Geotechnical Engineering

This paper summarises the experimental work and analytical work carried out to determine the wheel sinkage of plain rigid wheels and lugged wheels, traversing on TRI-1 Lunar Soil Simulant (Plain and lugged wheels: small wheel-160 mm  32 mm and large wheel-210 mm  50 mm) with different number of lugs (N = 8, 12, 16) and lug height (h = 5, 10, 15 mm). Bekker and Reece pressure sinkage models are considered to determine the theoretical sinkage, and outlined in the present study. Comparisons of the analytical results with the experimental results are also carried out. The comparisons hold good for plain rigid wheels and in 2 cases, for lugged wheels (Small and Large), with 16 lugs of height, 5 mm. For all other combinations of lugged wheels (no. of lugs = 8, 12 and height of lugs = 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm), the predicted values are found to be less than the experimental values. For efficient functioning of the rover, optimization of wheel dimensions is a must. A new sinkage model accounting gravity effect and aspect ratio is developed, based on experimental results for wheel sinkages on TRI-1 simulant, the range of results obtained for different cases are examined.

Lateral load induced in piles (both long and short) under earthquake is a problem of serious complexity that has been plaguing professional engineers and researchers alike for quite some time. The practice in vogue is to ensure that fixed base shear of the column does not exceed static shear load capacity of the piles. Inertial and stiffness effects of pile are usually ignored in dynamic earthquake analysis. The present paper proposes a method where, based on modal response or time history analysis, load on short piles may be estimated under earthquake considering its stiffness, inertia, effect of material and geometric damping properties. The results are compared with the conventional methods. Effect of partial embedment, a situation that may develop under soil liquefaction during earthquake has also been derived. Pile loads are estimated for two cases: a) When the structure is a lumped mass system having infinite stiffness: like a machine foundation or a heavy short vessel supported directly on the pile cap. b) Superstructure has finite stiffness and mass like a frame (building /pipe rack etc) The paper assumes that for all cases when slenderness ratio L/r is less than 20 the pile behaves as short pile when failure or yielding of soil precedes the structural failure of the pile. The major advantage with this method is that it does not warrant a sophisticated software to be developed for the analysis. A simple spread sheet is sufficient to produce an accurate result.

A 61-m (200-ft) high FGD waste landfill over an existing fly ash impoundment is currently under construction. A concern was whether typical waste filling rates would be sufficient for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash to occur. In this paper, data from a large test fill is used to assess the potential for static liquefaction of the impounded fly ash. The test fill comprised a 9-m (30-ft) high preload fill which was constructed using much higher fill placement rates than for typical waste filling. Excess pore pressures in the impounded fly ash were measured. The time history of filling and measured excess pore pressures were used to back-calculate the average vertical coefficient of consolidation of the impounded fly ash, a parameter that is representative of the drainage characteristics of the fly ash. As measured excess pore pressures were primarily the result of volumetric loading, an analysis was conducted to estimate undrained shear-induced excess pore pressures for a...

In this study, two experimental techniques are compared, for the purpose of visualizing projectile penetration at speeds ranging between 60 and 150 m/s into granular media. The two techniques are half space penetration into a transparent synthetic soil surrogate and quarter space penetration of an opaque natural sand and transparent soil surrogate, against an observation window. In both techniques a pneumatic projectile accelerator was employed to launch the projectiles and high-speed imagery was employed to visualize the penetration events, un-intrusively. Transparency in transparent targets was achieved by saturating angular fused quartz with a refractive index matched pore fluid made of sucrose. Comparison of both techniques suggests that their results are complimentary. In particular, the terminal depth of penetration is not significantly inhibited by shooting in quarter space. Additionally, both techniques permitted visualizing distinct dilations zones ahead and around penetration. Each technique offers a number of distinct advantages. In particular, half space penetration reduces the possibility of projectile diversion and is much safer, while quarter space penetration allows for visualizing penetration into opaque targets at a finer scale than that achieved in half space penetration.

