Human Rights

This article draws on cases of abuse, torture and violence against children in the criminal justice system of Pakistan. These children are denied their fundamental right to justice by the invisible structure of violence. The article explores the links between the poverty, injustice and human rights violations by presenting extended case studies of two children under the age of 18 in Karachi and drawing upon a number of other cases of abuse reported in the media and NGO reports. It argues for a deeper understanding of the role of structural violence -ranging from colonial legacies and inadequate protections to institutionalised practices of torture and abuse -in perpetuating human rights violations of children in the criminal justice system of Pakistan.

Adolescence is marked by the emergence of human sexuality, sexual identity, and the initiation of intimate relations; within this context, abstinence from sexual intercourse can be a healthy choice. However, programs that promote abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) or sexual risk avoidance are scientifically and ethically problematic and-as such-have been widely rejected by medical and public health professionals. Although abstinence is theoretically effective, in actual practice, intentions to abstain from sexual activity often fail. Given a rising age at first marriage around the world, a rapidly declining percentage of young people remain abstinent until marriage. Promotion of AOUM policies by the U.S. government has undermined sexuality education in the United States and in U.S. foreign aid programs; funding for AOUM continues in the United States. The weight of scientific evidence finds that AOUM programs are not effective in delaying initiation of sexual intercourse or chang...

Гуцуляк О. Б. Предок скіфів Борисфен та його дочка (ірано-кельто-слов’янські міфологічні паралелі) // Євразійська історія крізь віки : наукова конференція присвячена пам’яті Любові Гераськової : матеріали міжнародної наукової конференції, 13-14 травня 2025 р. / упоряд. Я. В. Пилипчук. – Київ-Вінниця : ТВОРИ, 2025. – С. 59-68.

This introduction to human dignity explores the history of the notion from antiquity to the nineteenth century, and the way in which dignity is conceptualised in non-Western contexts. Building on this, it addresses a range of systematic conceptualisations, considers the theoretical and legal conditions for human dignity as a useful notion and analyses a number of philosophical and conceptual approaches to dignity. Finally, the book introduces current debates, paying particular attention to the legal implementation, human rights, justice and conflicts, medicine and bioethics, and provides an explicit systematic framework for discussing human dignity. Adopting a wide range of perspectives and taking into account numerous cultures and contexts, this handbook is a valuable resource for students, scholars and professionals working in philosophy, law, history and theology.

This provocative book suggests that the tide has turned against sophistry and fatalism. Benjamin Davis has joyfully demonstrated that they are not the most sophisticated kinds of “theory” after all.
–Paul Gilroy, University of London

In a concentrated attitude of modesty, reflexiveness, and provocation, Another Humanity offers a searching practice of redressive criticism animated by the historical wrong of colonial dispossession. Reading the “human” through Du Bois, Glissant, Wynter, Said, and Arendt, Benjamin Davis encourages us to see the problem of “humanity” as the inescapable core of an alternative contemporary politics.
–David Scott, Columbia University

In Another Humanity, Benjamin P. Davis unpacks the outline of an unfolding crescendo of critical thinking to locate our fragile humanity on a more leveled ground. Like a defiant Sisyphus, at a time when Americans have elected a president who defies every single sense of human decency, Davis insists on righting the wrong, rolling the boulder up the hill.
–Hamid Dabashi, Columbia University

Another Humanity is a brilliant book—its brilliance lies in its humility. Rather than creating new concepts out of thin air, it engages with existing ideas, traces their entanglement in histories of asymmetrical power, and revitalizes them as tools and lenses for imagining and realizing a decolonial future. Davis’s book successfully experiments with a different political and ethical attitude toward theory and the world—and it invites us to do the same.
–Massimiliano Tomba, University of California, Santa Cruz

Intro: https://benjaminpdavis.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/introduction-another-humanity-davis-copy.pdf

Order: https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-another-humanity.html

Edinburgh UP Interview: https://euppublishingblog.com/2025/05/05/decolonizing-the-human/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=decolonizing-the-human

Hasta no hace muchos años, el concepto de la atención médica se basaba en una actitud paternalista por parte del médico. En líneas generales éste no le informaba al paciente sobre su enfermedad; simplemente se limitaba a prescribir sin mediar justificativo alguno, las medicinas o tratamientos que consideraba indicados. Lo realizaba amparado en dos principios morales: el llamado "principio de beneficencia" y el de "no maleficencia". El principio de beneficencia es "la obligación que tiene el médico de mantener su preparación científica y, desde ella, buscar lo que considere mejor y más favorable para el enfermo. Para ello, debe ponerse en el lugar del paciente y pensar qué sería lo más beneficioso en el caso de que el enfermo fuera él mismo". Y, por otro lado, el principio de no maleficencia se resume en el deber que todo médico tiene de no dañar al paciente, respetando su integridad psicofísica. Beuchamp y Childress lo distinguieron del anterior señalan...

