Geology

Lateral load induced in piles (both long and short) under earthquake is a problem of serious complexity that has been plaguing professional engineers and researchers alike for quite some time. The practice in vogue is to ensure that fixed base shear of the column does not exceed static shear load capacity of the piles. Inertial and stiffness effects of pile are usually ignored in dynamic earthquake analysis. The present paper proposes a method where, based on modal response or time history analysis, load on short piles may be estimated under earthquake considering its stiffness, inertia, effect of material and geometric damping properties. The results are compared with the conventional methods. Effect of partial embedment, a situation that may develop under soil liquefaction during earthquake has also been derived. Pile loads are estimated for two cases: a) When the structure is a lumped mass system having infinite stiffness: like a machine foundation or a heavy short vessel supported directly on the pile cap. b) Superstructure has finite stiffness and mass like a frame (building /pipe rack etc) The paper assumes that for all cases when slenderness ratio L/r is less than 20 the pile behaves as short pile when failure or yielding of soil precedes the structural failure of the pile. The major advantage with this method is that it does not warrant a sophisticated software to be developed for the analysis. A simple spread sheet is sufficient to produce an accurate result.

Aerosol parameters are measured using a ground-based Multi-wavelength Radiometer (MWR) at Mohal (31.90 • N, 77.11 • E, 1154 m amsl) in the Kullu valley during clear sky days of a seasonal year. The study shows that the values of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) at 500 nm and the Ångstrom turbidity coefficient 'β' (a measure of columnar loading in atmosphere) are high (0.41 ± 0.03, 0.27 ± 0.01) in summer, moderate (0.30 ± 0.03, 0.15 ± 0.03) in monsoon, low (0.19 ± 0.02, 0.08 ± 0.01) in winter and lowest (0.18 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01) in autumn, respectively. The Ångstrom wavelength exponent 'α' (indicator of the fraction of accumulation-mode particles to coarse-mode particles) has an opposite trend having lowest value (0.64 ± 0.06) in summer, low (0.99 ± 0.10) in monsoon, moderate (1.20 ± 0.15) in winter and highest value (1.52 ± 0.03) in autumn. The annual mean value of AOD at 500 nm, 'α' and 'β' are 0.24 ± 0.01, 1.06 ± 0.09 and 0.14 ± 0.01, respectively. The fractional asymmetry factor is more negative in summer due to enhanced tourists' arrival and also in autumn months due to the monthlong International Kullu Dussehra fair. The AOD values given by MWR and satellite-based moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer have good correlation of 0.76, 0.92 and 0.97 on diurnal, monthly and seasonal basis, respectively. The AODs at 500 nm as well as 'β' are found to be highly correlated, while 'α' is found to be strongly anti-correlated with temperature and wind speed suggesting high AODs and turbidity but low concentration of fine particles during hot and windy days. With wind direction, the AOD and 'β' are found to be strongly anti-correlated, while 'α' is strongly correlated.

Investigations of aerosol optical and physical characteristics using the application of Ångström formula and second order polynomial fit were carried out from April 2006 to March 2009 at Mohal in the Kullu valley. The measurements of spectral aerosol optical depths (AODs) were conducted using multiwavelength radiometer (MWR). The AOD at 0.5 μm wavelength on daily basis (mean ± standard deviation) for the entire three-year study period is obtained as 0.24 ± 0.08. Seasonal variations show the highest AOD at 0.5 μm wavelength with ∼0.34 ± 0.08 during pre-monsoon (April-July), followed by ∼0.26 ± 0.08 during monsoon (August-September), ∼0.21 ± 0.05 during post-monsoon (October-November) and ∼0.20 ± 0.07 during winter (December-March). The seasonal values indicate that the AOD at 0.5 μm wavelength is decreasing from pre-monsoon to winter with a notable reduction around 41%. The Ångström parameters using least square method is not found appropriate for size distribution particularly when coarse mode aerosols dominate. The coefficients of second order polynomial fit are more appropriate for the discrimination of aerosol size or irrespective to the dominance of either of the aerosols size. The difference in coefficient of polynomial fit is used to get confirmation on the dominant mode during different seasons. Study reveals that about 93%, 72% and 59% of AOD spectra are dominated by a wide range of fine mode fractions or mixture of modes during post-monsoon, winter and monsoon, respectively. On the other hand, during pre-monsoon, 72% of AOD spectra are found to be dominated by coarse mode aerosols.

In stitut e of Tropi cal M eteoro logy . Dr Homi I3habha Road. Pa shan. Pun e 41 10m:. India and Kh wai rakpalll Gajananda Shriralllinstillite for Indu strial Resea rch. Env iro nment Protccti on Di vision. 1<). Uni ve rsity Roaci. Delhi liD 007. India O.f; rel'i.l'et/ 20 April 2005 ; ({('ceIJ/l'd 14 Jlllle 2005 Tota l suspended particu lat e (TS P) matter on fortni ght ly basis throu ghou t th e: year and Illass si ze: distri buti on of aerosob as we l l as ultrafine: aeroso ls un week ly ba sis in th e Illonth s of May and June lVe re monitored during I <)<)6-2003 at dilTerent alti tu dinal locations of th e Kullu -M anali touri st co mpl ex in the: nort hwestern Himalaya. Conce ntrati on of TSP ra nged frolll 35.8 (A ugus t I <)l)6) to 207 .3 f1,g nf-' (Julle 2003) at Mohal II 150 m from ave rage: se a level (AS L ) I and from 31.7 (Ju ly 2003) to 23l) f1, g m'-' (A pril 200 I ) at Manali (2050 III ASL). Th e mass size di stribut ion o f aeroso ls showed a bimodal distribution hav ing onc peak in the coa rse size ra nge (3.3-l) f1, m dial and the oth er in th e finc size mnge (0.OX-2. 1 f1,1ll dial at both th e loca ti ons. Ultrafi ne aerosol (UA) (O'( )OI -O.1 f1,m radiu s) co nce ntrati ons we rc found to be hi ghes t at th e lowest experim ental altiwde site (M ohal) and l'ice 1'1' 1'.1'0. The diurn al variati on of UA co ncent rati oll for three yea rs showed lh at the conce ntrati on ranges from 2640 (a t 0500 hI'S LT) to 5 160 N umber (N) cm'-' (at 1300 hI'S L T) at M ohal and from 400 (a t 0400 Ill'S LT) to 2 1l)O N cm' .1 (at 1300 hI'S L T) at Koth i. On an ave rage. TSP crossed its permi ssib le limit set by National Ambielll Air Qua lit y Stand ard (NAAQS) leve l in th e sensiti ve area s such as Kullu -Manali hill spots. Bi modal nallire r Illass si ze dis tributi on indi cates tw o importalll sources co ntri bu tin g in total aerosols-th e fin e mode. primaril y due to anthropogenic act i vities and the coarse mode aeroso ls. mainl y due to natu ral ,ources. La rge number o f' co nce ntrati on o f ultrafine parti cles indicates th e presencc of air pollutants more <1 tl ow altitucies as co mpared to hi gh altillides. Keywords: Aerosols' beh av iour. To tal suspended particulate,. Mass size distri bu ti on. Ultrafinc aerosols. Kull u-Mana li touri st co mplex, North wes tern Himalaya

