Experimental Psychology

The role of attention and the resolution of coding conflicts in hand-hemispace spatial-compatibility effects was examined in a precueing experiment in which visual and vibrotactile precues, with various stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs), were presented in blocked and random order. It was expected that precues at the shorter SOAs would fail to facilitate the shifting of attention, as they occur too close to the imperative stimulus to be informative. The task would therefore approximate one of choice reaction time (RT), resulting in a hand-hemispace spatial-compatibility effect. Conversely, the longer SOAs would provide the subject with sufficient time in which to shift attention fully, and would therefore result in a task more like that of simple reaction time (SRT). It was expected that the hand-hemispace spatial-compatibility effect would then be absent. As was expected, this effect was present at the shorter SOAs, and absent at the longer SOAs. In Experiments 2 and 3, provision of a visual precue further facilitated attentional deployment, as did blocking the presentation of various SOAs in Experiment 3. Vibrotactile and visual precues did not differ in their ability to direct attention, implying that these modalities orient attention and precue location in essentially similar ways. These findings are discussed within the context of the mechanisms thought to underlie the time course of spatial compatibility and the dissipation of a fading trace of interfering spatial codes.

Embodied cognition is a research program comprising an array of methods from diverse theoretical fields (e.g., philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, etc.) held together by the key assumption that the body functions as a constituent of the mind rather than a passive perceiver and actor serving the mind. With a longstanding tradition in continental and pragmatic philosophy and a recent explosion in theoretical and empirical research in psychology and cognitive science, the embodied cognition research program is now ready to be formally translated into an applied approach for clinical, sport, education, social, media and health settings. This brief review sets the scene for this special edition by outlining philosophies and theory underpinning the embodied cognition research program and briefly reviewing accounts of embodied cognition that form themes running through the articles included in this special edition. Finally, we provide some examples of existing interventions, therapies and practices that utilise bodymind principles common to embodied cognition, though under other descriptive methodological titles. We suggest that embracing and integrating these interventions, therapies and practices under "applied embodied cognition" will encourage interdisciplinary discussion, thereby helping to move the field forward.

Weather-related crashes continue to account for a significant proportion of general aviation (GA) accidents. In the present study, the decision-making performance and information acquisition strategies of inexperienced, intermediate, and experienced pilots were examined from a cognitive skill perspective. Data were obtained from information search patterns and verbal protocols during a series of 6 computer-based simulated flight scenarios. The results revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences between the strategies of experienced and inexperienced pilots. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of weather-related decision-making training and the validity of a cognitive skill model of aeronautical decision making. Weather-related crashes are one of the commonest causes of general aviation fatalities, accounting for 20.8% of fatal general aviation (GA) crashes in the United States between 1982 and 1988. (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Air Safety Foundation, 1991). Weather-related decisionmaking (WRDM) skills can be defined as those skills necessary to recognize and avoid meteorological phenomena that present a hazard to the flight. Most GA pilots are qualified to fly only in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), which are defined by rules relating to cloud base and visibility. Should such a pilot fail to conform to these requirements and enter Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC), the result will almost inevitably involve loss of control of the aircraft resulting in a fatal crash . Because of the variable nature of operations in the aviation environment, weather-related deci-

To date, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying overt visual search. In two experiments, we concurrently recorded EEG and eye movements while participants searched for two identical targets amongst a set of distractors. In such a multiple-target paradigm, participants must continue the search after finding the first target and memorize its location. We investigated neural correlates of item processing in different stages of the search using fixation-related potentials (FRPs). Results of Experiment 1 showed that the detection of the first target elicited a P3-like component absent in distractor fixations. Furthermore, finding the first target influenced FRPs in continued search: a sustained negativity was observed for distractor fixations following the first target fixation, likely indicating the involvement of memory. In Experiment 2, display size was manipulated systematically (10, 22, 30 items). Eye movement analysis showed that the average number of fixations preceding the first target detection varied as a function of display size. We present FRPs for target fixations and discuss the influence of the number of preceding distractor fixations on their morphology. In addition, we analyzed the post-target negativity over longer time intervals and report on its temporal properties and functional role.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the so-called Elberfeld horses, the counting and speaking animals, were among the most debated subjects of the newborn comparative psychology. Yet, they have left little trace in the historiography of this discipline, mostly as an appendix of the more famous Clever Hans. Their story is generally told as the prelude to the triumph of reductionistic experimental psychology. By paying a more scrupulous attention than has so far being done to the second life of Hans, and to the endeavours of his second master, Karl Krall, this article explores the story of the Elberfeld horses as an important, if so far neglected, chapter in the history of experimental parapsychology.

