Global History

白居易诗歌向以“浅俗”著称，然而考虑到白居易为中唐现存最大的类书《白氏六帖》的编纂者，有必要考察白氏诗歌创作与《六帖》之间的关系。类书作为典故辞藻之渊薮的性质，又提醒我们，白居易诗歌亦有“学问化”的一面，值得关注。经统计，白氏一生的诗歌创作与《六帖》中材料关联最大者，有两个时期：早年任职长安与退居下邽时期（803-815），以及晚年闲居洛阳的时期（828-846）。横向来看，在白居易诗歌创作的各种类型中，讽喻诗、杂律诗和《六帖》中的材料呈现出最为密切的关联性。由此得以窥见白居易诗歌创作程式化和“学问化”的侧面，有助于丰富我们对白居易诗歌面貌之认识。

A Heretical History of Architecture challenges the conventional understanding of significant developments in Western architecture as a series of alignments among dominant ideologies and artistic programs, arguing instead that the most consequential changes in the evolution of artistic and design practices across Europe between the fifth and seventeenth centuries were motivated by tensions between local religious or cultural traditions and centralized power.
This groundbreaking study richly demonstrates the processes through which heterodox beliefs that persisted within numerous diverse communities resulted in design experimentation so syncretic that it has heretofore eluded scholars employing conventional Euro-centric taxonomies of architectural styles.

Roy offered a sharp critique of Indian nationalism, contending that it could obstruct the path to genuine freedom and urging a reassessment of its foundational principles. He observed that nationalism had long dominated India's public life and called for its critical evaluation, particularly its internal logic and continued relevance as a source of inspiration. In his view, nationalism had become narrowly defined by the political objective of achieving complete independence from British rule.
He traced the evolution of anti-imperialism as a parallel force to nationalism, framing their relationship as inherently conflictual. Initially rooted in the aspiration for self-government within the British Empire, Indian political consciousness had shifted toward recognizing the economic exploitation underpinning imperial rule. Roy warned that the mere collapse of British imperialism would not ensure true freedom; what mattered was the nature and character of the political forces that succeeded it.
Roy identified inherent contradictions within nationalism, suggesting that its anti-imperialist fervor could inadvertently fuel fascist tendencies. He cautioned that a rigid policy of noncooperation with Britain, if driven by unexamined nationalist sentiment, might end up aligning with fascist powers—undermining the very cause of Indian freedom. In this light, nationalist actions could, paradoxically, compromise the broader objective of liberation.
Calling for a fundamental rethinking of nationalism, Roy argued that political freedom should not be conflated with nationalist ideology. He asserted that overcoming nationalism was essential for meaningful progress, especially in the context of global struggles against fascism.
India’s future, he insisted, was inseparably linked to international developments, and its active participation in the global transformation was at risk if it clung to outdated nationalist ideals. Roy concluded that nationalism had become an obsolete creed—an "antiquated cult"—that must be discarded for India to attain true freedom. Instead, he advocated for a framework grounded in enlightened self-interest and international cooperation, as the only path to a free and just future.

A miasma of mimesis plagues the study of artistic exchange across the Indian Ocean world of the early centuries CE. Active innovators and passive imitators give rise to zero-sum dynamics of ‘influence’, ‘imitation’, or ‘barbarization’. Such views not only discount the agency and skill sets possessed by artists throughout the wider ancient world, but also overlook how transculturality operates—how so-called ‘superficial’ similarities of a stylistic koine can communicate both 'globally' and 'locally', looking both to the past and unfolding present. This chapter offers a corrective to these understandings by investigating aesthetic engagements with Roman imperial denarii and aurei once they arrived in the Indian subcontinent through long-distance exchange. After addressing genuine Roman coins and their long lives in India, it turns to the production of imitative Roman coins and the consideration of their formal composition when designing coins minted in the name of dynasts ruling in India. Roman coins were not just a form of money in circulation, but also miniature objects produced in great numbers, valued for aspects of their materiality and their engaging images—elements which warranted replication to meet a wide range of demands and tastes. What we see on the surface is actually something more profound: dialogues within an increasingly interconnected ancient world.

