5): 65-71.
  54. Kar, Dev and Karly Curcio. 2011. Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2000-2009. Washington: Global Financial Integrity.
  55. Kremer, Michael and Alaka Holla. 2009. "Pricing and Access: Lessons from Randomized Evaluations in Education and Health", in What Works in Development: Thinking Big and Thinking Small, eds. William Easterly and Jessica Cohen. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  56. Miguel, Edward and Michael Kremer (2004). "Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities." Econometrica, 72(1), 159-217.
  57. Lederberg, J. 1997. Lecture at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, April 1.
  58. Mesnard, A. and P. Seabright. 2009. "Escaping Infectious Diseases through Migration? Quarantine Measures Under Asymmetric Information about Infection Risk." Journal of Public Economics, Volume 93: 931-938.
  59. Milanovic, Branko. "Global Inequality of Opportunity: How much of our income is determined at birth?," Cornell University Poverty, Inequality and Development Papers, 2009, at www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/InequalityPapers/Milanovic.pdf.
  60. Montalvo, J. G. and M. Reynal-Querol. 2007. "Fighting Against Malaria: Prevent Wars While Waiting for the Miraculous Vaccines." Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 89 (1): 165-177.
  61. Moran M., J. Guzman, A-L. Ropars, A. McDonald, N. Jameson, et al. 2009. "Neglected Disease Research and Development: How Much are We Really Spending?" PLoS Medicine, Volume 6 (2), 137-146. www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000030.
  62. Murphy, Kevin M. and Robert H. Topel. 2006. "The Value of Health and Longevity." Journal of Political Economy, Volume 114 (4): 871-904.
  63. Nagel, Thomas. 2005. "The Problem of Global Justice." Philosophy and Public Affairs, Volume 33: 113-147.
  64. Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
  65. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2011. Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2011: OECD Countries and Emerging Economies. Paris: OECD.
  66. Oster, E. "Does Increased Access Increase Equality? Gender and Child Health Investments in India." Journal of Development Economics, Volume 89 (1): 62-76.
  67. Phillips, C. 2009. "What is a QALY?" www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/QALY.pdf.
  68. Pogge, Thomas. 2004. "Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes." In Public Health, Ethics, and Equity, edited by Sudhir Anand, Fabienne Peter, and Amartya Sen, 135-161. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  69. Pogge, Thomas. 2008. World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitian Responsibilities and Reforms. 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  70. Sacerdote, B. 2005. "Slavery and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital. Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 87 (2): 317-234.
  71. Scrimshaw, N., Taylor, C. and Gordon, J. 1968. "Interactions of Nutrition and Infection". Geneva; WHO, 1968, 329 p. Ilus, tablas (OMS Monograph Series, 57). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/monograph/WHO_MONO_57_%28part1%29.pdf
  72. Sharrocks, Anthony, James B. Davies and Rodrigo Lluberas. 2010. "Global Wealth Databook." Credit Suisse Research Institute. https://infocus.credit-suisse.com/data/_product_documents/_shop/291465/ credit_suisse_global_wealth_databook.pdf.
  73. Temple, Jonathan. 2010. "Aid and Conditionality." In Handbook of Development Economics, edited by Dani Rodrik and Mark R. Rosenzweig, 4415-4523. Elsevier, Volume 5: 4415-4523.
  74. Wenar, Leif. 2008. "Property Rights and the Resource Curse." Philosophy and Public Affairs, Volume 36: 2-32.
  75. World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. "Pneumonia, Factsheet No. 331." Accessed January 14, 2012. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/index.html
  76. World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. "WTO and the TRIPS Agreement." Accessed January 14, 2012. www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/wto_trips/en/index.html.
  77. World Trade Organization (WTO). 2012. "Intellectual Property: Protection and Enforcement." Accessed January 14, 2012. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm.

Related papers

Global Ethical Considerations Regarding Mandatory Vaccination in Children
Julian Savulescu

Journal of Pediatrics, 2021

View PDFchevron_right
Commentary: Against unjust global distribution of power and money: The report of the WHO commission on the social determinants of health: Global inequality and the future of public health policy
Carles Muntaner

Journal of Public Health Policy, 2009

View PDFchevron_right
Regulating vaccines: can health-economics tools be used profitably?
Jacob M Puliyel

Indian pediatrics, 2007

View PDFchevron_right
Ethical Obligations of Global Justice in the Midst of Global Pandemics
Sarah Frances Hicks

De Ethica

View PDFchevron_right
Global Development Goals and Global Health: The Power and Problems of International Aid, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Spring/Summer 2015
Paul Nelson
View PDFchevron_right
Intellectual property rights need to be subverted to ensure global vaccine access
salla sariola

BMJ Global Health, 2021

View PDFchevron_right
Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap: A Global Plan for Justice
Lawrence Gostin

2010

View PDFchevron_right
Medicines and vaccines for the world's poorest: Is there any prospect for public-private cooperation
Vikram Pathania

Globalization and Health, 2005

View PDFchevron_right
How Effective is the Right to Health at Improving Equity in the Levels of Access to Childhood Immunisations
Rebecca Carr

2014

View PDFchevron_right
Ensuring Global Health Equity in a Post-pandemic Economy: Words Count! Comment on "Ensuring Global Health Equity in a Post-pandemic Economy
Mariska Meurs

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

View PDFchevron_right
Vaccines against poverty
Allan Saul

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014

View PDFchevron_right
The Equitability of Universal Vaccine Mandates – A Bioethical Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine
Florence Akumiah

African Journal of Bioethics, 2022

View PDFchevron_right
The value of vaccination: a global perspective
Jenifer Ehreth

Vaccine, 2003

View PDFchevron_right
An ethical framework for global vaccine allocation
Florencia Luna

Science, 2020

View PDFchevron_right
Imagining Global Health with Justice: In Defense of the Right to Health
Lawrence Gostin

Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy, 2015

View PDFchevron_right
Globalization and the Social Determinants of Health: Promoting Health Equity in Global Governance (Part 3 of 3)
Ronald Labonte
View PDFchevron_right
Global vaccine inequities and multilateralism amid COVID-19: Reconnaissance of Global Health Diplomacy as a panacea?
jaspal kaur

Health Promotion Perspectives

View PDFchevron_right
Health as freedom: Addressing social determinants of global health inequities through the human right to development
Benjamin Meier

Bioethics, 2009

View PDFchevron_right
The unconscionable health gap: a global plan for justice
Lawrence Gostin

The Lancet, 2010

View PDFchevron_right
The fight for vaccines in today's economic and geopolitical context. Fighting profits on the pandemic
Lorenzo Battisti

2021

View PDFchevron_right
Health equity in a globalised world: toward constraining global greed?
Allen Alvarez

Asian Bioethics Review, Volume 5, Issue 4, 2013

View PDFchevron_right
Globalization and social determinants of health: Promoting health equity in global governance (part 3 of 3)
Ronald Labonte

Globalization and Health, 2007

View PDFchevron_right
The Race for Global Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines
Lukman Khairi

Vaccines

View PDFchevron_right
New tendencies and strategies in international immunisation: GAVI and The Vaccine Fund
Jacques Martin EKWÈ

Vaccine, 2003

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

BusinessDevelopment EconomicsPolitical ScienceSocial Science Research NetworkPsychological Intervention
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104