History

Linguistic structures can contribute different types of meaning alongside standard assertions, such as conventional implicatures and presuppositions, which have long been described as being non-at-issue meaning contributions. Although information status has long been handled as a binary opposition between non-at-issue and at-issue content, recent research suggests that a gradient approach may be more appropriate. Building on new – and in the formal linguistic framework so far mostly neglected – data targeting spoken and gestural iconicity, specifically iconic gestures and ideophones, this paper investigates the information status of such iconic contributions in spoken language and suggests a new theoretical concept of at-issueness by spelling it out as a gradient category. The paper highlights a range of factors which can affect the information status of iconic contributions, proposing a scale for iconic phenomena based on these factors. To formally model this scale, we propose an a...

La cuenca del lago Cuitzeo presenta tipos de cobertura arbórea y arbustiva de alta importancia ecológica que a través del tiempo han sido fragmentadas a causa de la presión antrópica. Este estudio provee un análisis del cambio en la conectividad estructural de la cuenca del lago Cuitzeo, Michoacán entre 1975 y 2008. Se utilizaron mapas de cobertura de los años 1975, 1996, 2000, 2003 y 2008. En cada año de estudio se aplicaron métricas de composición, confi guración, aislamiento y conectividad en el nivel de clase y se llevó a cabo el análisis comparativo. Las coberturas de tipo arbóreo y arbustivo presentaron una conectividad estructural baja en contraste con las coberturas de origen antrópico las cuales dominaron el paisaje a través del tiempo. Se discuten los cambios en la conectividad estructural y la fragmentación y sus implicaciones para el manejo del paisaje y la conservación de la biodiversidad en esta región. Palabras clave: Métricas del paisaje, fragmentación, cambio del paisaje, cobertura arbórea y arbustiva.

THE MEDIEVAL MONASTIC movement preserved and developed reading practiceslectio-from ancient Greek pedagogy as a slow, mindful approach to reading for formation. This ancient way of reading, now better known as lectio divina, challenges the fast, pragmatic reading so characteristic of our time. We propose that the present moment may be ripe for educators to appropriate again lectio-style reading as an educational counterpart to the Slow Movement, whose growth in recent decades may indicate cultural openness to the recovery of more reflective and located practice. We begin by noting tendencies in the academy and the culture as a whole that indicate the need for slower, more thoughtful reading. We then note the attention that several authors have recently paid to reading with attention and thoughtfulness. After reviewing the elements and purposes of lectio divina, we provide brief narratives of our own attempts to implement and assess more thoughtful reading practices in education and Bible courses, suggesting ways that others might realize more fully the principles of slow reading in their courses.

0 pirates, yes they rob L• sold I to the merchant ships, minutes after they took I from the bottomless pit. But my hand was made strong by the hand of the Almighty. Triumphantly we forward in this generation. Wont you help to sing these songs of freedom? 'cause all I ever have: redemption songs, redemption songs. me might recognize the epigraph as a lyric from the singer Bob Marley. rt of its pleasure lies in hearing the singer's story as we track changes the song's point of view. The singer tells of being trapped into slav-' shifting perspective to sing of a freedom by direct divine action. His rrative enables a white middle class professional person of privilege-.e-to understand the narrator as singer of liberatory songs, in a vocan of encouragement, of hope, and dare I say, of giving glory to his god. As leader of the final year required course in worldview at a liberal ts university, I (Ted) encourage students to move their hard-won acamic knowledge into a larger framework of meaningfulness. For Chrisstudents of education, the movement takes the shape of realizing newfound knowledge is not neutral but must be used consciously for ~he Lord in each classroom setting. For non-Christian student teachers, or not-alert Christian students, this movement of academic knowledge to a larger framework of meaningfulness involves realizing that their

This index includes book reviews that appeared between 2011 and 2014 in four different journals that focus on Christian views of education at all levels, the place of religion-especially Christian faith-in education, and the roles of Christian educators in elementary, secondary and higher education, both public and church-related. The journals are these:

