International Economics

The present study focuses on the Export trade financing by EXIM Bank of India for Various types of exports to Indian Exporters, asses as the sufficiency of quantum of finance and the suitability for enhancing the same, its working as a pioneer in export credit, its role in supporting Indian industries, particularly exporting companies which truly needs export credit, in their globalization efforts through a wide range of the products and services offered at all stages of the business cycle, has also been discussed. The impacts and implication has been pointed out and suggestions are also given to provide optimal export credit to Indian exporters.

Countries in the Asia and Pacific region have shown many macroeconomic similarities such as current account surpluses, exchange rate appreciation, export-oriented economies, growth success, etc. This paper argues that there may be one more macroeconomic feature to add to the list: strong tax convergence. Using data on the statutory corporate tax rate in 15 countries from 1980 to 2014, we identify (i) a significant dynamic tax convergence pattern, and (ii) three tax convergence clubs. The latter consist of the small tax haven economies of Hong Kong and Singapore, the East Asian countries (plus one), and the South and Southeast Asian and Oceania countries. These economies, within groups, have been reducing the tax gaps with their neighbours over time.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in economic growth for developing countries where there is always a shortage of investment capital. Its role is manifested through promoting economic restructuring, expanding markets, promoting exports, developing human resources and providing new technologies for development. Therefore, FDI has always been addressed as the top concern of governments in developing countries. However, FDI inflows often fluctuate because of many factors related to the competitive environment, such as market size, economic openness, competition in labor resources, etc. There are many empirical studies related to FDI inflows. However, most of these studies are carried out in developed countries. Meanwhile, in developing countries, there is not as much as this kind of study. On the other hand, the empirical research results are not consistent. This article will analyze the factors affecting FDI in the Northwest region of Vietnam in the context of global economic integration in the period of 2000 -2019, from which we draw out the policy implications that can be applied to Vietnam.

This is an important volume, containing contributions by an outstanding group of authors on some of the central issues of the Doha agenda negotiations. Distinguishing features of the volume include its comprehensive coverage of the issues, and the way the authors explain them in comprehensible terms, covering both the historical context and the debates currently raging in the WTO. ' -Will Martin,The World Bank, US Agricultural Policy Reform and the WTO provides insights into the effects of the Uruguay Round WTO agreement on agricultural policy and global markets, and considers what is at stake in the Doha Development Agenda Round.

The impacts of further trade liberalization after the Uruguay Round are assessed using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, a multi-region, general equilibrium model. The analysis quantifies the trade impacts and welfare gains from trade liberalization by developed countries only, by developing countries only, from full multilateral liberalization, and from partial multilateral liberalization. It goes beyond past modeling of global trade reform by incorporating key tariff preferences.

Розглянуто проблему ідентифікації параметрів математичних моделей динамічних процесів, які можуть бути описані звичайними диференціальними рівняннями та системами рівнянь. На прикладі математичних моделей динамічного формування ринкової вартості однієї акції та портфеля цінних паперів розроблено алгоритми побудови оптимальних значень параметрів таких моделей. Алгоритми параметричної ідентифікації та оптимізації ґрунтуються на ітераційних процедурах, які дозволяють на кожному кроці формувати «кращі» з точки зору вибраних критеріїв якості значення параметрів моделі. Гарантовані оцінки параметрів будуються у класі еліпсоїдальних множин, які, на прикладі математичних задач фінансового аналізу, дозволяють отримати гарантовані фінансові показники інвестиційної діяльності.The problem of identification of parameters of mathematical models of dynamic processes is considered that can be described by ordinary differential equations and systems of such equations. Using an example of mathematica...

