History of Economic Thought

The prevailing belief, dating from Adam Smith, that the balance- of-trade was the dominant facet of English economic policy since the time of Thomas Mun, is questioned. It is argued that Samuel Fortrey is a more likely "founder" for this doctrine and that the influence of the balance-of-trade is due almost entirely to politics. THE POLITICAL BALANCE OF TRADE . . . ? ? "Before they learn there Is a God to be worshipped they learn there are Frenchmen to be detested," Fougebert de Montbron, quoted by Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century * It is well-known that concern for the Balance-of-Trade is the distinguishing mark of the economic thought of the century prior to Adam Smith. No one would deny that the balance-of-trade is one impor- tant aspect of trade. What is striking is the enormous importance attached to the Balance-of-Trade under the Mercantile System. Was the almost hysterical stress laid upon the Balance-of-Trade a sign of demented economic thought or was the hysteria a cover for some noneconomic objectives of the pamphleteers? Adam Smith attributed the Balance-of-Trade doctrinea phase I shall use throughout to indicate the near exclusive emphasis given to this concept -to a failure to distinguish real from nominal wealth and suggested that the doctrine originated with Thomas Mun In the 1620s. In this paper, I shall try to focus more precisely on the rise of the Balance-of-Trade (interpreted in the extreme sense noted above) in order to suggest that Thomas Mun had very little to do with the rise of this doctrine. Rather, Samuel Fortrey appears to have been the most influential figure in arousing popular concern. This suggests that the doctrine of the Balance-of-Trade may have been a cover for discussing the non- economic dangers of the Anglo-French Trade and, if the conjecture is reasonable, it would require a substantial change in our view about "Mercantilism." A long-established tradition in the history of economic thought credits the East India merchant, Thomas Mun, with being the chief

THE literature of public utility regulation is rich in commentary on valuation theories and other problems focusing on the regulation of profits; it is surprisingly deficient in discussion of methods by which regulation can foster efficiency and progressiveness in the management of regulated enterprises.' This hiatus in the literature reflects the fact that regulatory agencies have been so preoccupied with problems of profit limitation that they have devoted relatively little attention to tile task of improving utility operations. An explanation of the lack of concern of regulatory agencies with problems of efficiency and progressiveness in management reades out in a number of directions. In part, it is explained by inadequate personnel, meagre appropriations, lack of authority and absence of initiative on the part of the regulatory agency. In part, it is inherent in the traditional conception of the regulatory function as one of restraint rather than guidance. Regulation in its very nature is a cumbersome method of controlling economic activity. 2 It superimposes one set of persons acting on behalf of the public on another set of persons acting on behalf of a privately-owned industry, and it divides responsibility between them. As a result, the very difficult problem of the precise line of demarcation between the authority of private management and the authority of the government agency is presented. According to standard theory -generally accepted by the regulatory agenciesthe commissions operate negatively rather than affirmatively. They may approve, modify, or veto policies when the law vests them with the requisite authority, but they ordinarily abstain from taking the responsibility of determining policy in the first instance. The initiative for the day-to-day conduct of the utility's business and the responsibility for efficient organization lie with private management. 3

This paper challenges the legitimacy of modern authority over natural resources, land, and consequential provisions such as water, air, and sustenance. It presents a formal argument rooted in natural law, political economy, and legal philosophy, asserting that dominion over nature-particularly to the point of criminalizing access-is not only arbitrary but historically rooted in conquest, enclosure, and theft. Against modern institutions, including intergovernmental think tanks like the World Economic Forum (WEF), that seek to commodify life-sustaining elements, this paper defends the position that autonomy over nature is inherent, lawful, and non-transferable, and permission is an illegitimate construct when applied to access that which no man or institution has created.

Exposition of the basic theoretical issues to interpretation of market and state fi asco in the area of financing of public sector of economy is performed in the article. It was proposed the general directions of removal the problem of institute’s weakness of existent mechanisms of economic coordination in the national economy.У статті викладено основні теоретичні підходи до трактування так званих провалів ринку та держави у галузі фінансування суспільного сектора економіки. Визначено загальний напрям вирішення проблеми інституційної неспроможності чинних механізмів координації економічної взаємодії у національній економіці

The knowledge structures underlying accounting representations are rarely investigated and usually tend to be taken for granted. As a case of the problematic knowledge foundations of accounting, we concentrate on one of the most relevant conceptual underpinnings informing the construction of the accountsÐthe relationship between theories of the ®rm, accounting theories, and income measurement. In particular we analyse and compare the ways in which this relationship has been conceived and developed in two theoretical contexts, the Italian tradition of Economia Aziendale and the US entity vs proprietary debate. Various and contradictory approaches to the concept of the ®rm and income calculation in these two theoretical traditions emerge. Such a conceptual variety is what we refer to as `accounting relativism'. This is de®ned here as the co-existence of dierent accounting representations and measurements, both of which are not objectively rankable in any conceptual hierarchy, because of the incommensurability of their basic assumptions, i.e. of their knowledge bases. This intrinsically `unstable' character of accounting at a conceptual level is likely to have relevant implications, representing a major source of theoretical variety, as well as a premise for making sense of power uses of accounting within organisational settings.

