Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor

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1. Bildiri Metni Başlığı: İçerikle uyumlu ve konuyu kapsayan bir başlık olmalı ve koyu harflerle 14 punto yazılmalıdır. Bildiri başlığı en fazla 12 kelimeden oluşmalıdır. Yazar(lar)ın ad(lar)ı ve soyad(lar)ı, başlığa eklenen bir dipnotla verilmeli; aşağıdaki şekilde unvan, görev yapılan kurum, iletişim, e-posta adresi ve ORCID numarası belirtilmelidir.

This is a PPT of an online lecture that took place at an international conference on Roman and Byantine bone objects on 14th of May, 2025 on Zoom. In this brief contribution several previously unpublished or less-known Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Post-Medieval bone and mother-of-pearl objects and their depictions from Turkish museums are analysed. These finds are ranging from the third century BC to the Late Ottoman period, and most of them are of funerary character.

1. Bildiri Metni Başlığı: İçerikle uyumlu ve konuyu kapsayan bir başlık olmalı ve koyu harflerle 14 punto yazılmalıdır. Bildiri başlığı en fazla 12 kelimeden oluşmalıdır. Yazar(lar)ın ad(lar)ı ve soyad(lar)ı, başlığa eklenen bir dipnotla verilmeli; aşağıdaki şekilde unvan, görev yapılan kurum, iletişim, e-posta adresi ve ORCID numarası belirtilmelidir.

“LUZAGA: En el día que nacieron los cielos” es una extensión o digamos “separata” del trabajo de investigación “Cómo descifré la lengua ibérica – Celtibérica” de Enrique Cabrejas. En este nuevo estudio se adentra en profundos asuntos específicos de la Hermenéutica ibérica que encierra el Bronce celtíbero de Luzaga y que nunca fueron abordados ni estudiados con anterioridad. Pone de manifiesto cuestiones sorprendentes e insospechadas de la inédita herencia subyacente transmitida desde la liturgia helenística a la posterior cristiana. Las comparativas entre helenismo y cristianismo que todavía estando presentes y fosilizadas, han pasado inadvertidas hasta la actualidad.

In this study, an eagle figurine from Burdur Museum will be examined. It was purchased by the museum authorities in 1975 and recorded in the museum inventory. The figurine is made of silver alloy. It was produced with mold technique. In addition, wire, granulation and engraving technique were used. It was defined as a gold medallion eagle figurine due to the gold ornamentation on it. The eagle figurines are one of the leading artifacts of art of the Roman Empire.They were theologically accepted with various mystical rituals and ideologically became the symbol of political and military power. Their purposes of use changed accordingly and they were used as cult objects, military symbols, grave gifts, furniture and ornaments or accessories belonging to an object. Findings such as melted metal residue and solder marks indicating that the Burdur Museum example was belongs to an object indicate that the figurine is part of an object. The twisted square gold wire wrapping the body of the figurine like an ornament, the serpent soldered to the gold wire on the chest and the ram figure between its claws are the most important defining characteristics that distinguish our work from existing eagle figurines. At the same time, this figurine is a rare example where eagle-serpent-ram figures are defined as a group of works and form a common composition. Another distinguishing feature is that the eagle figurine is made of silver alloy and decorated with gold alloy ornaments. The stylistic and technical features of the figurine provide a historical standard for displaying the craftsmanship of the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Period. This study initially gives information regarding the defining, technical and iconographic features of the figurine. Secondly, a proposal for its date is presented by an analogical and typological assessment utilizing comparative examples of the figurine.

This is the abstract of an online lecture at the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences at Kraków, Poland, on 24th of June 2025.
In this brief contribution several previously unpublished or less-known grave and votive monuments are analysed which were inscribed in ancient Greek and Old Aramaic and were found in four cities of southeastern and eastern Turkey. These monuments are ranging from the third century AD to the Late Byzantine period, and most of them are of funerary character. Through this material group one gains new insights about the historical and social background of the peripherial area in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.

