Hydrology

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Traditionally, the decision criteria when analyzing hydropower plants projects, has been based mostly on technical and economical analyses focused on the electric production aspects. Nowadays a broader approach is necessary, which takes into consideration multiple impacts such as:

Данильченко О.С. кандидат географічних наук Корнус А.О. доцент, кандидат географічних наук Корнус О.Г. доцент, кандидат географічних наук Сюткін С.І. доцент, кандидат географічних наук Нешатаєв Б.М. професор, доктор географічних наук Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А.С. Макаренка АЛГОРИТМ РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ РІЧОК ТА ЇХ БАСЕЙНІВ Ключові слова: річка, басейн річки, раціональне використання

Ще у минулому столітті перезволожені землі активно висушували з метою введення їх у сільськогосподарське використання, але реалії сьогодення говорять про потребу збереження цих земель, насамперед як природних резервуарів води , регуляторів стоку та осередків біологічного різноманіття. Таким осередком є верхів'я річки Битиця, що знаходиться за 22 км на північ від обласного центру Сумської області та є перспективним водно-болотним угіддям міжнародного значення. Обґрунтування критерії згідно яких ця територія набуде відповідного статусу надзвичайно важливе, тому її вивчення досить актуальне.

A common practice in pre-processing step of hydrological modeling is to ignore observations with any missing variable values at any given time step even if it is only one of the independent variable that is missing. These rows of data are labeled incomplete and would not be used in either model building or subsequent testing and verification steps. This is not necessarily the best way of doing it as information is lost when incomplete rows of data are thrown out. Learning algorithms are affected by such problems more than physically-based models as they rely heavily on the data to learn the underlying input/output relationships. In this study, the extent of damage to the performance of the learning algorithm due to missing data is explored in a field-scale application. We have tested and compared the performance of two well- known learning algorithms, namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for short-term prediction of groundwater levels in a well...

This study was conducted to determine physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient levels on a monthly basis of the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea region with an average flow rate of about 10 m 3 /sec and above, including Kizilirmak, Yesilirmak, Melet, Pazarsuyu, Aksu, Harsit, Degirmendere, Solakli, Iyidere, Buyukdere, Firtina, Caglayan and Kapistre. The highest annual average values for electrical conductivity (EC), reactive phosphate (o-PO4), ammonium (NH4), nitrite (NO2), sulphate (SO4) and hardness were determined as 1.16 ±0.29 mS/cm, 0.81±0.66 µM, 11.6±10.4 µM, 2.83±3.1 µM, 333±74 mg/L ve 407±47 mg CaCO3, respectively, in Kizilirmak (Samsun); the highest turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and organic matter (as permanganate index) as 191±99 FTU, 232±137 mg/L and 4.12±2.14 mg O/L respectively in Degirmendere (Trabzon); the highest silicate concentration in Melet (Ordu) as 305±47 µM; the highest nitrate concentration in Iyidere (Rize) as 124±79 µM; and the highest chloroph...

Riverine flooding is associated with not only displacement of people but also loss of property and lives in the lower course of rivers. However, there is a dearth of literature on land use and land cover within flood risk zones and safe zones within the Western Region in Kenya. Using Landsat satellite images and household surveys, this study aimed at mapping land use and land cover within flood risk and safe zones in Budalangi sub-county, Kenya. A sample size of 162 household heads was selected using stratified random sampling. Flood stage scenarios were hypothesized, and overlay analysis was done to determine the locations for evacuation and land use at risk. Descriptive data analysis was adopted to analyze data from respondents. Analyzed Landsat satellite images reveal that 39.1 % (76.2 km²) of the study area were flood risk zones, while 60.9 % (118.8 km²) were safe zones. Ninety percent (90 %, 68.6 km²) of the flood risk zones were located at altitudes less than 1144 m above sea level (a.s.l) while safe zones were located in areas with more than 1144 m a.s.l. Within the flood risk zones, 57.0 % (39.1 km²) was covered with papyrus vegetation, 19.2 % (13.2 km²) with riverine vegetation, 18.4 % (12.6 km²) with farmland, and 5.4 % (3.7 km²) with buildings or bare land. Ninety percent (90 %) of the safe regions were found within learning institutions, market centres and administrative centres. Majority of the respondents (n = 157, 96.9 %) had experienced flooding on their farmlands and some of them (n = 125, 79.6 %) indicated that floods had destroyed their crops. The flooding that occurred frequently within the study area during high rain season was mainly mitigated through terracing and use of canals. Current study concludes that flood risk zones were covered by natural vegetation while safe zones were occupied by human settlement. This study suggests that residents in flood prone areas should avoid residing within flood risk zones during rainy seasons.
Key words: Floods, Flood risk, Fluvial/Riverine Flooding, Safe zones, Budalangi