A-Wall systems are a combination of deep foundations and, in some cases, tiebacks used to provide lateral support to an unstable ground mass. Determination of the lateral and vertical forces acting on an A-Wall system can be a complex endeavor. As the unstable soil mass tends to move past and through the A-Wall system, forces are generated between the A-Wall elements and the soil. These forces provide support to the ground mass. If the A-Wall is correctly designed, the forces will increase as the soil moves until a maximum is attained at which ground movement ceases and the system reaches equilibrium. Design of an A-Wall thus requires Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) analyses that provide a solution that meets force and moment equilibrium as well as compatibility of displacements. The individual elements of the A-Wall are designed based on a structural analysis utilizing the estimated forces. This paper describes the philosophy of design of A-Walls. It also contains a detailed description of design steps based on the use of a commercially available computer program that allows determination of soil forces against a deep foundation element installed through a mass of moving soil. An iterative method is presented to find a solution to the A-Wall problem that meets equilibrium and compatibility and considers material nonlinearity of soils and A-Wall components, as well as geometric nonlinearity of the deep foundation elements. Two case histories are presented.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is one of the key parameters for evaluating the safety and stability of civil and mining structures. In this study, 386 rock samples containing four properties named the load strength (PLS), the porosity (Pn), the P-wave velocity (Vp), and the Schmidt hardness rebound number (SHR) are utilized to predict the UCS using several typical empirical equations (EA) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods, i.e., 16 single regression (SR) equations, 2 multiple regression (MR) equations, and the random forest (RF) models optimized by grey wolf optimization (GWO), moth flame optimization (MFO), lion swarm optimization (LSO), and sparrow search algorithm (SSA). The root mean square error (RMSE), determination coefficient (R2), Willmott’s index (WI), and variance accounted for (VAF) are used to evaluate the predictive performance of all developed models. The evaluation results show that the overall performance of AI models is superior to empirica...

Rock and eroded soil are transported by wind, tide, and human action (development works), and deposited as sediment in ports, estuaries, and rivers. The sediment accumulation at the bottom of ports disrupts maritime activities and disturbs the physicochemical balance of water bodies. As a result, dredging is necessary to reduce sediment deposits and restore the natural environment for proper port functioning. At the national level, the maintenance of the 6,500-kilometer French coastline would require the extraction of about fifty million cubic meters of marine sediment every year. These dredged sediments have been used in civil engineering applications for about ten years, in order to reduce their economic and environmental impact. The proposed study addresses the potential use of sediments to produce accropode blocks for maritime public works applications. It consists in developing concrete mixtures using dredged marine sediment treated to protect against erosion. A study of materi...

This study investigated the effect of three storage containers on postharvest properties of tomato fruits under ambient temperature, 30 ± 3°C and relative humidity, 70 ± 3%. In Nigeria, the main issues with tomato preservation are loss of quality and shortened shelf life. Postharvest storage containers are important for maintaining the quality of tomato fruits in marketing chains and consumption. Raffia baskets, plastic bowls and Ziploc bags were used to store tomato fruits for seven days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. Data was taken on weight loss, dry matter, moisture content, pH, total ash content and colour. Results revealed that the storage containers had significant (p<0.05) effect on dry matter, moisture content and weight loss of the tomato fruits. Tomato fruits stored in raffia basket, plastic bowl and Ziploc bag gave moisture content of 92.13%, 93.07% and 92.97% at seven days of storage, respectively. There was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in the effects of the three storage containers on total ash content and pH of the tomato fruits. For efficient storage without excessive deterioration, plastic bowls were considered the best storage container for improved shelf-life of tomato fruits.

The choice of a pure cohesive or a pure frictional viscoplastic model to represent the rheological behaviour of a flowslide is of paramount importance in order to obtain accurate results for real cases. The principal goal of the present work is to clarify the influence of the type of viscous model-pure cohesive versus pure frictional-with the numerical reproduction of two different real flowslides that occurred in 1966: the Aberfan flowslide and the Gypsum tailings impoundment flowslide. In the present work, a depth-integrated model based on the v - p w Biot-Zienkiewicz formulation, enhanced with a diffusion-like equation to account for the pore pressure evolution within the soil mass, is applied to both 1966 cases. For the Aberfan flowslide, a frictional viscous model based on Perzyna viscoplasticity is considered, while a pure cohesive viscous model (Bingham model) is considered for the case of the Gypsum flowslide. The numerical approach followed is the SPH method, which has been...