Although entering a currency union involves both costs and benefits, an increasing body of research is finding that the benefits -in terms of international trade creation -are remarkably large. For example, Rose (2000) suggests that countries can up to triple their trade by joining a currency union. If true the impact on trade, income and welfare should Iceland join EMU could be enormous. However, by focussing simply on EMU rather than the broad range of currency unions studied by Rose, we find that the trade impact of EMU is smaller -but still statistically significant and economically important. Our findings suggest that the Iceland's trade with other EMU countries could increase by about 60% and that the trade-to-GDP ratio could rise by 12 percentage points should Iceland join the EU and EMU. This trade boost could consequently raise GDP per capita by roughly 4%. These effects would be even larger if the three current EMU outs (Denmark, Sweden and the UK) were also to enter EMU.

The core and central objective of this paper is to present the concept of sociocultural advantage as an important and a foundational pillar of anthropological economics, and as an complementary concept to the concept of absolute and comparative cost advantage that already exist in traditional or what we may call legacy economics. The concept of sociocultural advantage may also be productively and effectively be used in economic planning along with the concepts of cultural and anthropological equilibrium which are two other important concepts that we introduce here. We begin this paper by overviewing our previously published work on anthropological economics and reviewing the twin theories of absolute and comparative cost advantage. Our previous concepts such as human, social, cultural and economic capital are also reviewed along with the concepts of sociocultural and socioeconomic groups besides creative intellectual and entrepreneurial classes. The concepts of sociocultural advantage are also assessed along with cultural remediation patterns, strategies and outcomes. This is done with recourse to a study of important social and cultural movements all across the world. The concepts of economic enculturation and economic mind-orientation are also discussed along with the concepts of cultural and economic competitiveness. We hope, expect and believe that this paper will become an important paper in the virgin and nascent field of anthropological economics and improve the lives of hundreds of millions of people all over the world.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye için döviz kuru, ithalat ve ihracat arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, veriler Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sisteminden elde edilmiştir. Araştırma dönemi üçer aylık 1989-2016 yıllarıdır. Analizde Toda-Yamamoto (1995) nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre,istatistiksel olarakdeğişkenler arasında anlamlı bir nedensellik ilişkisi yoktur.

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement (AKFTA) on Indonesia Trade with gravity model approach using panel data. This research is using Hausman and Chow test to choose the best between the Fixed Effect model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM). The test result shows that REM is the best model choosen to analyze the effect from GDP per capita, Exchange rate, distance and AKFTA Policy to the import from 14 AKFTA country economies to Indonesia. The result from R2 shows that the variation of independent variables (GDP per capita, Exchange rate, distance and AKFTA Policies) affected the variation of dependent variable (Import) as 54 percent. Meanwhile, from the gravity theory, the trade among AKFTA economies to Indonesia has bring positive impact as the distance has positive sign and lead to form trade creation. The variable of dummy policy has negative and significantly affected the import.

The conflict between India and Pakistan is evolving rapidly after the attack on Indian tourists in Kashmir in April 2025. The Indian Prime Minister proclaimed that this murderous attack would not remain a secret and attributed responsibility to the Pakistani secret services. Early last week India bombed Kashmiri independence camps, and Pakistan retaliated with air raids. The confrontation has escalated, with the Indian Prime Minister threatening to withdraw from the Indus River and tributaries water management agreement between India and Pakistan, signed in 1960. This likely water war poses a serious threat of famine for Pakistan, which could further aggravate the ongoing conflict with India. What's more, the nuclear threat is already present.