II.1 Aim and researched question……………………………………………..9 II.2 Methodology followed……………………………………………………9 III. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….12 III.1. Background…………………………………………………………….12 III.2. Becoming Part of the ICC……………………………………………..13 IV. Relationship between the International Human Rights Law and the International Criminal Law………………………………………………..15 V. The Importance of the ICC for El Salvador………………………………18 V.1 Background ………………………………………………………………18 V.II Importance for El Salvador………………………………………………19 VI. Previous Considerations…………………………………………………….21 VI.1. Background and actual situation in El Salvador………………………..21 VI.2. Constitutional Reform Process………………………………………….. 23 VI.3. National adoption of International treaties…………………………….. 23 VII. Constitutional arguments used to reject the Rome Statute of the ICC by El Salvador……………………………………………………………………….25 VII.1. Diminishment of National sovereignty…………………………………….25 VII.2 National obligation of administrating justice……………………………….26 VII.3. The prohibition of life imprisonment…………………………………………30 VII.3.1. mitigation and aggravating circumstances……………………….31 VII.3.2 the review process…………………………………………………31 VI.3.3. human rights and the hierarchical application to the life imprisonment penalty ……………………………………………………………………..32

In the second section we discuss in general terms how the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project differs from extant indices and how the novel approach taken by V-Dem might assist the work of activists, professionals, and scholars. Appendix A addresses the possible uses of V-Dem for program evaluation, Appendix B offers a glossary of key terms used in this document, and Appendix C clarifies search terms used for several analyses in Table . Many attempts have been made to measure democracy. It is somewhat complicated to identify these indices because they do not always refer explicitly to democracy. Nonetheless, we include an index in our survey if it is commonly viewed as representing democracy or some aspect of democracy, and if it features fairly broad country coverage. This includes the BNR index developed by Bernhard, Nordstrom & Reenock (2001); the Bertelsmann Transformation Index ("BTI") directed by the Bertelsmann Stiftung (various years); the Democracy Barometer developed by Wolfgang Merkel & associates (Bühlmann, Merkel, Müller & Weßels 2012); the BMR index developed by Boix, Miller & Rosato (2013), the Contestation and Inclusiveness indices developed by Coppedge, Alvarez, & Maldonado (2008); the Political Rights, Civil Liberty, Nations in Transit, and Countries at the Crossroads indices, all sponsored by Freedom House (freedomhouse.org); the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010) index ("EIU"); the Unified Democracy Scores ("UDS") developed by Pemstein, Meserve & Melton (2010); the Polity2 index from the Polity IV database (Marshall, Gurr & Jaggers 2014); the democracy-dictatorship ("DD") index developed by Adam Przeworski & colleagues (Alvarez, Cheibub, Limongi & Przeworski 1996; Cheibub, Gandhi & Vreeland 2010); the Lexical index of electoral democracy developed by Skaaning, Gerring & Bartusevičius (2015); the Competition and Participation indices developed by Tatu Vanhanen (2000); and the Voice and Accountability index developed as part of the Worldwide Governance Indicators ("WGI") (Kaufmann, Kraay & Mastruzzi 2010). 2 In order to make comparisons in a systematic fashion we summarize key features of 2 Other indices, not included in Table , may be briefly listed: the Political Regime Change [PRC] dataset

In the wake of the Cold War, democracy has gained the status of a mantra. 1 Perhaps no concept is as central to policymakers and scholars. 2 Yet, there is no consensus about how to measure democracy such that meaningful comparisons can be made through time and across countries. Skeptics wonder if such comparisons are possible at all. While this conclusion may seem compelling, one must also consider the costs of not comparing in a systematic fashion. Without some way of analyzing the level of democracy through time ...