This book is an essential collection addressing key challenges in studying violent extremism. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, terrorism literature has expanded, aiming to understand, prevent, and predict evolving threats. However, early research often lacked academic rigor and empirical depth. As the field has developed, more thorough studies have appeared, but the focus is often reactive, centered on recent attacks and ideological waves, and tends to remain isolated from other disciplines. The urgent need for policy relevance has limited deep theoretical exploration. Despite these challenges, valuable contributions have come from criminology, psychology, sociology, social psychology, and communications theory. Yet, sociological theory is still underused in terrorism studies. This book highlights the importance of a sociological approach to understanding violent extremism. It promotes using established theoretical frameworks to gain deeper insights into the social dynamics of these phenomena. The book features interdisciplinary case studies and theoretical developments, showing the value of sociological perspectives in addressing current issues in violent extremism. The book aims to provide researchers with a theoretical “toolbox” that can be deployed in their own work, encouraging the use of sociological theories to improve the understanding of violent extremism and develop effective countermeasures. It emphasizes viewing violent extremism as a result of complex social processes embedded in societal structures.

ABSTRAK Ahmad Amirul Wildan. Nilai-nilai Pendidikan Akhlak dalam Kitab Al-Ḥikam dan Relevansinya dengan Era Pendidikan 4.0. Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Agama Islam Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2019. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah salah satu tujuan pendidikan nasional adalah membentuk akhlak yang mulia. Sehingga menjadi sangat penting adanya pendidikan akhlak untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang mempunyai akhlak mulia. Salah satu kitab zaman dahulu yang masih dikaji hingga sekarang dan dianggap masih relevan dengan segala zaman adalah kitab Al-Ḥikam. Kitab ini sudah dikaji oleh beberapa pihak, tetapi pengkajian yang ada masih ada celah, yaitu belum ada yang menjelaskan bagaimana nilai-nilai pendidikan akhlak yang ada di dalamnya bisa diimplementasikan dalam kehidupan sehar-hari dan masih sesuai dengan era baru yaitu era revolusi industri 4.0. Era ini oleh para ahli pendidikan dinamai dengan era pendidikan 4.0, dimana era ini berbeda dengan era...

wake of the Afghan war, on the other. Throughout, there remains a vision of Islam as far less of an autonomous force in driving Pakistan's history than a language manipulated by a range of competing international powers and internal groups. Jalal takes us beneath the well-known headlines on key events in Pakistan to provide insight into underlying conflicts and causes. If there is a significant limitation in the book, it is that its narrative is a relentlessly political one, with an overwhelming focus on the Pakistani state as the fulcrum for understanding Pakistan's history. This is not to say that Jalal ignores social and cultural history entirely. There are brief forays into popular culture and the arts, and a recognition, as she states in her epilogue, that the story of Pakistan's "dynamism" in a number of cultural fields, including "the creative arts," is critical to taking stock of the country's recent history. She also notes briefly the important changes being wrought by economic and cultural globalization, and by twenty-first-century transformations in the media and in popular communications. "The burgeoning of a popular culture in the midst of state-sponsored Islamization and terrorism," she thus notes, is one of Pakistan's most "remarkable" modern feats (p. 393). But neither the arts, nor "popular culture," nor changing social and economic structures, nor even popular religion are subjected to the sort of analysis that would be necessary to significantly integrate these realms into Jalal's larger narrative. Her overall assessment of Pakistan's story thus remains firmly cast within the frame of a largely statist (and geopolitical) narrative and the themes that have shaped it. It is in this context that her attempts at the end of the book to take stock of Pakistan's history-and to find some limited cause for optimism about its future-are constrained. The future prognosis for Pakistan, she declares in a striking circumlocution, "is not altogether hopeless" (p. 390). But she is able to offer relatively little concrete ground for speculation on new trajectories for Pakistan's history, precisely because the originality of her insights on Pakistan's early history are not matched by insights on its recent developments. While she effectively calls into question the journalistic conception of Pakistan as nothing but "an Islamic killing field" (p. 1), the book hardly offers a blueprint for a new, interpretive historiography of Pakistan. But her book will nevertheless take its place as one of the most readable narrative overviews of Pakistan's history that we have.

Dream of Murder": The Fall of Robespierre and the Tragic Imagination ROBESPIERRE. What! did th'assassin's dagger aim its point Vain, as a dream of murder, at my bosom? -Coleridge & Southey, The Fall of Robespierre i.ii.6-7 (1794) T HIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A LARGER STUDY OF THE RAPID AND TURBULENT metamorphosis of the dramatic imagination during the period of the French Revolution.* Within that study, this work explores one crucial moment in that transformation: the immediate impact of the Revolution upon the dramatic imagination of British romanticism. Much very useful work has been done to understand that impact.