Aim To assess whether the water availability measures commonly used in species distribution models might be misleading because they do not account for the hydrological effects of changes in vegetation structure and functioning. Methods We compared different methods for estimating water availability in species distribution models with the soil water content predicted by a process-based ecosystem model. The latter also accounted for the hydrological effects of dynamic changes in vegetation structure and functioning, including potential physiological effects of increasing CO 2 . All proxies showed similar patterns of water availability across Europe for current climate, but when projected into the future, the changes in the simpler water availability measures showed no correlation with those projected by the more complex ecosystem model, even if CO 2 effects were switched off. Main conclusions Results from species distribution modelling studies concerning future changes in species ranges and biodiversity should be interpreted with caution, and more process-based representations of the water balance of terrestrial ecosystems should be considered within these models.

This study attempted a comparative analysis of the suspended and dissolved sediment yields of a tributary of the Kubanni River, Zaria. The suspended sediment yield has been acquired in a previous study by Yusuf (2006). From the samples of the filtered river water (i.e. aliquot) from which the dissolved concentration (i.e. total dissolved solids) was derived and the discharge records which have been carefully kept, the dissolved sediment discharges provide the basis for estimating the dissolved sediment yield. The results showed that the dissolved sediment yield is higher than the suspended sediment yield of the tributary. However, there is no statistically significant difference between them. This implies that estimating sediment yield by considering only suspended sediment yield is an underestimation and this further complicates the already established reservoir siltation problem of the Ahmadu Bello University Reservoir as it influences the water quality.

The problem of soil erosion and sedimentation of watercourses is becoming widespread due to increasing unwholesome land-use practices and population pressure on the limited landscapes. To ascertain the response of the Kubanni drainage basin to natural and anthropogenic forcing, this study adopted SCS-CN and geospatial technology to estimate the runoff of the Kubanni drainage basin. Some of the unique contributions of this study include the determination of the HSG and SCS-CN for the Kubanni drainage basin as a precondition to estimating runoff in a GIS environment.  Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014 and 2018, rainfall data from 2014 to 2018, soil data and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. A maximum likelihood supervised classification method was adopted in processing the satellite images to determine the LULC classes for the Kubanni drainage basin landscape. The LULC classes for the study area include built-up area, water, vegetation, farmland a...

Tanzania is among the world's poorest countries, ranking 159th out of 177, according to the Human Development Indices' calculations. This need, combined with abundant land and natural resources, a peaceful and relatively well-governed political environment and a rapidly growing economy make Tanzania an attractive recipient for bi-and multi-lateral development assistance. Assistance in 2005 amounted to around $US 1.5 billion or about 12% of GDP (gross domestic product) in Tanzania (SIDA-Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2006). In many cases, this support has led to significant improvements in livelihoods, environmental outcomes and quality of life, but the net effects of development assistance are not universally positive. Here, researchers examine a case where the unintended negative consequences of development assistance vastly outweigh the positive benefits and attempt to identify practical ways to avoid similar outcomes in the future.

Generally, every several years, heavy amounts of rainfall trigger a large number of debris flows within the central and southern Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. These types of landslides damage buildings, disrupt infrastructure, and occasionally injure and kill people. One of the first large debris flows was described in Pennsylvania in August 1779. The most destructive event occurred during August 19-20, 1969, in Nelson County, Va. During a period of 8 hours, 710 to 800 milimeters of rain triggered more than 3,000 landslides, killing more than 150 people. As the population increases in this region, future storms will likely increase the risks of property damage and loss of life. We provide a general overview of debris flows in the Appalachians, using a compilation of 19 storm events for which rainfall, duration of the storm, and descriptions of the resulting landslides have been substantially documented.