Aim: The purpose of the present experimental study was to find out the best walking intervention protocol which would have significant effect on health related physical fitness of the middle aged people. Methodology: Total 32 subjects have been selected purposively and divided randomly in equal numbers in four groups. Three experimental groups namely Experimental Group 1 (EG -1), Experimental Group 2 (EG -2), and Experimental Group 3 (EG -3), have gone through three different walking protocol for 12 weeks designed with different intensity and volume of walking; whereas the Control Group (CG) did not get any training. Three components of health related physical fitness namely cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance and body fat percentage has been tested through 12 Minute walk/run, one minute bent knee sit ups and skinfold measurement respectively. ANCOVA has been applied to find out the differences among the groups at 0.05 level of significance. LSD test has be...

Networks of ''conscious agents" (CAs) as defined by are shown to provide a robust and intuitive representation of perceptual and cognitive processes in the context of the Interface Theory of Perception . The behavior of the simplest CA networks is analyzed exhaustively. The construction of short-and long-term memories and the implementation of attention, categorization and case-based planning are demonstrated. These results show that robust perception and cognition can be modelled independently of any ontological assumptions about the world in which an agent is embedded. Any agent-world interaction can, in particular, also be represented as an agent-agent interaction.

Pigeons' pecks produced grain under progressive ratio (PR) schedules, whose response requirements increased systematically within sessions. Experiment 1 compared arithmetic (AP) and geometric (GP) progressions. Response rates increased as a function of the component ratio requirement, then decreased linearly (AP) or asymptotically (GP). Experiment 2 found the linear decrease in AP rates to be relatively independent of step size. Experiment 3 showed pausing to be controlled by the prior component length, which predicted the differences between PR and regressive ratio schedules found in Experiment 4. When the longest component ratios were signaled by different key colors, rates at moderate ratios increased, demonstrating control by forthcoming context. Models for response rate and pause duration described performance on AP schedules; GP schedules required an additional parameter representing the contextual reinforcement.

Pigeons responded to intermittently reinforced classical conditioning trials with erratic bouts of responding to the CS. Responding depended on whether the prior trial contained a peck, food, or both. A linear-persistence/learning model moved animals into and out of a response state, and a Weibull distribution for number of within-trial responses governed in-state pecking. Variations of trial and inter-trial durations caused correlated changes in rate and probability of responding, and model parameters. A novel prediction-in the protracted absence of food, response rates can plateau above zero-was validated. The model predicted smooth acquisition functions when instantiated with the probability of food, but a more accurate jagged learning curve when instantiated with trialto-trial records of reinforcement. The Skinnerian parameter was dominant only when food could be accelerated or delayed by pecking. These experiments provide a framework for trial-by-trial accounts of conditioning and extinction that increases the information available from the data, permitting them to comment more definitively on complex contemporary models of momentum and conditioning.

Predictions of P. R. mathematical principles of reinforcement were tested for responding on ratio reinforcement schedules. The type of response key, the number of sessions per condition, and first vs. second half of a session had negligible effects on responding. Longer reinforcer durations and larger grain types engeridered more responding, affecting primarily the parameter a (specific activation). Key pecking was faster than treadle pressing, affecting primarily the parameter δ (response time). Longer intertrial intervals led to higher overall response rates and shorter postreinforcement pauses and higher running rates, and ruled out some competing explanations. The treadle data required a distinction between the energetic requirements and rate-limiting properties of extended responses. The theory was extended to predict pause durations and run rates on ratio schedules. Killeen (1994) developed a set of principles concerning reinforcement: that incentives excite an organism and elicit responses, there are ceilings on response rates, and organisms are biased toward the particular locations and types of responses that occurred just prior to the incentive. Each of these principles was given substance by providing simple mathematical representations of them. For instance, models of the frst two principles-arousal and constraint-when combined, yield Equation : The dependent variable is B, response rate, the dimensions of which are responses per second. The parameter a is the amount of behavior that is evoked by the incentive under the current deprivation conditions. It is called the specific activation, it varies as a function of motivation (Killeen, 1995, in press), and its dimensions are seconds per reinforcer. The variable R is the rate of reinforcement; its dimensions are reinforcers per second. Delta (δ) measures the response time-the time that it takes for an animal to execute a response-and typically takes values between 0.25 and 0.4 s for both pigeon's key pecks and rat's lever presses. It is not the same as the time the key or lever is depressed, as it also includes the time to initiate and terminate the entire action pattern . Its dimensions are seconds per response. Equation 1 has the same form as Herrnstein's hyperbola (1970, 1974), but Herrnstein interpreted 1/a as the rate of reinforcement for other (competing) behaviors in the organism's environment. The same form was derived from still other principles by . It is a robust description of response rates on variable-interval (VI) schedules, but if we take δ literally as response duration, it predicts response rates that are much too high, and it makes incorrect predictions when extended to other schedules (e.g., . The formulation is incomplete.

English-speakers sometimes say that they feel "moved to tears," "emotionally touched," "stirred," or that something "warmed their heart;" other languages use similar passive contact metaphors to refer to an affective state. The authors propose and measure the concept of kama muta to understand experiences often given these and other labels. Do the same experiences evoke the same kama muta emotion across nations and languages? They conducted studies in 19 different countries, 5 continents, 15 languages, with a total of 3,542 participants. They tested the construct while validating a comprehensive scale to measure the appraisals, valence, bodily sensations, motivation, and lexical labels posited to characterize kama muta. The results are congruent with theory and previous findings showing that kama muta is a distinct positive social relational emotion that is evoked by experiencing or observing a sudden intensification of communal sharing. It is...