As the aim of that paper was to stimulate new ideas and questions about melodrama, its place in modern drama, and its role in modern culture, my talk was general and speculative, and its use of examples suggestive rather than definitive. As the aim of this essay is the same, I have preserved the primary text of that talk as much as possible, with every expectation-or rather every hope-that its shortcomings and vagaries, if now more glaring, might prove useful to current thought and debate. Significant changes are few: I have adapted the opening, appended a few notes, and added one brief reading to illustrate the argument.

Dream of Murder": The Fall of Robespierre and the Tragic Imagination ROBESPIERRE. What! did th'assassin's dagger aim its point Vain, as a dream of murder, at my bosom? -Coleridge & Southey, The Fall of Robespierre i.ii.6-7 (1794) T HIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A LARGER STUDY OF THE RAPID AND TURBULENT metamorphosis of the dramatic imagination during the period of the French Revolution.* Within that study, this work explores one crucial moment in that transformation: the immediate impact of the Revolution upon the dramatic imagination of British romanticism. Much very useful work has been done to understand that impact.

As the aim of that paper was to stimulate new ideas and questions about melodrama, its place in modern drama, and its role in modern culture, my talk was general and speculative, and its use of examples suggestive rather than definitive. As the aim of this essay is the same, I have preserved the primary text of that talk as much as possible, with every expectation-or rather every hope-that its shortcomings and vagaries, if now more glaring, might prove useful to current thought and debate. Significant changes are few: I have adapted the opening, appended a few notes, and added one brief reading to illustrate the argument.

The Butler movie explored discrimination between white and black people that created  social  grade  which  lead to the conflict.  This became  a very interesting one to explore. The purpose of this study was to find more about the  racism  in  such  movie.  The  researcher  used  a  qualitative  descriptive method,  and  the  research  material  was  a dialogue  from  the  movie  "The Butler". The analyse was done by using the theory of racism, "three types of racism”, Michel Wieviorka (1995). The dialogue of the movie accompanied by picture as the sample of the data in analysis done by contextually and theoritically. The result of the study showed attitudes racism was the most prevalent, which means there are discriminations occured to black people in The  Butler  movie.  Attitudes  is  a  pattern  of  thinking  or  feeling  about something or someone, generally represented in a person's behavior. While prejudice and opinions racism are the most rarely occured i...

The Butler movie explored discrimination between white and black people that created  social  grade  which  lead to the conflict.  This became  a very interesting one to explore. The purpose of this study was to find more about the  racism  in  such  movie.  The  researcher  used  a  qualitative  descriptive method,  and  the  research  material  was  a dialogue  from  the  movie  "The Butler". The analyse was done by using the theory of racism, "three types of racism”, Michel Wieviorka (1995). The dialogue of the movie accompanied by picture as the sample of the data in analysis done by contextually and theoritically. The result of the study showed attitudes racism was the most prevalent, which means there are discriminations occured to black people in The  Butler  movie.  Attitudes  is  a  pattern  of  thinking  or  feeling  about something or someone, generally represented in a person's behavior. While prejudice and opinions racism are the most rarely occured i...

El presente trabajo de investigacion analiza la pintura amazonica actual en las ciudades de Iquitos, Pucallpa, Pevas y Pucaurquillo en el Amazonas peruano; incluye una recopilacion de pintores en la selva amazonica en los ultimos diez anos con un analisis de su trabajo artistico, sus biografias y parte de sus pinturas. El trabajo inicia con una contextualizacion historica y geografica de la region amazonica, luego hay una aproximacion historica a pintores amazonicos que han producido obra artistica en la region desde finales del siglo XIX y durante el siglo XX, para terminar con una clasificacion de grupos de pintores que realizan pintura amazonica popular urbana en la actualidad en la region amazonica en Peru.

The article carries out an approach to some theoretical positions that draw near cultural studies, cultural history and its relationship with plastic and visual arts, in the historiographical analysis of contemporary thinkers that undertake trans-disciplinary looks, to elaborate new theories that sustain index research in plastic and visual arts.