As a genre of political theory, anticolonialism makes for some strange bed fellows. This capacity for conceptual fusion is on full display in Architects of Dignity, Kevin D. Pham's panoramic exposition of Vietnamese anticolonial thought. Spanning six thinkers' writings across the early and midtwentieth century, Pham brilliantly sketches the contours of a fascinating and under studied lineage of political thought. The book is rich in detail and attentive to historical context, tacking between the particulars of what will be, for many, unfamiliar figures and the global reach of the anticolonial moment, as colo nial subjects worldwide leaned into the fissures of rapidly collapsing empires. Architects does two big things. It is the first booklength study of Vietnamese anticolonialism in political theory, contributing to the discipline's ongoing expansion beyond its EuroAmerican moorings. As theorists con tinue to grapple with the legacies of colonialism and imperialism, and with the anticolonialisms they spurred, the field has grown increasingly attentive to the political thinking of the colonized in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Caribbean, among others. Vietnamese anticolonialists, Pham shows, developed syncretic political philosophies shaped by their his torical entanglements with French colonial power. Second, the book captures the unlikely value of national shame as a vehicle for anticolonial politics. Shame was not just the province of colonial powers seeking to denigrate a subject population. It was also martialed by Vietnamese agitators themselves to spur their compatriots to political resistance. Where anticolonial politics are commonly galvanized around national pride, figures such as Phan Bội Châu, Phan Chu Trinh, and Hồ Chí Minh sought, counterintuitively, to "sham[e] their people into action" (5-6). 1336722P TXXXX10.1177/00905917251336722Political TheoryBook Review book-review2025

Objetiva-se refletir sobre a relevância da metonímia como elemento potencializador da metáfora de exclusão social no trânsito pós-colonial a partir da transformação dos corpos das personagens. Com apoio teórico em Chevalier & Gheerbrant (2020), Fischer (2014), Franco (2021) e Kilomba (2019), entre outros, buscamos nos manter rente à análise do texto literário. Observa-se a metonímia do corpo, como estratégia narrativa, que contribui para a percepção de uma falta de pertencimento e

In Amerasia, Elizabeth Horodowich
and Alexander Nagel propose an eponymous heuristic
device, "Amerasia,"  to explore how early modern
Europeans collected, organized, and interpreted
knowledge about an expanding world and how they
imagined their own place in it.
Amerasia, Horodowich and Nagel argue,
describes both a physical space—a continuum
of shifting landmasses and archipelagos which
coincided climatically and geographically with “the
tropics,” an “unsettled zone where West met East”
(272), and an overlap of toponyms, where it was not
uncommon to find Japan in what is today Mexico—
and a conceptual axis for reading modernity through antiquity, the strange through the familiar, Europe
through its others.
Among Amerasia’s most important contributions
are the extraordinary richness of the material
it presents as evidence of Amerasian thinking
and the invitation to practice a slow, unhurried,
thorough kind of looking. Lavishly illustrated, the
book offers seventeen exquisitely curated chapters,
which, in the tradition of the early modern
cabinet of wonders, gather and put on display
Mesoamerican feather work, codices and copper
bells, mother-of-pearl shell paintings produced in
colonial Mexico, frescoes in the papal apartments
and paintings in Roman churches, fragments of
Chinese porcelain and Mexican majolica, coins,
woodcuts and engravings by some of Europe’s
most renowned artists, and a large number of
cartographic materials, including maps, globes,
and atlases.