This is a bibliographical list of the bone object finds in Anatolia until the year 2015 where all field reports concerning the worked bone finds from Asia Minor between the fourth century BC and seventh century AD were collected. Although a large number of bone objects has been found in excavations and is preserved in museums in Turkey, research concerning them has so far been limited. Only few Greek, Roman and Byzantine bone objects from, among others (in an alphabetical order) Ephesus, Sagalassus and Smyrna as well as museum collections have been thoroughly studied and published. Otherwise, there is little else than brief notes on scattered examples discovered during excavations, field surveys and rescue operations in various parts of Turkey reported in four archaeological periodicals, mostly without any illustration or detailed information (see Table 1 below). In these preliminary studies some of the bone objects have been dated erroneously, their association with grave goods was not reported, and so far no typology has been established. In addition, the issues related to their function, production, distribution and chronology have not been taken sufficiently into account. A comprehensive study covering all the finds of bone objects in Anatolia has not been carried out, and very little archaeometric research have been undertaken.
In this bibliographical study, the data concerning the Greek, Roman and Byzantine worked bone finds from excavations, field surveys and rescue excavations in Turkey were obtained from four Turkish periodicals (Table 1) which are the official annual reports of the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, a subdivision belonging to the Turkish Ministery of Culture and Tourism. These periodicals are ‘Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of excavations) from 1979 to the present, ‘Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of archaeological field surveys) from 1983 to the present, and ‘Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of museum work and rescue excavations; see ‘Abbreviations’ below) from 1990 and 2001 to the present, all three of which are available online on the website of the Turkish General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.
The object of this bibliographical corpus is to compile all the find evidence for this material group in one Mediterranean landscape and to create a base for future research. The list consists of the find spots of each find, their find year, context, number, typologies and finally dating according to their publishers. A find number for each find is given in the left-hand column. Each bibliographical entry is accompanied by an acronymous reference at the end.

While in Classical and Early Hellenistic times the sculptors working in Knidos came in general from Athens, the artists of the later periods, as we learn from their signatures, came from very different regions. Some of them, like the Chiotian family of Zenodotos and his son Menippos settled in the city and the grandson finally got the citizenship of Knidos. In this time, the sculptors worked sometimes in cooperation on the same project as on the altar of Apollon Karneios where at least three signatures remained (Zenodotos the Jounger, Theon and Boulis). The figures of the frieze show clear affinities to Rhodian sculptures. This is of a certain importance because all the statues of the signed bases are missing and we have no idea about the style of the sculptors. However, one of the sculptors of the altar (Theon) worked also in Rhodes and received even the citizenship of the island. Once again, the close relationship of these two states can be documented and beside this, the global connections between the workshops in Hellenistic times can be recorded.

The urns possess considerable significance in ancient Roman funerary practices and, more broadly, in Roman culture. They function not only as containers for preserving the ashes of the deceased but also as essential symbols in the commemoration of the dead. It is noteworthy, however, that glass, one of the most prevalent materials utilized during the Roman Imperial period, is rarely identified in urn production, whereas terracotta urns are ubiquitous. This scarcity complicates efforts to ascertain the demographic distinctions associated with these vessels, including factors such as gender, age, and social status, as well as variations in the geographical distribution of finds. Furthermore, most glass urns documented in contemporary literature originate from museum and private collections, where their provenance and chronological context remain ambiguous. Additionally, anthropological and archaeometric studies have not been conducted on these artifacts, leaving their origins largely indeterminate. This study aims to evaluate the role of these urns within the context of funerary practices by examining existing literature on Roman Imperial glass urns and addressing the aforementioned questions.

1. Bildiri Metni Başlığı: İçerikle uyumlu ve konuyu kapsayan bir başlık olmalı ve koyu harflerle 14 punto yazılmalıdır. Bildiri başlığı en fazla 12 kelimeden oluşmalıdır. Yazar(lar)ın ad(lar)ı ve soyad(lar)ı, başlığa eklenen bir dipnotla verilmeli; aşağıdaki şekilde unvan, görev yapılan kurum, iletişim, e-posta adresi ve ORCID numarası belirtilmelidir.

2023 yılı çalışmaları 4 bölgede yoğunlaşmıştır. Çalışma alanını Simav'ın batısı, Simav Gölü havzası, Simav'ın kuzeyi ve Simav'ın kuzeybatısı arasında kalan bölge oluşturmuştur. Aşağıda yer alan tabloda (Tablo: 1) gidilen yerler bölgelere göre verilmiştir (Resim: 1). Alanda toplamda 30 eser devşirme olarak veya yerleşim içinde serbest durur vaziyette tespit edilmiş ve eser kayıt listesine kaydedilmiştir.