The aim was to study the influence of albumin supplementation on the changes of the kidney function and structure in cirrhotic rats induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Twenty-four male albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into Group I: 6 rats underwent laparotomy alone, and the bile duct was only dissected from the surrounding tissue; Group II: 6 rats underwent a sham operation and received 2% albumin in their drinking water; Group III: 6 rats were subjected to bile duct ligation only; and Group IV: 6 rats were subjected to bile duct ligation and received a daily albumin 2% in drinking water. All rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks. We measured the liver and kidney functions and oxidative stress markers in the renal tissue and conducted a histological evaluation of the liver and kidney. The liver enzymes were decreased, but there was no significant difference in the bilirubin levels in group IV compared to group III. There was a significant elevation of serum creatinine in group III compared to group II, and serum creatinine was attenuated in group IV. The renal tissue catalase activity and reduced glutathione, as well as the nitric oxide levels, were significantly increased in group IV and were elevated in group III. Histologically, the livers of group IV showed degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration with regeneration areas in which normal hepatocytes appeared. The kidneys of group IV showed recovery as well as areas of inflammatory cell infiltration. Some tubules appeared with normal epithelial lining. In conclusion, the results suggest that albumin partially improves the renal functions and structures after their disturbances as a result of BDL.

Deviant as well as changing auditory distractors interfere with short-term memory. According to the duplex model of auditory distraction, the deviation effect is caused by a shift of attention while the changing-state effect is due to obligatory order processing. This theory predicts that foreknowledge should reduce the deviation effect, but should have no effect on the changing-state effect. We compared the effect of foreknowledge on the two phenomena directly within the same experiment. In a pilot study, specific foreknowledge was impotent in reducing either the changing-state effect or the deviation effect, but it reduced disruption by sentential speech, suggesting that the effects of foreknowledge on auditory distraction may increase with the complexity of the stimulus material. Given the unexpected nature of this finding, we tested whether the same finding would be obtained in (a) a direct preregistered replication in Germany and (b) an additional replication with translated st...

The oblique effect-poorer performance when contours are in oblique meridians-is here extended from the discrimination of line-orientation to the tilt illusion and to the detection and contextual induction of curvature. The distinction is made between a contour's susceptibility to contextual perturbation and its capacity to induce such perturbation, for which the oblique effect is only about one half. That the cardinal/oblique superiority is retained for the orientation of illusory borders and for the implicit orientation of shapes lacking explicit rectilinear delineation has implications for its neural substrate. To the extent that a geometrical-visual illusion, such as Poggendorff's or Hering's, depends on interaction in the domain of contour orientation, it manifests a corresponding orientational anisotropy. On the other hand, visual functions that govern whether and how well a boundary is visible are invariant with orientation.

Tests of target recognition under blur mostly fail to separate factors of resolution and contrast from the influences of pure blur, i.e., shallow luminance edge gradients. In experiments designed to single out blur, patterns of fixed size were convolved with a Gaussian spread function whose parameter was the variable. In addition, contrast invariance was ensured. The spread parameter was varied to measure form discrimination thresholds for simple geometrical shapes. Following determination of baseline values, observers trained for 7 days, 1000 form discrimination responses with error feedback per day in a staircase procedure of the blur parameter. For four observers, thresholds improved an average of 5% (range À11% to +14%) equally for trained and untrained patterns and remained stable during subsequent training with the same targets in a related form discrimination task not involving blur. Because it transferred across target sets, the very slight improvement was indeed in the perceptual capacity to compensate for optical image degradation and not in form discrimination, but its defocus equivalent was quite minor, well less than 1 = 4 diopter. Previous claims for blur adaptation must therefore rest on more complex factors that are not fully excluded in clinical settings.

Four experiments with rats studied the effects of switching the context after Pavlovian conditioning. In three conditioned suppression experiments, a large number of conditioning trials created "inhibition with reinforcement" (IWR), in which fear of the conditional stimulus (CS) reached a maximum and then declined despite continued CS -unconditional stimulus pairings. When IWR occurred, a context switch augmented fear of the CS; IWR and augmentation were highly correlated. Neither IWR nor augmentation resulted from inhibition of delay (IOD): In conditioned suppression, IWR and augmentation occurred without IOD (Experiment 3), and in appetitive conditioning (Experiment 4), IOD occurred without IWR or augmentation. IWR may occur in conditioned suppression because the animal adapts to fear of the CS in a context-specific manner. We discuss several implications. The present article is concerned with two long-standing issues in the study of Pavlovian learning. The first issue is how contexts, background stimuli that are present whenever conditioning and learning occur, control performance to the conditional stimulus (CS). Although theories of learning and memory often assume that contextual stimuli can control a number of learning, performance, and retrieval processes (e.g.,