Monitoring the vital parameters of a greenhouse namely temperature and soil moisture through internet of things technology (IOT). Irrespective of wherever in the world you are through IOT technology we can monitor and control the greenhouse parameters. All the vital sensor data will be available to authorized users via internet. Even though the technology is yet to take off globally, this report analyses the possibility of integrating a greenhouse and the IOT. The project covers wide area of embedded system and networking. This paper presents a low cost and flexible greenhouse monitoring system using an embedded MCU with wi-fi connectivity to the internet. The proposed system does not require a dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a light weight communication protocol to monitor and control the environment. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this system, devices such as soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor have been integrated with t...

The paper examined the types of sawdust suitable as partial replacements of fine aggregate in concrete. Two different types of sawdust sourced from Afara and Doka wood species were used for the experiment. DoE Method was used to design and produce three sets of concrete cube samples, i.e. Control concrete, Doka sawdust concrete and Afara sawdust concrete, each of grade 20. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength and water absorption tests. The result showed that, the control concrete, Doka and Afara sawdust concretes gained a compressive strength of 22.6 N/mm 2 , 19.6 N/mm 2 and 17.6 N/mm 2 , respectively. The control and Doka sawdust concretes exhibited low water absorption when compared with Afara sawdust concrete. This revealed Doka sawdust as more suitable than Afara sawdust for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Keywords: Concrete, Sawdust, waste recycling

The most widely used method for determining the blast effects of explosives is the Trauzl lead block test. This test is used to measure the explosive power (strength) of a substance by determining volume increase, which is produced by the detonation of a test explosive charged in the cavity of a lead block with defined quantity and size. In this paper, Trazul lead block test and AUTODYN numerical analysis were conducted to evaluate the coupling medium effect of blast hole. The effects of coupling materials can be expressed as the expansion of the cavity in a standard lead block through explosion of the explosives. The tests were conducted with emulsion explosives. The coupling mediums used as the filling material around a explosive charge were air, sand, water and gelatine. Results of test and numerical analysis showed that expansion of lead block were much more affected by water&gel than by sand and air. The water and gel showed similar results. As expected, the transmitted pressure and dynamic strain was higher in water and gelatine coupled blast hole than in air and sand.

A new non-dispersive, anti-washout grout consisting of ordinary Portland cement, slag, superplasticizer, and methylbenzyl cellulose is proposed herein for the treatment of open karst, jointed and fractured rock, open-work gravel, and permeable sediments. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to design an anti-wash out grout suitable for grout injection of coarse aggregates depicting partially and open-jointed saturated rock mass and grouting concrete aggregates for underwater construction. The Taguchi orthogonal array was used to obtain nine different grout mix ratios. A total of four variables were considered, each with three different levels of the water–cement ratio, slag, and dosage of additives such as the superplasticizer and methyl benzyl cellulose. The laboratory determination of grout characteristics recording of mini slump, temperature, pH, visual assessment of grout dispersion, bleeding, and initial setting time and as well as uniaxial compressive strengths an...

The most widely used method for determining the blast effects of explosives is the Trauzl lead block test. This test is used to measure the explosive power (strength) of a substance by determining volume increase, which is produced by the detonation of a test explosive charged in the cavity of a lead block with defined quantity and size. In this paper, Trazul lead block test and AUTODYN numerical analysis were conducted to evaluate the coupling medium effect of blast hole. The effects of coupling materials can be expressed as the expansion of the cavity in a standard lead block through explosion of the explosives. The tests were conducted with emulsion explosives. The coupling mediums used as the filling material around a explosive charge were air, sand, water and gelatine. Results of test and numerical analysis showed that expansion of lead block were much more affected by water&gel than by sand and air. The water and gel showed similar results. As expected, the transmitted pressur...