This paper investigates the economic aspects of slavery in the ancient Greco-Roman world. Existing evidence reveals significant variation in the relative cost of slaves compared to unskilled wages: it appears that at different times and places, a typical slave could be purchased for prices equivalent to wages paid from 150 to 1000 days of unskilled labor. To explain this great disparity, we develop a principal-agent model that predicts the return on slaves relative to wages, which varies as a function of the prevalence of slavery in the labor force. This model implies that slavery may have increased aggregate labor productivity by reallocating workers from less productive to more productive regions within the Greco-Roman world.

Nicola Francesco Ippolito Baldassarre Rosellini (1800-1843), considered to be the father of Italian Egyptological studies, had wide interests spanning from Oriental languages (Coptic, Hebrew, Arabic) to Archaeology, from History to Numismatics. This paper discusses Ippolito Rosellini’s numismatic manuscript notes which have hitherto not received the attention they deserve. As Jean-François Champollion’s notes, Rosellini’s notes mirror his interest in Islamic numismatics. Beyond reproducing the contents of some of the major catalogues of Arabic coin collections in Italy – such as the Borgia, Nani and Majnoni collections – Rosellini had some competence in reading Arabic legends on coins. In an unpublished manuscript he identified a group of coins that he took to be Turkish; these are examined in the present article in the context of the 19th-century Oriental and numismatic studies in Italy and Europe. The correspondence of private collectors, such as Onofrio Bonghi (1780-18??), and the archives of academics, such as Joachim Lelewel (1786-1861), offer an interesting frame in which considering Rosellini numismatic interest for Arabic coins. The numismatic material, labelled by Rosellini as Monete Turche, is identified, and an edition of his notes is provided in the Appendix. However, not all the coins in Rosellini’s notes were struck by Ottoman sultans – some of them belong to different dynasties

recueil Forgerons, élites et voyageurs d'Homère à nos jours est un hommage rendu à la mémoire d'Isabelle Ratinaud-Lachkar, dont les publications portaient sur les métaux et leurs usages dans les sociétés grecques de la période géométrique. Élue membre junior de l'Institut universitaire de France en novembre 2008, elle avait présenté dans son dossier de candidature plusieurs thématiques de recherche développées dans le présent ouvrage. L'introduction de ce volume coordonné par Marie-Claude Ferriès, Maria Paola Castiglioni et Françoise Létoublon, souligne l'intérêt de la méthode qu'elle avait adoptée en combinant les approches de l'archéologue, de l'historien et de l'historiographe, pour suivre la piste des métaux et interroger, chemin faisant, les élites et les échanges culturels. Les chercheurs à l'origine des vingt-trois chapitres qui composent ce volume, se réclament de cette pluridisciplinarité.