Research based on the Category Adjustment model concluded that the spatial distribution of target locations does not influence location estimation responses . Spatial categories and the estimation of location. Cognition, 93,. This conflicts with earlier results showing that location estimation is biased relative to the spatial distribution of targets [Spencer, J.P. & Hund, A.M. (2002). Prototypes and particulars: Geometric and experience-dependent spatial categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131,. Here, we resolve this controversy by using a task based on Huttenlocher et al. (Experiment 4) with minor modifications to enhance our ability to detect experience-dependent effects. Results after the first block of trials replicate the pattern reported in Huttenlocher et al. After additional experience, however, participants showed biases that significantly shifted according to the target distributions. These results are consistent with the Dynamic Field Theory, an alternative theory of spatial cognition that integrates long-term memory traces across trials relative to the perceived structure of the task space. Categories help people carve up experience into meaningful units. Consequently, category formation processes have been a central focus of cognitive science (e.g. . Categories are often formed via inductive processes where classification responses reflect the distribution of exemplars within a set of items. This is adaptive in that people will classify objects most accurately if they base their decisions primarily on high-versus low-density regions of the sampled stimulus space. Several recent Bayesian categorization models formalize this view (e.g.

Although researchers often assume their participants are naive to experimental materials, this is not always the case. We investigated how prior exposure to a task affects subsequent experimental results. Participants in this study completed the same set of 12 experimental tasks at two points in time, first as a part of the Many Labs replication project and again a few days, a week, or a month later. Effect sizes were markedly lower in the second wave than in the first. The reduction was most pronounced when participants were assigned to a different condition in the second wave. We discuss the methodological implications of these findings.

Background: Dorsal (DLPFC) and ventral (VLPFC) subregions in lateral prefrontal cortex play distinct roles in episodic memory, and both are implicated in schizophrenia. We test the hypothesis that schizophrenia differentially impairs DLPFC versus VLPFC control of episodic encoding. Methods: Cognitive control was manipulated by requiring participants to encode targets and avoid encoding non-targets based upon stimulus properties of test stimuli. The more automatic encoding response (target versus non-target) was predicted to engage VLPFC in both groups. Conversely, having to overcome the prepotent encoding response (non-targets versus targets) was predicted to produce greater DLPFC activation in controls than in patients. Encoding occurred during event-related fMRI in a sample of 21 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 healthy participants. Scanning was followed by recognition testing outside the scanner. Results: Patients were less successful differentially remembering target versus nontarget stimuli, and retrieval difficulties correlated with more severe disorganized symptoms. As predicted, the target versus non-target contrast activated the VLPFC and correlated with retrieval success in both groups. Conversely, the non-target versus target contrast produced greater DLPFC activation in controls than in patients, and DLPFC activation correlated with performance only in controls. Conclusion: Individuals with schizophrenia can successfully engage the VLPFC to provide control over semantic encoding of individual items, but are specifically impaired at engaging the DLPFC to main context for task-appropriate encoding and thereby generate improved memory for target versus non-target items. This extends previous cognitive control models based on response selection tasks to the memory domain.

Momentary lapses in attention are common in healthy populations. This phenomenon has recently received increased investigation, particularly in relationship to the default mode network (DMN). Previous research has suggested that these lapses may be due to intrusive task-irrelevant thoughts. The study of this phenomenon in schizophrenia, which is characterized by a wide variety of cognitive deficits including deficits in attention, has not previously been explored. We used the AX Continuous Performance Task to investigate attention lapses in healthy participants as well as patients with schizophrenia. We found distinct patterns of network activation between these two groups. Lapses in healthy participants were associated with DMN activation, while in patients, the same behavioral phenomenon was associated with deactivations in frontal-parietal control network (FPCN) regions. When considered in contrast to the results observed in healthy participants, these results suggest an additional origin of attention lapses in patients derived from a loss of task-related context, rather than intrusive task-irrelevant thoughts.

The goal of this paper is to bring a contribution to the realization of the evolution follow-up in writing among typical pupils in primary education. We propose a method for the temporal modeling of these pupils writing strategies 1 . We developed a software for the on-line acquisition of writings and the automatic extraction of features from handwritings. Distributed on three periods of about six months each, these acquisitions have therefore been achieved three times for the same pupils in the same experimental conditions. An unsupervised classification (clustering) is applied to highlight strong (i.e. steady) clusters on a set of dynamic primitives chosen by an expert in the field of child's development psychology. Results are presented by means of a comparative study between features of each group and writing tests. From a cognitive point of view, the behavior of a group could be the fruit of a specific central representation self actualizing by common expertise of the pupils at the motor program level. We finally illustrate graphically the temporal flux within and betweenstrategies, and this concretizes the probabilistic modeling of the rates of pupils that change (respectively don't change) their writing strategies during an interval of one year time.