This article identifies an integrated teaching strategy that was originally developed for engineers, the socalled 'micro-insertion' approach, as a practical and effective means to teach ethics at business schools. It is argued that instructors can incorporate not only generic or thematic learning objectives for students into this method (i.e., the intended content of what is being taught: in our case, an underlying ethical base for doing business), but also do so via a strategically integrated approach regarding the appropriate mix and timing of these micro-insertions. With this in mind, we propose a qualitative and examplebased approach that endeavors to provide a versatile way for business teachers to incorporate ethics into their general business classes. We also present a conceptual and theoretical framework that underpins this method, and we further provide a set of specific examples and a practical table that show how business instructors might integrate ethics-oriented micro-insertions into their teaching.

Background: This study aims to build a measure for assessing and reviewing the living conditions, care and human rights of people with longer term mental health problems in psychiatric and social care institutions. Protection of their human rights is imperative since impaired mental capacity secondary to mental illness can make them vulnerable to abuse and exploitation from others. They also constitute a major resource pressure for mental health services, social services, informal carers and society as a whole. domains are identified by collating results from: i) a systematic review of the literature on institutional care for this service user group; ii) a review of the relevant care standards in each participating country; iii) Delphi exercises in partner countries with mental health professionals, service users, carers and advocates. Common domains and cross-cutting themes are agreed by the principal researchers and an international expert panel. Items are developed to assess these domains and incorporated into the toolkit which is designed to be administered through a face to

International Water Law has been witnessing deep changes in the latter two decades. These changes denote certain cardinal options for new values that the newer International Water Law is seeking to embrace. Amongst these, the ones of environmentalization, humanization and economicization stand out as attempts at bringing efficient response to the challenges set by the current global water crisis. They amount to true paradigm shifts in the understanding of International Water Law and the normative message conveyed.

This research was able to gather a large number of perspectives thanks to the incredible support and participation of people directly affected by the issues we were studying. We express the deepest gratitude to all the people who took the time to share their experiences with us. We also thank our research partners who steered and supported the research in significant, tangible ways. We hope we have reflected all your experiences accurately and with integrity.

The objective in this paper is to highlight the economics of Gaza by delineating the topics of structural occupation and energy conflict, free markets versus free market of ideas, economics of extremism, the economics of crime and discrimination, cultural stereotypes and crowding out of morality. This is achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by drawing literature from the nexus between economics and theology, law, and philosophy.

This paper explores different aspects of transitional government in Sudan after Dec.2018 uprising in the context of the international demands for political change in many parts of the world, in the first two decades of the 21th century. After exploring various conceptual aspects of political change leading to transitional periods as "Bridges" to democratically elected governments, analysis will include impacts of international law on this type of governance focusing on promotion of democracy, transitional justice and the like. Special attention will be given to the Sudanese experience analyzing the dynamics that led to the downfall of Al-Bashir regime, and the many challenges that faced the transitional government. The subsequent power sharing agreements between the military and the civilian partners of the transition will be scrutinized. The paper also casts light on the priorities of the transition and the progress or otherwise achieved on each individual aspect of it.

Il presente saggio è una revisione di uno studio pubblicato nel 2015 sul Honmon Kaidan Daigohonzon (本門戒壇の大御本尊), oggetto centrale di venerazione nella tradizione Nichiren Shōshū. Intagliato in legno di canfora, laccato in nero e iscritto in caratteri dorati, questo honzon è venerato esclusivamente dalla Nichiren Shōshū, benché formati simili si ritrovino anche in altre correnti nichireniste. Lo studio mette a confronto il Daigohonzon con altri due honzon storicamente venerati presso il Minobusan Kuon-ji: il Sado Shiken Honzon e il Mōkotaiji Hatamandara. Nonostante le diverse narrazioni d’origine, i tre oggetti condividono un medesimo sfondo tematico: sono legati ad episodi drammatici di persecuzione e risposta soprannaturale—rispettivamente, Tatsunokuchi, Atsuhara e le invasioni mongole. Rimangono tuttavia molte incertezze : il Sado Shiken Honzon è andato perduto nell’ottavo anno dell’era Meiji (1875), mentre le due versioni ancora esistenti del Mōkotaiji Hatamandara—quella della “luna” (Tsuki-no-maru) e quella del “sole” (Hi-no-maru)—sono oggi considerate apocrife. Non è inoltre chiaro se il Daigohonzon sia stato originariamente redatto su carta o inciso direttamente sul legno.