Capitalism and Socialism was first published in 1906. A decade in prison and exile convinced N.A. Rozhkov (1868-1927) that the views he expressed in this essay were important and relevant enough to be republished in 1917. In this work, Rozhkov affirmed his Menshevik conception that politics must originate from real socio-economic conditions and that without the necessary economic base, social infrastructure and widespread support of the people, the establishment of socialism anywhere will struggle to survive and flourish if it succeeds to take root in the first place as happened in Russia in 1917. In his brief analysis, Rozhkov argued that a socialist revolution is only possible after a stage of developed capitalism has produced the prerequisite conditions for change. It was his deep conviction that capitalism could be "civilized", that is, controlled through parliamentary means to bring out socialism.

Given the state of the world today, Rozhkov's clarion call to unite individuals to bring about a better society should resonate with anyone who believes this is possible and sensible regardless of the differing angles from which this fundamental belief is viewed.

Abstract
This study examines the theme of postcolonial disillusionment in selected playscripts from Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe—Democracy Boulevard by Du Chisiza Jr., Dead Roots by Cheela Chilala, and When Angels Weep by Blessing Hungwe. Drawing on decolonial and postcolonial theoretical frameworks and employing script analysis as the primary analytical tool, the paper explores how these plays reflect the unfulfilled promises of independence in the three nations. The study situates the plays within their shared colonial histories, including the legacy of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and the aspirations articulated by early nationalist leaders. Through thematic and stylistic analysis, the plays are shown to expose the continued exploitation of citizens through political persecution, corruption, and the reproduction of colonial power structures under local leadership. While Democracy Boulevard adopts a direct, confrontational style, Dead Roots and When Angels Weep utilize allegory, symbolism, and spiritual motifs to convey similar critiques. The paper argues that these playwrights, despite their differing narrative techniques, converge in their portrayal of the persistence of coloniality and the manipulation of cultural identity to reinforce hegemonic power. Ultimately, the plays challenge the myth of liberation by highlighting the moral, political, and cultural betrayals that followed the attainment of independence.

Poland, after social-politic-economic transformation in 1989, became a capitalistic, free-market country. In this conditions human being can be perceived as an object, not a subject of economic life. Therefore the import ant issue is to take up problems associated with human subjectivity. And human subjectivity is expressed in his personal dignity.

In Appreciation and Interest Irving Fisher (1896) derived an equation connecting interest rates in any two standards of value. The original Fisher equation (OFE) was expressed in terms of the expected appreciation of money [percent change in E(1/P)] whereas the ubiquitous conventional Fisher equation (CFE) uses expected goods inflation [percent change in E(P)]. Since Jensen"s inequality implies the non-equivalence of the two equations, the OFE is not subject to standard criticisms of non-rationality leveled against the CFE. The puzzling substitution of inflation for expected money appreciation in Fisher ( ) is resolved by taking into account Fisher"s theory of "money illusion." [JEL: E40, B00, B31]

Abstract: Poverty, as a persistent global phenomenon, demands a comprehensive theoretical understanding to effectively address its root causes and manifestations. This study conducts a critical review of key theories explaining economic poverty, including Dependency Theory, Classical (Malthusian) Theory, Marxist Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Sustainable Human Development Theory. Each theoretical framework is analyzed in terms of its core assumptions, strengths, and limitations. The paper argues that poverty cannot be solely attributed to economic factors but must be understood through a broader lens that incorporates social, political, and human development dimensions. The findings suggest that an integrative, multi-theoretical approach is essential for designing effective poverty reduction strategies and achieving sustainable development goals.

This paper examines the history of econometrics through a particular case study modelling the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. It focuses on the questions of what econometric tools modellers would choose to model the tradeoff, how their choices helped shape the ways that they obtained, interpreted and theorised the empirical evidence and how their different concerns and the different problems that they encountered has fed back into the development of econometrics. The study reveals that much of the interaction between econometrics and economics involved modellers taking certain tradeoffs between theory and data, and their different positions generated disputes, factions as well as confusions. It also reveals that the history of modelling the tradeoff mirrors the evolving process of how the Cowles structural modelling paradigm in econometrics became consolidated, challenged, reformed or abandoned.

This study is done to see the impact of innovation, technology and economic growth on the entrepreneurial activities. Correlation and Regression model has been used for this purpose. The results showed that these variables are highly correlated with the dependent factor "Entrepreneurship".

Some Marxists now take for granted the notion that household production represents a necessary subsidy to the capitalist class–and as a consequence, that the commodity labour-power is paid less than its value. This contradicts the position taken by Michael Heinrich in Die Wissenschaft vom Wert, that workers are paid for the commodity labour-power at its value. In his rebuttal of this “subsidy” claim present in much of Marxist Feminism, Heinrich takes a wrong turn when he calls household production “a pre-capitalist relic.” In this response, I show that the capitalist form of household production is not an anachronism because it must include not only domestic labour but also commodities purchased with the wage. This interpretation strengthens Heinrich’s stance that household production is not a subsidy and the purchase of the commodity labour-power by capitalists involves an exchange of equivalents.