The demand for salinity tolerant turf grasses is increasing due to augmented use of effluent or low-quality water for turf irrigation. Fresh water, along with soil Stalinization in many locations, has raised the requirement for salt-tolerant turf grass screening. Physiological responses to salinity and relative salt tolerance of Five C4 turf grasses, two variety ofCynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass), Zoysia matrella (Manilla grass), Zoysia japonica(Zoysia Grass) and Paspalum notatum(Bahia grass) were investigated during the study at Department of Horticulture Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Science, Prayagraj. Turf grasses were planted in plastic pots filled with sand: cocopeat: vermiculite (2:1:1) and irrigated with different concentration of salinity levels (0.6, 5.0, 10.0, 15 dS m-1). Salinity tolerance was evaluated based on leaf length leaf Wirth leaf firing, shoots and root growth reduction, proline content, total chlorophyll content RGB content and relat...

The modern increase in building construction sector is resulting in get larger production of fine sand. The marble industry of India is account one of the chief decorative building material industry. With the increase in production of marbles it increases the waste that get from it. Marble dust creates environmental problems. Due to environmental problems, it affects Human health as well as nature. As marble dust is the waste product, get during the sawing and polishing of marble by parent marble block and about 20-25% of the processed marble is turn into dust form. The production of cheaper concrete using waste marble dust can solve to some extent the ecological and environmental problems. Therefore this paper aims to study the effect of using marble dust as partially replace of fine sand on concrete.

This Research paper is a live study on the above mentioned title "Study on Open and Closed end Pile Foundation". Steel pipe piles are highly durable, provide reliable foundation, have shorter construction period and can be driven into such medium where other piles can't like boulder medium. Steel pipe piles are economical for long piles into deeps loose soil. Till now most of research has been directed towards the response of individual piles to vertical loads. Both the driving response and static bearing capacity of open-ended piles are affected by the soil plug that forms inside the pile during pile driving. In order to investigate the effect of the soil plug on the static and dynamic response of an open-ended pile and the load capacity of pipe piles in general, field pile load tests were performed on instrumented open-and closed-ended piles driven into sand. For the open-ended pile, the soil plug length was continuously measured during pile driving, allowing calculation of the incremental filling ratio for the pile.

This Research paper is a live study on the above mentioned title "Study on Open and Closed end Pile Foundation". Steel pipe piles are highly durable, provide reliable foundation, have shorter construction period and can be driven into such medium where other piles can't like boulder medium. Steel pipe piles are economical for long piles into deeps loose soil. Till now most of research has been directed towards the response of individual piles to vertical loads. Both the driving response and static bearing capacity of open-ended piles are affected by the soil plug that forms inside the pile during pile driving. In order to investigate the effect of the soil plug on the static and dynamic response of an open-ended pile and the load capacity of pipe piles in general, field pile load tests were performed on instrumented open-and closed-ended piles driven into sand. For the open-ended pile, the soil plug length was continuously measured during pile driving, allowing calculation of the incremental filling ratio for the pile.

The problem of hydraulic parameters estimation lies in the depth: the deeper the rock formation, the more expensive and difficult the field tests and samples acquisition, and the more challenging the technical issues. The article assesses the Triassic sandstone’s drainage potential at the stage of shaft sinking. It focuses on parameter analysis in varied scales, from drill-core sample laboratory testing, through a single well drawing test, to long-term pumping and recovery tests in the well with observation piezometers. The obtained results are compared to the values estimated in the past using different methods. Finally, the paper states whether it is reliable to forecast pore-fissure sandstone drainage potential based only on core samples’ laboratory tests. This research proved that lab tests underestimate pore-fissure rocks’ hydraulic parameters (mean hydraulic conductivity k = 9.79 × 10−8 m/s) tenfold more than long-term pumping tests (mean k = 4.45 × 10−7 m/s). However, it can ...