My research examines Dante's engagement with the traditions regarding collective memory in medieval Florence. In particular, it investigates the ways in which Dante responds to public and private attempts at forging both individual and collective identity in Florence. Selecting key chronicles, inscriptions and visual sources alluded to in the Commedia, the implications of Dante's representation in terms of his ideological response are then extensively discussed.After introducing the central passages from the Commedia relevant to my project and a review of selected secondary literature on Dante and history, the dissertation introduces the Medieval Latin Chronica de origine civitatis florentiae as Dante's most important source regarding his city's foundation. In so doing, the textual readings are informed by the formation and control of memory, history and identity in historical context. Building on Dante's reliance on the Chronica, the dissertation reveals the con...

The world of an organizational culture speaks the language habits of those who assume it, in a self-labelling process, but when two cultures are overlaid in the same organization, new models of communication emerge, in an endeavor of common task solving and shared group interests. The present paper showcases models of communication in a military institution where a number of civilians work along to solve tasks or build understanding within working hours. The way they communicate, from verbal to non-verbal impacts the way people react and it is all due to the different cultures individuals come from.

Branchinecta orientalis G. O. Sars, 1901 is a common inhabitant of seasonal water catchments in the northwest of Iran. Hatching, growth, survival, and reproductive characteristics of this species were studied at different temperatures in the laboratory. The Cumulative Hatching Success was significantly higher for specimens cultured at 21°C (85.27 ± 12.21%) compared to those hatched at 12, 15 and 27°C (P < 0.05). Hatching started on the same day (48.00 h after inundation) at temperatures of 21, 24 and 27°C), whereas this took more time at lower temperatures, slowest at 12°C (126.00 ± 0.58 h after inundation). The initial hatching fraction was the highest at 21°C (44.60 ± 18.69%) and lowest at 12°C (9.10 ± 8.28%). Total length was significantly longer at high temperatures, 12.38 ± 0.71 mm at 27°C, compared to 4.07 ± 0.42 mm at 12°C on day 15. Nevertheless, contrasting results were obtained for survival, being the lowest at 27°C (22 ± 4.00%) and highest at 12°C (93.07 ± 2.08%) on day 15 of growth. The animals reached sexual maturity significantly faster at 27°C (9.38 ± 1.09 days) compared to all other treatments. A significantly longer life span was detected at 12 and 15°C (63 days), and the higher cyst production at 18°C, compared to other experimental conditions (P < 0.05).

In evaluating the long-term effects and efficacy of educational programs across multiple sectors, tracer study research is crucial. It offers priceless insights on the outcomes and trajectories of graduates, illuminating their chances of finding work, enjoying their jobs, utilizing their skills, and making contributions to society. This study aimed to trace and determine employment status of Criminology graduates from 2013 to 2020 of Saint Paul University Surigao (SPUS). It utilized quantitative-descriptive research design anchored from the Tracer Study of the Bachelor of Secondary Education Graduates of SPUS using questionnaire from the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) tracer study. Seventy-one (71) criminology graduates were purposefully chosen as respondents of the study. Data were gathered via online platforms such as email, messenger, and among others. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and some parametric tests. It was shown that out of 71 respondents, 43 were able to secure a job related to the course they graduated in. Furthermore, results revealed that SPUS provided quality learning that has become effective in the graduates' pursuit of profession. It was revealed also that the institution presented comprehensible and understandable information which relates to real-life situations, instilled values for them to become competent learners and believers, showed how participation in the school's religious activities have contributed to their development, and provided updated learning resources necessary for academic references. Hence, the researchers recommend that the institution reinforces the importance of improving teaching skills as part of their commitment to professional excellence through the establishment and support of campus resources.

Osmanlı İstanbulu’nda Eşitsizlik: Terekeler Üzerinden Demografi ve Servet Analizi