The death penalty might be useless in the future when people gain more moral integrity, currently, death penalty still holds more advantage than disadvantage.
However, death penalty should still be strictly controlled with the presumption of innocence, life(ves) lost can not come back, and killing innocent and leaving out real perpetrator(s) is much worse than just leaving out perpetrator(s).
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In the modern world, 106 countries have already abolished the death penalty
(Amnesty International). Does this seem like a “progressive” and "rational" action? In reality, the abolishment of capital punishment is could actually be a misguided and dangerous decision. Death penalty played an important role throughout history, as the bedrock for various judiciary systems, affecting countless peoples. History already proves an obvious result. The death
penalty is an essential law that should be maintained due to its irreplaceable functions: the deterrent effect, the prevention of greater loss, and providing condolences to related people and the general public.

En el presente capítulo se busca Interpretar las relaciones entre la desaparición forzada por violencia, la memoria social y el territorio, interpretando como eje espacial de reflexión la región cafetera, con especial énfasis en el departamento de Risaralda.

La inserción de la figura del desaparecido en la comprensión pública implica reconocer los testimonios de las víctimas y los victimarios (comprometidos con la verdad de lo ocurrido), e interpretaciones que permitan el diálogo de discursos como el filosófico, sociológico, legal y literario, así como la discusión de esta problemática en espacios públicos para generar ejercicios de memoria, reconocimiento y resistencia.
De esta manera, se denotan en la presente reflexión los tres ejes que caracterizan el
presente capítulo: las relaciones entre memoria, desaparición y territorio en la región del
eje cafetero, reflexiones que surgen del proyecto de investigación interinstitucional en
curso realizada en la región cafetera

Resultados del proyecto, 'Mujeres cuidadoras de personas con trastorno mental grave: retos para un cuidado democrático y colectivo', del Instituto de las Mujeres, concesión de subvenciones públicas destinadas a la realización de Investigaciones Feministas para el año 2023 y referencia 01560-01302650.

was given formal constitutional recognition. 4 The constitutional entrenchment of minority and group-based entitlements was premised on an understanding of pluralistic democracy that contemplated and required legal recognition of distinctive group-based identities and rights. Such constitutional recognition in the texts of the law, however, does not ensure the effective enjoyment or protection of pluralistic identities in Canadian society. The interaction between constitutional rights and social reality tells a much more complex and less linear story and raises a number of theoretical challenges to protecting group-based rights in constitutional law. These include conceptual problems associated with defining the boundaries of group membership, the risks of congealing essentialist conceptions of group-based identity or overlooking intersectional and multiple identities in legal categories and definitions, legal resistance to abandoning legal formalism and classical legalism, and the problem of mediating conflict within and between social groups. In the face of these social, political, economic, and theoretical challenges, one response is to reject group-based constitutional rights and entitlements and advocate a return to the individual-rights approach of classical liberal constitutional theory. Such a return resonates with neoliberal and neoconservative political agendas and reflects a backlash against what are perceived as special, group-based rights. Another possibility is to imagine alternatives to identity-based rights claims. 5 A third option is to theorize and address the conceptual complexities of groupbased rights without abandoning their importance. 6 Innovative strategies for overcoming some of the challenges of group-based constitutional rights include challenging and revising dominant norms and enhancing participatory, democratic processes to facilitate constitutional dialogue across group differences. At this historical juncture, the creation of a constitutional law that recognizes an inclusive, pluralistic, and diverse conception of citizenship within nation-states is essential not only in Canada but also in countries around the world. 4. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982, ch. 11 (U.K.). 5. For a discussion of this alternative approach, see Roderick A.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

has written and presented papers in the area of women's rights and discrimination. I wish to thank Mandra Zweig and May Chiu for their research assistance and insights into how to make equality meaningful in children's lives. 1. MARTHA MINOW, MAKING ALL THE DIFFERENCE -INCLUSION, EXCLUSION,

This paper critically examines the omission of the human right to religious freedom from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This absence is particularly concerning given the central role that religious freedom has played throughout human history and continues to play in contemporary global society. Its exclusion—both as one of the 17 overarching goals and among the 169 specific targets—constitutes a significant normative gap on the part of Member States. The study begins by exploring the enduring relevance of religion as a guiding pillar in both individual moral development and collective social organization. Theological contributions from Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Paul II, Joseph Ratzinger, and Paul Tillich serve as the primary theoretical foundation for this analysis. Subsequently, the paper evaluates the principal international instruments under the UN framework that recognize and protect the right to religious freedom. The final section offers a critique of the editorial decision to exclude this right from the 2030 Agenda, emphasizing the broader consequences of this omission for international efforts to achieve sustainable development in its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Methodologically, the research combines bibliographic and documentary analysis with an ethnographic sensibility, structured through a deductive reasoning framework.