In this study, the potential impacts of road topography on hydrologic responses at the watershed scale were simulated. The method considered used a geographic information system to identify road embankment locations and subsequently remove them from the baseline elevation data. Starting from both the 'with' and 'without' road elevation model, the surface and near-surface hydrological responses for 20 watersheds in Sweden were modeled in HEC-HMS under three different storm intensities. Flow duration curves (FDCs) were used to compare hydrologic responses for the different modeling scenarios under the various storm intensities. Specifically, L-moment ratios of the FDCs were calculated and their variation compared. Results showed an increase in peak flow amounts and reduction in time to peak with increased storm intensity. In addition, variations of the L-moment ratios were larger in larger watersheds. However, the impact of the roads on the modeled hydrologic responses was much smaller than anticipated and only identifiable through detailed examination of the L-moment statistical descriptors. Our findings not only highlight the potential impacts of road topography on watershed-scale hydrology (especially concerning high intensity storms) but also provide a methodology for detecting the even rather small changes that could manifest, for example, under coupled road network and climatic changes.

In order to test the ability of a physically based water and heat model to predict surface runoff and pipe discharge, adaptations were made to an agricultural field in the north of Sweden. A five-year period was selected, including observations of meteorological data, frost in the soil and discharge. Basic model requirements on soil properties, i.e., the water retention curve and the saturated hydraulic conductivity, were available from a previous investigation. Unsaturated conductivity was estimated from the water retention curve and by assuming a substantial influence of macro pores in the subsoil. Snow properties and thermal soil properties were adjusted to obtain a reasonable agreement with observed frost depths for areas with barley and with grass leys. Surface runoff was the dominating part of the total runoff, especially during conditions of frozen soil. The simulated discharge agreed well with the general partitioning between surface runoff and pipe discharge but discrepanci...

The report examines water governance in the Asian Highlands towards awareness of, and preparedness for effective water resource management, and to encourage local adaptive capacities. It identifies highlights, unexpected discoveries and main challenges towards meeting the project goals. Ecological tipping points, community vulnerabilities, and transboundary water governance are complex influences that drive the direction of change in ecological/socio-economic systems and require interdisciplinary approaches. Climate change in the Asian Highlands poses known and predicted biophysical impacts affecting water resources. How the “Water Tower of Asia” is governed impacts the lives of almost 3 billion people living downstream

Partitioning evapotranspiration (ET) into its components reveals details of the processes that underlie ecosystem hydrologic budgets and their feedback to the water cycle. We measured rates of actual evapotranspiration (ET a ), canopy transpiration (T c ), soil evaporation (E g ), canopy-intercepted precipitation (E I ), and patterns of stomatal conductance of the desert shrub Calligonum mongolicum in northern China to determine the water balance of this ecosystem. The ET a was 251±8 mm during the growing period, while E I , T c , and E g accounted for 3.2%, 63.9%, and 31.3%, respectively, of total water use (256±4 mm) during the growing period. In this unique ecosystem, groundwater was the main water source for plant transpiration and soil evaporation, T c and exceeded 60% of the total annual water used by desert plants. ET was not sensitive to air temperature in this unique desert ecosystem. Partitioning ET into its components improves our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie adaptation of desert shrubs, especially the role of stomatal regulation of T c as a determinant of ecosystem water balance.

Post-fire debris flows can have erosion rates up to three orders of magnitude higher than background rates. They are major sources of fine suspended sediment, which is critical to the safety of water supply from forested catchments. Fire can cover parts or all of these large catchments and burn severity is often heterogeneous. The probability of spatial and temporal overlap of fire disturbance and rainfall events, and the susceptibility of hillslopes to severe erosion determine the risk to water quality. Here we present a model to calculate recurrence intervals of high magnitude sediment delivery from runoff-generated debris flows to a reservoir in a large catchment (>100 km²) accounting for heterogeneous burn conditions. Debris flow initiation was modelled with indicators of surface runoff and soil surface erodibility. Debris flow volume was calculated with an empirical model, and fine sediment delivery was calculated using simple, expert-based assumptions. In a Monte-Carlo simulation, wildfire was modelled with a fire spread model using historic data on weather and ignition probabilities for a forested catchment in central Victoria, Australia. Multiple high intensity storms covering the study catchment were simulated using Intensity-Frequency-Duration relationships, and the runoff indicator calculated with a runoff model for hillslopes. A sensitivity analysis showed that fine sediment is most sensitive to variables related to the texture of the source material, debris flow volume estimation, and the proportion of fine sediment transported to the reservoir. As a measure of indirect validation, denudation rates of 4.6 -28.5 mm ka -1 were estimated and compared well to other studies in the region. From the results it was extrapolated that in the absence of fire management intervention the critical sediment concentrations in the studied reservoir could be exceeded in intervals of 18 -124 years.

reported that infiltrationexcess runoff ratios of up to 60% were observed during 100 mm h -1 rainfall simulation on water repellent macroporous, clay loam forest soils in a SE Australian Eucalypt forest. At the same time, ponded ring infiltrometer measurements showed conductivities in the order of 100's of mm h -1 . The aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that these unusual results are due to strong water repellence resulting in very high spatial variability in conductivity, with a large proportion of soil surface area having zero to very low conductivity, punctuated by small areas of extremely high conductivity.