The political constitution of markets is promoted by Montchrestien whereas, on the contrary, the absolute autonomy of the sphere of exchange is favoured by Cantillon. Yet, this article seeks to demonstrate that both authors participate in the emergence of a modern way of thinking about the economy. In both cases, we find the idea that the sphere of exchange acquires an autonomy which requires the application of a specific science. In the case of Cantillon, this autonomy is absolute and anticipates the foundations of contemporary economics. On the other hand, Montchrestien's work forms part of a "political economy". This article also aims to show that the mercantilism attributed to Montchrestien in no way implies that, in principle, the economy is a simple transposition of a war-like model. Similarly, it will seek to show that Cantillon, a supposed mercantilist, does not suggest that state intervention is futile, even if he adheres to the fundamental principles of econo...

This paper investigates the typology of export maps as documents in the Portuguese Empire between 1760 and 1810. Such written technology (increasingly common with the implementation of the Pombaline reforms) had a non-linear and transformative trajectory. The intention is to outline a chronology for this typology and highlight some of its peculiarities over time. The text uses quantitative analysis to examine the specialization of literate practices and the reconfiguration of perspectives on nature. The study also examines accounting technologies and their large-scale relevance in LusoAmerica. Finally, these processes are assessed in the captaincy of Rio Grande de São Pedro by examining the trajectories of imperial agents and the documents that recorded exported commodities. The central argument is that the export maps express a particular notion of nature, unified by its conversion into capital. This notion was achieved and intensified through specific technologies, particularly tabular export maps, which enabled a more intense economic exploitation of certain colonial spaces

While organizational theories have created solid conceptual bases for the study of organizational decisions, a continued theoretical exploration seems needed of the function of decisions in the configuration of organizational order beyond compliance with formal objectives. In the framework of this discussion, it is appropriate to adopt a theoretical approach based on suppositions of complexity that conceives of decisions as adaptive responses to uncertain conditions in the organizational setting.

While organizational theories have created solid conceptual bases for the study of organizational decisions, a continued theoretical exploration seems needed of the function of decisions in the configuration of organizational order beyond compliance with formal objectives. In the framework of this discussion, it is appropriate to adopt a theoretical approach based on suppositions of complexity that conceives of decisions as adaptive responses to uncertain conditions in the organizational setting.

The historiography of urban revolts in northwestern Europe is abundant, yet events of thirteenth-century urban protest are mostly neglected. They are usually only mentioned briefly as forerunners of later, better documented events. Sources for thirteenth-century events of urban protest are scarce, but not absent. This article gives an overview from the first industrial action in Brabant, Flanders and northern France between 1220 and 1250, to the factional struggles between urban elites, in which craftsmen took sides, in the towns of England and the Holy Roman Empire in the 1250s and 1260s, and back to Flanders and northern France as the epicentre of violent revolts in 1275-85. These events reveal the way artisans entered the political stage, they underline regional differences and common features, and they uncover the interplay between changes in urban society and overall development in northwestern Europe in this crucial period of profound transition.

This paper examines the Indian reception of Sraffa’s Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960) by focusing on book reviews published in prominent Indian journals. While Krishna Bharadwaj’s review in The Economic Weekly (1963) has received significant scholarly attention, this has not been the fate of Sukhamoy Chakravarty’s review in Arthaniti (1961) and J. K. Mehta’s review in the Indian Journal of Economics (1962). In Bellino’s (2008) book chapter focused solely on book reviews of PCMC, there is only a brief engagement with Bharadwaj’s review and the book reviews of Chakravarty and Mehta are only mentioned. From my study of the Indian book reviews, the following key themes emerge: a restatement of key propositions of classical political economy, a critique of marginalism, the relationship between economic theory and policy, and similarities with input-output analysis—thus placing these reviews, especially that of Bharadwaj, as some of the best ones that were published.

The successful introduction, five years ago, of an entirely new currency over a wide range of polities and economies was, at a minimum, a remarkable technical achievement. As a cardcarrying member of the club of monetary economists, I like to think that our collective expertise was helpful in making that achievement possible. As both a policymaker and an economist, I welcome this opportunity to look back on the first five years of the euro to see what we can learn from the experience and to consider what this grand experiment implies for the future. I should say at the outset that, as usual, my remarks this evening reflect my own views and not necessarily those of my colleagues in the Federal Reserve System.1

Si quisiéramos hacer un inventario de los términos más maltratados y difíciles de definir en la historia de las ideas contemporáneas, “neoliberalismo” se ubicaría en lo más alto del podio. Desde luego, la responsabilidad de la situación no recae exclusivamente en sus críticos. Manipulado de manera más o menos velada por sus defensores y detractores, el concepto ha sido, por un lado, denunciado como la raíz de todos los males posibles y, por otro, defendido como un dogma, un principio de suyo irrefutable. Sin embargo, si todo es neoliberalismo, nada lo es. La constatación de este dilema y sus nocivos efectos para el debate público es el punto de partida de Neoliberalismo. Una idea en disputa.