Der 8te Mai beginnt am 14. August 1914: an dem Tag, an dem die damalige SPD den Kriegskrediten des Deutschen Reiches zustimmte. Dieses fatale Glied bildet das erste Glied in einer langen Reihe weiterer solcher Ursachen-Glieder, die sich schließlich zu einer Ursachen-Kette auswuchsen, und schließlich zum Ersten, dann zum Zweiten Weltkrieg führten und dem Zusammenbruch des Nazi-Regimes am 8. Mai 1945. Dieser "Zusammenbruch" war mehr als notwendig: Aber fundiert wurde er an dem Tag seiner Entstehung: Sicherlich: nichts ist monokausal: man kann aus Luther keinen Hitler ableiten. Aber dennoch gibt es in einer jeden Geschichte, in einer jeden Nation auch bestimmte Traditionen und Stränge, die bedacht werden müssen: wie lange dauerte die "Pauls-Kirchen-Bewegung" in Frankfurt? Einen halben Nachmittag. Wie lange dauerte die Weimarer Republik: 15 Jahre. Die Aufklärung konnte sich in Deutschland nie wirklich durchsetzen und politisch sich niemals realisieren: bis heute nicht: das ist eine These: denn die heutige "Parlamentarische Demokratie" ist ein Zwitter-Wesen: sie kommt von Oben, also gar nicht aus dem Geiste der Demokratie selber. Sondern sie wurde von Oben implantiert. Darunter aber schlummerte und "weste" die alte, die unsägliche Tradition des fürstenrechtlichen Absolutismus weiter und fort. Das ist eine Basis-Station der Nationalsozialisten: denn das "Reich", von dem sie immer redeten, basierte ja niemals auf den Kategorien der Aufklärung, des mündigen Bürgers, sondern war immer staatsmonistisch auf Absolutismus bezogen und begründet. Diese unheilvolle deutsche Tradition schlich sich wie ein Wurm durch die deutsche Geschichte, auch durch die europäische Geschichte, und zeitigte am Ende das, was sich dann das "Dritte Reich" nannte: das "Erste Reich" war das "Reich Karls des Großen", das "Zweite Reich" war das "Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation", das aber erst durch die Französische Revolution in Trümmer geschlagen wurde: nicht aber durch eine 48ger Revolution in Deutschland selber: 1914 ist ein Tag, an dem diese alte, diese unheilige deutsche Nation wieder auflebt, und sich auf die Weltspitze treibt mit seinem Hurra-Patriotismus. Der Krieg sollte wieder einmal das Mittel aller Politik sein. Die Monarchie, das Kaiserreich, das ja expressis verbis keine Verfassung zwischen den Fürsten, dem Kaiser und dem Volk in sich trug, lebte hoch auf und zerschlug die andere Tradition, die es in Deutschland, auch seit Luther, schon immer gab. Auch Luther ist ein Mann der Aufklärung, denn er übersetzte die Bibel ja, damit das Volk, die Bauern lesen konnten, was der Herr, was die Religion sagte und sagt und was also auch für sie selber gelten sollte. Das immerhin war ein Akt der Aufklärung schon. Aber Deutschland blieb immer die Zwitter-Gestalt, die es bis heute ist: Deutschland ist immer ein "aufgeklärter Absolutismus": also etwas, das zwar formal, de jure, frei denkt und eine Verfassung hat, aber faktisch-psychologisch dennoch immer den Wurm des Totalitarismus in sich trägt: diesen Wurm selber hat Deutschland selber niemals erschlagen: der Wurm des Totalitarismus ist es, der sich dann im 20ten Jahrhundert in zwei totalitären Systemen in Deutschland ausgewachsen hat: dieser schleichende Wurm zog sich aber schon immer durch die deutsche Geschichte, aber auch durch die europäische Geschichte.