Wildfires can reduce infiltration capacity of hillslopes by causing (i) extreme soil drying, (ii) increased water repellency and (iii) reduced soil structure. High severity wildfire often results in a non-repellent layer of loose ash and burned soil overlying a water repellent soil matrix. In these conditions the hydraulic parameters vary across discrete layers in the soil profile, making the infiltration process difficult to measure and model. The difficulty is often exacerbated by the discrepancy between actual infiltration processes and the assumptions that underlie commonly used infiltration models, most of which stem from controlled laboratory experiments or agricultural environments, where soils are homogeneous and less variable in space and time than forest soils. This study uses a simple two-layered infiltration model consisting of surface storage (H), macropore flow (K mac ) and matrix flow (K mat ) in order to identify and analyze spatial-temporal infiltration patterns in forest soils recovering from the 2009 Black Saturday wildfires in Victoria, southeast Australia. Infiltration experiments on intact soil cores showed that the soil profile contained a region of strong water repellency that was slow to take on water and inactive in the infiltration process, thus restricting flow through the matrix. The flow resistance due to water repellent soil was represented by the minimum critical surface tension (CST min ) within the top 10 cm of the soil profile. Under field conditions in small headwaters, the CST min remained in a water repellent domain throughout a 3-year recovery period, but the strength of water repellency diminished exponentially during wet conditions, resulting in some weather induced temporal variation in steady-state infiltration capacity (K p ). An increasing trend in macropore availability during recovery was the main source of temporal variability in K p during the study period, indicating (in accordance with previous studies) that macropore flow dominates infiltration processes in these forest soils. Storage in ash and burned surface soil after wildfire was initially high ($4 mm), then declined exponentially with time since fire. Overall the study showed that the two layered soil can be represented and parameterized by partitioning the infiltration process into surface storage and flow through a partially saturated and restrictive soil layer. Ash, water repellency and macropore flow are key characteristics of burned forest soils in general, and the proposed model may therefore be a useful tool for characterizing fire impact and recovery in other systems.

As enchentes afetam a vida de milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo e suas causas podem estar relacionadas tanto com fatores naturais como antrópicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se a morfometria da bacia do rio Benevente tem relação com as enchentes ocorridas no município de Alfredo Chaves, ES. A base de dados consistiu de um modelo digital de elevação (ASTER), da rede hidrográfica vetorial do IBGE e de uma série histórica de 40 anos de precipitação diária. Os parâmetros morfométricos foram obtidos por meio de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A área de estudo possui uma forma alongada, relevo fortemente ondulado e declividade média da bacia de 42,75%. A altitude variou de 480 a 1.591 m. Novembro, dezembro e janeiro foram os meses de maior precipitação, com média mensal de 246,7, 261,5 e 204,2 mm, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a alta declividade da bacia e do rio principal, aliada à intensificação do uso e ocupação do solo, exerce expressiva influência sobre o escoamento superficial na bacia, aumentando as chances de ocorrência de picos de enchentes. Palavras-chave: gestão de recursos hídricos, hidrologia, morfometria.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estado de conservação hídrica e ambiental da bacia hidrográfica da Cachoeira das Pombas, localizada no município de Guanhães-MG, visando a seu manejo integrado. A caracterização das nascentes foi realizada quanto ao seu tipo, persistência de fluxo, estado de conservação, valores de vazão e avaliação do estado de conservação hídrico e ambiental. Para uma análise mais detalhada, a bacia hidrográfica foi dividida em sub-bacias. De forma geral, quanto ao estado de conservação hídrico e ambiental da bacia hidrográfica, conclui-se pela necessidade de se realizar práticas de manejo integrado dos recursos naturais, uma vez que a vazão dos cursos d'água apresentou-se desregularizada, com grandes oscilações entre as estações chuvosa e seca, além da presença de vários focos de erosão e assoreamentos, no período estudado.