Constitutional rights are often seen as invitations to engage in all things considered moral reasoning about how public authorities should act. The Impasse of Constitutional Rights challenges this widely accepted view by showing that it generates an irresolvable deadlock between rival theories of constitutional rights that share the same defects. This Element develops the alternative idea that rights-based constitutional order has its own distinctive moral project, which consists in rendering public authority accountable to the inherent rights of each legal subject. Taking this project seriously requires reconceiving the basic building blocks of rights-based constitutional order: justification, purposive interpretation, and proportionality. The resulting account both escapes the impasse to which the leading contemporary theories of constitutional rights succumb and expounds the normative connection between rights-based constitutional order and its most fundamental doctrines.

This study seeks to understand the reasons Singapore attracted far more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) than Sierra Leone. The choice of these two countries is based on their historical similarities. Both Sierra Leone and Singapore were under British rule from the nineteenth century to the 1960s. Both countries gained their independence in the early 1960s. The countries share the same colonial heritage and therefore gained their colonial master’s system of government, legal framework, and economic systems. At independence, both countries had similar population size, as well as economies size. Sierra Leone’s population was 2.2m and Singapore’s was 1.6m in 1961. Between 1961 and1965, both countries held similar GDPs and their colonial master (United Kingdom) was their major trading partner. Using data from the World Bank Doing Business and the World Enterprise Survey for Sierra Leone and Singapore, the study finds that Singapore has attracted more FDI than Sierra Leone because of the ...

Финансиската криза од 2007 година е најлошата економска појава по „Големата депресија“(1929). Илјадници луѓе ги загубија своите заштеди, работни места, а некои и своите домови и животи. Потребата од анализирање на причинителите за оваа појава е повеќе од евидентна, со цел учење од минатото и избегнување на слични кризи во иднина. За правилно да разбереме што се случи, истражувањето е потребно да го започнеме со проучување на основните фактори кои ја предизвикаа кризата. Станува збор за низа погрешно донесени одлуки како резултат на постоењето на асиметрични информации, пропратени со неправилности во менаџментот на ризик. Асиметричните информации, односно неповолната селекција и пред сѐ, моралниот хазард се наоѓаат во самиот фундамент на финансиската криза. Моралниот хазард ни ја претставува можноста за преземање на ризик во поголема мера од она што е нормално, притоа знаејќи дека евентуалните штети би ги претрпел некој друг. Така, миксот помеѓу дерегулацијата, високата концентрациј...

In this text, I have tried to examine the phenomenon from a sociological point of view, to see its projections not only for the private lives of homosexuals but also for other members of society and society as a whole. Because this sociological approach is usually neglected in analyses.

In the electricity systems, which have a large share of seasonal hydropower plants in the total production of electricity and do not have a developed structure of maneuvering power units running on organic fuels, it is necessary to use basic power plants to regulate the system capacity (load) on a daily basis. For the optimal solution of this task, the authors of the article have proposed a formula by which it is possible to estimate the monetary costs in different scenarios of power system management. It takes into account the pricing of electricity generated by imported and locally generated thermal power plants and sets out the main requirements for the efficiency and regulation range of thermal power plants, the satisfaction of which saves funds at the expense of reducing electricity imports.

The relationship between democracy and social policy in Southeast Asia is a critical topic that has received insufficient attention. In general, trends in improving social policy as part of the government’s responsibility for citizens do not follow the trend of democratization. Even in autocratic countries, improving the quality of social policy is always a priority. This study answers the following question: what can the trend of improvement in social policy explain in relation to democratization at the state level? Through the comparative process tracing analysis method, this study demonstrated a discriminatory treatment factor in providing access to public services to certain groups related to the political forces that had been controlling the government. In addition, this study reveals several factors that have not been widely explained from the periodization of social policy changes in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines.

El comercio en vía pública se inscribe teórica y empíricamente en la discusión sobre la economía informal. Esta ha sido ampliamente discutida y analizada desde diferentes perspectivas, pero las más predominantes se han enfocado a su definición y medición desde una perspectiva cuantitativa 1 . Redes sociales y comercio en vía pública en la Ciudad de México

El comercio en vía pública se inscribe teórica y empíricamente en la discusión sobre la economía informal. Esta ha sido ampliamente discutida y analizada desde diferentes perspectivas, pero las más predominantes se han enfocado a su definición y medición desde una perspectiva cuantitativa 1 . Redes sociales y comercio en vía pública en la Ciudad de México