Osmanlı Dönemi öncesine kadar; gerek Müslüman, gerekse gayrimüslim devletler arasında sürekli el değiştiren Gaziantep şehri, Osmanlı dönemi ile birlikte bayındır bir hale gelmiştir. Kent, genelde devletlerin sınır şehri olarak kalmış, Osmanlı döneminde istikrarın sağlanmasıyla birlikte, gelişerek önem kazanmıştır. Gaziantep’in gelişmesi ve zenginleşmesi, mimari eserlere doğrudan etki etmiş, özellikle il merkezinin cami, medrese, han, hamam gibi yapılarla donatılmasına mahal vermiştir.
Gaziantep Türk-İslam Mimarisi adlı tezimizde, Gaziantep il merkezi, ilçeleri ve köylerinde yer alan, Türk-İslam mimari eserleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı dönemi öncesindeki eserlerin çoğunun tarihi, net olarak bilinmemektedir. Gaziantep’teki en erken tarihli yapının Hz. Ömer dönemine kadar gittiği söylense de bu gerçekle pek bağdaşmamaktadır. İncelediğimiz yapıların tarih aralığı, 12. yy.’la 20. yy.’ın ilk çeyreği arasındadır. Bu geniş zaman diliminde konumuz kapsamındaki 115 eserden; 42’si cami, 6’sı mescit, 1’i zaviye, 1’i imaret, 2’si medrese, 2’si mektep, 6’sı türbe, 11’i hamam, 7’si çeşme, 6’sı kastel, 7’si köprü, 21’i han, 2’si bedesten 1’i kaledir.
Özgünlüğünü büyük ölçüde koruyarak gelen 115 yapının yanı sıra, çeşitli sebeplerle tamamen ortadan kaldırılmış veya orijinalliği tamamen kaybetmiş bir o kadar da yapı bulunmaktadır. Yapıların günümüze gelememesinin sebepleri arasında; deprem, yangın gibi doğal afetler; bilinçsiz onarımlar ve rant uğruna bilinçli şekilde yıkımları sayabiliriz. Bunların yanında, kuşkusuz en büyük sebep ise Gaziantep’in Kurtuluş Harbi’dir. Mimari eserlerin büyük çoğunluğu bu harpte yara almış veya yıkılmıştır. Şehrin çeşitli yerlerindeki bazı mimari eserlerde, hala savaşın izlerini görmek mümkündür. Mimari eserler, günümüzde bu izleri gazilik nişanı olarak gururla taşımaktadır.
İslam’ın Anadolu’ya yayılmasıyla birlikte, bölgeyi elinde tutan Zengiler, Eyyubiler ve Memlukler; hem Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinin bir kısmında, hem de Gaziantep’te bir takım mimari miraslar bırakmıştır. Bu devletlerden kalan miras, bölgedeki Beylikler ve Osmanlı mimari eserlerini de etkilemiş ve yörede şahsına münhasır bir üslup oluşmuştur. Payitaht’tan uzak olan Gaziantep’te, doğrudan Osmanlı etkisiyle yapılmış mimari eser, bir elin parmaklarını geçmez. Gaziantep’in kendine özgü üslubu, her yapı türünde kendini göstermektedir. Elbette bunda Gaziantep’in yerel banilerinin, mimarlarının ve ustalarının da katkıları vardır.
Bu çalışmamız ile Gaziantep’in maddi kültürel değerlerine ve mimari mirasının zenginliğine bir nebze katkı sağladığımız inancındayız. Yapıların birçoğunun tarihi, banisi, mimarı ve ustası bilinmemektedir. Buna rağmen elimizden geldiğince, elde ettiğimiz veriler ışığında, yapılar değerlendirilmeye ve tarihlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Şüphesiz ilerde bulunacak yeni verilerle birlikte, karanlık olan bilgiler aydınlığa kavuşacaktır. Bu uğurda gelecek araştırmacılara, küçük de olsa bir katkımız olacağı inancıyla çalışmamızı sunuyoruz.

Die Ruinen und Höhlenklöster in den Oasenstätten entlang der „Nördlichen Seidenstraße“ in der heutigen autonomen Provinz Xinjiang im Nordwesten Chinas repräsentieren bedeutende Zeugnisse buddhistischen Kunst- und Kulturschaffens im östlichen Zentralasien. In diesen architektonischen Kontexten entstanden zwischen dem 4. und 14. Jahrhundert u. Z.
farbenprächtige Wandmalereien und Lehmskulpturen von hoher künstlerischer Qualität. Forschungsexpeditionen zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts führten zur Überführung zahlreicher dieser Objekte in verschiedene Sammlungen weltweit, wobei der umfangreichste Bestand der bislang weitgehend unerforschten Skulpturen heute im Museum für Asiatische Kunst in Berlin
verwahrt wird.
Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht erstmals systematisch diesen Bestand von etwa 700 buddhistischen Lehmskulpturen hinsichtlich ihrer Materialien und Herstellungstechniken. Methodisch basiert die Arbeit auf dem Konzept der materialbasierten Evidenz, das das Material selbst als Informationsträger versteht und dadurch traditionelle kunsthistorische
Forschungsansätze erweitert. Durch die Identifizierung und vergleichende Analyse lokaler Werkstattmuster eröffnet die Studie neue Perspektiven für die Erforschung transregionaler Verbindungen und der geografisch weitreichenden Entwicklung künstlerischen Wissens.
Das Forschungsvorhaben liefert drei zentrale Ergebnisse: Erstens einen umfassenden Objektkatalog aller inventarisierten Skulpturenfragmente; zweitens eine systematische Untersuchung der materiellen und herstellungstechnischen Aspekte inklusive ästhetischer Einflüsse, ergänzt durch Vergleichsobjekte aus verschiedenen Sammlungen; drittens die Überprüfung aktueller Forschungsansätze zur Ausbreitung des Buddhismus, die dynamische Interaktionen und Austauschbeziehungen über geografische und kulturelle Grenzen hinweg in den künstlerischen Ausdrucksformen bestätigt.
Die Arbeit trägt somit wesentlich zur Analyse der Wechselwirkungen verschiedener kultureller Einflüsse entlang der antiken Seidenstraße bei, indem sie den künstlerisch-handwerklichen Wissenstransfer beleuchtet und Licht auf einen bisher blinden Fleck in der Zentralasienforschung wirft. (Q: https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/vaa/forschung/qualifizierungsarbeiten/laufende-doktorarbeiten/Schmidt_-B_A_.html)