Bovilla catchment is part of the Ishëm River. The artificial lake created in 1998 from the Bovilla dam is one of the most important water resources in Albania because is used as the main source from the Tirana Municipality water supply system. About 60% of Bovilla catchment is covered by forest (both broad-leaved and coniferous) and 5% of the area is bare or only barely wooded. Grasslands and pastures cover about 8-9% of the area, while 18% are dedicated to agriculture. Climate change, growing population, unsustainable development, and inappropriate land use threaten to induce or intensify natural hazards' exposure and vulnerability with disastrous consequences for the environment and societies. The performance and the spatial resolution of General Circulation Models (GCMs) have continuously improved in the recent years, but the typical state of the art spatial scale is still too coarse to realistically reproduce present climate and project climate change signals on local scales, especially in the presence of complex orography. In order to provide seasonal and annual water balance with different climate change scenarios for Bovilla catchment, the hydrological rainfall-runoff model HEC-HMS was implemented. In the absence of measured data, the parameters' values of the hydrological model were assigned based on acceptable data ranges from the manual, from literature, and on the expert experience. The parameters have been finalized in order to well match the simulated and observed data.

The current work addresses one of the key building blocks towards an improved understanding of flood processes and associated changes in flood characteristics and regimes in Europe: the development of a comprehensive, extensive European flood database. The presented work results from ongoing cross-border research collaborations initiated with data collection and joint interpretation in mind. A detailed account of the current state, characteristics and spatial and temporal coverage of the European Flood Database, is presented. At this stage, the hydrological data collection is still growing and consists at this time of annual maximum and daily mean discharge series, from over 7000 hydrometric stations of various data series lengths. Moreover, the database currently comprises data from over 50 different data sources. The time series have been obtained from different national and regional data sources in a collaborative effort of a joint European flood research agreement based on the exchange of data, models and expertise, and from existing international data collections and open source websites. These ongoing efforts are contributing to advancing the understanding of regional flood processes beyond individual country boundaries and to a more coherent flood research in Europe.

Exploitation of groundwater from shallow, high prolific Holocene sedimentary aquifers has been a main element for achieving safe drinking water and food security in Bangladesh. However, the presence of elevated levels of geogenic arsenic (As) in these aquifers has undermined this success. Except for targeting safe aquifers through installations of tubewells to greater depth, no mitigation option has been successfully implemented on a larger scale. The objective of this study has been to characterise the hydrostratigraphy, groundwater flow patterns, the hydraulic properties to assess the sustainability of the low-arsenic aquifers at Matlab, in south-eastern Bangladesh, one of the worst arsenic-affected areas of Bangladesh. Combining groundwater modelling with monitoring hydraulic heads in multi-level piezometer tests, 14 C-dating of groundwater, conventional hydraulic testing and assessment of groundwater abstraction rate proved to be a useful strategy. A model comprising of three aquifers covering the top 250 m of the model domain showed to best fit the evaluation criteria for calibration. Matlab is a recharge area, even though it is adjacent to the great Meghna River. Irrigation wells are placed in clusters and account for most of the groundwater abstraction. Even though the hydraulic heads are affected locally by seasonal pumping, the aquifer system is fully recharged during and after the monsoon period. Groundwater simulations demonstrated the presence of deep regional and horizontal flow systems with recharge areas in the eastern, hilly part of Bangladesh and shallow small local flow systems driven by local topography. Based on modelling and 14 C groundwater data, it can be concluded that the natural local flow systems reach a depth of 30 m b.g.l. in the study area. A downward vertical gradient of roughly 0.01 down to 200 m b.g.l. was observed and reproduced by calibrated models. The vertical gradient is mainly the result of the aquifer system and -properties rather than abstraction rate, which is too limited at depth to make an imprint. Although irrigation wells substantially change local flow pattern, targeting low-As aquifers seems to be a suitable mitigation option for providing people with safe drinking water. However, installing new irrigation-or high capacity production wells at the same depth is strongly discouraged as these substantially change the groundwater flow pattern. The results from the present study and other similar studies can further contribute to develop a rational management and mitigation policy for the future use of the groundwater resources for drinking water supplies.