Pandemics are central to global history. They have global impact and create anchor points in time. They also interrogate the foundations of society, the sustainability of its material basis, the role of expertise, our social codes, and behavioural norms. Historians of medicine have long engaged with pandemics, examining how they both hinge upon and redefine connections between people and societies in ways that other global phenomena may not. The current COVID-19 pandemic is bound to establish a major anchor point in the twenty-first century. It reminds us how quickly viruses can travel around the world as they interact with the forces of economic, political, and cultural globalization. It also reveals enormous differences in the perceptions of, and approaches to, a new health threat, and highlights the deep politicization behind responses on local, national, and global geopolitical scales. Historical comparisons inspire questions about why human, communal, scientific, and societal responses to such threats vary, and how they change over time. In view of the importance of the COVID-19 pandemic to global history in the making, the Journal of Global History has commissioned eleven articles and an opening reflective article for a special issue on 'Pandemics that changed the world'. Leading scholars in the history and anthropology of health and disease analyse historical occurrences of lethal diseases with a (potentially) global reach that have provoked strong societal responses. All the articles use historical analysis to reflect on particular social, cultural, or biological aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The editors of the Journal have chosen not to confine this special issue to the modern era. We agree with Kyle Harper that 'the further into the past we travel, the greater the sociological differences and empirical uncertainties become. Yet the conclusion to be drawn is hardly that pre-modernists should sit on the sidelines.' But COVID-19 is also not a rerun of the influenza pandemic of 1918-20. We are less interested in superficial comparisons between A. N. Other pandemic and COVID-19 than in how the history of pandemics can provide a new lens to understand global history and consider the broader ramifications of COVID-19. The special issue begins with an article by Anne-Emanuelle Birn that reflects on interweaving questions raised by the remaining articles, such as the role of historians during a pandemic when policy-makers and the media constantly seek simple lessons from the past. Among other points, Birn highlights the importance of 'historical insights around competing and innovative forms of knowledge "from below"', as well as the continuing need to diversify the historical perspectives on pandemics. Kyle Harper's contribution on the role of palaeogenomics and phylogenetics in the study of ancient plagues then underscores the critical importance of bringing together history, ecology, and biology, if we want to understand 'the global ecology' as a product of deep human history in which the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged. Timothy Brook acknowledges that 'SARS-CoV-2 is not Yersinia pestis', but works through the puzzle of why the Black Death retains such a hold as a literary trope in countries like the UK while it has little purchase in China. By comparing the Tudor and Stuart period with Chinese experiences of disease during the same time, Brook

How are fields of historiographical specialisation constructed? How can we perceive and trace the intersection between institutional problems and the epistemological implications of disciplines at a time when they are marking out their ruptures? These are the issues that Michel de Certeau considered in 1970 in order to ‘deterritorialise’ theology from the broad hegemonic ocean represented at that time by historiography and, in particular, social history. To do this, Certeau has regularly used a material tactic of re-employing texts (especially the rewriting of articles into book chapters) and a precursory epistemological toolkit from the human sciences.

This essay situates the Harlem Renaissance in a world-historical context by building on the global perspective offered by the architect of that renaissance, Alain Locke. It demonstrates that contemporaries like Locke saw the Harlem Renaissance to be a local episode in a broader phenomenon of racial and national renaissance that included post-war developments in Ireland and Mexico. The core argument is that American progressives found in these renaissances three distinct models for defining the proper relationship between race and nation: in the Irish case, a racially homogeneous nation-state premised on a repudiation of the colonizer and his culture; in the Mexican case, a syncretic nation-state based on the cultural and biological fusion of the colonizer and colonized; and in the Harlem case, a pluralist nationstate that held in balance otherwise relatively autonomous races.

Throughout its history, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) deployed many means in order to be fully accepted on the international stage alongside the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Cultural diplomacy was very important in East German foreign policy, especially in Western Europe. The Association des Échanges franco-allemands (EFA), created in Paris in 1958, proposed various events in order to showcase the GDR’s economic and social “achievements” in fields such as education. The EFA organized trips to the GDR for French teachers in order to present the East German school system and to compete with the cultural institutions of the FRG in France. From the early 1970s, the EFA also enabled several French universities to sign cooperation agreements with universities and to travel to the “other Germany”. Following France’s diplomatic recognition of the GDR on 9 February 1973, the EFA renamed itself Association France-RDA and continued its activities to normalize the relations between France and the GDR. This chapter shows how this association played a major role in the development of a form of educational internationalism promoted by the GDR in order to gain legitimacy.