Although the Western Black Sea Region has not been suitable for settlement throughout history with its forested vegetation and mountainous geomorphology, archaeological research has revealed findings from the protohistoric period, especially in caves and a few mounds. Eskipazar district, which includes the Late Antique City of Hadrianopolis, was also interesting in terms of settlement in the protohistoric period with its rich water resources, wood raw materials, copper and precious stones. This is how the idea of investigating Eskipazar villages with an intensive survey based on the protohistoric findings from the Hadrianopolis excavations was born, and EPYA officially started in 2024.

In the first season, various findspots were revealed. In Eskipazar District, black-slipped and red-slipped, brightly polished and hand-made Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age pottery, incised-decorated Bronze Age spindle whorls, obsidian and flint-basedstone tools and flake residues collected from these findspots were found. These findings update the knowledge that the oldest data for the archaeological history of this district belonged to the Late Antique period until the EPYA project started and constitute strong evidence for more reliable information that will be provided by a future excavation in the mounds or caves where.

Roma'da bir bürokratik yapının varlığından ancak Principatus dönemi itibariyle söz edilebilir. Bu, ilk imparator Augustus'un temellerini attığı bir yapıdır. İmparator Augustus, Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nden kalan magistra'lıkların görev tanımlarına yeni bir düzen vermiş, yeni bir memuriyet sistemi ve memurluk makamları kurmuştur. Bu kapsamda özellikle consilium princips, praefectus'lar ve imparatorluğa bağlı bürolar öne çıkmış, dönemin hukukçularının bu memuriyetlerde görevlendirildikleri görülmüştür. İmparator Hadrianus Dönemi'ne dek, yaklaşık olarak 144 yıl boyunca Augustus'un kurduğu sistem büyük bir değişim göstermemiş ancak gelişmiştir. İmparator Hadrianus ise bu sistemde önemli değişiklikler ve yenilikler yapmış, sisteme ileri bir yön vermiştir. İmparator Hadrianus Dönemi'nden İmparator Severus Alexander Dönemi sonuna dek devlet memurlukları oldukça gelişmiş, hukukçuların bu memurluklardaki etkinliği artmıştır. Böylece Klasik Dönem hukukçularının bürokratik yapı içindeki varlıkları Roma İmparatorluğu'nun hukukî ve idarî alanlarında önemli derecede etkili olmuştur. Hadrianus Dönemi'ne dek bürokraside yer alan hukukçuların Roma hukukunun gelişiminde oynadıkları önemli rol, Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nden Geç Principatus Dönemi denebilecek İmparator Hadrianus Dönemi'ni de içine alan zamana ait hukukun "hukukçuların hukuku" olarak tanımlanmasına yol açmıştır.

The natural rock on which the reliefs are located is constantly exposed to changing environmental influences, which makes it very challenging to study. There is a complex system of short-term and long-term changes in climate, nature and human activity interacting with the natural stone, the limestone surface. It is very important to understand the damage and change processes at work. The main damage factors identified were the influence of moisture and temperature, typical of karst weathering. Since the reliefs were created, the importance of these parameters has changed repeatedly. In conjunction with historical climate changes, the damage cause models lead to a clear chronology of the phenomena. Differences in the state of preservation of the reliefs, which are close together, can be explained by the microclimates, which differ significantly among themselves.  Previous theories of damage to the reliefs presumably caused by humans have thus been refuted.
The investigations made it clear that protective measures for particularly endangered areas of the reliefs are necessary but only possible and sensible to a limited extent. Preventive protective measures must be very carefully considered and, if implemented at all, only with great restraint. In the best case, a slowdown in decay can be achieved.