Researches in hydrological modelling are aimed to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems in an attempt to make better predictions and to address the major challenges in water resources systems. Hydrological modelling concept is concerned with the relationship of water, climate, soil and land use. Hydrological models are classified either as: conceptual or physical, lumped or distributed, deterministic or stochastic. Hydrological models are the main tools that hydrologist use with different purposes such as water resources management, storm water management, reservoir system analysis, flood prediction, climate change assessment and among others. Many hydrological models have been developed for different purposes. The methodology for using hydrological models include: definition of the problem and specifying the objectives, studying the data available, specifying the economic and social constraints, choosing a particular class of hydrological models, selecting a parti...

The proceedings of the International Symposium on Dynamics and Biogeochemistry of River Corridors and Wetlands (S4) held during the Seventh Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) at Foz do Iguaco, Brazil, 3-9 April 2005. The symposium was organized by the International Commissions on Water Quality (ICWQ), Surface Water (ICSW) and Groundwater (ICGW).

The assessment of the accessibility of water in the basin and significance setting of its use is essential before planning for the expansion and development of additional sectors which poses pressure on water availability. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of SWAT model to simulate stream flow of Mojo River. The performance evaluation of the model was to obtain the water balances was conducted. In this study both secondary and primary data were used. The SWAT model was used for data analysis. In this study for stream flow yield simulation the parameters involving surface runoff (CN2.mgt) and ground water (ALPHA_BNK.rte was found to be the most sensitive parameters. A good agreement between observed and simulated discharge were observed, which was verified using both graphical technique and quantitative statistics. The value of R 2 =0.80, NSE=0.75, RSR=0.5 and PBIAS=-10.6 obtained during calibration and R 2 value 0.76, NSE value 0.69, RSR value 0.56 and PBIAS -14.4 obtained during validation as well as the uniformly scatter points along the 1:1 line during calibration and validation justify that the model is very good in simulating observed steam flow. From the results the total annual surface water available yields is estimated around 0.401Billion Cubic Meters (BCM).

Estimation of static and seismic settlements is critical for the design of a structure to assess whether the structure can tolerate given levels of total and differential settlements and angular distortion. The design of a public school building required the estimation of both liquefaction-induced settlement due to the presence of a potentially liquefiable layer, and settlement from cyclic softening of soft clay layers. Tolerable levels of differential settlements for the proposed school building were not to exceed 2 inches across the building. The soft clay had a plasticity index of 12, a liquid limit of 32, and SPT blow counts of less than 4. Recent publications do not consider this clay potentially liquefiable, but consider it susceptible to cyclic softening. In addition to the borings, in-situ vane shear testing and CPT soundings were conducted at the site to supplement the data for our analysis. Using published methods we conducted an assessment of the soft clay and calculated factors of safety against cyclic softening as low as 0.0. In-situ vane shear testing resulted in soil sensitivities ranging from 1.6 to 3.4. Using CPT data we conducted a cyclic softening analysis of the entire soil column to a depth of about 50 feet. This paper describes the encountered site conditions, methodology for estimating both seismic and static settlements, criteria for acceptable foundation performance, importance of evaluation of cyclic softening of soft clay layers, and the challenges working with the regulatory agency. The results of our analyses indicate differential settlements of about 2 inches.

This article presents a comprehensive framework for developing and deploying a decentralized renewable energy system designed to address the dual challenges of energy access and water resource management in rural areas. The proposed system integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, micro Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs), and hydrological pump stations to create a scalable and modular solution for rural electrification. The system harnesses renewable energy to charge an elevated distributed hydroelectric network, enabling the storage and distribution of energy and water for agricultural and domestic use. The project emphasizes sustainability, economic viability, and community empowerment. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels and central grids, the system promotes local energy autonomy, lowers carbon emissions, and enhances resilience against natural disasters. The modular design allows for incremental expansion, ensuring that the system can adapt to growing energy demands and varying local conditions. The article also explores the potential for global replication, particularly in regions with similar environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Key considerations include the integration of an advanced Energy Management System (EMS) with AI-driven predictive maintenance, ensuring optimal performance and reducing operational costs. The article discusses the legal and regulatory framework, highlighting the importance of securing water rights, complying with renewable energy regulations, and leveraging government incentives and carbon credits to enhance financial sustainability. Through detailed site selection criteria, environmental impact assessments, and community engagement strategies, this project serves as a prototype for sustainable rural development, offering a viable path toward achieving energy independence and improving quality of life in underserved regions.