¿Qué es realmente el neoliberalismo? ¿Un proyecto que conduce a la prosperidad o, en cambio, una ideología que profundiza las desigualdades? ¿O acaso otra cosa distinta, un híbrido de ambos extremos, un campo de batalla? ¿Es posible poner orden en un concepto tan disputado? Para intentar responder a estas preguntas, Álvaro Vergara invita al lector a recorrer la historia de este movimiento, pieza clave en las discusiones que dieron forma al caótico siglo XX y que, hasta hoy, sigue complicándonos. Desentrañando sus raíces y volviendo la mirada tanto a sus protagonistas como a las premisas que lo sostienen, el autor no busca solo reflexionar sobre el pasado, sino también iluminar nuestros debates políticos, económicos e intelectuales. Quizás el ejercicio de reconocer la complejidad del neoliberalismo sea el primer paso para comprenderlo. Y así, desde un lugar menos cómodo, pero más honesto, enfrentar los desafíos actuales y futuros.

Akademik personel aliminda ‘ic besleme’ olarak ifade edilen kavramin yaygin olarak kullanilan uluslararasi adidir ‘akademik ensest’. Kisaca, doktora gibi bir akademik derecesini aldiktan sonra, bir kisinin ayni universitede ise alinmasi icin kullanilan bir ifadedir. Bati akademik geleneginde etik olarak dogru bulunmayan bir surec olarak goruldugu icin, negatif bir anlam yuklenmis ve biyolojik terim ‘ensest’ ile ifade edimistir. Ayrica, sadece ayni universitede calismakla sinirli da tutulmayip; bazen, butun lisans ve lisans ustu egitim sureclerinin ayni universitede tamamlanmasi durumu icin de ‘akademik ensest’ ifadesi kullanilagelmistir. Egitim hayatinin farkli asamalarinin farkli universitelerde ve farkli akademik geleneklerde tamamlanmasinin, egitim surecini daha zengin kilmakta oldugu Bati akademik geleneginde yaygin bir gorustur. Bu makalede, Turkiye’deki ve diger bazi ulkelerdeki akademik gelenekler konuya farkli bakis acilari kazandirmak amaciyla tartisilmistir. Turk universit...

Questo contributo propone un'analisi critica e personale del capolavoro di Karl Polanyi, La grande trasformazione, mettendo in evidenza le profonde connessioni tra crisi economiche, ideologie autoritarie e il concetto di libertà.
Attraverso la lettura di questo testo, ho sviluppato riflessioni su temi quanto mai attuali: la fragilità delle democrazie, il ritorno delle ideologie estreme, il ruolo dello Stato nell’economia e la necessità di riscoprire una libertà che sia anche responsabilità collettiva.

Tra i temi affrontati:

La crisi del mercato autoregolato e il ritorno dell'intervento statale

Il fascismo come risposta emotiva alle disfunzioni del sistema industriale

La libertà vista non solo come diritto individuale, ma come strumento di cooperazione sociale

Il pensiero utopico e comunitario di Robert Owen come alternativa

complace en presentar a toda la comunidad universitaria esta publicación, resultado de un esfuerzo iniciado en el año 2006, para dar a conocer los trabajos y las investigaciones que vienen desarrollando los profesores en el área de la teoría y el pensamiento económico. Esta idea tiene su génesis en la apertura de un espacio académico formal y permanente, bautizado como la Cátedra Abierta de Teoría Económica, desarrollada cada semestre, donde se convoca a docentes y estudiantes de la Universidad, a participar en ella. En esta primera publicación presentamos el resultado de la Cátedra, realizada en los semestres 01 y 02 de 2006, son en total cinco ponencias: Distribución económica: una mirada desde la justicia dinámica; Historiografía de la teoría neoclásica de la demanda; Una visión general de la escuela austriaca; Los costos de transacción: un hallazgo no tan reciente. Aproximación a la teoría de los costos de circulación de Karl Marx; La solidaridad como un factor de producción desde la teoría económica comprensiva. Esperamos que este documento se convierta en fuente de consulta autorizada para los profesores y los estudiantes, no solo del área de teoría económica, sino para todos los interesados en estos temas.

The political constitution of markets is promoted by Montchrestien whereas, on the contrary, the absolute autonomy of the sphere of exchange is favoured by Cantillon. Yet, this article seeks to demonstrate that both authors participate in the emergence of a modern way of thinking about the economy. In both cases, we find the idea that the sphere of exchange acquires an autonomy which requires the application of a specific science. In the case of Cantillon, this autonomy is absolute and anticipates the foundations of contemporary economics. On the other hand, Montchrestien's work forms part of a "political economy". This article also aims to show that the mercantilism attributed to Montchrestien in no way implies that, in principle, the economy is a simple transposition of a war-like model. Similarly, it will seek to show that Cantillon, a supposed mercantilist, does not suggest that state intervention is futile, even if he adheres to the fundamental principles of econo...