Nous pouvons supposer qu’après le traumatisme provoqué par la Grande Révolte contre Rome, les soubresauts de l’insurrection de Ben Cosba (Bar Kokhba), la Révolte de la Diaspora et la désillusion causée par un Messie qui n’arrive pas engendrèrent de graves répercussions, et notamment une crise théologique, similaire à celle vécue par les Judéens après la prise de Jérusalem par les Babyloniens.
Ce bouleversement eschatologique a eu un impact déterminant sur l’histoire des Judéens, marquant leur destin jusqu’au début de la diffusion du Talmud vers le XIIe siècle. L’iconographie de cette époque en témoigne : on retrouve des images frappantes dans les lieux de culte, les bains, les pièces de monnaie et les inscriptions, révélant une population judéenne ayant adopté des pratiques polythéistes et coutumes hellénistiques. Cette tendance se manifeste notamment par la présence de divinités grecques figurant sur les mosaïques des synagogues.
Parallèlement, de nombreux indices dans le Talmud suggèrent que les Sages ont cherché à composer avec ces pratiques polythéistes, préférant s’accommoder à la réalité de leur époque plutôt que d’imposer un dogme rigide.

The transition of power from Traian to Hadrian in August 117 AD has been a matter of controversial debate, as it was not clear if Hadrian was indeed adopted by Traian before Traian’s death. Hadrian’s adoption as Caesar during Traian’s life time is strongly supported by new numismatic evidence here discussed. Very rare aurei issued by Traianshow Hadrian as Caesar on the reverse. Known from initially only a single aureus lost in Paris at the theft of 1831, two more aurei of the same dies have become available for
analysis. Most importantly these coins show the earliest portrait of Hadrian, as there are no earlier coins nor dated sculpture of Hadrian. Portrait sculpture and coins of Hadrian as Augustus are amongst the most common of any Roman emperor. On coins Hadrian’s portrait types from his accession to the throne from mid August 117 AD to late 117 AD show him with curly ‚anulus‘ hair and a partial beard with free chin (type I), from
late 117 AD till early 118 AD with curly ‚anulus‘ hair but full beard (type II). After 118 AD Hadrian’s portraits on coins and in sculpture fall into a group III with wavy ‚coma in gradus formata‘ type hairstyle and short full beard, without signs of aging. Seven subtypes of group III have been identified in sculpture, mainly through different front hair lock patterns. An additional juvenile Hadrian portrait ‚delta omikron‘ has been identified on rare aurei after 129 AD, with curly ‚anulus‘ hair and a juvenile partial beard (see
here figure 1 a). The three Hadrian Caesar aurei show Hadrian in portrait type I. As there are no earlier coins of Hadrian during Traian’s lifetime, portrait type I must have been newly developed for these coins of Hadrian Caesar (figures 1 b–d), and was then continued into Hadrian’s first emissions as Augustus. An obverse die of regular make for late Traianic emissions was combined here with a newly made reverse die dedicated
to Hadrian Caesar. These aurei were likely minted in the East close to Hadrian who was governor of Syria in Antioch at the time and rapidly needed coins with his image to satisfy the expectations of his troops. The hypothesis of an Eastern mint is supported by multiple facts. Firstly, a rapid development of the new portrait type without delays was only possible in the East where Hadrian was, while Rome was almost 3000 km away. Also there are features of the Hadrian Caesar aurei that deviate from the usual Roman mint practice: The aurei were minted with an axis of 7 o’clock different from the usual 6 o’clock for the mint of Rome at that time. In addition, the reverse die for Hadrian shows multiple lines and hatching in the field not usual for aurei of the Rome mint. Also the reverse legend HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI is not in the order one would have expected in Rome for an adoption (rather it should be Traianus Hadrianus). Further support for the Eastern mint hypothesis comes from a single tridrachmon also showing Hadrian as Caesar minted close to Antioch in the Cilician port city of Aigeai. It uses the same new portrait type I, and is dated between November 116 – November117 AD. (figure 1 e). In summary, these exceptional coins were issued in the East shortly before Hadrian was proclaimed Augustus by his troops. Due to the rapid decline of
Traian’s health, the adoption of Hadrian and its announcement had to be accelerated resulting in a small emission with the newly designed portrait type I. This Hadrian Caesar emission was soon replaced by the following mass emissions of Hadrian as Augustus, issued once the troops in Syria had proclaimed him as ruler on August 11, 117 AD.