The authors have found the data presented in the C. Schooler, E. Neumann, L. J. Caplan, and B. R. article to be interesting and of potential value in constraining the further development of detailed theoretical models of Stroop performance. However, the authors have found that the relative speed of processing account of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) effects given by Schooler et al. in Experiment 1 fails to address several important and vexing issues faced by such accounts, which have been highlighted by existing formal models. The authors also have expressed concerns about Schooler et al.'s, interpretation of the reduction in Stroop interference observed among individuals with schizophrenia in Experiment 2. Whereas the authors have acknowledged that it is plausible to relate this to a dysfunction of prefrontal cortex, they have pointed to equally plausible alternative explanations, which are not addressed by the experiment or in the discussion in the Schooler et al. article. have presented interesting new data regarding the performance of both normal participants and participants with schizophrenia in the Stroop task. We concur with their conclusion that these data are potentially valuable as empirical constraints on the further development of formal models of performance in this task. However, we have several concerns about the theoretical conclusions they have drawn from the results of their two experiments. Experiment 1: Relative Speed of Processing have accounted for the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) effects that they have observed in this experiment in terms of the relative speed of processing of words and colors. Specifically, they have argued that the peak in interference observed at the +100-ms SOA was evidence that words are processed more rapidly than colors.

Equivalent class formation through verbal rules was analyzed. A matching-to-sample procedure for training and probing of conditional discriminations in a “paper and pencil” format was used. Participants were 36 voluntary students, divided in two groups. The baseline training for the experimental group was carried out via verbal rules. This group also received maintenance probes and equivalence probes during the baseline period. The control group was only given the probes. The instrument used proved to be effective. The majority of participants in the experimental group formed two equivalent classes, unlike the control group in which none of the participants showed class formation. The development of effective procedures using “paper and pencil” and verbal rules format, could support the teaching of basic reading skills in large populations with a resulting economy of time and money

We can make exquisitely precise movements without the apparent need for conscious monitoring. But can we monitor the low-level movement parameters when prompted? And what are the mechanisms that allow us to monitor our movements? To answer these questions, we designed a semi-virtual ball throwing task. On each trial, participants first threw a virtual ball by moving their arm (with or without visual feedback, or replayed from a previous trial) and then made a two-alternative forced choice on the resulting ball trajectory. They then rated their confidence in their decision. We measured metacognitive efficiency using meta-d’/d’ and compared it between different informational domains of the first-order task (motor, visuomotor or visual information alone), as well as between two different versions of the task based on different parameters of the movement: proximal (position of the arm) or distal (resulting trajectory of the ball thrown).We found that participants were able to monitor th...

Similar behavioral deficits are shared between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their first-degree relatives, such as impaired face memory, object recognition, and some language aspects. Functional neuroimaging studies have reported abnormalities in ASD in at least one brain area implicated in those functions, the fusiform gyrus (FG). High frequency oscillations have also been described as abnormal in ASD in a separate line of research. The present study examined whether low-and high-frequency oscillatory power, localized in part to FG and other language-related regions, differs in ASD subjects and first-degree relatives. Twelve individuals with ASD, 16 parents of children with ASD, and 35 healthy controls participated in a picture-naming task using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess oscillatory power and connectivity. Relative to controls, we observed reduced evoked high-gamma activity in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and reduced high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the ASD group. Finally, reductions in phase-locked beta-band were also seen in the ASD group relative to controls, especially in the occipital lobes (OCC). First degree relatives, in contrast, exhibited higher high-gamma band power in the left STG compared with controls, as well as increased high-beta/low-gamma evoked power in the left FG. In the left hemisphere, beta-and gamma-band functional connectivity between the IFG and FG and between STG and OCC were higher in the autism group than in controls. This suggests that, contrary to what has been previously described, reduced connectivity is not observed across all scales of observation in autism. The lack of behavioral correlation for the findings warrants some caution in interpreting the relevance of such changes for language function in ASD. Our findings in parents implicates the gamma-and beta-band ranges as potential compensatory phenomena in autism relatives.

Variations in heart rate variability (HRV) have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the relationship of baseline HRV to treatment outcome in MDD is unclear. We conducted a pilot study to examine associations between resting baseline HRV and MDD treatment outcome. We retrospectively tested several parameters of HRV in an MDD treatment study with escitalopram (ESC, N = 26) to generate a model of how baseline HRV related to treatment outcome, and cross-validated the model in a separate trial of MDD treatment with Iyengar yoga (IY, N = 16). Lower relative power of very low frequency (rVLF) HRV at baseline predicted improvement in depressive symptoms when adjusted for age and gender (R 2 N .43 and p b 0.05 for both trials). Although vagal parasympathetic measures were correlated with antidepressant treatment outcome, their predictive power was not significant after adjusting for age and gender. In conclusion, baseline resting rVLF was associated with depression treatment outcome in two independent MDD treatment studies. These results should be interpreted with caution due to limited sample size, but a strength of this study is its validation of the rVLF predictor in an independent sample. rVLF merits prospective confirmation as a candidate biomarker.