This article consists in outlining the Polanyi's project. He supports humanistic socialism and critizes strongly those who advocates the idea of centrally planned economy. Against popular marxism and mainstream economics, he tries also to clarify the place of economic determinations in history by using "substantive economy" concept : this is exemplified by the case of ancient Greece. Finaly, Polanyi criticisms has consequences for present time : as soon as for the 1940's, he warns against American capital hegemony that aims at taking up again the Big Market utopia.

for his very valuable comments. This paper was discussed during a session of the seminal seminar « Dons, monnaies, prélèvements », Centre de Recherches historiques (EHESS, France), that was animated during many years by Alain Guéry ( ). A first form of this paper was translated by Pr. Emma Bell (Université de Savoie, France), but I am entirely responsible for any remaining errors in this paper. The translation of French texts into English is either our own or has been reviewed by ourselves. We have chosen to translate Montchrestien's and Cantillon's writing using contemporary English syntax and orthography

I Quaderni di Ricerca vengono pubblicati per favorire la tempestiva divulgazione, in forma prov-visoria o definitiva, dei risultati delle ricerche nelle aree: società e storia, istituzioni e politiche pub-bliche, economia, la società dell'informazione. Il Comitato Scientifico decide circa la pubblicazione di lavori nella collana dei Quaderni di Ricerca, sentito il parere di referees. The aim of the Quaderni di Ricerca (Working Papers) is to disseminate provisional or definitive research on topics such as society and history, public policies and institutions, economic phenomena, and the 'information society'. The publication of the submitted articles, which will be refereed, are subjected to approval by the Scientific Committee. I Quaderni di Ricerca sono depositati come opere a stampa secondo gli obblighi previsti dall'art. I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo, sono riservati per ...

La réflexion économique en Grèce ancienne a longtemps été considérée comme inexistante ou relevant du simple sens commun. Pour les uns, il ne saurait y avoir de véritable savoir économique que sous la forme d’une science, soit seulement à partir du XVIIIe siècle avec la naissance de l’économie politique. Pour les autres, les Grecs étaient principalement intéressés à la vie politique et méprisaient les affaires économiques, qu’ils remettaient aux esclaves et aux femmes. Les textes rassemblés dans ce volume remettent en question ces deux présupposés, et témoignent de la vitalité de la réflexion économique en Grèce ancienne. À la lecture des passages que Platon, Aristote, Xénophon, Philodème de Gadara et quelques autres ont consacré à ce sujet, on découvrira une autre idée de l’économie que la nôtre, en tant que pratique et en tant que connaissance. Les traductions des textes présentés ont été revues et modifiées dans la plupart des cas, à la fois pour éviter les modernisations bien intentionnées mais souvent trompeuses, pour donner à percevoir l’homogénéité des questions débattues chez des auteurs distincts recourant au même vocabulaire, et pour être, d’abord et avant tout, au plus près possible des textes tout en tâchant de trouver la bonne distance qui nous sépare d’eux.