The eight contributions examine the economic impact of the inclusion of Asia Minor in the political space of the Roman Empire. Two themes are central to the investigation. On the one hand, the aim is to understand the mechanisms of the spread of imperial property on the basis of an extensive review of sources, in order to determine the extent to which the emperor had a policy of acquiring property in the region. On the other hand, case studies show the importance of Roman taxation and the needs of the army in restructuring the region's economic landscape.

https://publications.iaa.org.il/atiqot/vol117/iss1/5/

This paper provides an in-depth study of the burial practices of the Hellenistic polytheistic communities of the Southern Levant. It discusses the modes of burial via the available data and addresses anew the origin of the loculi-tomb type vis-à-vis the contemporary social background in light of recently published theories. In addition, Hellenistic-period funerary assemblages are discussed, relating to their composition, function and meaning in contemporary mortuary rituals and beliefs. The different funerary traditions and values of the cultures of the Hellenistic-period Southern Levant communities are considered, as well as the spatial location of the burial grounds, their economic status and, where available, their relation to a respective settlement. Changes and continuity were studied in relation to the preceeding Persian-period funerary culture to evaluate Hellenism in the region.

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Pour une e ´tude de l'engagement civique au xviii e sie `cle 1 L a manie `re traditionnelle d'envisager la question du pouvoir et de son exercice dans les villes de l'e ´poque moderne repose, en France, sur une opposition tre `s nette entre gouvernants et gouverne ´s 2 . Elle suit deux directions majeures 3 . La premie `re est celle de la description des institutions urbaines et surtout de la principale d'entre elles : le corps de ville et ses diffe ´rents rouages, dont les compe ´tences sont examine ´es et situe ´es dans une hie ´rarchie. La seconde est l'e ´tude, dans une optique prosopographique, des personnes engage ´es dans une institution donne ´e : une proce ´dure classique et e ´prouve ´e consiste alors a `faire la liste des membres de l'institution, de collecter un ensemble d'informations biographiques (comme, par exemple, l'a ˆge, la profession, le niveau de fortune, l'origine familiale, la re ´sidence, l'alphabe ´tisation), puis de conside ´rer a quelle date ils sont entre ´s dans le corps, a `quelle date ils en sont sortis et quelle carrie `re ils ont mene ´e en son sein. Il en re ´sulte un profil moyen des membres de l'institution a `l'aune duquel les chercheurs e ´valuent les trajectoires individuelles. Quartier libre 1 . Les de ´veloppements pre ´sente ´s ici sont issus de notre Habilitation a `Diriger des Recherches, Dynamiques sociales, dynamiques urbaines en Angleterre et en France au xviii e sie `cle, pre ´sente ´e en 2002. Une premie `re version en est parue sous le titre « Der Gemeinschaft dienen ? Politisches

Γ. Α. Λεβενιώτης, Ρωμανός Δ´ Διογένης, στο: Α. Γ. Κ. Σαββίδης (επιμ.), Νέο βιογραφικό λεξικό του Βυζαντίου. Τόμοι Δ´ και Ε´ / New Biographical Lexicon of Byzantium. Double Volume IV & V, Εκδόσεις ΠΑΠΑΖΗΣΗ ΑΕΒΕ, ISBN: 978-960-02-4491-5, Αθήνα 2025, σ. 776-815.

This particular study (lexicographical entry) examines in detail the life and reign of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes (1068-1071). Using the full range of available medieval Greek, Armenian, Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, Western Latin, Slavic, and other written sources (historiographical, hagiographical, codicological notes, etc.), in addition to numismatic, sigillographic, epigraphic, and other data, as well as almost the entire body of contemporary related literature, it seeks to reconstruct the period of governance of this specific ruler, primarily aiming to highlight lesser-known but significant aspects of his reign: e.g., the origins of this emperor (prosographical data, personal characteristics, family life, marriages and children, kinship ties, etc.), his broader political and military actions (e.g., previous activity in the Balkan region and its local historical traces/impact, rise to the throne, internal administrative measures, campaigns on the eastern border, etc.), the challenges he was forced to confront both abroad and domestically (intentions, goals, decisions, actions, diplomatic contacts, campaigns, and other military operations, etc.), his character and personality, his key decisions, his friendly and other personal relationships, the causes that led to catastrophic defeats (e.g., the Battle of Manzikert against the Seljuk Turks and his capture by Sultan Alp Arslan, loss of Italian territories to the Normans, etc.), the opinions contemporary individuals held about him, etc. Ultimately, a general combined assessment of all these aspects is provided, along with a brief summary of the modern perception of Romanos IV Diogenes as a historical figure.