We conducted a two-stage game experiment with a non-excludable public good. In the first stage, two subjects choose simultaneously whether or not they commit to contributing nothing to provide a pure public good. In the second stage, knowing the other subject's commitment decision, subjects who selected not to commit in the first stage choose contributions to the public good. We found no support for the evolutionary stable strategy equilibrium, and the ratio of subjects who did not commit to contributing nothing increased as rounds advanced; that is, the free-riding rate declined over time.

Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and…

Стоюхина Н.Ю., Миронов Д.В. «Борьба за время» на страницах журнала «Время» // Современное состояние и перспективы развития психологии труда и организационной психологии : Материалы IV Международной научно-практической конференции, Москва, 17–18 октября 2024 года. Москва: Институт психологии РАН, 2024. С. 178-197.

В данной статье речь идет о сложном периоде в научной истории страны, связанном с рождением и развитием движения «Лига „Время“» и «Лига НОТ», ставшей исходной точкой для психологии труда, организационной психологии, управления персоналом, гигиены труд, эргономики и т. п. В начале 1920‑х гг., после окончания Гражданской войны руководство страны озадачилось подъемом разрушенного войной и революциями хозяйства и решило опираться на систему Ф. Тейлора, успешно работавшую в Америке и Западной Европе. Но в тейлоризме большевики видели также и утонченную систему эксплуатации рабочего человека, поэтому в 1923 г. в молодой советской России зародилось движение «Лига „Время“», в основе которого, как казалось тогда организаторам, находился «рычаг воздействия» на трудящихся – время. Время стало ресурсом, богатством, его нужно было беречь и не допускать пустой растраты. Организационно установившись в Москве, очень скоро отделения «Лиги „Время“» стали создаваться по всей стране, зачастую объединяясь с отделениями «Лиги НОТ». Одним из крупных и эффективно работавших отделений было в Казани; возможно, на это повлияла деятельность уже существовавшего Казанского института научной организации труда (КИНОТ). Его сотрудники предпринимали попытки внедрить рациональное отношение к рабочему времени, о чем регулярно писал в журнале «Время» ведущий сотрудник казанского отделения «Лиги „Время“» Михаил Гефтер.

The suggestion has recently been made that certain higher-order cortical areas involved in supporting multisensory representations of the body, and of the space around it, might also play a role in controlling thermoregulatory functions. Here we demonstrate that temporary interference with the function of one of these areas, the posterior parietal cortex, by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, results in a decrease in limb temperature. By contrast, interference with the activity of a sensory-specific area (the primary somatosensory cortex) had no effect on temperature. The results of this experiment suggest that associative multisensory brain areas might exert a top-down modulation over basic physiological control. Such a function might be part of a larger neural circuit responsible for maintaining the integrity of the body at both a homeostatic and a psychological level.

Eighty-eight subjects, recent immigrants to the U.S. with minimal English knowledge, read Vietnamese sentences and were asked to demonstrate English and French Knowledge of a designated word within each sentence, by means of a translation task. For cases of French knowledge, transfer effects of lexical items seem to overrule the effect of word knowledge in that subjects demonstrate better knowledge of English-French cognates than formal contrasts, and better knowledge of formal contrasts than misleading cognates. Both recognition and production of English are considered. The results have implications for teaching English to recently immigrated Indo-Chinese people with a background in French. A psycholinguistic and linguistic discussion is made. General suggestions are made for teaching a third language when it is linguistically related to a second language, but unrelated to the person ' s mother tongue. Vietnamese immigrants to the US and their French bias: 2 How to teach them English? The case of the Vietnamese: What exactly is their French bias? 4 Psycholinguistic aspects of the problem 6 The relationship between one conceptual system and two lexicons Acquisition of several non-native languages and the lexical transfer processes Linguistic aspects of the problem and types of lexical contrasts between Vietnamese, French and English Method (subjects, materials, design and results) Discussion Conclusion for psycho linguistic theory on lexical transfer processes Implications for teaching English to native Vietnamese speakers

This paper presents a novel framework aimed at enhancing the experimental methodology within cognitive psychology, integrating both informal and formal components to accommodate varied reasoning approaches. The framework supports the design and performing of experiments, and the structured storage of the information on outcomes in a way that is independent of specific interpretations and findings. This facilitates the replication and reproduction of the experiments and their interpretation under alternative theories. Moreover, the formal components of the information stored can be used for in silico simulation as well as within rigorous analytical approaches, such as formal methods and process mining.

Social life is governed by a myriad of rules but the behavioral logic of why people follow rules is only incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how rule-following is influenced by peers and social proximity to them. In particular, we are interested in the identity composition of an individual's observed peer group: does it matter whether the rule breaker is an ingroup or an outgroup member? To investigate this question, we use a novel rule-following task with strong incentives to break the rule. Consistent with previous research, we show that examples of rule violations trigger further rule violations, even though overall rule compliance remains high. Contrary to our hypotheses, we do not find that group identity moderates the influence of peer compliance on people's willingness to follow rules. We conclude that rule breaking is contagious regardless of the ingroup or outgroup status of the rule breaker.

Scientists abstract hypotheses from observations of the world, which they then deploy to test their reliability. The best way to test reliability is to predict an effect before it occurs. If we can manipulate the independent variables (the efficient causes) that make it occur, then ability to predict makes it possible to control. Such control helps to isolate the relevant variables. Control also refers to a comparison condition, conducted to see what would have happened if we had not deployed the key ingredient of the hypothesis: scientific knowledge only accrues when we compare what happens in one condition against what happens in another. When the results of such comparisons are not definitive, metrics of the degree of efficacy of the manipulation are required. Many of those derive from statistical inference, and many of those poorly serve the purpose of the cumulation of knowledge. Without ability to replicate an effect, the utility of the principle used to predict or control is dubious. Traditional models of statistical inference are weak guides to replicability and utility of results. Several alternatives to null hypothesis testing are sketched: Bayesian, model comparison, and predictive inference (p rep). Predictive inference shows, for example, that the failure to replicate most results in the Open Science Project was predictable. Replicability is but one aspect of scientific understanding: it establishes the reliability of our data and the predictive ability of our formal models. It is a necessary aspect of scientific progress, even if not by itself sufficient for understanding. Keywords Control. Predict. Replicate. Understand. NHST. Open Science Collaboration Four causes. p rep To understand why scientists seek to replicate a finding, and why we are in a "replication crisis" (Branch, 2018)-repeated failures to achieve a significant effect

When making choices, people often try to directly compare the features of different options rather than evaluating each option separately. Not every feature has an analogous (or alignable) feature in the other option, however. In this study, both younger and older adults filled in such gaps when remembering, creating features in the other option to contrast with existing features. Thus, participants had a tendency to remember choice options as more comparable than they originally were. High performance on tasks tapping strategic processing was associated with a pattern of mostly feature-based comparisons during choice for older adults but with a pattern of mostly option-based comparisons for younger adults. This pattern suggests that younger and older adults' comparison processes are influenced by different goals.

Differences in selection pressure in nature and labs have profound effects on zebrafish strains. The widely used AB strain of zebrafish has been domesticated over several decades. Recently, there has been an upsurge in the availability of genetically modified lines, e.g., the spiegeldanio (spd), which has a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1a (fgfr1a) gene. This mutant strain (fgfr1a) has previously been reported to be bolder than fish of the Tübingen strain, from which it was generated. Our knowledge on behavioral differences between different zebrafish strains, relative to wild-caught zebrafish, is limited. In the present study we compare behaviors related to interpretation of boldness in male and female offspring (F1) of wild-caught fish, AB and fgfr1a -/- zebrafish. A second aim of the study was to compare the behavior of fish from these strains when tested in different behavioral assays, i.e., shelter seeking, novel tank diving and scototaxis tests. The results demonstrate that behavioral variation exists both within and between the strains, but interpretation of boldness reveals a complex pattern in which behavior differs between strains but is also related to sex and test. Therefore, a careful assessment of various strains of fish using both males and females is warranted in order to strengthen interpretation of results. This is especially important in studies where zebrafish are used as model organisms for human conditions as well as studies evaluating the effects of pharmacological or toxicological substances on behavior.

We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. The emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank was held virtually on September 1 and 2, 2020 (Zoom Video Communications) due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting focused on advances in: (1) optogenetics as a tool for comprehending neurobiology of diseases and on optogenetically-inspired DBS, (2) cutting edge of emerging DBS technologies, (3) ethi...

We propose that the specificity with which associations in episodic memory can be remembered varies on a continuum. In Experiment 1, we provide further evidence that older adults' deficits in associative memory scale with the amount of specificity that needs to be retrieved. In Experiment 2, we address whether depleted attentional resources, simulated in young adults under divided attention at encoding, could account for older adults' associative memory specificity deficits. Participants studied face-scene pairs and later completed an associative recognition test, with test pairs that were old, highly similar or less similar to old pairs, or completely dissimilar. Participants rated their confidence in their decisions. False positive recognition responses increased with the amount of specificity needed to be retrieved. Whereas older adults' associative memory deficits scaled with how much specific information needed to be remembered, younger adults under divided attention had a more general deficit in associative memory. Confidence-accuracy analysis showed that participants were best able to calibrate their confidence when less specific information was needed to perform well. While divided attention young adults were generally prone to high-confidence errors, older adults' high-confidence errors were most apparent when highly specific information needed to be remembered. These results provide further evidence for levels of specificity in episodic memory. Access to the most specific levels is most vulnerable to forgetting, in line with a specificity principle of memory . Further, depleted attentional resources at encoding cannot entirely explain older adults' associative memory specificity deficits.

It has long been known that human beings’ search behaviour is influenced by different mechanisms of control of attention: we can voluntarily pay attention, according to the context-specific goals, or we can involuntarily direct it, guided by the physical conspicuity of perceptual objects. Recent evidence suggests that pairing target stimuli with reward can modulate the way in which we voluntarily deploy our attention. In this thesis, the explored line of research focuses on the effects of reward, specifically a monetary reward: neutral stimuli are imbued with value via associative learning, through a training phase. This work aims to investigate if these stimuli will be able to capture attention in a subsequent foraging task. This mechanism, known as value-driven attentional capture, has never been investigated in a foraging context, but only in a classical visual search one: will it be able to influence the search behaviour when the targets are multiple

La Evitación experiencial es un patrón comportamental en el que la persona no está dispuesta a entrar en contacto con experiencias privadas, por lo que intenta modificar los eventos que las evocan. Existen hallazgos que sugieren que la tarea digital Ámselin es efectiva para medir la EE. El presente trabajo contó con el propósito de confirmar estos hallazgos y de conocer si Ámselin es capaz de discriminar entre participantes con niveles elevados y bajos de ansiedad de acuerdo a la calificación del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (IAB). Para esto, se aplicó el IAB, el Acceptance and action questionnaire-II y Ámselin a 104 adultos. Los resultados revelaron ausencia de correlaciones entre las variables de Ámselin y las calificaciones de los cuestionarios, así como nula discriminación entre ejecuciones de participantes con ansiedad alta y baja. La excepción para estos resultados fue el reporte de frustración. Empero, se encontraron efectos que sugieren que Ámselin expone a los participantes a una situación frustrante. Con base en esto, se recomienda limitar el empleo de esta tarea para el estudio de la frustración, excluyendo la Evitación experiencial.

Ribes and López's (1985) taxonomy proposed that psychological behavior is progressively complex and inclusive. In that respect, there is little research and data are not robust. A study was conducted with the purpose to increase data related to the complexity and inclusivity of the three less complex behaviors of the taxonomy, with three training sequences, namely: 1) ascending (contextual-supplementary-selector), 2) descending-ascending (supplementary -contextual-selector) and 3) descending (selector-supplementary-contextual). The objective was to evaluate the effect of the interaction history (related to training sequences) on differential (contextual), effective (supplementary) and precise (selector) behavior adjustment process. Results showed that a greater number of training sessions were required to improve the performance in functional organizations with greater complexity when participants lacked an interaction history related to programmed contingencies. But, when the i...

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteris...

In three experiments, subjects reported the identity of a word (ABOVE or BELOW) that appeared above or below a fixation point. On some trials, a cue presented 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 msec before the word indicated the relation between position and identity (i.e., whether the dimensions were compatible, e.g., ABOVE/above and BELOW/below, or conflicted, e.g., ABOVE/below and BELOW/ above). On the other trials, the cue was withheld (Experiment 2) or it bore no information about the relation between dimensions (Experiments 1 and 3). In each experiment, the cue reduced reaction time below the level of no-cue or neutral-cue controls, indicating strategic use of the relation between dimensions. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the number of potential cues that could occur in a block. A stronger cuing effect was found when one cue could occur (Experiment 2) than when two cues could occur (Experiment 1). Experiment 3 manipulated practice; it revealed that with practice the cuing effect reached asymptote at shorter delays. The asymptote itself did not change. Experiment 4 showed that cue-delay effects were independent of warning interval (warning interval and cue delay were confounded in Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The experiments demonstrate construction and utilization of strategies; they show that construction is sensitive to constraints imposed by the subject's goals and abilities and by the structure of the task environment. This article reports an investigation of goals in some task environment. The strategy strategies for performing a speeded discrim-chosen is probably a compromise between ination task. It is based on the premise that the constraints imposed by the informational nearly all cognitive tasks are performed as structures in the task environment, by the strategies, and that cognitive psychology can resources, capacities, abilities, or processes advance only by coming to understand what in the subject's cognitive repertoire, and by strategies are and how they are constructed the structure of the goals to be obtained by and utilized. In general, a strategy may be performing. This suggests that strategies defined as an optional organization of cog-may be investigated experimentally by manitive processes designed to achieve some nipulating the different constraints. This approach was adopted in the experiments re-" ported here. The *« kstudied re < red subjects fl , Gordon Logan from the Natural Sciences and Engi-report the identity of a briefly presented neering Research Council of Canada. Jane Zbrodoff was word (either ABOVE or BELOW). The primary supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Social Sci-goals, defined by the instructions, were to ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, re d as j u d accurately as possi . We are grateful to Kathy Constantmou and Ken 1.1^,,. ,. . , ,. . . r .. Davis for testing the subjects, and to Frank Restle, ble -This one-dimensional discrimination Margaret Jean Intons-Peterson, Jonathan Baron, Mar-task was Complicated by introducing variagaret Schadler, and Tom Carr for valuable comments tion in another dimension, the position the on the article. worc j OCCU pi e d on the screen: The word ap- i£K£^£^%£2^ p e r d abo -« be ' ow th , e fition p°i nt -