The study presents the results of physicochemical and mechanical tests of ash-slag mixture occurring in the bedding of north part of bottom ashes landfill Dolna Odra Power Plant in Nowy Czarnów. Moreover the field tests of shear strength using SLVT rotatory-percussive probe were made. The aim of tests was to determine the strength parameters being the extra requirements listed in PN-S-02205 standard for civil engineering contractors. The results allowed to establish the usability of the materials being tested i.e. wastes from combusting the hard coal in Dolna Odra Power Plant, for strengthening or improving the natural basements or foundations stabilized by binders. The second issue having at least the same importance for the authors, was the attempt to evaluate the factors influencing the geotechnical parameters, basing on laboratory and field tests.

Scree deposits in alpine catchments contain undeveloped till soils that are “hidden” between and under stones. These scree areas have no vegetation except for sparse lichen patches on stone surfaces, but the soils exhibit biological activity and active cycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic carbon (C). We compared the chemical and biochemical properties of till soils in the scree areas (scree soils) with developed soils in alpine meadows (meadow soils) of 14 catchments in the alpine zone of the Tatra Mountains. The data showed that scree soils served as an important source of mobile P forms for waters in high elevation catchments. We then conducted a detailed soil survey focused on four selected alpine catchments with scree cover proportions &gt; 30%. This study confirmed that scree soils have significantly higher concentrations of mobile P forms compared to meadow soils, and a high specific microbial activity directed towards the extraction of P with rapid turnover in...

Ingress of moisture during early pavement life leads to undue deflection, increase of pore pressure under traffic, stripping of bitumen from aggregate and ultimately, reduction in strength. It is important to evaluate the sensitivity of asphalt mixes to the ingress of water, which can be quantified in terms of permeability (or hydraulic conductivity). The primary objective of the present study was to characterise permeability of a newly laid asphalt pavement through field-based and laboratory-based measurements. Field permeability of a newly laid pavement was measured at different sections in longitudinal as well as transverse directions. Cores were extracted from the locations where field permeability tests were conducted. Loose mixtures were also collected from plant and were compacted in laboratory to different air void contents through variable compactive effort. Permeability of field cores and laboratory compacted mixtures was determined in laboratory. Results indicated significant differences in field and laboratory permeability values. Field permeability showed a strong positive correlation with laboratory determined permeability of cores and compacted samples. Transverse variation of permeability was also found to be quite significant. All measured permeability values had a positive correlation with air voids. Statistical modelling of permeability-air void data was also attempted.

Introduction: Embankments are constructed in many places for transportation purposes such as railways and roads. The stability of slopes in embankments has always been a concern, especially in cohesionless soils. There are many methods to increase the safety factor of cohesionless soil slopes using geogrids, geocells, concrete piles, and so on. The conventional material used to stabilize slopes has a huge impact on the environment. Nowadays, researchers are using natural fibers such as bamboo and coir fiber for stabilization purposes.Methods: In this paper, bamboo piles are used to stabilize slopes. The bamboo piles are inserted vertically on the slope face to increase the shear strength and stability against slope failure. A limit equilibrium method has been developed to estimate the stability of a slope improved by friction piles after modifying the Bishop method of slices. The stability of the slope is analyzed for both the reinforced conditions and the unreinforced conditions us...

The purpose of this study was to map the sites aimed at the occurrences of lateritic or duricrust on the island of São Luis in the state of Maranhão -Brazil. The island comprises typical landscape features such as vegetation, water courses, exposed soils, urban areas, agricultural areas and pastures. The mapping methodology focused on the Crosta Technique applied to six and four spectral bands of the TM Landsat 5 sensor. The results show that the application of the four-band technique is more efficient in detecting iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. Many of the potential areas of occurrence of mapped iron oxide/hydroxide minerals correspond to the ceramic roofs of buildings, and possibly to concrete surfaces, which have a spectral behavior similar to that of iron-rich surfaces in the reflected infrared range. Many studies on lateritic rocks are also developed at African and Indian universities applied to civil engineering and precisely aiming at the use of lateritic rocks as construction material for multiple purposes. The present study was obtained based on the analysis of remote sensing mapping. The methodology focused on the Crosta Technique applied to six and four spectral bands of the TM Landsat 5 sensor and the results were used in the elaboration of a Doctoral thesis on the use of laterite as aggregate in Portland cement concrete at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro -Brazil.