According to WTO rules, countries are allowed to adopt regulations under the Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) agreements in order to protect human, animal and plant health as well as environment, wildlife and human safety. These non-tariff barriers (NTBs) may play an important role in the conduct of international negotiations. Developing countries (DCs) protest regularly against the increasing use of NTBs by developed countries. In this paper focusing on agricultural trade where such measures play a prominent role, we investigate two central questions: first, do these measures influence significantly trade flows? Second, is the impact similar for all exporting countries or are there differences (i) between OECD countries and developing (DCs) & least developed (LDCs) ones? Our source data are WTO members' notifications of SPS and TBTs. These notifications are collected and analyzed by the UNCTAD. For each notification, the database provides the notifying country, the affected product (at the six-digit level of the Harmonized System of classification), and the classification code of the barrier. The UNCTAD distinguishes seven broad categories of measures. These categories includes 43 different measures such as the ban of some products (SPS) or technical measures (pre-shipment inspection or quarantine requirements). Considering the number of affected products, "technical barriers" is the most frequent measure. With rare exceptions, SPS and TBT measures are applicable to all exporting countries. They do not have a bilateral dimension. However, exporters will be differently affected by these measures depending on the structure of their exports in terms of products and markets. We firstly provide some descriptive statistics on SPS and TBTs by merging information on notifications with trade data. Data on trade flows are for the year 2004 and come from the BACI database developed by the CEPII. Our sample includes 690 agricultural and agro-food products. Among the 154 importing countries, only 92 notify measures under the SPS and TBT agreements. Using these data, we calculate a coverage ratio, which corresponds to the ratio of imports in notifying countries over world imports in affected products. Over the 690 products, only 4 do not face any barrier in any importing country. For the remaining products, measures are notified by at least one importer; for these products, the average coverage ratio is 45%. 502 products have a coverage ratio above 25%. The average coverage ratio for them is 55%. For 20 products, one can suspect a protectionist use of barriers, identified as cases where only five or less countries enforce a measure on a product. 366 products of our sample are "sensitive": at least 25% of importing countries notify a measure. The average coverage ratio for these products is 50%. The most affected exporters in terms of coverage ratio are developing countries. On the other hand, the most affected exporting countries regarding the number of affected products are developed countries, which export more products and face more NTBs. This inventory approach misses two important issues: : first, it does not necessarily inform on the stringency of SPS and TBT measures; second, in case of incomplete information on traded products, SPS and TBTs can facilitate trade by signaling that products are safe to the consumer. In their absence, there might be no trade at all. Using the same data, we accordingly estimate econometrically the impact of SPS and TBT measures on bilateral trade in agricultural products.

This article offers a conceptual analysis of the negotiation of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. It argues that traditional accounts of the structure of trade negotiations must be tailored for their novel nature, especially their wider scope on various regulatory issues and the relative economic weight of trading partners. To build our argument, we revisit traditional structural factors such as economic interdependence, non-agreement alternatives (NAA), institutional constraints, outcome valuations, and domestic support. We conclude that current and future bilateral trade negotiations will likely last longer, deadlocks will likely become more frequent, and that variations in scope will likely increase.

This article offers a conceptual analysis of the negotiation of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. It argues that traditional accounts of the structure of trade negotiations must be tailored for their novel nature, especially their wider scope on various regulatory issues and the relative economic weight of trading partners. To build our argument, we revisit traditional structural factors such as economic interdependence, non-agreement alternatives (NAA), institutional constraints, outcome valuations, and domestic support. We conclude that current and future bilateral trade negotiations will likely last longer, deadlocks will likely become more frequent, and that variations in scope will likely increase.

Tartalomjegyzék A globális értékláncok -a multinacionális vállalat, mint globális gyár Fejezetek a nemzetközi üzleti gazdaságtanból 6. Absztrakt A tanulmánykötet a globális értékláncok névvel fémjelezett jelenséget veszi górcső alá. A fókuszban a multinacionális vállalatcsoportok ill. a nemzetközi cégek állnak. A tíz tanulmány különböző megközelítések alapján betekintést ad abba, hogy hogyan ragadhatják meg és vizsgálhatják a kutatók a globális értékláncokat a vállalatok, ill. vezetőik nézőpontjából, mi következik a kutatási eredményekből a vállalatok vezetői számára, és milyen következményei vannak a globális értékláncok karakteres és terjedő jelenlétének a nemzetgazdaságok gazdasági politikáit formálókra. A tanulmánykötet szerzői a 2012/2013.tanév tavaszi félévében a Nemzetközi üzleti gazdaságtan c. PhD kurzus hallgatói voltak.