Η συγκεκριμένη μελέτη (λεξικογραφικό λήμμα) εξετάζει λεπτομερώς το βίο και τη βασιλεία του Βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα Ρωμανού Δ´ Διογένη (1068-1071). Χρησιμοποιώντας το σύνολο των διαθέσιμων ελληνικών μεσαιωνικών, αρμενικών, συριακών, αραβικών, τουρκικών, δυτικών λατινικών, σλαβικών και λοιπών γραπτών πληροφοριών (ιστοριογραφικών, αγιολογικών, σημειωμάτων κωδίκων κλπ.), επιπρόσθετα νομισματικά, σφραγιστικά, λοιπά επιγραφικά και άλλα δεδομένα καθώς και το σύνολο σχεδόν της σύγχρονης σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας, επιχειρεί να ανασυνθέσει την περίοδο διακυβέρνησης του συγκεκριμένου ηγεμόνα, στοχεύοντας κυρίως στην ανάδειξη λιγότερο γνωστών αλλά σημαντικών πτυχών της τελευταίας: π.χ. της καταγωγής του συγκεκριμένου αυτοκράτορα (προσωπογραφικά, οικογενειακός βίος, συγγενικοί δεσμοί κλπ.), της ευρύτερης πολιτικής και στρατιωτικής δράσης του (π.χ. πρότερη δράση στο βαλκανικό χώρο και τοπικό ιστορικό ίχνος / αποτύπωμα αυτής, άνοδος στο θρόνο, εσωτερικά διοικητικά μέτρα, εκστρατείες στο ανατολικό σύνορο κλπ.), των προκλήσεων που ο ίδιος αναγκάστηκε να αντιμετωπίσει στο εξωτερικό και εσωτερικό πεδίο (προθέσεις, στόχοι, αποφάσεις, έργα, διπλωματικές επαφές, εκστρατείες και στρατιωτικές επιχειρήσεις κλπ.), του χαρακτήρα και της προσωπικότητάς του, των βασικών του επιλογών, των φιλικών και λοιπών ανθρώπινων επαφών του, των αιτιών που οδήγησαν σε καταστροφικές ήττες (μάχη Μαντζικέρτ εναντίον των Σελτζούκων Τούρκων και αιχμαλωσία του από τον σουλτάνο Alp Αrslan, απώλεια ιταλικών κτήσεων στους Νορμανδούς κλπ.), των γνωμών που είχαν για τον ίδιο οι σύγχρονοί του κλπ. Εν τέλει, παρέχεται μια γενική συνδυαστική αποτίμηση όλων των παραπάνω και εν συντομία η σύγχρονη πρόσληψη του Ρωμανού Διογένη ως ιστορικού προσώπου.

This is the slightly revised version of the lemma "God-fearers" that I wrote for he later completely revised edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (2012).
Unfortunately, the numbers of the endnotes disappeared miraculously in the transmission, but he notes are to be found after the bibliography.

Scopo di questo contributo è analizzare ‘le bruciature’ dell’ḥarga, la traversata del Mediterraneo compiuta da migranti privi di passaporto e di visto, con cui – appunto – si bruciano documenti e identità, frontiere e confini, come suggerisce l’etimo del verbo ḥaraqa, a partire da materiale etnografico raccolto “di prima mano”. ‘Sostare’ sulle storie di coloro che l’ḥarga l’hanno esperita e/o immaginata restituisce approcci innovativi e originali, sottraendo i protagonisti a stereotipi e semplificazioni, in cui emergono ambizioni personali e desiderio di cambiamento enfatizzati dalle disillusioni post-Primavera e da una condizione di stagnazione dei “giovani”, sfiduciati verso il futuro tunisino. Al contempo, rivela come i vissuti siano ampiamente permeati dalle disuguaglianze a livello geopolitico tra Nord e Sud globali. In una pluralità di atteggiamenti, significati non univoci nelle percezioni e nelle valenze morali, verso le quali gli stessi soggetti si consegnano a una ambivalenza in cui stigma e discolpa si pongono in rapporto dialettico, l’ḥarga permette di sfuggire alla procrastinazione dell’incertezza e dell’avvilimento e di sfidare lo stato normativo dell’immobilità dovuto alla costruzione di illegalità e illegittimità