Una storia sconosciuta che vede protagonista gli stabili e il personale della Scuola di Viticoltura e la Stazione Sperimentale. Prima un ospedale tedesco e poi, a fine guerra, un Ospedale Russo , di Russi Bianchi, vi trova sede. I Russi Bianchi seguiranno la sorte dei propri connazionali costretti al rientro in una patria, la Russia, che li giudica colpevoli delle scelte fatte.

After overthrowing the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt in 1171, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, confiscated the property of the Fatimid Imamate family and implemented measures to imprison them with preventing contact between men and women for the purpose of preventing the birth of descendants. This article examines the process of confining the Fatimid Imamate family in order to abolish it. Male members of the family were removed from the caliphate palace, moved to the Barjawān area, and then, imprisoned in the Cairo citadel. This confinement continued for approximately 100 years, ending with the abolition of the Fatimid Imamate family. The reason for the long-term confinement was that descendants of the last Fatimid caliph ʿĀḍid were still being found and detained after the confinement began, and there was a policy of waiting for them to die naturally without starving or killing them. The confinement was implemented in order to suppress supporters of the revival of the Fatimid dynasty and to eliminate the possibility of the Imam going into occultation (ghayba) without bearing the stigma of killing Sharifs. This confirms that the Fatimid Imamate family remained a potential threat to the Ayyubid rulers and was being dealt with in a tense manner.

The title of "atabek," which may have originated in the Seljukid dynasty, was given to the fosterers and guardians of the children of Seljukid sultans. Thereafter, this title spread widely and was used in regimes of the later period with changing connotations. This article examines the use of the title of atabek in the case of the Zangid dynasty (1127-1233) on the basis of descriptions in documents, coins, and inscriptions. Zangi I, the founder of the Zangid dynasty, established his regime through his position as atabek of the Seljukid sultanʼs son, the nominal ruler. During his lifetime, Zangi I had ruled under the authority of his master and fulfilled his guardianship. In the generation of Zangi Iʼs sons, there were instances where the rulers were not appointed as atabek and did not use the title, and where the title of atabek was acquired with little guardianship. In the third generation, the Zangid rulers were no longer appointed as atabek by the Seljukid sultans. In Jazira, "atabek" became a self-appointed title for the rulers of the Zangid regime in Mosul, and in Syria it became the title of the amirs who had guardianship over the Zangid ruler. In the Zangid dynasty, the role and function of the atabek had changed in line with the decline of the Seljukid and the consequent deterioration of their relationship, and the process of the change was clearly different in each region. Atabek was an office that allowed amirs to establish a fictive kinship with the rulers. Moreover, the presumed continuity with the previous regime through this title supported the legitimacy of the emerging rulers. This may have led to the foundation of regimes by the "atabeks," who had no real guardianship over the Seljukid.

Introduction by Angela Villani, University of Messina, Italy.

Review by Harry Gamble, The College of Wooster.

Review by Pierre Guidi, Université Paris Cité, Institute for Research on Development, Centre Population et Développement (Ceped)

Review by Jessica Lynne Pearson, Macalester College

Review by Elisa Prosperetti, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Response by Damiano Matasci, University of Geneva

The migration process, both voluntary and involuntary along human history has great implications in human well-being and development process. Many writers explained the reasons and push-pull drives of human movements and the consequences that reflect on changes in the social, demographic structures and in the economic and political institutions. The interconnections between human mobility and the development process during the last two Centuries are the milestone for building international relations between the nations, and on the other hand, in the evolution of theories for migration and development studies. This article has been drafted to give a new analytical look at development and migration approaches in the last century and to date. The emphasis is to show the progress of social, demographic transformation and human mobility in the last fifty years that influenced the socioeconomic structure and migration policies. The paper highlights the interrelationship between globalization and migration as two controversial processes for human advancement, and the outcomes brought miserable conditions of inequality and poverty. Finally, the paper suggested that sustainable development goals, particularly goal 8, decent work (SDG8), is directly correlated with globalization and its consequences. The paper concluded that migration is a crucial element for the success of globalization, while indecent work for migrant workers is traced as a persisting phenomenon of inequality and poverty in the 21st century.