Dünya ekonomilerinde yaşanan bölüşüm sorunu, eşitsizlikler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların hem sayısını hem de önemini artırmaktadır. İktisadi olarak neden dünyanın bazı bölgelerinin diğerlerinden daha iyi durumda olduğu sorusu, ilgili toplumların ekonomik yapılarını uzun dönemli incelemeyi gerektirir. Dünyada son birkaç on yılda gelişen iktisadi analizin merkezine doğru kayan bu araştırma sahası içinde Osmanlı dönemi üzerine yapılan çalışmalardaki eksiklik de göze çarpar.
Elinizdeki eser bu eksikliği giderme motivasyonuyla kaleme alındı. Avrupa’da Sanayi Devrimi süreci yaşanırken Osmanlılar tarafında bu büyük dönüşümün dinamikleri ne durumdaydı? Yollar ayrılırken ortaya çıkan tablo belirli kurumsal/yapısal kökenler mi barındırıyordu yoksa Kuznets’in eşitsizlikler tezi mi etkiliydi? Bu büyük sorulara mütevazı fakat somut katkılar sunmayı amaçlayan uzun soluklu bir araştırmanın ürünü olan kitap, 18. yüzyıl Osmanlı İstanbulu’nda nüfusun karakteristiklerini, servetin yapısı ve bölüşümünü, servet eşitsizliğinin boyutlarını ampirik olarak ortaya koyuyor.
Dönemin İstanbulu hangi sosyoekonomik gruplar ayrımında incelenebilir? Cinsiyet, din, unvan ve meslek gruplarına ilişkin servet yapıları nasıldı? Servet hangi kompozisyonlarda tutuluyordu? Miras hukuku serveti nasıl ve ne yönde dağıtıyordu? Tüm bunlar servet eşitsizliğini nasıl etkiliyordu? Bu soruların yanıtlarını Kadı Sicilleri içerisinde yer alan tereke defterlerinden oluşturulan veri seti yardımıyla analiz eden kitap, dönemin İstanbulu için pazar mekanizmasının eşitsizlikleri nasıl sınırladığını göstermeyi deniyor.

Japanese law is of postmodern essence. Subsequent to the end of the Tokugawa era and as awareness of Japan&#39;s legal environment grew, Japanese law began to be described as postmodern. When considered on an international basis, Japan is truly a unique society, engaging in extensive transnational activities while still retaining a distinctly &#39;Japanese&#39; identity. This article posits that Japan has attained a state of postmodernity in many respects, but particularly in its approach to law and its legal environment. As evidence of this claim, this article will consider the historical and contemporary aspects of Japanese law, including the legal reforms since 1868 and the role of socio-cultural influences, such as the culture of apology and the profound concept of giri.

Se analizaron diferencias fenotípicas en el desarrollo y distribución de raíces en condiciones de sequía de 16 genotipos de fríjol común. Se desarrolló un método utilizando tubos plásticos transparentes insertados en otros de PVC, llenos de mezcla de suelo con arena (2:1, peso:peso), en condiciones de invernadero. 10 días después de emergencia se impusieron dos tratamientos de suministro hídrico: 80% de capacidad de campo (sin estrés) y sin aplicación de agua (para inducir estrés). Durante el ensayo se determinó contenido total de clorofila en hoja y tasa de transpiración. A la cosecha (32 días después de siembra) se determinó: área foliar, biomasas aéreas, contenido de carbohidratos totales no estructurales (CTN) en hojas y tallos. El suelo de los tubos fue dividido en cinco estratos de profundidad. Raíces en cada profundidad se lavaron determinándose su longitud, diámetro promedio y biomasa seca. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. El método resultó apropiado para determinar diferencias fenotípicas en longitud total y longitud específica de raíces y distribución de raíces a diferentes profundidades. Las líneas BAT 477, SEA 5 y SER 16 destacaron por su desempeño general en la producción de raíces bajo estrés por sequía. Phenotypic differences in root development and distribution of 16 common bean genotypes grown under drought stress were analyzed. We developed a method using transparent plastic tubes (inserted in PVC tubes), filled with a soil-sand mix (2:1, weight: weight), to capture differences in root growth under greenhouse conditions. Ten days after emergence, two water supply treatments were imposed: 80% of field capacity (without stress) and withholding of water (to induce drought stress). Total leaf chlorophyll content and transpiration rate were measured during the trial. At harvest (32 days after planting), leaf area, shoot biomass, leaf and stem total nonstructural carbohydrates content (TNC) were determined. The soil in the tubes was divided into five layers from the top to the bottom of the tube (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-45 cm). Roots were washed from each soil layer to determine their length, diameter and dry biomass. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. The method was suitable for determining phenotypic differences in total root length, specific root length and root distribution by soil depth. Three lines (BAT 477, SEA 5 and SER 16) were superior in their root development under drought stress.