In recent years, High Performance Turf Enforcement Mat (HPTRM) has been widely noticed and used in revetment projects due to its advantages in both erosion resistance and landscape ecology. Studies have shown that the vegetated HPTRM system has a much better performance in erosion resistance than vegetation lining while it has similar landscape and ecological benefits with vegetation lining. In this paper, firstly a brief overview of existing researches on the hydraulic erosion of vegetated HPTRM System is given, and then a series of experimental and numerical studies on the erosion process of vegetated HPTRM system are introduced, including full scale fume experiments, Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) tests, high-speed open-channel flow tests and numerical flume tests that conducted by the authors from 2009 to 2018. Based on the test results, new understanding on the erosion characteristics of vegetated HPTRM system is presented, e.g., the feature of erosion development and "upper limit" of erosion. Some useful equations are also given. The vegetated HPTRM system performs effectively in the resistance of hydraulic erosion of open channel flow up to 6 m/s. At last, problems that need to be solved and prospects on future studies are suggested.

The mechanical properties of soft soils were investigated through triaxial lateral unloading tests under different initial excess pore water pressures and confining pressures. The lateral unloading stress-strain, strength parameters, and initial unloading moduli of soft soils are presented and discussed in this study. The results show that soft soils abruptly undergo unloading failure. The lower confining pressure and the higher initial excess pore water pressure can result in intensive unloading failure behavior. The unloading strength of soft soils linearly decreases as the initial excess pore water pressure increases. The stress-strain curve is characterized as strain hardening. The cohesion and initial unloading moduli of soft soils drastically reduce when the initial excess pore water pressure exceeds 20 kPa. The conclusions obtained in this study can provide a theoretical reference for the design and numerical analysis of underground spaces in soft soils.

This report discusses the current applications of the dynamic and static cone penetrometers in pavement design and construction. The dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) is the most versatile rapid, in situ evaluation device currently available. Correlations to CBR, unconfined compressive strength, resilient modulus, and shear strengths, and its use in performance evaluation of pavement layers make it an attractive alternative to more expensive and time consuming procedures. Many useful correlations between the DCP penetration index and other material properties continue to be reported. Other possible applications of DCP such as its use in the quality control of compaction of fill are discussed. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of the penetrometer testing are reported. The static cone penetrometer has also several applications in such areas as the evaluation of resilient modulus of cohesive soils, estimation of CBR, and the determination of relative density of sands. An overview of current practices ae well as areas of possible future trends are reported.

This study investigates the reservoir quality of sandstones in the Oti Group of the Volta Basin of Ghana. Geological field mapping, petrographic, petrophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques are used to investigate the reservoir parameters of the sandstones by evaluating the fluid holding and transmission capabilities of the rocks. Results from the comprehensive study identified two sandstone formations of interest; viz. the Bimbila Sandstone and Yabraso Sandstone. Both sandstones were found to be quartz sandstones (sub-arkose and quartz arenites). The Bimbila Sandstones proved to have better porosity and permeability as compared to the Yabraso Sandstones. The Yabraso Sandstone showed porosity between 7-22 % with an average porosity of 13 % (helium gas) and permeability of 63.41 mD, which may be linked to intense cementation and intermediate compaction as well as grain size, shape and arrangement. The Bimbila Sandstones showed better porosity and permeability with a poro...

Fly ash, an industrial byproduct, is used as both a building material and a soil stabilizer due to its pozzolanic properties. Moreover, it is challenging to extrapolate the results based on an inadequate amount of laboratory data because of the nonhomogeneous character of the soil and the diversity in the chemical properties of fly ash. This review article fills in the gaps by providing an overview of the existing data related to the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil stabilized with fly ash. The chemical composition of fly ash is provided in terms of oxides of various elements to help identify the kinds produced in different nations. Additionally, information about the physical and geotechnical characteristics of fly ash blended expansive soil is provided in order to comprehend the influence of the fly ash's chemical composition and the expansive soil's fines percentage. While the geotechnical property comprises Atterberg's limit, compaction, UCS, shear strength, free swelling index, CBR, and consolidation, the physical property includes specific gravity and durability. Shear modulus, damping ratio, and Poisson's ratio are used to describe the dynamic properties of the modified expansive soil. The published data in this field and the research gap will be identified by the researchers with the aid of this article.