On many early modern Japanese maps of Japan, a network of lines surrounds the archipelago. These lines designate routes one could take from one harbour to the other. Parallels to this practice also exist in early modern Chinese and Korean maps, making statements about networks, connections, and possible travel paths on sea. Drawing routes over the ocean is a strange thing to do.

In the early eighteenth century, the Kangxi emperor was presented with two maps in Chinese, one each from the officials Gioro Mamboo and Shi Shipiao. The maps showed southern China and Southeast Asia and were based on Dutch charts. The officials presented the maps at a time when the emperor had recently issued a law restricting Chinese trade in Southeast Asia. The map presented by Shi Shipiao adds information about sailing routes and export goods that were subject to the trade restrictions imposed by the emperor. This article argues that rather than being intended to provide a representation of seafaring knowledge, Shi aimed to use the map he presented to convince the emperor to lift the restrictions he had imposed on trade. This therefore provides an example of how maps could be used for political ends. In contrast to many other Chinese maps influenced by European sciences, these two maps show no Jesuit involvement but resemble the Selden Map as well as Japanese and Buginese charts, representing a maritime perspective in the history of knowledge exchange.

Through a conversation between the five paintings, the article purports to analyse the colonial and male gaze through a set of French Orientalist paintings by Eugène Delacroix and Henri Matisse, and highlight how they capture a certain exoticisation of female colonial subjects in North Africa. Relying on two French female Orientalist painters, Henriette Browne and Marie-Aimée Lucas-Robiquet, the article seeks to apprehend differentiated understandings of the colonial world and of the imagined 'Orient' through the lens of gendered perspectives and experiences. Finally, incorporating the work of Algerian painter Houria Niati will allow a conversation on the re-appropriation of colonised spaces, bodies, and imaginaries through the re-invention of orientalist art. Through a thorough aesthetic encounter and a critical socio-pictorial analysis of these five artworks, we will understand how these paintings keep producing knowledge about the French colonial past, and they keep telling us stories in a present haunted by colonialism.

This document is the main part of a letter sent to the offfij icers of the Audiencia of Manila in 1620. It addresses the accumulated abscess of the colony's fijinancial situation and the abyssal contrast between private lucre and public expenses. Its particular interest lies in the efffijiciency and vigor of its exposition: the undisclosed administrator of the Council of the Indies, which was presided over at the time by Fernando Carrillo (1617-22), unsurprisingly the former president of the Council of the Treasury (1609-17), seems to explode with anger, denouncing the wrongdoings and unfaithfulness of the Spanish community and more particularly of the royal offfijicers of the Philippines.

How has Southeast Asia been inserted into global networks of exchange and power? Through our discussion and research, we connect Southeast Asia with global economic networks, in direct conversation with shifts towards more inclusive global histories that look at the ‘peripheries’ of Empire as much as at its centres.

This is an experiment using Frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) to review global human population dynamics, tracing growth patterns from the Paleolithic era to contemporary projections. It integrates empirical estimates derived from paleoanthropology, archaeology, historical records, and modern censuses with foundational theoretical models, including Malthusian constraints, Boserupian responses, logistic growth, and hyperbolic trajectories. The LLMs identified Key phases of demographic history, including periods of slow growth, acceleration, and potential stabilization or decline, are examined. The chapter analyzes the mechanisms driving these changes, such as technological innovation, agricultural development, improvements in public health, and socioeconomic shifts encapsulated within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). Geographic variations in population distribution and growth rates are highlighted. Causal loop diagrams illustrate the complex interrelationships between population, resources, technology, and socioeconomic factors. Finally, the chapter discusses future population projections, their inherent uncertainties driven by factors like fertility trends, mortality changes, migration, environmental limits, and potential feedback loops, concluding with key open questions for interdisciplinary research. This is not bad for about ten minutes of LLM interactions (mostly crafting questions and modifying them), and a few hours of formatting the text and graphics in the table.