Prhatina yang telah mengalirkan kasih sayang dan do'ado'anya demi tercapainya cita-cita penulis. 7. Sahabat Qurrotul 'Aini, Lukman Hakim, Muhammad Qomarudin, Fahmi Yusuf, Ahmad Mawahibul Ihsan, Imam Ghozali, Rizal Ferdiansyah, Adzim Fatchul Ulum, dan Muhammad Ainun Najih, terima kasih atas semangat dan dukungan yang diberikan hingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan penyusunan skripsi ini. ix 8. Teman-teman seperjuangan dalam satu almamater tercinta, terutama PGMI A 2013. 9. Semua pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan da penulisan skripsi ini yang tidak dapat kami sebutkan satu persatu. Sungguh kami tidak dapat memberikan balasan apapun, kecuali doa semoga Allah SWT memberikan balasan pahala yang berlipat atas amal kebaikan yang telah diberikan. Akhirnya kami menyadari bahwa apa yang telah tersaji dalam tulisan ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Masih banyak hal-hal yang perlu diperbaiki dan diperdalam lebih lanjut atau hal yang kurang sesuai karena hanya inilah yang dapat penulis sampaikan, maka dengan segala bentuk kritik dan saran sangat Kmi harapkan, demi menindak lanjuti pada kajian-kajian yang lebih lanjut.

The nation is born out of the resistance, ideally without external aid, of its nascent citizens against oppression […] An effective founding struggle should contain memorable massacres, atrocities, assassinations and the like, which serve to unite and strengthen resistance and render the resulting victory the more justified and the more fulfilling. They also can provide a focus for a "remember the x atrocity" historical narrative. 1 That a "foundation struggle mythology" can form a compelling element of national identity is eminently illustrated by the case of Estonia. Its path to independence in 1918 followed by German and Soviet occupation in the Second World War and subsequent incorporation into the Soviet Union is officially presented as a period of continuous struggle, culminating in the resumption of autonomy in 1991. A key institution for narrating Estonia"s particular "foundation struggle mythology" is the Museum of Occupationsthe subject of our articlewhich opened in Tallinn in 2003. It conforms to an observation made by Rhiannon Mason concerning the nature of national museums. These entities, she argues, play an important role in articulating, challenging and responding to public perceptions of a nation"s histories, identities, cultures and politics. At the same time, national museums are themselves shaped by the nations within which they are located. 2 The privileged role of the museum plus the potency of a "foundation struggle mythology" accounts for the rise of museums of occupation in Estonia and other Eastern European states since 1989. Their existenceallied with a plethora of analogous monuments and memorial sitestestify to a pervasive preoccupation with the pastor, more accurately, pasts.

Holocaust battles have had varying characters. Many of the most protracted and stubborn of them have been intellectual and ideological, fought by scholars and debaters who have presented arguments in favour of or against comparisons between the Nazi genocide and Communist mass murder carried out in Lenin's and Stalin's Soviet Union,

T he conference Echoes of the Holocaustthat resulted in this volume could not have been organised without the financial support of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Therefore, we would like to acknowledge our sincere gratitude to the Foundation. The conference at the Bishop's House in Lund in May 2003 was hosted by the incomparable Karin Dahlgren. For the production of the book, we have also been granted financial support from the Crafoord Foundation. Our thanks are also extended to all the contributors to the conference, the absolute majority of whom have participated in this volume, and our colleagues

The Belgian disaster victim identification (DVI) team is involved in many investigations in our country. Indeed, this specialized team of the federal police oversees searching for and investigating criminally buried dead bodies, identification of unknown putrefied corpses, and more. The Belgian DVI team also assists with the identification of victims of mass disasters (natural, accidental, and mass murders). In this article, we consider the contributions of different teams (forensic pathology, anthropology, and odontology, federal police, and crime scene investigation) both on the scene of the attack at the Brussels National Airport (Zaventem) and in the laboratory work (autopsies, sample studies).

En España, desde mediados del siglo XIX, el romanticismo toma la forma inmediata de un nacionalismo que busca retornar al origen, a la fuente del carácter nacional que era, según los defensores de este movimiento, el espíritu del pueblo. El reflejo más claro de esta situación lo proporciona F. Pedrell con su manifiesto Por nuestra música de 1891. Pero esta mirada romántica proviene en parte del exterior. Viajeros románticos ilustres, como Prosper Mérimée 32 , o Mikhail Glinka, contribuyeron a rodear la música popular española de un halo de primitivismo, exotismo, romanticismo o, como lo expresaría un poco más tarde Debussy, "bárbara melancolía" 33 . Glinka estuvo en España de mayo 1845 a 32 Prosper Mérimée (*1803; †1870). Escritor y viajero entusiasta que recorriera España en varias ocasiones entre 1830 y 1864. Autor de la novela Carmen, publicada en la Revue des