The editors are grateful to the authors, their discussants and other participants to the World Bank-CEPR conference in Brussels in May 2009 that considered preliminary drafts of the individual chapters, as well as to Vivian Davies and Anggreini Kasanan at CEPR for their contributions and support. They thank in particular Otaviano

Abstract: The European Union's recent trade policy strategy towards China, which focuses on bilateral market access and involves a strong U S-style confrontational stance, is ineffective and short-sighted. Today there exists no genuine dialogue between China and ...

Designing the European Union (EU) trade policy towards China is a daunting challenge for three reasons. First, China (like the US) has a fully-fledged foreign policy, allowing its trade policy to focus on business issues, but also to be occasionally the continuation of its foreign policy. Europe (that is, the EU and its Member States) has not such a luxury. Second, trade negotiations are not yet driven by the same dynamics in China and in the EU. Many Chinese firms have not yet developed the same level of efforts than the EU firms for making their case to the trade authorities, and the Chinese press covers less extensively the world news that the EU press. Hence, the Chinese trade authorities still enjoy a large freedom of manoeuvre in trade matters, while China's trading partners have hard time to "mobilize" their potential Chinese allies on issues of common interest. Last but not least, although Europe will be a "diminishing giant", it will still be larger and richer than China during the next twenty years, bearing more responsibility than China in building sound future bilateral relations (like the US did with Europe fifty years ago, when Europe was hesitating between market economy and central planning, and their associated political regimes). Europe will continue to become richer while China will catch up. But, meanwhile, the EU may have hard times to resist to the temptation of exploiting short-lived advantages "before it is too late", while rising China may be tempted to procrastinate until it could enjoy its full strength. In such extraordinary times, Europe should choose carefully its objectives, and assess thoroughly the opportunities lost when insisting too long and/or too much on a topic. It

This paper measures the welfare cost to consumers of the bloc of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), plus Malta and Cyprus, of choosing a depreciated conversion rate when joining the European Monetary Union. For this, I present and solve an appropriately calibrated small open economy model where a euro-denominated bond and the equity on a traded goods sector are traded internationally. I show that the cost of depreciating the domestic currency against the euro by 20%, at the time of joining the European Monetary Union, entails a cost of approximately 1.65% in terms of lost lifetime utility (measured in equivalent units of consumption).

This paper identifies the factors that determine FDI inflows in the former socialist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. In our analysis, FDI inflows are modeled as a function of the market size (i.e., real GDP), inflation, the current account balance, the real exchange rate, openness and government regulation --for the host country. Using data from 1995 to 2004, a panel data estimator suggests that the real exchange rate, openness of the economy and deregulation are the primary factors determining FDI inflows in these countries.

The use of pesticides has been the main strategy to prevent ectoparasites that threaten aquaculture productivity. The non regulated use of such chemicals may lead to damage in aquatic ecosystems that receive the ponds effluents, compromising environmental and consumers’ health. With the aim of evaluate the use of pesticides in aquacultural practices developed in Mogi-Guacu catchment, fish farm and fee fishing owners were interviewed. Eighty-nine enterprises were visited, and was verified that about 40% uses pesticide during management practices in recent years. The diflubenzuron, methyl parathion, trichlorfon and triflumuron were the pesticides most used. In addition to the interviews, samples were taken in 3 enterprises localized in Socorro, SP (Peixe River sub-catchment) which had a pesticide usage history. It was not detected residues of the pesticides diflubenzuron, methyl parathion and dichlorvos in any water, sediments nor fishes samples from tow distinct seasons (lower and hi...