A coupled wave-vegetation simulation is presented for the moving effect of the coastal vegetation on tsunami wave height damping. The problem is idealized by solitary wave propagation on a group of emergent cylinders. The numerical model is based on general Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with renormalization group turbulent closure model by using volume of fluid technique. The general moving object (GMO) model developed in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Flow-3D is applied to simulate the coupled motion of vegetation with wave dynamically. The damping of wave height and the turbulent kinetic energy along moving and stationary cylinders are discussed. The simulated results show that the damping of wave height and the turbulent kinetic energy by the moving cylinders are clearly less than by the stationary cylinders. The result implies that the wave decay by the coastal vegetation may be overestimated if the vegetation was represented as stationary state.

Within the research project &quot;Prehistory of the Solomon Islands&quot; archaeological investigations have been conducted continuously at the flint knapping atelier Apunirereha and under the Ria-Rockshelter in the province of East Are Are on the island of Malaita. Apunirereha is an open air site and shows different zones of individual activities based on the sorting and spatial distribution of the lithic tools. Radiocarbon dates indicating a long sequence of habitation and activities at the site. The rock overhang Ria shows evidence of human presence in prehistoric times. The excavations under the shelter disclosed cultural deposits and features as well as a large collection of knapped stone tools, shells and faunal remains. In the shelter&#39;s rear two extended supine burials and remains of an infant were discovered under a pebble pavement. During the excavation in 2017 remains of a fourth individual came to light.

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The Atlantis Water Supply Scheme (AWSS, Western Cape, South Africa) has been in operation for about 40 years as a means to supply and augment drinking water to the town of Atlantis via managed aquifer recharge (MAR). In this study, the numerical model MODFLOW for groundwater flow and contaminant transport was used in support of the management of the AWSS. The aims were: (i) to calibrate the MODFLOW model for the MAR site at Atlantis; (ii) to run realistic scenarios that cannot be replicated through experiments; and (iii) to make recommendations in support of efficient and sustainable management of the aquifer. MODFLOW was calibrated through comparison of observed and simulated groundwater levels (R 2 between 0.663 and 0.995). Scenario simulations indicated possible drawdowns between < 5 m (low groundwater abstraction and low artificial recharge of groundwater through infiltration basins) and > 20 m (high abstraction and high artificial recharge) at localized areas of the Witzand wellfield. At Silwerstroom, large drawdown levels were not predicted to occur, so this wellfield could be exploited more without affecting the sustainability of the groundwater resource. Groundwater moves from the infiltration basins towards the Witzand wellfield at a rate of 120-150 m•a -1 . The modelling results supported recommendations for balancing groundwater abstraction and artificial recharge volumes, monitoring the water balance components of the system, the potential risks of groundwater contamination and the delineation of groundwater protection zones.

The primary aquifer at Atlantis (Western Cape, South Africa) is ideally suited for water supply and the indirect recycling of urban stormwater runoff and treated domestic wastewater for potable purposes. The relatively thin, sloping aquifer requires careful management of the artificial recharge and abstraction for balancing water levels. Water quality management is a further key issue at Atlantis for ensuring the highest quality potable water. Groundwater quality varies from point to point in the aquifer, while urban runoff and wastewater qualities vary greatly. The layout of the town allows for the separation of stormwater from the residential and industrial areas as well as separate treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater. This permits safe artificial recharge of the various water quality portions at different points in the aquifer, either for recycling or for preventing seawater intrusion. All of the management actions are dependent on detailed data collection and this paper describes the various parts of the system, describes the data collection activities, and provides results of the monitoring and aquifer responses over the past four decades. Challenges related to iron fouling of production boreholes are also described. The presence of emerging contaminants was studied in 2008 but requires follow-up research for establishing the extent of any possible threat to water recycling. In order to address the shortcomings of the system a risk management plan based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points approach was developed. Lessons learnt from the Atlantis experience can be transferred to other potential sites for establishment of similar systems in arid and semi-arid areas of South Africa and the African continent.

One of the objectives of the Field Exercise 2009 in Finland was to test the recently updated software for the Seismic Aftershock Monitoring System (SAMS). A tunnel structure being build-up by a series of explosions in depths ranging 300-400 m during the period of the exercise served as simulated inspection target; matching the conditions of one possible scenario during a

Gymnosperm foliar compressions belonging to two fossil taxa, Pseudoctenis ornata (Cycadophyta) and Ginkgoites tigrensis (Ginkgophyta), are chemically characterized for the first time by semi-quantitative Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The specimens collected in the well-known Baquer o Group (Lower Cretaceous, Santa Cruz province, Argentina) are compressions with very well-preserved cuticles. The FTIR data are analyzed along with the available paleoenvironmental data of the Baquer o Group localities in order to interpret the volcanic activity role in the preservation of these foliar compressions and, consequently, their chemical compositions. For the spectrometric study, foliar remains are analyzed into two sample forms: compressions (including coalified mesophyll and cuticle; Cp) and cuticles (Ct). Semi-quantitative data, derived from Cp and Ct spectra, are evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) analyzing the functional groups preserved in the mesophyll and cuticle of each fossil taxon. In general, the fossil taxa reflect similar chemical compositions between compression and cuticle sample forms revealing that P. ornata and G. tigrensis compressions underwent, during diagenesis and probably post-diagenesis, a natural oxidation process. Considering the known information on the preservation model of Squamastrobus tigrensis, a podocarp recovered also in Baquer o Group, as well as the paleoenvironments and geochemical conditions in the fossiliferous localities along with the FTIR data, two preservation models are here proposed for P. ornata and G. tigrensis. The volcanic activity was most likely involved in the exceptional preservation of the foliar cuticle characters, the transformation of the organic matter, and the oxidation undergone by G. tigrensis and P. ornata foliar remains.

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Phytoliths are a class of microfossils produced in many, but not all, families of higher plants and composed of amorphous silica or opal. They are a class of microfossils that can be used as a proxy for reconstructing terrestrial vegetation, agricultural practices, and diets, especially in arid, semiarid, and oxidative contexts where pollen is scarce. Although phytoliths are especially abundant and have been well studied in grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae), they are produced by over 50 families of higher plants. Given their relatively low level of taxonomic resolution they work particularly well in multiproxy projects complementing information from other sources.