NOTY RECENZYJNE zawieszenia broni w Padwie i Belgra dzie, planów okupacji francuskiej, roz graniczeń ze Słowacją i Siedmiogrodem, a następnie -politykę konferencji po kojowej w Paryżu w sprawach węgier skich w miesiącach Republiki Rad i "drogę do Trianon". M. K. S. R a k o v á, Politika Spojených států ve střední Evropě po první svĕtové válce, Praha 1983, Academia, ss. 150, 1 nlb. Autorka analizuje politykę USA wo bec Europy Środkowej w latach 1918--1923, zarówno w dziedzinie dyploma cji, jak zagadnień gospodarczych. Zwła szcza zwraca uwagę na przedsięwzięcia zmierzające do przeciwdziałania proce sowi rewolucyjnemu. Interesuje się za razem innymi motywami polityki USA, przy czym podejmuje polemikę ze star szą -przede wszystkim zagranicznąliteraturą przedmiotu. Podstawę źródłową stanowią wyłą cznie źródła drukowane, zwłaszcza w USA, niektóre czasopisma. Wykorzy stano źródła i literaturę w językach an gielskim, czeskim, słowackim, niemiec kim i francuskim. Książka ma stresz czenia w językach rosyjskim i angiel skim. J. T.

Denne uttalelsen er utført av Faggruppen for genmodifiserte organismer under Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Faggruppen baserer sin uttalelse av Monsantos genmodifiserte herbicidtolerante NK603 (notifikasjon C/ES/00/01) mais på Monsantos dokumentasjon, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) sin risikovurdering av NK603 fra 2003 og EFSAs retningslinjer. Faggruppen finner dokumentasjon vedrørende genmodifisering, molekylaerbiologisk karakterisering og analyser av genproduktet fra det rekombinante DNA-fragmentet tilfredsstillende. For dokumentasjon av vesentlig likhet finner Faggruppen at for noen parametre er det ikke lagt fram tilstrekkelig dokumentasjon. For dokumentasjon av toksisitet og allergenisitet finner faggruppen at dokumentasjon er tilfredsstillende. Faggruppen konkluderer med at det er blitt utført for få analyser av ernaeringsmessige komponenter til å fastslå om den genmodifiserte maisen er vesentlig lik foreldrelinjen. Faggruppen anser imidlertid ikke at analyse av disse komponentene er avgjørende for å vurdere mattrygghet for den aktuelle genmodifiserte maisplanten. Faggruppen mener at NK603 mais ikke medfører endret helserisiko som mat og fôrvare i forhold til annen mais. Genmodifisert mais, NK603 åkermais, herbicidtoleranse, CP4-EPSPS, helsemessig trygghet, helse. Faggruppen for genmodifiserte organismer under Vitenskapskomiten for mattrygghet er blitt bedt av Mattilsynet om en vitenskapelig risikovurdering av Monsanto genmodifisert åkermais NK603 (C/ES/98/01) til bruk i naeringsmidler. Vurderingen av den genmodifiserte maisen er basert på den dokumentasjonen som er gjort tilgjengelig av Monsanto. Dokumentasjonen fra Monsanto ble oversendt Faggruppen fra Direktoratet for naturforvaltning i 2005.

Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM) 12/314 endelig 3 Sammendrag Den 19. september 2012 ble det publisert en artikkel i det tyske tidsskriftet «Food and Chemical Toxicology» som vakte oppmerksomhet i store deler av verden. Artikkelen bygger på en toårig fôringsstudie med rotter og konkluderer med en antatt økt hyppighet for ulike svulstdannelser og nyrelidelser blant dyrene knyttet til den genmodifiserte maisen NK603 og plantevernmidlet Roundup som inneholder glyfosat. Grunnet den store oppmerksomheten ga Mattilsynet i et brev datert 19.10.2012 (ref. 2012/225329) VKM i oppdrag å vurdere den aktuelle publikasjonen fra Séralini et al. «Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize», og å gi svar på følgende spørsmål: Gir den aktuelle publikasjonen av Séralini et al. grunnlag for å revurdere konklusjonen i VKMs tidligere helserisikovurdering av NK603? VKM opprettet i november en tverrfaglig ad hoc-gruppe for å utarbeide dette dokumentet som svar til Mattilsynet. Rapporten fra ad hoc-gruppen ble vurdert og godkjent av Faggruppen for genmodifiserte organismer på deres faggruppemøte 7.12.2012. VKM konkluderer med at studien til den franske forskeren Gilles-Eric Séralini og medarbeidere har alvorlige statistiske mangler, mangler i design, metodikk og analyse. Den tilfredsstiller derfor ikke godkjente vitenskapelige standarder. VKM mener det ikke er behov for å revurdere sin tidligere risikovurdering av den genmodifiserte maisen NK603 på bakgrunn av Séralini og medarbeidernes studier.