Background and objective: The paper explores the impact of foreign direct investment and nancial development on regional growth at the EU regional level for 2005-2017. Both FDI and nancial development are important determinants of the regions' growth, but not for all EU regions homogeneously. Some EU regions seem to bene t more than others, depending on certain characteristics, which implies that FDI attraction policies need to bear in mind not only country speci cities, but also regional speci cities, hence con rming the need for developing FDI attraction policies at the subnational level: nancial development, capacity building, and Investment Promotion Agencies are key, for example. Methods: The methodology used in the paper relies on a beta-convergence model and on xed effects estimation. In addition, a GMM difference model accounts for endogeneity. Results: Our empirical ndings indicate that, in less wealthy (and more peripheral) regions compared to wealthy regions, FDI productivity spillovers are more signi cant. In other words, in less wealthy regions, the imitation effect prevails over the competition effect. Conclusions: FDI and nancial development are important determinants of regional growth, especially for less developed and peripheral regions. Contribution/value: Financial development is shown to be a crucial determinant for economic growth at the regional level, especially for peripheral regions, which raises essential policy implications, especially for the sake of economic disparities in the EU NUTS 2 regions. In other words, local access to nance, especially to bank credit, plays a crucial role for regional growth, despite the continuous integration of nancial markets. Also, there is an income and geographic heterogeneity when it comes to estimating FDI spillovers; therefore, the impact of FDI on growth is not always homogeneous across territories, which challenges the idea of simple "bright" or "dark" sides to the effects of FDI.

In this paper, a model of the economic transmission process is dissected to reveal the separate importance of trade, capital flows, and migration. Our experiments make use of the Canadian quarterly model RDX2 linked to the MPS model of the United States. ~ The simulations extend for eight years, tracing the effects of stabilization policies (mainly changes in Federal Government expenditures) originating in the United States or Canada. Two alternative systems are used to determine the exchange rate linking the Canadian and U. S. dollars; the managed peg exchange system adhered to by Canada between mid-1962 and mfd-1970, and a flexible exchange system modelled using data from Canada's experience before 1962 and after 1970.

Mentre in molti settori dei servizi e delle strutture comunali sono presenti figure professionali di ruolo di riferimento come assistenti sociali, geometri, architetti, geologi, e altre e per il loro rinnovo vengono svolti periodicamente concorsi, nel settore della cultura invece, e in particolare delle biblioteche, non avviene lo stesso. Perché, secondo lei, da molti Comuni sembra sia stata accantonata l'idea di attivare concorsi per bibliotecari? Perché, in generale, nel nostro paese si ritiene che la cultura sia poco importante. In passato abbiamo addirittura avuto un ministro che ha sostenuto che "con la cultura non si mangia". Da noi c'è anzitutto un clima culturale che non favorisce l'idea di spendere nel mondo della cultura e della ricerca. Viviamo un tempo in cui il pensiero dominante tende a sbeffeggiare la cultura e la scienza: una sorta di ribellione populista contro i saperi, spesso carica di rancore gratuito. Credo che questo si spieghi con il clima politico generale del nostro tempo e non è cosa che riguarda solo il nostro Paese. Nell'epoca dei populismi occorrono risposte semplici che parlino direttamente alla pancia delle persone ed ecco che quindi tutto ciò che è complessità, ricerca, articolazione che comporta dei distinguo, delle sfumature, viene ritenuto vecchio, superato, fuori dal tempo. Pensate alla strisciante riforma della scuola. Si cerca da tempo di trasformare la scuola da luogo della cultura e della formazione del cittadino a luogo di mera introduzione nel mondo del lavoro. L'ambizione più o meno nascosta di privatizzare la scuola pubblica, la retorica sulle competenze e sulla meritocrazia, le prove Invalsi, l'alternanza scuola/lavoro, sono tutti tasselli di un progetto che tende a ridisegnare l'orizzonte costituzionale della scuola pubblica attribuendogli esclusivamente un ruolo di preparazione e di introduzione al mercato del lavoro, una prova generale della selezione spietata che il mercato del lavoro compirà dopo.