Durante o século XIX houve um comparativismo explícito nos escritos que versavam sobre imigração, colonização e terras. Esse comparativismo se sustentava na ideia de concorrencia entre os diferentes países pelo mesmo recurso: os imigrantes. Nos escritos, hoje canônicos, de Nicolás Avellaneda da Argentina e de Cândido Tavares Bastos do Brasil as comparações acompanharam um roteiro que podemos definir como clássico: os Estados Unidos e a Austrália, incluindo em alguns momentos, dada a influência dos periódicos econômicos franceses, a Argélia.

El Estado nacional es la unidad fundamental de análisis político en las ciencias sociales. Se entiende que el Estado nacional organiza la división formal internacional del mundo así como las relaciones sociales domésticas. Su nacimiento se asocia con procesos que se dice generaron el mundo moderno junto con el desplazamiento en paralelo de un sistema imperial asociado con períodos históricos anteriores. Estos entendimientos presentan a las naciones y a los imperios como entidades políticas distintas y desconocen el nacimiento en conjunto del Estado nacional, la expansión colonial europea y la subsecuente expansión de nuevos imperios extra-europeos. En este artículo establezco un recuento alternativo de cómo entender las variedades imperiales y las variedades del colonialismo que caracterizan el período moderno. Argumentaré que el colonialismo es un fenómeno específicamente moderno que, a su vez, otorga a los imperios extra-europeos un carácter distinto al de otros imperios contemporáneos con ellos. Esta diferencia estriba, en buena parte, en las especificidades de la economía política del colonialismo que con frecuencia se confunden como una modernidad capitalista separada/
The nation-state is the primary political unit of analysis across the social sciences. It is understood to organize the formal international division of the world as well as social relations domestically. Its emergence is associated with processes that are said to bring into being the modern world, alongside the accompanying displacement of a system of empires, associated with earlier historical periods. Such understandings present nations and empires as distinct political entities and fail to recognize the conjunction of the emergence of the nation-state with European colonial expansion and an ongoing expansion of new overseas European empires. In this article, I set out an alternative account of how we might understand the varieties of empire and varieties of colonialism that characterize the modern period. I shall argue that colonialism is a distinctively modern phenomenon which, in turn, gives European overseas empire a character different from other empires contemporaneous with them. This difference rests, in large part, in the specificity of a political economy of colonialism that is often misidentified as a separate capitalist modernity.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13154.24006

Resumo: Axum consistiu num reino situado no nordeste africano, na região do Chifre da África. Devida à expansão militar anterior, Axum detinha acesso ao litoral banhado pelo Mar Vermelho no século IV. Em 334, o negus axumita Ezana foi convertido por ação de Frumêncio, cristão sírio estabelecido em Axum. Este artigo se detém na análise dos dois documentos textuais de autores contemporâneos a Ezana e Frumêncio e que os mencionaram: a História Eclesiástica, escrita por Rufino de Aquileia, e a Apologia ao imperador Constâncio, produzida por Atanásio de Alexandria. O objetivo consiste em avaliar as referências à inserção de Axum em circuitos econômicos, políticos, religiosos e diplomáticos globais nas passagens com referências a Frumêncio e Ezana. Para tanto, adota-se a abordagem da História Global, baseada no enfoque nas formas de integração. O estudo dos dois documentos à luz do contexto identificou que a conversão de Ezana e a atuação de Frumêncio estavam relacionadas à integração de Axum aos circuitos mercantis cristãos. Também se constatou que a adesão ao cristianismo desencadeou a mobilização de Axum nas disputas político-clericais que vinham desde o Império Romano e que repercutiam nas redes diplomáticas.

This essay, From Illusion to Integration: Humanity's Evolutionary Path to Survival, is the culmination of over fifty years of independent research and reflectionas an independent generalist of science who intentionally avoided specialization, earning two General BAs and an unspecialized Master's in thinking (ZooAnthropoSociology). It was developed in collaboration with Artificial Intelligence-not as a ghostwriter, but as a structural partner. AI acted as a "CyberMacroscope," helping me bring together lifelong disparate insights that were too vast and interconnected for linear writing alone. Originally intended as a prolegomenon to a 12-chapter dissertation, this standalone work offers a comprehensive macroscopic vision of humanity's trajectory and the urgent shift from unconscious growth to biospheric consciousness. I invite you to approach this essay not just as an argument, but as a lens-a structured way of perceiving humanity's next evolutionary horizon.