INTRODUCTION §1. Lochner meets the history of economic thought §2. Not only economics: the broader perspective of classical political economy §3. Classical liberalism's most elaborate fruit §4. The main thesis §5. Who this book is for (and why it might matter) §6. Some legal notions for non-legal readers §7. A sketch of the chapters CHAPTER 1: THE PROGRESSIVE INDICTMENT §1. The Progressive interpretation 1.1 Five Progressive indictments 1.2 Laissez faire faith or sheer business interests? 1.3 The formalist indictment 1.4 Substantive due process, or "green pastel redness" 1.5 The limits of judicial review §2. The political origins of the Progressive interpretation 2.1 Theodore Roosevelt and the 1912 elections 2.2 LFC's last hooray 2.3 The post-New Deal story §3. The ultimate defamation: Social Darwinism §4. The Progressives' bête noire §5. Why was Lochner wrong? 5.1 A Pound of skepticism 5.2 Sociological jurisprudence 5.3 My method at work §6. The mother of all dissents §7. Conclusion: economic rehab iii CHAPTER 2: REVISIONIST INTERPRETATIONS §1. Why the revisionism? §2. The classical liberal Constitution §3. Republican revisionism 3.1 Republican liberty 3.2 Republican virtue v. liberal freedom 3.3 The republican revival meets the Constitution §4. The Lockean moment 4.1 Virtue and corruption for the new middle class 4.2 Jefferson's economic vision 4.3 Republican revisionists strike back §5. The presumption of error 5.1 The heritage of the Radical Whigs 5.2 The dangers of republican democracy 5.3 Madison's brilliant solution 5.4 Discernment requires morality §6. The problem of faction §7. The Progressive turn §8. The right of exit §9. Some basic revisionist stories 9.1 The presumption of liberty 9.2 Individualism and due process 9.3 Unenumerated rights 9.4 Against big business? §10. A matter of class (legislation) 10.1 Opposing privilege: the Jacksonians 10.2 The commonwealth and Jefferson's Republicanism 10.3 A new judicial standard 10.4 The limits of the class legislation story §11. Historicism and the common law 11.1 Sunstein's neutrality 11.2 Was the common law natural? iv 11.3 Historicist revisionism §12. Revising lessons CHAPTER 3: THE SCOTTISH CONNECTION: ADAM SMITH'S POLITICAL ECONOMY §1. The science of a legislator §2. The other Whigs: the Scottish roots of the American foundation 2.1 Jefferson un-Locked? 2.2 A Scottish Constitution? 2.3 A Scotsman in Princeton 2.4 The Common Sense connection §3. The Smithian Constitution §4. One Smith or two? §5. A spectator-based theory of property §6. The Scottish hallmark: Smith on unintended order §7. No privilege for merchants (or philosophers either) §8. "People of the same trade seldom meet together" §9. Beware the experts §10. A non-utilitarian theory of state intervention §11. Conclusion: a recipe for modesty CHAPTER 4: THE SMITHIAN HERITAGE: PEOPLE AND IDEAS §1. Mr. Smith goes to Washington §2. Two notions of free competition §3. Freedoms on collision path §4. The two faces of classical competition 4.1 Competition as a principle of social organization 4.2 The classical price mechanism 4.3 Process, behavior, custom §5. Monopoly as special privilege 5.1 No monopoly, please, we are classicals 5.2 Privilege has a long history 5.3 Smithian entry barriers? v §6. Millian spillovers and expediency §7. The u(tilitarian)-turn §8. The Scottish connection reloaded: Francis Wayland §9. No country for Benthamites §10. The political economy of the Jacksonians §11. Social Darwinists or Smithian classicals? 11.1 The Smithian Spencer… 11.2 … and the Waylandian Sumner 11.3 The Science exchange §12. Conclusion: the classical stone guest CHAPTER 5: THE JURISPRUDENTIAL JOURNEY TO LOCHNER §1. Promoting growth and social mobility §2. From promotion to regulation §3. Thomas Cooley and the Fourteenth Amendment §4. Police power and negative externalities §5. Where's the beef? Campbell's brief in Slaughterhouse Cases §6. The Slaughterhouse dissents §7. Elevating public interest: Munn v Illinois §8. Liberty of contract's final breakthrough §9. Knocking at Lochner's door: Justice Harlan's dictum CHAPTER 6: THE LAISSEZ FAIRE JURISPRUDENCE OF JUSTICE RUFUS PECKHAM §1. New ideas about competition 1.1 Privilege to injure 1.2 Ruinous competition §2. Peckham's puzzle §3. Elevating competition: the Budd dissent §4. Freedom of contract meets the Supreme Court §5. Lochner reloaded 5.1 Presuming judicial review 5.2 Peckham's means-ends test vi §6. From the means-ends test to the Brandeis brief §7. The era that wasn't -or was it? CHAPTER 7: LOCHNERIZING REGULATION §1. Some post-Lochner numbers §2. The regulatory dilemma §3. What is "reasonable" regulation? 3.1 Brewer's test and its critics 3.2 Present value and reproduction cost 3.3 The Smyth rule §4. Smyth besieged §5. Smyth defended §6. A quest for "order and science" §7. Hadley and the new economics of railways §8. Pooling's not-so-secret charm §9. Love your discrimination: Hadley's explanation… §10. … and Taussig's reiteration §11. Railroad rates as a problem of federalism 11.1 Free-riding regulators 11.2 Here come the Feds §12. Value is not a fact §13. "The illusion of juristic necessity" §14. Conclusion: property and privilege CHAPTER 8: LOCHNERIZING CORPORATE LAW §1. Jacksonianism perplexed §2. A matter of personality §3. Two views of the corporation §4. Partnership problems §5. Negotiating a difficult boundary §6. Applying the boundary §7. A surprising proposal vii §8. The classical corporation 8.1 The classical soul of the classical corporation 8.2 A classical analysis of limited liability §9. A window on antitrust: the limits of corporate actions CHAPTER 9: ANTITRUST BEFORE LOCHNER §1. The two freedoms -once again §2. Corporate law as structural antitrust §3. Contracts in restraint of trade and American law 3.1 English reasonableness 3.2 The corporate and common law blend §4. Congressional competition §5. Distilling antitrust wisdom from classical skins §6. Refining antitrust: the sugar trust case §7. Manufacturing is not trade §8. The structural approach and "foreign" corporations §9. "An impressive array of legal devices" §10. Conclusion: EC Knight and the merger wave CHAPTER 10: LOCHNERIZING ANTITRUST: JUSTICE PECKHAM AND THE SHERMAN ACT §1. Round I: a literal shock §2. Small dealers and worthy men §3. The unsung hero: Judge Shiras's opinion §4. Rufus Peckham à la carte §5. White noise §6. Ruinous competition meets the Supreme Court §7. The revolt against TMFA §8. Round II: the constitutional challenge §9. Backpedalling on literalism 9.1 Transforming the constitutional challenge 9.2 Literalism? What literalism? 9.3 Restraining trade or competition? viii §10. The cast-iron logic of categorical thought §11. Round III: A brilliant solution §12. The last tile: freedom from contract? CONCLUSION: LESSONS FROM AND FOR THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT §1. Time for a solution §2. An authoritative answer §3. Lessons from the history of economic thought §4. The railroads' special duty §5. You made the mess, you clean it up §6. Solving the puzzle -almost 6.1 The ordinary way of doing business 6.2 Of cartels and coercion 6.3 A matter of distribution §7. All (classical) roads lead to Lochner Finale. Lessons from and for the history of economic thought REFERENCES LIST OF CASES