Two samples from the augite syenite unit of the 1.13 Ga alkaline to peralkaline Ilimaussaq intrusion in South Greenland contain olivine (Fa 75-85 ) with micrometer-sized exsolution lamellae of intergrown augite and magnetite. The exsolved olivine contains only about 0.6 wt% CaO, whereas the reintegrated magmatic composition contained about 1.4% CaO corresponding to about 3 mol% of a larnite (La) component. The exsolved olivine bears no measurable Na, Al, or Ti, but the reintegrated magmatic olivine contained up to 0.4 wt% Na 2 O, 0.2 wt% Al 2 O 3, and 0.3 wt% TiO 2 . Magmatic baddeleyite in the same samples indicates an extremely low silica activity of below 0.4 during the early stages of magmatic crystallization at > 900 °C and 1 kbar. According to the equilibrium Ca 2 SiO 4 (La in Ol) + SiO 2 = 2 CaSiO 3 (Wo in Cpx), the low silica activity is thought to be responsible for the unusually Ca-rich compositions of the primary olivines, which, in these samples, formed at 875 ± 15 °C and at oxygen fugacities between 1.2 and 2.3 log units below the QFM buffer. The composite exsolution lamellae formed during cooling due to an overstep of the schematic reaction Fa + Kst (Ca-rich component in olivine) + 1/3 O 2 = Hd + 2/3 Mt. Phase equilibria indicate temperatures between 300 and 750 °C and oxygen fugacities close to QFM for this exsolution process. The lamellae only developed in samples where the olivines were both especially high in Ca and presumably rapidly cooled (although not chilled!), as the lamella-bearing samples were collected at the outermost rim of the augite syenite unit and close to the top of the Ilimaussaq intrusion. Schreinemakers analysis shows that Ca-rich olivine of the kirschsteinite-monticellite solid solution series [Ca(Fe,Mg)SiO 4 ] would exsolve from Ca-bearing olivine of the fayalite-forsterite series only at unusually low silica activities, whereas at higher silica activities, the observed exsolutions of clinopyroxene with magnetite are more stable. Hence, both cooling history and evolution of intensive variables during cooling are important for the formation of olivine exsolution textures.

The concentration of halogens in apatite, biotite and amphibole is investigated for a large variety of mantlederived plutonic rocks (gabbros, diorites, monzonites, olivine-and pyroxene-bearing monzonitic to granitic rocks, syenites, carbonatites and a phoscorite). In all rocks studied, apatite occurs as an early magmatic phase, whereas biotite and amphibole may occur either as a late magmatic phase or as late-stage, potentially hydrothermal product replacing precursor olivine, pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite and magnetite). Based on electron microprobe analyses for F and Cl and detailed textural observations, we test existing models of halogen partitioning between apatite and biotite. Bromine concentration data for apatite, biotite and amphibole are used to further refine our understanding of the geochemical similarities and differences between Cl and Br during magmatic and hydrothermal processes. Our data suggests that F and Cl contents in apatite, biotite and amphibole can indeed be useful monitors of the halogen systematics in magmas, but they may also be subject to post-magmatic changes to variable extents. The relatively small radius and compatible F cation seems to be less prone to post-magmatic alteration and is likely to best reflect the original magmatic halogen abundancesespecially in apatite. However, the larger and probably more incompatible Cl anion, is more easily re-mobilized as reflected by strong redistribution of Cl in biotite and amphibole which have been clearly overprinted by hydrothermal fluids. In certain cases, the ability of halogens to re-distribute themselves after magmatic equilibrium partitioning (as emphasized by our data) suggests that observed partitioning (especially between apatite and biotite) may also be used as a very sensitive indicator for post-magmatic hydrothermal processes.

The halogen contents of granitoid rocks and their distribution between apatite, biotite, muscovite and amphibole from two different localities (German part of the Bohemian Massif and Central Aegean, Greece) are investigated in detail. Whole rock F and Cl contents and F/Cl mass ratios vary systematically with the magmatic halogenbearing mineral assemblage in which biotite and apatite are present in all rock samples: muscovite-bearing granites are F-rich (mostly 1100-2000 μg/g, but up to 3100 μg/g) and are relatively Cl-poor (50-130 μg/g). In contrast, amphibole-bearing rocks reach high Cl contents (50-900 μg/g) and are relatively F-poor (500-1400 μg/g). Only biotite-and apatite-bearing granites show intermediate F (750-1100 μg/g) and Cl (120-350 μg/g) contents. Bromine contents of all rock samples are below the detection limit of about 0.6 μg/g. In general, F and Cl are preferentially incorporated in apatite over biotite and biotite usually contains higher amounts of F and Cl than muscovite. Similarly, biotite prefers F over amphibole, but the distribution of Cl between biotite and amphibole varies between different rock samples. Bromine contents in muscovite are below the detection limit of 0.4 μg/g, but can reach up to 0.8 μg/g in biotite and up to 2.5 μg/g in apatite and amphibole. Near-solidus effects such as fluid exsolution, diffusive re-equilibration and hydrothermal overprint may change the initial halogen distribution in the rock. Importantly, significant amounts of the whole rock's F (up to 60%) and Cl (up to 90%) may be accommodated in post-magmatic alteration phases (fluorite and Na-K-Ca-bearing sheet silicates) and fluid inclusions. Therefore, great care has to be taken when interpreting halogen contents of whole rocks and the influence of post-magmatic halogen-carriers needs to be taken into account.

We use thallium (Tl) concentrations, K/Rb, K/Tl and Rb/Tl ratios and Tl isotopes in minerals from the alkaline to peralkaline Ilimaussaq complex (South Greenland) to trace magmatic differentiation, crustal assimilation, magmatic degassing, ore precipitation and hydrothermal metasomatism. Closed-system magmatic differentiation is marked by a coherent decrease of K/Tl-and K/Rb-ratios, whereas crustal assimilation results in a strong Tlenrichment, causing low K/Tl-ratios compared to K/Rb-ratios. Thallium isotopes show only slight changes during orthomagmatic differentiation and the assimilation of crustal material cannot be traced, since the isotopic composition of the average crust is within the range of the mantle and mantle-derived rocks. Magmatic degassing, however, increases Rb/Tl-ratios and changes the isotopic composition of Tl. The released fluids are enriched in Tl, characterized by high 205 Tl/ 203 Tl ratios and can precipitate Tl-rich sulfide and silicate minerals as indicated by some late-magmatic hydrothermal veins, which contain a conspicuous assemblage of Tl-Fe-Cu-sulfides (thalcusite, djerfisherite, chalcothallite). The oxidative alteration of these assemblages at high pH results in small-scale redistribution of Tl. Thallium released by this process is entrained into late-stage Tl-enriched astrophyllite.