Представлена космологическая модель, в которой начало времени интерпретируется как фазовый переход через S-петлю -топологическую структуру, встроенную во внутреннюю геометрию времени. Вместо сингулярности и внешнего выбора стрелы времени предлагается непрерывный разворот глобальной фазы φ(s), происходящий в специальной фазовой области. Вводится параметр сфирального времени s, в котором метрика остаётся регулярной, а масштабный фактор a(s) не обращается в нуль. Модель согласуется с основными квантово-космологическими принципами и предлагает возможные экспериментальные следы: фазовые сдвиги в CMB, T-асимметрию, фрактальность метрики. Показано, что Sпетля может служить универсальной геометрической основой для объединения понятий начала, выбора и фазовой эволюции Вселенной. Ключевые слова: Сфираль, S-петля, антисимметрия времени, фазовый переход, начало Вселенной, топология времени, разворот фазы, циклическая космология, метрика во времени S, безсингулярная модель.

The History Department of Biola University Holocaust Remembrance Day Luncheon, April 24, 2025.  "Beauty for Ashes: Understanding the Israel-Hamas War"  by Judith Mendelsohn Rood. A post-Shoah theology of reconciliation requires a generous theology of history.

Book Launch, featuring two poems by Christopher Davidson, Professor of English, Biola University.

This conference aims to prompt a conversation on new methodologies and perspectives for studying science and technology within the Ottoman world and beyond. While traditional historiography has long treated science and technology as inherently Western enterprises, a rich and growing body of localized studies now illuminates the history of science and technology across diverse regions, including Latin America, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific, revealing varied ways of making and knowing. How should we situate the Ottoman Empire within this narrative? Does examining the history of science and technology in the Ottoman context mirror approaches used in other settings, or does it reveal unique characteristics and dynamics that call for distinct theoretical frameworks, analytical categories, or even specialized terminology? How can we position the Ottoman case as more than a localized study? In what ways does Ottoman history inform and engage with larger historiographical trends and broader global movements in science and technology studies? This conference seeks to foster collective reflection on how studying science and technology in the Ottoman world offers insights that extend beyond the bounds of Ottoman studies and contribute to the “big picture.”

Abstract
This essay outlines a paradigm shift in human evolution: a Second Copernican Revolution that repositions humanity from the centre of the Biosphere to its integrated regulatory system. It introduces the Theory of Collective Mind (ToCM) as an evolutionary necessity catalyzed by artificial intelligence, reframing our species’ path from Homo sapiens to Homo cyber. Grounded in philosophical, developmental, and ecological insights, the text argues for a reintegration of the Anthroposphere into the Biosphere via planetary cognition and collective awareness. Figures and metaphors—from Joël de Rosnay’s Macroscope to Peanuts cartoons—illustrate the urgency and coherence of this evolutionary call.

Plague, malaria and demographics in past Italy: recent acquisitions and open problems

With this short essay, the author intended in the first place to reconsider the bibliography that testifies to the debate of recent decades, in the historical context, about the nature of the great plague epidemics, highlighting the value of the most innovative researches regarding the possible different modalities of transmission of Yersinia pestis. The article also tried to summarize, and to expose in a language accessible even to non-specialists of the subject, the path of research in the field of microbiology that has allowed, in the last two decades, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of pathogenic germs (starting from that of the plague) and to clarify many questions that historians had not answered. Finally, the last paragraph of the paper mentions the importance that even endemic diseases (starting from tuberculosis and malaria) have had in influencing, in the long term, the evolution of the Italian population, and also underlines the lack of studies that allow reliable estimates, for the past centuries, of the mortality caused by these pathologies.