Deformation of submerged breakwater was examined by three-dimensional experiments to investigate the influence of the deformation of the head of submerged breakwater on the total damage of the breakwater. The eroded area at the breakwater heads was larger than that at the breakwater trunk. The rubble stones moved from the upstream head of longshore current were accreted within one wave length from the end of the upstream head. Therefore, there are two types of accretion at the leeside of the submerged breakawter depending on the ratio of the breakwater length to wave length. The difference in deformation between two-dimensional and three-dimensional experiments is large, especially at the upstream head of the breakwater.

Topography change in the vicinity of submerged breakwaters is investigated in two-dimensional experiments. Under incident waves with shorter wave period, the sediment under the submerged breakwater was transported offshore, whereas the sediment in front of the submerged breakwater was transported onshore and was deposited in the submerged breakwater body under incident waves with longer wave period. The authors evaluate cross-shore sediment transport rate through the submerged breakwater body from the measured topography change. The authors show the possibility that the sediment behind the submerged breakwater is transported offshore by constructing the submerged breakwater.

In this study, the characteristics of tsunami water pressures acting on a parapet and on the ground behind the parapet are clarified by wave flume experiments. The pressures acting on a lower part of the seaward face of the parapet are larger than that on a higher part of the seaward face of the parapet, which is consistent with the previous studies. It is shown that the maximum pressures acting on a lower part of the landward face of the parapet are smaller than that on a higher part of the landward face of the parapet. The influence of flow separation on the pressures acting on the landward face of the parapet is under investigation. As for the ground behind the parapet, when the tsunami wave height is approximately 2 times higher than the crown height of the parapet, the ratio of the measured water pressures to the wave height reaches the maximum value.

In this study, an instrumented thickened tailings deposit model was designed, built and employed to evaluate the behaviour of layered thickened tailings to dynamic loading by using a shaking table equipment. The thickened tailings were deposited subsequently in three thin layers in a flexible laminar shear box mounted on top of the shaking table. Cyclic loading with a peak horizontal acceleration of 0.13 g and a frequency of 1 Hz was applied to the layered tailings deposit. Different types of sensors were placed to monitor the accelerations, displacements, volumetric water content and pore water pressures at the intermediate depth of each layer. Results indicated that the acceleration for the bottom and middle layers were similar to that of the base of the shaking table; but, this was not the case for the top layer. The measurements of vertical displacements indicated that all layers of thickened tailings experienced initially contraction and subsequently dilation during the shaking. The excess pore water pressure ratios were found to exceed unity through all layers of thickened tailings when the shaking ended. In other words, the results showed that the layered thickened tailings are susceptible to liquefaction under the considered testing conditions. It is also found that upward pore water migration to the top layer and downward pore water flow to the bottom layer occurred in the thickened tailings deposit. This water migration generated additional pore water pressure and also impacted the vertical displacement and liquefaction susceptibility of the thickened tailings material. The results of this study give a better understanding of the dynamic behaviour of thickened tailings, which is crucial for the safety of thickened tailings systems as well as sustainable mining.

Jamming of a workpiece in the fixture may cause improper workpiece positioning, damage to the workpiece, and even the fixturing elements. In the present study, theoretical and experimental analyses are performed to investigate the jamming phenomenon in fixturing workpiece using the peg-in-hole case study. The theoretical model is established based on the minimum norm principle which resulted in an optimization problem. The jamming occurrence is then predicted by solving this model. A theoretical model that was developed in the previous study is used to validate the predictions of the suggested theoretical model. The main validation of the theoretical predictions is conducted through the experimental tests. For this purpose, an experimental setup is designed and fabricated for the peg-in-hole mechanism with the clearance fit. The friction coefficient is first measured using the fabricated setup. Then, the jamming-in and jamming-out angles of the peg into the prepared hole are measure...

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