In this work, we present an improved method for the semi-quantitative determination of sulfur species in S-bearing minerals by electron microprobe analysis. For calibration, we analyzed several sulfate and sulfide standard minerals such as baryte, celestine, chalcopyrite, and pyrite, and correlated the results with theoretical calculations retrieved from density functional theory (DFT). We applied this method to natural sodalite-group minerals from various localities. In addition, we applied the more common Raman spectroscopy to some samples and show that this method cannot be applied to sodalite-group minerals to determine their sulfur speciation. We show that even though sodalite-group minerals have a complex crystal structure and are sensitive to the electron beam, electron microprobe analysis is a reliable tool for the analysis of their sulfur speciation. The natural sodalite-group minerals show systematic variations in sulfur speciation. These variations can be correlated with the independently determined oxidation state of the parental magmas thus making S-bearing sodalitegroup minerals good redox proxies, although we show that the electron microprobe analysis of the sulfur speciation is matrix-dependent, and the sulfur speciation itself depends on crystal chemistry and structure, and not only on f O 2 .

The supergene alteration of cobalt arsenides produces various characteristic mineral assemblages including erythrite, pharmacolite, and other Ca±Mg±Co-bearing arsenates, which upon precipitation remove Co and As from natural waters. Their paragenetic relationships and stability conditions have not been investigated in detail. We present a detailed study on these assemblages, their successions and coexisting fluid compositions from the mining area of Wittichen, southwest Germany, where primary skutterudite and safflorite in granite-hosted barite-calcite veins are undergoing oxidation. Water analyses from the old mines, a semi-quantitative stability diagram and quantitative reaction path modeling are used to constrain their conditions of formation. Cobalt-and arsenate-bearing solutions invariably precipitate erythrite first and hence buffer Co concentrations to very low values. Both during skutterudite or safflorite dissolution and erythrite precipitation, the fluid's Co/As ratio decreases rapidly. Therefore, spherocobaltite (Co carbonate) is unstable in the presence of arsenate ions under most conditions. The formation of various mineral assemblages precipitating after or simultaneously with erythrite strongly depends on Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ activities and pH. Small changes in one of these parameters lead to different mineral assemblages. These small changes are partly governed by fluid-host rock or fluid-vein mineral reactions and partly by the precipitation of the secondary arsenate minerals themselves. This complex interdependence produces the rich variety of mineral assemblages observed, which effectively serves as a very sensitive monitor of fluid compositions. Furthermore, the assemblages themselves are able to buffer the Ca-Mg-Co-As concentrations in the fluid to some extent and effectively immobilize both As and Co in close proximity to the ore deposit.

A regional geologic study of Arabia Terra, a densely cratered area of Mars northern hemisphere, has revealed the individuality of this province. This is best expressed by an equatorial belt with a crater age distinctly younger as compared to the northern part of Arabia Terra and to Noachis Terra to the south. We interpret this as an incipient back-arc system

In the subject paper [1] of the comment , light propagation through an absolute gravimeter was analyzed, including the propagation delay through the falling retroreflector and through the vacuum. The resulting expression for the interference signal applies without any subsequent "speed-of-light" correction. Other corrections appeared for the three fitting parameters Z0, V0 and g, which are the initial position and velocity, and the acceleration of gravity at the reference point. The comment assumes the value of Z0 is known apriori; this case was not addressed in . Also, the comment misunderstands statements made in regarding the derivation of the relativistic/nonrelativistic parts of the corrections (Eq. ( ) of [1]), and mistakenly claims they apply to the undifferenced interference signal. In this reply we show why, because of inapplicable assumptions, approximations and misunderstandings, the comment does not apply to the results of .

The geological mapping, petrographic and ground magnetic Survey in Gidan-Doya, Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria was carried out. The geomagnetic data were acquired along 8 traverses using 3 axes MCL6 Proton Precession Magnetometer and Magnetic Susceptibility Meter. The data were processed using Surfer 11 software, corrected for variations in geomagnetic fields as well as upward continuation and residual magnetic field. The anomaly patterns identified in the upward continued map revealed distinct structural zones. The North Eastern and South Western zones have the maximum magnetic intensity values ranging from 700 nT to 1100 nT suggesting shallow basement while the North Western zone is characterized by relatively low magnetic intensity values ranging from -300 nT to 700 nT suggesting a deeper basement. The direct measurement of magnetic susceptibility varies between 0.36 x 10 -3 SI to 39.00 x 10 -3 SI. The contour map shows the relative thickness of the overburden to be between 15 to ...

The soil mantle of the tropical karstic landscapes of Southern Mexico was shaped by specific processes of pedogenesis and long-term human impacts of ancient Maya agriculture. To understand the interaction between natural and human-induced soil-forming processes in the calcareous mountains of Chiapas state, we studied soil toposequences around the Classic Maya site of Budsilhá and related them to the archaeological evidence of settlement and land-use distribution. Soil chemical analysis, micromorphological observations, and clay mineral identification were carried out in key soil profiles at the main geoforms. Limestone hills are occupied by shallow Rendolls which are usually perceived as incipient soils. However, high content of silicate clay composed of kaolinite and vermiculite and ferruginous clayey soil material observed at macro- and microscale backed the hypothesis that these soils were formed from the residues of thick Terra Rossa after their erosion. Swampy lowlands are occupied by thick clayey gleyic soils with clay mineral assemblages similar to those in the upland Rendolls. We suppose that the mineral matrix of the lowland soils is largely derived from the pedosediments of eroded upland Terra Rossa, which lost original ferruginous pigmentation and aggregation due to redoximorphic processes. Some wetland soils contain neoformed gypsum that is atypical for humid tropics; sulfide-sulfate transformation under fluctuating redox conditions could promote gypsum synthesis. Ancient Maya land use was closely related to soil-geomorphic conditions: settlements with homegardens occupied calcareous hills, whereas the primary agricultural domain was developed on lowland soils after their drainage by artificial canals.

Information about diagenetic processes and temperatures during burial of sediments entering the subduction zone is important for understanding changes in physical properties and seismic behavior during deformation. The geochemistry of authigenic carbonates from accretionary prisms can serve as proxies for conditions during carbonate cementation and resultant lithification. We report results from the Nankai accretionary prism recovered from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites C0011 and C0012 and we document continued cementation of deep sediment sections prior to subduction. Elemental and isotope data provide evidence for complex mixing of different isotopic reservoirs in pore waters contributing to carbonate chemical signatures. Carbon stable isotope values exhibit a broad range (δ 13 C V-PDB = +0.1 to -22.5‰) that corresponds to different stages of cement formation during burial. Carbonate formation temperatures from carbonate-clumped isotope geochemistry range from 16° to 63°C at Site C0011 and 8.7° to 68°C at Site C0012. The correspondence between the clumped-isotope temperatures and extrapolations of measured in situ temperatures indicate the carbonate is continuing to form at present. Calculated water