The development of the groundwater module for the OHCM within the Trout Creek watershed is summarized in this section. The methodology for groundwater module development involved the following tasks: Review of available background information and data (Section 2.1) Delineation of groundwater use areas (Section 2.2) Incorporation of groundwater demand data at Nodes (Section 2.3) Characterization and consideration of surface water -groundwater linkages (Section 2.4) Characterization and consideration of aquifer -aquifer linkages (Section 2.5) Modification of the WEAP modeling platform for groundwater representation (Section 2.6) Model simulation and testing (Section 2.7) Groundwater module development first involved the collection and review of relevant and available information and previous reports. The following information sources were reviewed (ordered by date).

As a result of canopy interception and transpiration, trees are often assumed to have negative effects on the local hydrological budget resulting in reduced soil and groundwater resources. However, it has also been shown that trees can have positive effects through reducing surface run-off and improving soil infiltrability and groundwater recharge, especially in many tropical ecosystems characterized by high rain intensity and degradation-prone soils. In this study, we used isotopic measurements of soil water to better understand the main processes by which trees influence local soil water dynamics within a tropical pasture with scattered tree cover in the Copan River catchment, Honduras. We also determined the stable isotope signature of xylem water in grasses and trees to assess potential competition for water sources during the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, when soil water availability was not limiting, both grasses and trees primarily utilized soil water near the s...

A study was undertaken during May 2017 to monitor the impact of tidal actions on the hydrological parameters of the Hooghly estuary. The water quality reflects the impact of Bay of Bengal (sea) water almost on all the variables as revealed from the significant difference of parameter values in high and low tides (except surface water temperature and K). The 12 selected stations from the upstream to downstream regions exhibited uniformity with respect to surface water temperature. Significant spatial variations (at 5% level of significance) were observed with respect to parameters like surface water salinity, pH, alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, NO3, PO4, SiO3, extinction coefficient, SO4, Na, K, Cl and total N. Along with tidal influences, the anthropogenic factors contributed by the adjacent cities and towns exert a regulatory influence on parameters like BOD, COD, NO3, PO4, extinction coefficient, SO4 and total N.

Heavy metal toxicity is major concern in term of water pollution. Heavy metals, some of them are potentially toxic and are transferred to the surrounding environment through different pathways. In this study, we carried out examination of concentration of Lead, Chromium, Nickel in water and sediment from River Ayad in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Samples of water and sediment were collected from the five different sampling sites. Samples collected in duration of ninety three days from January to April with the gap of 10-15 days during climatic changes are most. On comparison of these heavy metals concentration, it was found that concentration of Pb, Cr, and Ni were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and it increases with rising temperature and reducing humidity. The samples collected from Site 5 had higher concentration among all sites of collection.

The occurrence, sources, and governing geochemical reactions of strontium in the groundwater of the Ranegras Plain basin, western Arizona, were evaluated by the analysis of basin geology, groundwater quality data, and chemical analyses of basin drill cuttings and potential strontium source rocks from the surrounding mountains. Four potential mechanisms controlling the hydrogeochemistry of strontium were evaluated: (1) celestite and strontianite dissolution; (2) strontium release during the weathering of silicate minerals; (3) the solid solution of strontium in calcite, aragonite, and gypsum; and (4) cation exchange. Evaporite dissolution, aluminosilicate mineral hydrolysis, calcite precipitation, and cation exchange control the basin hydrogeochemistry. Strontium concentrations in groundwater range from 0.060 to 4.4 milligrams per liter and are controlled primarily by pH, gypsum dissolution and calcite precipitation of which strontium is a trace component, and the cation exchange of strontium on aquifer minerals. xi i CHAPTER 1 Potential sources of the elevated concentrations of strontium in the Ranegras Plain were evaluated by the chemical analysis of rock samples from the mountains surrounding the basin and of well cuttings samples from boreholes within the basin sediments.