Vurdering av den genmodifiserte maisen er basert på den dokumentasjonen som er gjort tilgjengelig på EFSAs nettside GMO EFSAnet. Maisen 1507x59122 er vurdert i henhold til tiltenkt bruk og de prinsipper som er lagt til grunn i EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter (EFSA 99, 2004), samt EFSAs oppdatering for hybrider (The EFSA Journal (2007)) og Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) konsensusdokument for mais (OECD 2002). Den vitenskapelige vurderingen omfatter transformeringsprosessen, bruk av vektor og det transgene konstruktet, komparativ analyse av ernæringsmessig kvalitet, mineraler, kritiske toksiner, antinæringsstoffer, allergener og nye proteiner.

Vurderingen av den genmodifiserte herbicidresistente og insektstolerante maislinjen 1507xNK603 fra Pioneer Hi-Bred er utført av Faggruppe for genmodifiserte organismer under Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. I sitt brev datert 05. 04.2005, ref. 2005/3841 ART-BM-KW, ber Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (DN) Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet om å vurdere den genmodifiserte maislinjen 1507xNK603 til bruk i naeringsmidler og fôrvarer. Hybriden 1507xNK603 er fremkommet ved krysning mellom 1507 og NK603. Hensikten med 1507xNK603 er motstandsdyktighet mot enkelte insektsarter og toleranse mot sprøytemidlene glufosinat og glyfosat. Vurdering av den genmodifiserte maisen er basert på den dokumentasjonen som er gjort tilgjengelig på EFSAs nettside GMO EFSAnet. 1507xNK603 er vurdert i henhold til tiltenkt bruk og de prinsipper som er lagt til grunn i EFSAs retningslinjer for risikovurdering av genmodifiserte planter (EFSA 99, 2004) og Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) konsensusdokument for mais (OECD 2002). Den vitenskapelige vurderingen omfatter transformeringsprosessen, bruk av vektor og det transgene konstruktet, komparativ analyse av ernaeringsmessig kvalitet, mineraler, kritiske toksiner, antinaeringsstoffer, allergener og nye proteiner. Analysene av ernaeringsmessige viktige komponenter ble vurdert. Det ble bemerket at noen av de komponenter som OECDs konsensusdokument (OECD 2002) anbefaler analysert for mais, ikke er utført. Det er funnet statistiske forskjeller for enkelte komponenter. De statistiske forskjellene for disse komponentene er ikke konsistente da forskjellene som er påvist i enkelte forsøksfelt, ikke er påvist i de andre forsøksfeltene. Faggruppen anser analysene for å vaere tilstrekkelige for en vurdering av linje 1507xNK603 til bruk som mat og fôr. Maislinjen inneholder ikke antibiotikaresistensgener. Informasjon vedrørende allergenisitet viser at for de parametre som er målt, har ikke de uttrykte proteinene likheter med kjente allergener eller egenskaper som tilsier at de er allergener. Det er imidlertid ikke vurdert om det uttrykte toksinet Cry1F kan ha adjuvanseffekter, det vil si øke utviklingen av allergisk respons mot andre proteiner.

Denne uttalelsen er utført av Faggruppen for genmodifiserte organismer under Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Faggruppen baserer sin uttalelse av Monsantos genmodifiserte herbicidtolerante GA21 mais på vurderinger som er utført av Folkehelseinstituttet i 1999, Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) sin risikovurdering fra 2002, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) retningslinjer og Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) konsensusdokument for mais. Faggruppen mener at GA21 mais ikke medfører endret helserisiko som mat og fôrvarer i forhold til annen mais. Genmodifisert mais, GA21 åkermais, herbicidtoleranse, mEPSPS, helsemessig trygghet, helse.