The drilling during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 146 at the accretionary margin complexes off Vancouver Island, Canada (VIM), and Oregon, U.S.A (COM), addressed specific geochemical relationships and phenomena associated with fluid, gas, and heat fluxes generated by the compressive forces. Of particular importance were the occurrence of hydrates and formation of thermogenic hydrocarbons. In most cases, the geochemistry of the hemipelagic sediments is dominated by steady-and nonsteady-state diagenetic reactions, including sulfate reduction (Sites 888 and 891), and methanogenesis and methanotrophy (Sites 888-892). However, these shallow (<600 mbsf) sediments are also clearly and extensively influenced by pervasive and active fracture COM migration of deeper seated thermogenic hydrocarbons at the VIM and COM, respectively. The origin of bacterial and thermogenic gases is confirmed by their molecular and stable carbon isotope signatures. In many cases, the occurrence of C 2 + hydrocarbons delineates the fault zones. Only disseminated macrocrystalline hydrate, not massive hydrate, was encountered during Leg 146. Based on the carbon isotope signature, the hydrate is of bacterial origin and identical to that of the surrounding sediment free gas. Thermogenic gas hydrates were not encountered. The discrepancy between the location of the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and the base of hydrate stability may be caused by the presence of other gases or fluid constituents in the hydrate lattice. The amount of free gas inferred by the vertical seismic profiler (VSP) below the BSR may be due to the incomplete upward cryo-distillation of gases. This vertical shift could be created by (1) the change in bottom-water temperatures between glacial and interglacial, and (2) a pressure drop caused by sea-level change and accretionary uplift. The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the methane hydrates at Site 892 was unexpected and results from the rapid incorporation of H 2 S into hydrates, protecting them from reaction, (e.g., formation of iron monosulfides.)

The development of folds and cleavages in slate and graywacke belts is commonly attributed to arc‐continent or continent‐continent collisions. However, the Kodiak Formation of southern Alaska and the Calaveras Complex of the western Sierra Nevada, California, are two slate and graywacke belts in which folds and slaty cleavages developed during simple underthrusting and underplating within accretionary wedges. The Maastrichtian Kodiak Formation is composed dominantly of coherent turbidites but includes lesser pebbly mudstone, minor conglomerate, and rare chert. The Kodiak Formation is part of a large accretionary complex that youngs in age seaward, but bedding tops generally show landward younging. A progression of structures has been determined by crosscutting relationships and includes (1) syndeformational depositional features; (2) broken formation; (3) slaty cleavage, folds, and thrust faults; (4) crenulations and crenulation cleavage; (5) late brittle thrust faults; and (6) righ...

An oil-bearing sandstone unit within the Monterey Formation is exposed in the Los Angeles Basin along the Newport-Inglewood fault zone in southern California. The unit preserves structures, some original fluids, and cements that record the local history of deformation, fluid flow, and cementation. The structures include two types of deformation bands, which are cut by later bitumen veins and sandstone dikes. The bands formed by dilation and by shear. Both types strike on average parallel to the Newport-Inglewood fault zone (317°-332°) and show variable dip angles and directions. Generally the older deformation bands are shallow, and the younger bands are steep. The earlier set includes a type of deformation band not previously described in other field examples. These are thin, planar zones of oil 1-2 mm thick sandwiched between parallel, carbonatecemented, positively weathering ribs. All other deformation bands appear to be oil-free. The undeformed sandstone matrix also contains some hydrocarbons. The oil-cored bands formed largely in opening mode, similar to dilation bands. The oil-cored bands differ from previously described dilation bands in the degree of carbonate cementation (up to 36% by volume) and in that some exhibit evidence for plane-parallel shear during formation. Given the mostly oil-free bands and oil-rich matrix, deformation bands must have formed largely before the bulk of petroleum migration and acted as semi-permeable baffles. Oil-cored bands provide field evidence for early migration of oil into a potential reservoir rock. We infer a hydrofracture mechanism, probably from petroleum leaking out of a stratigraphically lower overpressured reservoir. The deformation bands described here provide a potential field example of a mechanism inferred for petroleum migration in modern systems such as in the Gulf of Mexico.

Two sediment cores retrieved at the northern slope of Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk, were analyzed for biogenic opal, organic carbon, carbonate, sulfur, major element concentrations, mineral contents, and dissolved substances including nutrients, sulfate, methane, major cations, humic substances, and total alkalinity. Down-core trends in mineral abundance suggest that plagioclase feldspars and other reactive silicate phases (olivine, pyroxene, volcanic ash) are transformed into smectite in the methanogenic sediment sections. The element ratios Na/Al, Mg/Al, and Ca/Al in the solid phase decrease with sediment depth indicating a loss of mobile cations with depth and producing a significant down-core increase in the chemical index of alteration. Pore waters separated from the sediment cores are highly enriched in dissolved magnesium, total alkalinity, humic substances, and boron. The high contents of dissolved organic carbon in the deeper methanogenic sediment sections (50-150 mg dm À3 ) may promote the dissolution of silicate phases through complexation of Al 3+ and other structure-building cations. A non-steady state transport-reaction model was developed and applied to evaluate the down-core trends observed in the solid and dissolved phases. Dissolved Mg and total alkalinity were used to track the in-situ rates of marine silicate weathering since thermodynamic equilibrium calculations showed that these tracers are not affected by ion exchange processes with sediment surfaces. The modeling showed that silicate weathering is limited to the deeper methanogenic sediment section whereas reverse weathering was the dominant process in the overlying surface sediments. Depth-integrated rates of marine silicate weathering in methanogenic sediments derived from the model (81.4-99.2 mmol CO 2 m À2 year À1 ) are lower than the marine weathering rates calculated from the solid phase data (198-245 mmol CO 2 m À2 year À1 ) suggesting a decrease in marine weathering over time. The production of CO 2 through reverse weathering in surface sediments (4.22-15.0 mmol CO 2 m À2 year À1 ) is about one order of magnitude smaller than the weathering-induced CO 2 consumption in the underlying sediments. The evaluation of pore water data from other continental margin sites shows that silicate weathering is a common process in methanogenic sediments. The global rate of CO 2 consumption through marine silicate weathering estimated here as 5-20 Tmol CO 2 year À1 is as high as the global rate of continental silicate weathering.

A 61-m (200-ft) high FGD waste landfill over an existing fly ash impoundment is currently under construction. A concern was whether typical waste filling rates would be sufficient for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash to occur. In this paper, data from a large test fill is used to assess the potential for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash. The test fill comprised a 9-m (30-ft) high preload fill which was constructed using much higher fill placement rates than for typical waste filling. Excess pore pressures in the impounded fly ash were measured. The time history of filling and measured excess pore pressures were used to back-calculate the average vertical coefficient of consolidation of the impounded fly ash, a parameter that is representative of the drainage characteristics of the fly ash. As measured excess pore pressures were primarily the result of volumetric loading, an analysis was conducted to estimate undrained shear-induced excess pore pressures for a...