between Socrates and Plato (151) (when Socrates may be a mere literary convention); the impression Mualem mistakenly gives that Edward Said read Borges (e.g. 'the Saidian claim', 71); overuse of ablative and gerundive absolute grammatical constructions in Mualem's style; and overly detailed exposition of philosophers' doctrines to the exclusion of comparisons with ). Yet, Mualem's book is essential for any Hispanist or comparatist who needs to teach Borges's seminal El jard ın de los senderos que se bifurcan with any depth or breadth.

Consider the following summary presented by Clarke in 2023, which is basically what is accepted as fact by all 20th and 21st century economists and philosophers writing on Keynes’ A Treatise on Probability:

“Here is the basis for Anna Carabelli’s pithy contention:


’Keynes’s probability shared all the attributes of Moore’s concept of goodness: it was a simple notion, unanalyzable, indefinable, non -natural, directly perceived or intuited and objective’(Carabelli 1988,31).

Hence the young Keynes’s confidence in intuition as
the basis for a perception of probability that was nonetheless objective, even
though it did not rely upon measurement of frequency; nor could the strength of
such a belief be explained as psychological nor could it be satisfactorily
measured.” (Clarke,2023, p.123).

Every single point made by Carabelli, that is cited by Clarke, follows directly from the  false analogy made by Ramsey between Moore(the Good) and Keynes(the Probable) in his 1923 Apostles paper, titled “Induction: Keynes and Wittgenstein.” Thus, every single point that  Carabelli and Clarke think they are making about Keynes’s logical theory of probability is simply wrong:

• It is not a simple notion. One needs to understand the connection between conditional probability and the Boolean relational, propositional logic used by Keynes. No economist or philosopher has been able to do this
• It is not unanalyzable. Keynes uses the Boolean relational, propositional logic to analyze the connections between propositions in his logical theory of probability
• It is not undefinable. Keynes’s definition of logical probability is the same as Carnap’s definition of probability1(degree of confirmation) between a hypothesis (Keynes’s a proposition-the conclusion) and evidence (Keynes’s h propositions-premises containing the relevant evidence)
• It is not non-natural. It is internal to the logical connections expressed in the propositions themselves in an argument form (premises and conclusions)
• It is not directly perceived or intuited, as claimed by Moore with his one, self-evident proposition, which is not related to any other propositions
• It is not objective if by objective Carabelli is referring to Moore’s reliance on pure ,  ideal, Platonic forms; it is objective if one understands objective to mean a logical connection between the h and a propositions in Keynes’s Boolean argument form as specified by Boole on pp.7-8 of his The Laws of Thought
• In conclusion, Keynes’s probability DOES NOT share any of the attributes of Moore’s concept of goodness

Note that this Carabelli-Clarke characterization of Keynes’s logical theory of probability is practically identical to all other assessments made by all other economists and philosophers in the 20th and 21st centuries writing on Keynes’s logical theory of probability. The most recent expositors of this 104 year old error are Gerrard(2023),Mills(2024),Harai(2024),M. Coates(2024) and Aristimuno (2025).One should note that all of the errors made in the 20th and 21st centuries ,by economists and philosophers working on Keynes’s logical theory ,stem from their acceptance of the wild ,wooly, wacko and weird claims that were  first made by F P Ramsey in 1921,1922,1923 and 1926.All of these errors can be found in Berel Lang’s 1964 article in which he completely confuses Moore’s non-natural, metaphysical, external, speculative, self-evident intuitions based on a single proposition with Boole’s natural, internal ,evidence based intuitions ,which are identical to the intuitions of tournament chess players concerning the actual chess positions being analyzed under time constraint during a rated OTB chess tournament game.

When it comes to the perceptions of Romanians highlighted by the survey of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) und der Fondation Jean-Jaurès (FJJ), what first strikes the observer is the ambivalent and mixed – if not contradictory – set of ideas and positions on sovereignty. Romanians seem to maintain a positive view of European sovereignty, while at the same time tending to oppose it to national sovereignty. How could this be accounted for? A partial explanation may lie in Romania’s historical evolution and that of the region. In Central and Eastern Europe, independence and effective sovereignty have been the central issues in political history. Similar to other countries in the region, Romania’s quest for effective sovereignty throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is a story of deeply felt positive aspirations, as well as of fragility.