The occurrence, sources, and governing geochemical reactions of strontium in the groundwater of the Ranegras Plain basin, western Arizona, were evaluated by the analysis of basin geology, groundwater quality data, and chemical analyses of basin drill cuttings and potential strontium source rocks from the surrounding mountains. Four potential mechanisms controlling the hydrogeochemistry of strontium were evaluated: (1) celestite and strontianite dissolution; (2) strontium release during the weathering of silicate minerals; (3) the solid solution of strontium in calcite, aragonite, and gypsum; and (4) cation exchange. Evaporite dissolution, aluminosilicate mineral hydrolysis, calcite precipitation, and cation exchange control the basin hydrogeochemistry. Strontium concentrations in groundwater range from 0.060 to 4.4 milligrams per liter and are controlled primarily by pH, gypsum dissolution and calcite precipitation of which strontium is a trace component, and the cation exchange of strontium on aquifer minerals. xi i CHAPTER 1 Potential sources of the elevated concentrations of strontium in the Ranegras Plain were evaluated by the chemical analysis of rock samples from the mountains surrounding the basin and of well cuttings samples from boreholes within the basin sediments.

Resumo: O uso de metodos convencionais para analise da qualidade da agua, como parâmetros fisico-quimicos, em areas de reservatorios utilizadas para a agricultura, nao e suficiente para detectar possiveis impactos gerados a longo prazo. Sendo assim, o uso de macroinvertebrados bentonicos como bioindicadores associado aos metodos convencionais se torna uma analise mais completa e abrangente. O trabalho apresenta dados do monitoramento da qualidade da agua em uma area de parque aquicola do reservatorio de Furnas, com enfoque no biomonitoramento da comunidade macrobentonica colonizadora do sedimento, em areas com e sem producao de peixe. Foi observado que a comunidade biologica em estudo nao apresentou alteracoes relacionadas com a producao aquicola, mas sim com a localizacao dentro do reservatorio.

This study has presented the estimate of the catchment-level water balance by assessing components separately using different field methods of a subalpine forest in South Tyrol region (north Italy). The techniques of geospatial analysis, statistical modelling and mapping were used for analysis of environmental and hydrological variables in coniferous forest. Methods-tools included data integration, processing and modelling. Techniques employed eddy covariance (EC) of tree transpiration sensors, phenocam images, throughfall and stemflow gauge. These instruments were employed to measure water discharge, soil humidity, and quantify moisture in epiphytes. After data collection, the data were modelling using Python-based statistical libraries. The aim was to monitor a dense old (>200 years old) and young (<30 years old) forests in different seasons (wet and dry periods) in order to compare their effect on water balance. The study is located in South Tyrol. The cumulative effects of climate and environmental change were quantified by environmental habitat assessment. The resistance of young and old forests to climate effects was analyzed on landscape level. Environmental monitoring is a key tool for understanding the climate challenges in forest ecosystems. The results revealed that the age of trees and availability of lichens on the trunks contribute to water balance through increased humidity and interception of water by canopy. This study contributes to environmental analysis of climate-hydrological dynamics of mountain habitats in north Italy.

Multivariate statistical methodsprincipal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)are applied to identify geochemically distinct groundwater groups in the territory of Latvia. The main processes observed to be responsible for groundwater chemical composition are carbonate and gypsum dissolution, fresh and saltwater mixing and ion exchange. On the basis of major ion concentrations, eight clusters (C1-C8) are identified. C6 is interpreted as recharge water not in equilibrium with most sediment forming minerals. Water table aquifers affected by diffuse agricultural influences are found in C3. Groundwater in C4 reflects brine or seawater admixture and gypsum dissolution in C5. C7 and C2 belong to typical bicarbonate groundwater resulting from calcite and dolomite weathering. Extremely low Cl À and SO 4 2À are observed in C8 and described as preindustrial groundwater or a solely carbonate weathering result. Finally, C1 seems to be a poorly defined subgroup resulting from mixing between other groups. This research demonstrates the validity of applying multivariate statistical methods (PCA and HCA) on major ion chemistry to distribute characteristic trace elements in each cluster even when incomplete records of trace elements are present.

Large groundwater level (GWL) data sets are often patchy with hydrographs containing continuous gaps and irregular measurement frequencies. However, most statistical time series analyses require regular observations, thus hydrographs with larger gaps are routinely excluded from further analysis despite the loss of coverage and representativity of an initially large data set. Missing values can be filled in with different imputation methods, yet the challenge is to assess the imputation performance of automated methods. Assessment of such methods tends to be carried out on randomly introduced missing values. However, large GWL data sets are commonly dominated by more complex patterns of missing values with longer contiguous gaps. This study presents a new artificial gap introduction approach (TGP- typical gap patterns) that improves our understanding of automated imputation performance by mimicking typical gap patterns found in regional scale groundwater hydrographs. Imputation perfo...