Newly identified relay ramps and rhombochasms in the northern Appalachian Basin (NAB) require significant revision to the structural style, structural timing, and hydrocarbon migration components of the basin evolution model for the NAB. Relay ramps demonstrate that Neoacadian (Devonian) extensional tectonics affected the Devonian Marcellus Formation, earlier than the accepted Alleghanian (Carboniferous-Permian) tectonics. Relay ramps also confirm Ordovician Taconic extension affected the Ordovician Utica Group. Rhombochasms and possible Riedel shears in the Utica Group suggest a component of orogenparallel, strike-slip motion during the Taconic Orogeny. In western Pennsylvania, a three-dimensional (3-D) seismic survey reveals that relay ramps terminate straight segments of faults and kink bands along the southeast borders of asymmetric, Salina Group "salt" pillows. The relay ramps are consistent with a local extensional environment associated with evaporite and mud or mudstone withdrawal and transport. Devonian sediments infill the grabens linked with the salt pillows, indicating that the grabens and associated faults initiated during the Devonian Neoacadian orogeny. Since the faults predate hydrocarbon generation, they were potentially

The abundance of karst depressions in Yucatán has been widely recognized, but they have not been classified or quantified despite their importance in land-use planning. Our objective was to study the types and areas of the sinkholes, uvalas, and poljes and identify their patterns of spatial distribution. We used 58 topographic maps (1:50,000) from INEGI, from which we extracted the depressions and bodies of water. For typology, we used a circularity index and the shape and area of the depressions. For single-density analysis, we extracted the centroids and added an inventory of karst features (cenotes, caves). We counted 6717 depressions with a total area of 454 km 2 and 750 karst features. We identified 4620 dolines (34 km 2 ), mainly in plateaus below 30 masl. In number, they are followed by uvalas (2021) and poljes ( ), occupying together a similar area (210 km 2 ) and dominating in elevations higher than 30 masl. Eighty percent of the dolines were automatically labeled. The density of depressions allowed us to identify the "ring of cenotes" and the "field of dolines" according to two main types of factors, structural and climatic. The typology and density of the depressions could be used as geomorphological differentiation criteria in the vast plateaus of central and eastern parts of the state.

Land use planning and necessary supporting data are crucial to developing countries that are usually under severe environmental and demographic strains. Approaches and methods to map the variability of natural resources are important tools to properly guide spatial planning. In this paper, we describe a method to quickly map terrain at reconnaissance Ž . Ž . 1:250,000 and semi-detailed 1:50,000 levels. This method can be utilized as a basis for further land evaluation and land use planning in large territories. The approach was tested in the state of Michoacan, central-western Mexico, currently undergoing rapid deforestation and subsequent land degradation. Results at the reconnaissance level describe the geographic distribution of major landforms and dominant land cover, and provide a synoptic inventory of natural resources. Results at the semi-detailed level indicate how to nest individual landforms to major units and how they can be used to run procedures for land evaluation. If combined with appropriate socioeconomic data, governmental guidelines for land use planning can be formulated on the basis of reconnaissance and semi-detailed terrain analysis.

A stratigraphic framework valid for the Pliocene-Middle Pleistocene continental deposits of the Latium-Abruzzi Apennines has been defined through the correlation of the depositional/erosional events (indicated by stratigraphic and morphologic units, respectively) across seven different intermontane basins. This has been made by comparing the geological evolutions of the different basins. The basic assumption for the correlation of the different events is that climatic factors have conditioned the geological evolution of the investigated sector in a substantially uniform way. Uniform climatic conditions have caused similar responses of the basins to the climatic changes. Continental deposition in the Latium-Abruzzi Apennines began during the Pliocene, prevalently with clayey-silty-sandy lacustrine deposits fed by the clayey-arenaceous flysch into which the landscape was carved at the time of the first continental deposition. The formation of an indented landscape with higher slopes bordering the basins is demonstrated by huge landslide deposits of both arenaceous and calcareous coarse material. Sediments related to the second depositional event (Early Pleistocene) are mainly characterised by a carbonate lithology in slope deposits (slope-derived breccias), in lacustrine (carbonate silts) and fluvial (carbonate gravels) sediments. This is due to the dominant carbonate lithology of the bedrock in the areas experiencing erosion during the Quaternary. The third depositional event (related to the lower Middle Pleistocene) has lithological and sedimentological characteristics comparable to those of the second event. It consists, indeed, of slope-derived carbonate breccias, carbonate silty deposits of lacustrine origin and carbonate gravels of fluvial facies. The fourth depositional event (Middle Pleistocene) is characterised by the first significant deposition of material of volcanic origin and numerous tephra levels related to the central Italy volcanic activity can be detected. Chronological constraints for the second depositional event are represented by the reverse paleomagnetic polarity of the deposits, defining ages older than 0.78 Ma and by the remains of Arkidiscon meridionalis vestinus Azzaroli in the L'Aquila basin. Chronological data for the third depositional event are represented by paleontological remains of Equus altidens Reichenau and by the association Hippopotamus antiquus Desmarest/Elephas antiquus Falc. & Cautl. and by the lack of volcanic materials which became widespread after 0.6 Ma. The age of the fourth depositional event is constrained by the presence of the tephra levels which define a deposition after about 0.6 Ma. The attribution of a Pliocene age to the deposits of the first event can only be made on a qualitative basis, since bio-chronological data or other quantitative chronological constraints are not available. In this light, the significant changes which affected the landscape between the first two depositional events seem to indicate that a very long time span passed between them. Viene proposto uno schema stratigrafico per i depositi continentli dell'Appenino laziale-abruzzese, fondato su una serie di correlazioni che riguardano le successioni riconosciute da precedenti lavori nelle principali conche intramontane. Le successioni sono uniformemente descritte in termini di unità stratigrafiche (del tipo "a limiti inconformi") e di unità morfologiche, definite come "unità morfo-sequenziali" e rappresentate da superfici relitte di erosione o di accumulo. Le correlazioni sono state ottenute mediante un confronto fra le successioni morfologico-stratigrafiche, effettuato sulla base di due presupposti: (i) che l'evoluzione geologica che le ha generate sia condizionata principalmente da fattori in vario modo ubiquitari (clima e sollevamento tettonico) e (ii) che l'interazione fra questi fenomeni si sia realizzata in un'area caratterizzata da una relativa costanza dei principali elementi idrografici. Questi presupposti inducono a ritenere che le alternanze di episodi deposizionali ed erosivi si siano sviluppate nelle diverse conche con modalità sostanzialmente simili. Le correlazioni ottenute mediante questo confronto hanno portato a definire un'unica sequenza dei principali eventi deposizionali nell'area laziale-abruzzese. L'unità stratigrafica continentale più antica è costituita prevalentemente da depositi lacustri limoso-sabbiosi provenienti quasi esclusivamente da aree costituite dalle sequenze arenaceo-argillose tortoniano-messiniane. Il paesaggio nel quale si originava l'unità era quindi molto diverso da quello attuale, dominato dalla dorsali carbonatiche. I bacini di sedimentazione erano verosimilmente caratterizzati da versanti molto acclivi, localmente interessati da imponenti fenomeni franosi che andavano ad alimentare una sedimentazione molto grossolana che si rinviene localmente intercalata ai sedimenti lacustri. Gli strati di questa prima unità stratigrafica sono spesso vistosamente deformati. Anche se non esistono elementi di diretto interesse cronologico, si può riferire l'unità ad un generico Pliocene, soprattutto sulla base dei rapporti con l'unità successiva. Questo riferimento è indirettamente avvalorato sia dalla "antichità" del paesaggio circostante, molto diverso da quello attuale, sia dalla deformazione, molto più intensa di tutte le unità successive che hanno di regola un assetto sub-orizzontale. Il successivo evento sedimentario ha dato origine a successioni di varia litologia ed ambiente (sabbie e limi lacustri, ghiaie fluviali, depositi più o meno grossolani di versante) a prevalente componente calcarea; questa caratteristica è manifestamente connessa con una alimentazione proveniente da un paesaggio che, a seguito della sempre più profonda erosione delle sequenze terrigene mioceniche, era largamente costituito dalle successioni carbonatiche mesozoiche. L'attribuzione di queste successioni al Pleistocene inferiore è giustificato dal rinvenimento, nella conca dell'Aquila, di una fauna a vertebrati pre-galeriana, contenente Mammuthus meridionalis vestinus. Congruenti con questa attribuzione sono anche alcune determinazioni di paleomagnetismo che hanno indicato una polarità inversa. Il terzo evento sedimentario ha caratteristiche abbastanza simili a quello ora descritto: se ne differenzia principalmente per la minor frequenza di episodi lacustri e per essere connesso ad una marcata tendenza all'erosione laterale che ha dato origine ad estese spianate i cui residui sono tuttora osservabili nel paesaggio. Gli unici vincoli cronologici sono rappresentati da resti di Equus altidens, rinvenuti nella conca del Fucino e di Hippopothamus antiquus e di Elephas antiquus in quella del Tirino. Questi ritrovamenti, unitamente alla mancanza di significativi apporti in materiale vulcanici, inducono ad attribuire l'unità al Pleistocene medio. Il quarto evento sedimentario è caratterizzato dalla prima comparsa di importanti apporti di materiale vulcanico che danno spesso origine a sequenze di strati tufitici: l'età è ancora meso-pleistocenica in quanto precedente ai grandi apparati fluvio-glaciali del Pleistocene superiore.

Ekonomik önemi olan Erciş/Van yöresi obsidyenleri Anadolu plakasının kuzeydoğusunda Van ilinin 20 km kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Bölgede bulunan volkanik kayaçlar stratigrafik olarak (i) Paleozoik yaşlı metamorfik seri (klorit-muskovit, kuvars şist, fillit) ile üzerinde bulunan (ii) bazalt (iii) obsidyen, (iv) perlit ve (v) tüf serisinden meydana gelmektedir. Bazaltlar inceleme alanında ve Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde, diğer volkanik kayaçlara benzer şekilde, oluşum yönünden subalkalin tür bir köken sunmakta olup, bir okyanus tabanı toleyitine karşılık gelmektedir. Tüf serisi ise, jeokimyasal olarak aynı magmatik ayrımlaşmanın farklı jeokimyasal özellikteki andezitik ve riyolitik bir türünü yansıtmaktadır. Perlit ve obsidyenler ise, jeokimyasal açıdan, riyolitlerle benzer kimyasal bileşime sahiptir. Perlitler jeokimyasal olarak, yüksek K 2 O, Rb ve Nb değerleriyle riyolitlerden kolaylıkla ayrılabilirken, obsidyenler ise yüksek SiO 2 değerleriyle her iki tür volkanik kayaçtan açık bir şekilde ayırt edilmektedir. Erciş yöresi perlit ve obsidyenleri oluşum modu açısından, Sarıkamış yöresi obsidyenleriyle ve perlitleriyle karşılaştırıldığında benzer jeokimyasal değerler sunmaktadır. Obsidyenler, jeokimyasal açıdan magmanın soğuması sırasında, volkanik camların bünyesine bir miktar H 2 O alması ve hidratlanma yoluyla ana magmadan oluşmuştur. İnceleme sahasının araştırılmasında, yörenin 1/25 000 ölçekli jeolojik haritası temel alınarak, obsidyen zonunun uzunluğu 1250 m, genişliği 250 m. ve kalınlığı 8 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Obsidyenlerle alakalı olarak yapılan rezerv hesaplamalarında, 5 850 000 tonluk obsidiyen miktarı ortaya konmuştur. Van Erciş Ulupamir Köyü yakınındaki obsidyen araştırma sahasındaki obsidyenler ham yarı değerli süstaşları niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma da Erciş obsidyenlerinin süstaşı olarak değerlendirilmesinde; taşın rengi, parlaklığı, ışığı geçirmesi, taşın kristallografik özelliği, görünümü, taşın kırılması, taşın sertliği, yoğunluğu, çizgi rengi, bulunuşu ve arazide tanınması gibi bir takım temel parametreler ölçüt olarak alındı. Söz konusu süstaşları yörede madencilik çalışması yapan firmalar tarafından ocaklardan çıkarılarak, süstaşları üretmek için atölyelere taşınmakta, ilgili atölyelerde işlenmekte, istihdam kaynağı oluşturulmakta ve üretilen bu ürünleri ihraç edilerek ulusal ekonomiye önemli miktarda ekonomik girdi sağlamaktadır.

Ekonomik önemi olan Erciş/Van yöresi obsidyenleri Anadolu plakasının kuzeydoğusunda Van ilinin 20 km kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Bölgede bulunan volkanik kayaçlar stratigrafik olarak (i) Paleozoik yaşlı metamorfik seri (klorit-muskovit, kuvars şist, fillit) ile üzerinde bulunan (ii) bazalt (iii) obsidyen, (iv) perlit ve (v) tüf serisinden meydana gelmektedir. Bazaltlar inceleme alanında ve Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde, diğer volkanik kayaçlara benzer şekilde, oluşum yönünden subalkalin tür bir köken sunmakta olup, bir okyanus tabanı toleyitine karşılık gelmektedir. Tüf serisi ise, jeokimyasal olarak aynı magmatik ayrımlaşmanın farklı jeokimyasal özellikteki andezitik ve riyolitik bir türünü yansıtmaktadır. Perlit ve obsidyenler ise, jeokimyasal açıdan, riyolitlerle benzer kimyasal bileşime sahiptir. Perlitler jeokimyasal olarak, yüksek K 2 O, Rb ve Nb değerleriyle riyolitlerden kolaylıkla ayrılabilirken, obsidyenler ise yüksek SiO 2 değerleriyle her iki tür volkanik kayaçtan açık bir şekilde ayırt edilmektedir. Erciş yöresi perlit ve obsidyenleri oluşum modu açısından, Sarıkamış yöresi obsidyenleriyle ve perlitleriyle karşılaştırıldığında benzer jeokimyasal değerler sunmaktadır. Obsidyenler, jeokimyasal açıdan magmanın soğuması sırasında, volkanik camların bünyesine bir miktar H 2 O alması ve hidratlanma yoluyla ana magmadan oluşmuştur. İnceleme sahasının araştırılmasında, yörenin 1/25 000 ölçekli jeolojik haritası temel alınarak, obsidyen zonunun uzunluğu 1250 m, genişliği 250 m. ve kalınlığı 8 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Obsidyenlerle alakalı olarak yapılan rezerv hesaplamalarında, 5 850 000 tonluk obsidiyen miktarı ortaya konmuştur. Van Erciş Ulupamir Köyü yakınındaki obsidyen araştırma sahasındaki obsidyenler ham yarı değerli süstaşları niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma da Erciş obsidyenlerinin süstaşı olarak değerlendirilmesinde; taşın rengi, parlaklığı, ışığı geçirmesi, taşın kristallografik özelliği, görünümü, taşın kırılması, taşın sertliği, yoğunluğu, çizgi rengi, bulunuşu ve arazide tanınması gibi bir takım temel parametreler ölçüt olarak alındı. Söz konusu süstaşları yörede madencilik çalışması yapan firmalar tarafından ocaklardan çıkarılarak, süstaşları üretmek için atölyelere taşınmakta, ilgili atölyelerde işlenmekte, istihdam kaynağı oluşturulmakta ve üretilen bu ürünleri ihraç edilerek ulusal ekonomiye önemli miktarda ekonomik girdi sağlamaktadır.

Large quantities of marble blocks are produced from many new marble quarries which were opened around Isparta (Turkey) and its surrounding region. The opened quarries are also affected negatively by weathering as a result of karstification. Therefore, block efficiency of the quarries is low which results in a lot of waste materials that can be used in cultured marble production. The production of artificial marble from marble waste materials around Isparta is the main purpose of the study. The cultured marble is an attractive, healthy and homogenous building material. It has a wide application in the building construction sector. Artificial marble which is composed of mineral dusts and polyesters has high mechanical strength and they are durable to various chemical and high temperature environmental conditions. Based on physico-mechanical properties, cultured marbles are accepted by Turkish Standards (TS). The materials used for the production of qualified cultured marble are directly related to the hardness of the minerals used as filler in the polyester resin. Physico-mechanical properties of cultured marble depend on the physical properties of the filler minerals. The compressive strength of the cultured marble material is controlled by the physical properties of the filler minerals, therefore, the hardness of the cultured marble is determined by the hardness of the filler mineral. The following analyses were carried out: wet unit volume analysis, dry unit volume analysis, compressive strength of the materials, capillary water absorption analysis, analysis of ultrasound velocity (P-wave) and the marble wastes bulk chemical analyses were investigated and the results of the data were evaluated and discussed. In addition, natural and artificial marbles were compared with respect to physico-mechanical properties.

A-Wall systems are a combination of deep foundations and, in some cases, tiebacks used to provide lateral support to an unstable ground mass. Determination of the lateral and vertical forces acting on an A-Wall system can be a complex endeavor. As the unstable soil mass tends to move past and through the A-Wall system, forces are generated between the A-Wall elements and the soil. These forces provide support to the ground mass. If the A-Wall is correctly designed, the forces will increase as the soil moves until a maximum is attained at which ground movement ceases and the system reaches equilibrium. Design of an A-Wall thus requires Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) analyses that provide a solution that meets force and moment equilibrium as well as compatibility of displacements. The individual elements of the A-Wall are designed based on a structural analysis utilizing the estimated forces. This paper describes the philosophy of design of A-Walls. It also contains a detailed description of design steps based on the use of a commercially available computer program that allows determination of soil forces against a deep foundation element installed through a mass of moving soil. An iterative method is presented to find a solution to the A-Wall problem that meets equilibrium and compatibility and considers material nonlinearity of soils and A-Wall components, as well as geometric nonlinearity of the deep foundation elements. Two case histories are presented.

El hombre nunca debe contentarse con la victoria adquirida; el éxito no solo no debe ofuscarle sino que debe darle nuevo aliento para atacar lo más difícil, porque precisamente en eso se encuentra el placer de la vida..." de "Dos años entre los hielos, 1901-1903". José María Sobral nació el 14 de abril de 1880 en el seno de una familia acomodada en la localidad entrerriana de Gualeguaychú, cuna de otros ilustres argentinos y de uno de los primeros geólogos argentinos Juan. J. Nágera. Cursó parte de sus estudios primarios en su ciudad natal, y en el año 1890 se trasladó a la ciudad de Buenos Aires donde concluyó los estudios secundarios en el Colegio Nacional Norte e ingresó en la Escuela Naval Militar en 1894, egresando como guardiamarina en enero de 1898.

El hombre nunca debe contentarse con la victoria adquirida; el éxito no solo no debe ofuscarle sino que debe darle nuevo aliento para atacar lo más difícil, porque precisamente en eso se encuentra el placer de la vida..." de "Dos años entre los hielos, 1901-1903". José María Sobral nació el 14 de abril de 1880 en el seno de una familia acomodada en la localidad entrerriana de Gualeguaychú, cuna de otros ilustres argentinos y de uno de los primeros geólogos argentinos Juan. J. Nágera. Cursó parte de sus estudios primarios en su ciudad natal, y en el año 1890 se trasladó a la ciudad de Buenos Aires donde concluyó los estudios secundarios en el Colegio Nacional Norte e ingresó en la Escuela Naval Militar en 1894, egresando como guardiamarina en enero de 1898.

In the framework of a joint Argentine-German project gravimetric time series observations are being carried out at the Argentine Antarctic station Belgrano II. Two gravity meters were installed in the first half of February 2007. The set-up of the gravimeters as well as first results of the ongoing observations are discussed. Additionally, kinematic positions derived from a GPS-station at the Vahsel Bay glacier near Belgrano II can be used to get a first insight into the floating behavior of this glacier. The goal of these observations is to discriminate the effect of ocean tides and to test ocean tidal models. Since ocean tides are an important phenomenon that has to be considered in a variety of geoscientific investigations in polar regions, appropriate corrections have to be applied in the different analyses, e.g. to infer temporal mass variations from satellite data, to investigate ice-shelf dynamics and deformations, or to come up with precise station positions and velocities within a terrestrial reference system. However, the ocean tide models show larger uncertainties in the Antarctic seas and (moreover) at areas covered by ice shelves and, therefore, need to be improved. This joint Argentine-German project is a contribution to the International Polar Year 2007/2008 and its project POLENET. After completion of the recordings at Belgrano II by the end of 2007 it is planned to move the equipment to San Martín in order to get a second gravimetric time series during the year 2008.