This study was focused on the value added tax, inflation, and manufacturing sector output in ECOWAS countries. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between value added tax (VAT) and inflation on manufacturing sector productivity in ECOWAS countries The National Bureau of Statist ics and the CBN statistics bulletin and World Bank Data bank were utilized to provide aggregate time series data for the years 2000 to 2022 the research study views ten (10) ECOWAS countries such as; Nigeria,

We test the relationship between size of regional trade agreement (RTA) and regional trade bias using a gravity equation on a large sample of 143 countries for the period 1980-2003. We find that regional trade bias declines with the size of the club and that three of the four expanding RTAs have already surpassed their 'optimal' sizes. There is no evidence that RTAs have set protection levels against outsiders noncooperatively.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and poverty at the macro-pathway in selected developing countries. The contribution to host countries from FDI can take several forms, such as the transfer of technology, human capital development, increased competition in domestic markets, and the generation of corporate tax revenues, among others. The paper develops a data set and an econometric model to analyse FDI flows and poverty relations at the macro level panel data set. Results show that there is statistically significant relationship between FDI and poverty and it is obvious that FDI reduces poverty in selected developing countries.

This paper examines the effects of foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO 2 emissions in Turkey. We consider linear and nonlinear ARDL models and find significant asymmetric effects of exports, imports and FDI on CO 2 emissions per capita. However, FDI has no statistically significant long-run effects. In the long run, decreases in exports reduce CO 2 emissions per capita but increases in exports have no statistically significant effects. Increases in imports push up CO 2 emissions per capita, while decreases in imports have no long-run effects. On the other hand, CO 2 intensity, which measures CO 2 emissions per unit of energy, is not influenced by exports and imports, nor by FDI. Instead, it is affected positively by financial development and urbanization. Also, we find that an environmental Kuznets curve is present for both CO 2 measures so that increases in real GDP per capita have led to reductions in CO 2 emissions for at least the most recent decade, controlling for other confounding factors. Furthermore, the sectoral shares of CO 2 emissions in total CO 2 emissions change asymmetrically with foreign trade for two of four sectors, with export increases leading to lower CO 2 shares and imports having the opposite effect.

The creation ofthe euro will link an economy that is nearly as large and as open as the United States. Does this imply that the euro will rival the role of the dollar as an international currency? This paper addressesthis question through an examination ofthe determinants ofthe use of an international currency. It examines both the prospects of the euro becoming an international currency and the implications for the European Union and the United States.

When the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into force on January 1st, 1994, it created the largest free trade area in the world, and the one with the largest gaps in development between member countries. It has since served as a framework for trilateral commercial exchange and investment between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. NAFTA’s consequences have been mixed. On the positive side, the total value of trade in the region reached $1.1 trillion in 2016, more than three times the amount in 1994, and total foreign direct investment among member countries also grew significantly. However, the distribution of benefits has been very uneven, with exposure to international competition reducing economic opportunity and increasing insecurity for certain sectors in all three countries. Twenty-four years later, the three countries renegotiated the terms of NAFTA and renamed it the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). The negotiation responded in part to the nee...

Przedmiot badań: Od lat w dyskusji ekonomicznej trawa debata, czy gospodarki powinny być bardziej skłonne do liberalizacji handlu na preferencyjnych zasadach regionalizmu handlowego, czy w oparciu o klauzulę najwyższego uprzywilejowania, promowany przez Światową Organizację Handlu (WTO). Współcześnie wszystkie kraje członkowskie WTO mają zawarte przynajmniej jed­no regionalne porozumienie handlowe (RTA). Przedmiotem badań są RTA, które z jednej strony wy­dają się konkurować z WTO, to z drugiej – mogą wspierać wielostronny system handlowy WTO.1 Cel badawczy: Celem artykułu jest ocena zmian obserwowanych w tworzeniu się regionalnych ugrupowań handlowych i ich wpływu na wielostronny system handlowy. Badania skupią się na analizie RTA i odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy RTA odgrywają wyłącznie pozytywną (teoria Haberle­ra), czy może także negatywną (teoria Vinera) rolę w wielostronnej liberalizacji handlu. Metoda badawcza: Zastosowane metody badawcze obejmują przegląd literatury na­ukowej i ra...