Öz: Neoklasik iktisadın yükselmeye başladığı 20. yüzyılın başlarında Amerika’da Eski Kurumsal İktisat Okulu bulunmaktadır. Amerikan Eski Kurumsal İktisat Okulunun en önemli üyeleri arasında Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, John R. Commons ve John K. Galbraith bulunmaktadır Eski Kurumsal iktisatçılar Neoklasik iktisat teorisinden daha farklı bir iktisat teorisi geliştirmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu nedenle psikoloji, tarih, sosyoloji gibi sosyal bilim dallarından yararlanmışlardır. Ancak, Eski Kurumsal İktisat Okulu yöntemler savaşında Neoklasik Okula yenilmiştir. Yöntemler Savaşını kazanan Neoklasik İktisat Okulu Avrupa’da olduğu gibi Amerika’da da iktisat biliminin kontrolünü eline geçirmiştir. Çalışmada tek bir iktisat bilimi olduğu (Neoklasik Okul), ancak her ülkenin farklı kültürel ve tarihsel koşulları bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Kültür, kurumlar, ahlak ve tarih önemli değişkenlerdir ve ekonomilerin izlediği yolu etkilerler. İktisat araştırmalarına ihmal edilen sosyal unsurların dahil edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda küresel ekonomide farklı kapitalizm modelleri olduğu fark edilmektedir. Küresel ekonomide ülkeler arasında kurumsal, kültürel, etik ve tarihsel varyasyonlar olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Amerika’da orijinal olan bir iktisat düşüncesinin ortaya çıkışı ve Protestan kültürüyle olan ilişkisi anlatılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın sonuç kısmında kökleri Türk tarihinde ve toplumunda olan bir iktisat düşüncesinin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

O mapeamento sistematico de padroes de relevo em nivel municipal consiste num produto elaborado para subsidiar o "Programa Cartas Municipais de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos de Massa, Enxurradas e Inundacoes (escala 1:25.000)", elaborado pela CPRM – Servico Geologico do Brasil e IPT-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, cujas acoes estao inseridas no Plano Nacional de Gestao de Risco e Respostas a Desastres Nacionais implantado em atendimento a Lei 12.608 que gere a politica Nacional de Defesa Civil. Apresenta contribuicao para analise e determinacao das distintas classes de suscetibilidade nos mais variados municipios do territorio brasileiro, sob diversos dominios morfoclimaticos. Entretanto, uma acao de mapeamento geomorfologico sistematico de um expressivo numero de municipios em todo o Brasil em escala de semidetalhe (1:25.000) reveste-se de um grande valor intrinseco. Assim sendo, tais mapas de padroes de relevo podem ser utilizados para diversas finalidades e pelos ma...

In a recent contribution on this journal, has provided an interesting argument to refute the Generalised Commodity Exploitation Theorem (GCET), by highlighting a potential asymmetry between labour and other commodities. In this paper, a novel characterisation of the relation between exploitation and productiveness that is at the heart of the GCET is proved. This result is interesting per se, because it is weaker and more general than the standard GCET. But, owing to the rigorous specification of all the relevant conditions, it also clarifies the structure of Matsuo's argument, and its dubious theoretical features. It is also argued that, even if Matsuo's formal argument were deemed convincing, a revised version of the GCET can be proved, which reinstates the symmetry between labour and other commodities in the standard Leontief setting.

Anglo-Sakson Protestan olan İngiltere'nin tarihsel gelişmesi düzgün ve ideal olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Modern ekonomi bilimi ve laissez-faire kapitalizm modeli Adam Smith'in düşünceleriyle İngiltere'de doğmuştur. Protestan bir ülke olan İngiltere Dünyada İhracata Sayalı Sanayileşme Modelini uygulayan ilk ülke olmuştur. Bu ülkede modernleşme Protestan olan burjuvazinin ortaya çıkışıyla, liberal demokratik değerlerin kurumsallaşmasıyla gerçekleşmiştir. İktisat sosyolojisi iktisat ile sosyoloji arasında bir köprü görevi görerek iki disiplin arasında iletişimi sağlamaktadır. İktisat sosyolojisinin en iyi eserlerini modernleşme kuramcısı olan Max Weber yapmıştır. Max Weber'e göre kültür önemli bir değişkendir ve her ülkede kapitalizmin izlediği yolu belirlemektedir. Weber'e göre Avrupa'da kapitalizm ve ana akım iktisat düşüncesi Protestan olan burjuvaların kültüründen doğmuştur. Max Weber'e göre ana akım olan Neoklasik iktisat düşüncesinin rekabetçi piyasa modeli kapitalizmin ideal tipidir. Devrimci değil, bir sentezci olan Weber yaptığı çalışmalarda Neoklasik iktisat modelini tarihsel, kültürel ve kurumsal bir temele oturtmayı başarmıştır. Bu bağlamda birbiriyle çatışan iki okulu, ana akım iktisat düşüncesini temsil eden Neoklasik okul ile Alman Tarihçi okulunu uzlaştırmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Almanya ihracata dayalı sanayileşme modeliyle Kıta Avrupası'nda sosyal demokrasinin kalesi olmayı başarmıştır. Günümüzde Almanya kökleri Neoklasik iktisatta olan Neoliberal politikalardan uzak durarak Üçüncü Yolculuğu benimsemektedir. Bu çalışmada Almanya'da devletin öncülüğünde liberal kapitalizmin ve burjuva toplumunun gelişmesi iktisat sosyolojisi yaklaşımıyla aydınlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır.