International Law

Гуцуляк О. Б. Предок скіфів Борисфен та його дочка (ірано-кельто-слов’янські міфологічні паралелі) // Євразійська історія крізь віки : наукова конференція присвячена пам’яті Любові Гераськової : матеріали міжнародної наукової конференції, 13-14 травня 2025 р. / упоряд. Я. В. Пилипчук. – Київ-Вінниця : ТВОРИ, 2025. – С. 59-68.

This article advocates the strengthening of the spirit of cosmopolitanism in modern legal education. In contrast to the epistemic environment of predominantly domestic and nation-oriented discourses across law schools and faculties around the world, the analysis proceeds with a number of propositions as to what ought to be done to improve legal education, especially at first-degree level. Relevant propositions are set out under a proposed cosmopolitan ethos for law. Recognition is given to current fundamentals of legal education and the fact that law is still a predominantly domestic discipline, which is otherwise this contribution's hypothesis. The article posits that a certain re-alignment of the subject's overall educational ethos ought to materialise for the benefit of the discipline, as well as for the benefit of future law graduates.To this effect, the author argues that it is the ethos of cosmopolitanism which ought to be directly introduced to the academic learning of law. Accordingly, this essay acts as an invitation for the re-invigoration of liberal education in law in accordance with a new ethos of excellence, a cosmopolitan ethos. Moreover, whilst partial recognition is given to the need for the mastery of positive law amongst law graduates, this contribution attempts to differentiate itself from current legal orthodoxy in educational terms in that it expects and proposes the combination of mastery of positive law with a cosmopolitan ethos in the orders of our future law graduates.

International Water Law has been witnessing deep changes in the latter two decades. These changes denote certain cardinal options for new values that the newer International Water Law is seeking to embrace. Amongst these, the ones of environmentalization, humanization and economicization stand out as attempts at bringing efficient response to the challenges set by the current global water crisis. They amount to true paradigm shifts in the understanding of International Water Law and the normative message conveyed.

This contribution examines Venetian neutrality during the Franco-Habsburg confrontation between 1688 and 1714, focusing on the Republic of Venice’s legal and diplomatic strategies amid the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession. While Venetian policy sought to preserve both its territorial integrity and its historical dominio over the Adriatic Sea, the Republic faced significant legal and political challenges from the belligerent powers. Drawing on archival research conducted in Paris and Venice, this study explores the legal frameworks underpinning Venetian neutrality, including treaty obligations, maritime law, and the Republic’s place within the early modern theory and practice of neutrality. The findings highlight how Venice leveraged legal instruments, diplomatic rhetoric, and pragmatic enforcement measures to preserve its sovereignty in an era of European-wide conflict, contributing to broader debates on neutrality and the law of nations in early modern Europe.

En estos momentos en los que el debate sobre la nuana ky de l-lniaersidades aø n cobrar de nuaso gran importancin, consideramos que puede ser útil aer cómo ottos paßes se hnn enfrmtado a este, siempre actual, problema. EI caso alemán nos ha pørecido de grnn interés, por tener este pøß bastantes similitudes con el nuestro, especialmmte m lo relatiao n Ia autonomín de las regiones y al importante número de centros priaados ofcinles. Ademtís, su Ley Orgtinica de Uniaersidades es posterior a Ia reunión de lø Sorbona, en lø que se gestó ' H oc I ts c h ul ralvne ng e s e I --

This paper explains the importance of IPRs and examines the factors hindering and those contributing toward enhancing IPRs in Sudan. We find that the inadequacy of IPRs protection in Sudan is attributed to low integration in the international institutions, lack of legal issues, lack of government concern, lack of private sector concern, weak institutions setting, lack of public awareness, lack of resources, weak culture for IPRs, lack of cooperation between universities and industry and lack of coordination. The inadequate IPRs protection in Sudan leads to poor national system of innovation, hindering FDI and hindering transfer of technology. The factors contributing toward enhancing IPRs in Sudan include promotion of adequate IPRs legislations and enforcement; planning, commitment to international IPRs agreements; finance, investment and resources; social partnership to encourage IPRs protection, government concern, private sector concern, public awareness, cooperation between universities and industry, institutions setting, coordination and culture for IPRs protection.

L'Enciclica papale Laudato s/'del 2015, dedicata ai gravi problemi
ambientali dei nostri tempi, rispecchia valori della tradizione giudaico-cristiana, ma  altresì principi e regole rintracciabili nel diritto romano.

[The 2015 Papal Encyclical Laudato si', dedicated to the serious
environmental problems of our times, reflects values of the Judeo-Christian tradition,  but also principles and rules already in Roman law].

Research on biodiversity is essential to help the European Union and EU Member States to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as reach the target of halting the loss of biodiversity in Europe by 2010. The need for co-ordination between researchers, the policy-makers that need research results and the organisations that fund research is reflected in the aims of the "European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy" (EPBRS), a forum of scientists and policy makers representing the EU countries, whose aims are to promote discussion of EU biodiversity research strategies and priorities, to exchange information on national biodiversity activities and to disseminate current best practices and information regarding the scientific understanding of biodiversity conservation. This is a report of the E-Conference entitled "Biodiversity and Industry" preceding the EPBRS meeting to be held under the French EU presidency in Paris, France, from the 17 th to the 21 st of November 2008.

This book provides the definitive reference point on all the issues pertaining to dealing with the 'crisis of the rule of law' in the European Union. Both Member State and EU levels are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concrete legal bases and instruments that the EU may avail itself of for enforcing rule of law, and the volume clearly demonstrates that a number of legally sound ways of rule of law oversight are available. Contributors are leading scholars who assess the potential role to be played by the various bodies in the context of dealing with the EU's rule of law imperfections.

تهدف هذه الورقة إلى تحليل التحديات الصحية والدوائية التي يواجهها السودان في ظل النزاع المسلح، والانهيار الاقتصادي، وانعدام الأمن الغذائي. تعتمد الدراسة على تقارير رسمية وأدبيات علمية دولية، وتقترح حلولًا استراتيجية مستدامة، تشمل توطين التصنيع الدوائي وبناء نظام صحي مرن. الورقة موجهة للباحثين وصنّاع القرار في الدول الهشة.

The ongoing war in Gaza has generated extensive polemic among scholars and the general public. Some have described this conflict as a novel form of warfare. The deeply asymmetric character of this war and the vast number of Palestinian civilian casualties have prompted some analysts to described Gaza as a “new urban warfare.” Others have used similar descriptions such as “new war of attrition” or “Israel’s new wars,” while Kaldor argues that her theory of “new wars” is fully applicable to the violent conflict in Gaza...

Repealed sections of the Companies Act 645 1973-Wet in soverre dit betrekking het op die likwidasie van insolvente maatskappye, selfs waar hierdie bepalings nie binne die grense van hoofstuk 14 vervat is nie, steeds aangewend mag word in sekere gevalle.

No. 87680-5-I COMMISSIONER'S RULING DENYING MOTION FOR EMERGENCY STAY Appellant David Morton has filed a motion for emergency stay. As explained below, the motion is denied. BACKGROUND This case concerns the efforts of respondent JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (Chase) to foreclose on property owned by Morton. In a previous appeal, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Morton, 1 Division Two of this Court reversed the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Chase. On remand, the trial court conducted a bench trial and, in July 2023, entered final judgment and decree 1 See No. 49846-6-II, noted at 3 Wn. App. 2d 1004 (2018) (unpublished).

Vi bliver ofte fortalt, at filosofi er kaerlighed til visdom. At den oplyser mennesket, åbner sindet, løfter os ud af mørket. Men den moderne filosofis lys bedrager. Det skinner skarpt, men varmer ikke. Det skaber klarhed, men forvandler ikke. I sin akademiske skikkelse er filosofien ikke laengere en vej til indsigt, men en øvelse i afstand. Den analyserer, kategoriserer, problematiserer -men den vaekker ikke. Den fører mennesket ind i et spekulativt rum, hvor alt kan diskuteres, men intet erkendes i åndens forstand. Dette er ikke blot en intellektuel svaghed. Det er en åndelig slummer. Filosofien sover. Den drømmer, at den ser klart -men det, den ser, er kun spejlinger i dens eget tankespind og dens egne tankekonstruktioner.

Considering the long-term tensions and associated conflicts between India and Pakistan as rooted
only in the bilateral relations between the two countries may represent an oversimplification of
history and modern international relations. Both contemporary countries inherited the British Raj,
and previous political structures like the Mughal Empire, European colonies, and historical cultural
milieux like the Indus Valley Civilization.
The classical decolonization process that became mainstream in the first part of 20th century
resulted in the dissolution of British formal rule over the “Indian Continent”, but settled only one
of the conflicts specific to this geographical area. Long term tensions and rivalries throughout the
region reemerged in new forms, influenced, among others, by interactions with more modern and
technologically advanced states and militaries.
The April 2025 crisis that emerged between India and Pakistan represents both a predictable
continuation of a historical multidimensional conflict and the outcome of a peculiar international
relations context, marked by polarization, inconsistencies, growing confrontational rhetoric, a
generalized contestation of the state of affairs, and global rearmament.
Present study aims to identify core underlying elements of the April 2025 acute crisis between
India and Pakistan, analyze the latest developments of the water and trans-border terrorism
challenges that the two neighbors face and determine potential frameworks and conditions for de-
escalation.

This article discusses how energy exploitation impacts on indigenous peoples' rights. The article argues that the current focus in the international arena and the literature on indigenous rights of participation and consultation and the special attention that the free, prior and informed consent attracts may minimise the importance that States and companies pay to the other rights that indigenous peoples have in these circumstances. After analysing the current standards relating to participation and consultation and looking closely to the free, prior and informed consent, the article uses international human rights law, and especially ILO Convention No. 169 and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as well as jurisprudence coming from the Inter-American and the African system of human rights as well as the interpretation of United Nations bodies, in order to identify the specific other obligations that States have vis-à-vis indigenous peoples when they initiate or permit energy projects on or near the lands they live on.

To begin the analysis of Japanese regulation, Part I looks closely at the structure and implementation of the Large Scale Retail Stores Law ("LSRSL") by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry ("MITI"). The LSRSL and its implementation are representative of Japanese agency practice, and their detailed description can aid in forming preliminary generalizations about the legal nature and explanations for the delegation of power to private parties that this Article argues comprises Japanese regulatory style. To confirm the representative nature of administrative practice under the LSRSL and to provide additional breadth to the analysis, Part II looks at instances of delegation in several other areas of bureaucratic practice from MITI supervision of structural adjustment under declining industries statutes to the granting of broadcast licenses by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ("MPT"). In order to get a sense of the preconditions and limitations of this style of regulation, Part II also examines the less successful use of similar regulatory techniques in both economic regulation and by local governments interested in controlling land use within their jurisdictions. Part III draws on U.S. administrative law norms and European regulatory theory to refine the model of privatized regulation that emerges from Parts I and II. The Conclusion assesses the likelihood that recent legal and political changes in Japan and growing international pressures for transparency in domestic administrative processes will lead to changes in Japanese regulatory style in the near future.

Human security has recently emerged as an innovative approach to help us address, in a holistic manner, the sources of insecurity affecting people worldwide. The security of the individual is no longer defined exclusively within the realm of states or of state security. The origins of today's insecurities are diverse, relating to social, economic, environmental, health and other factors. These insecurities increasingly transcend state borders and have global consequences. The term human security may be new, but the ideas that inspired it have developed over the last century and a half, from the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1864 to the acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Human security takes the safety of people as its point of reference. For humans to be secure, their lives must be free from pervasive threats, violent or otherwise, to their rights and safety. The human security approach addresses those non-traditional threats to people's security that are related to economic, food, health and environmental factors as well as issues such as drugs, terrorism, organized crime, landmines and gender-based violence. It does not offer a single definition of human security, but aims to bring a more diversified perspective to security interests. Human security is about recognizing the importance of the security needs of people along-side those of states. It is about minimizing risks, taking preventive measures to reduce human vulnerabilities and carrying out remedial action when preventive measures fail. 1 The ICRC created a website to help re-establish contact between family members in the former Yugoslavia. To assist persons wishing to locate their relatives, computers were installed in ICRC offices in Albania, Macedonia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. See . Moreover, a team assembled by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) provided Internet service to Kosovo barely 100 days after the arrival of UN peacekeepers. The project offered free, reliable and inexpensive communications to local organizations and was instrumental in efforts to reunite families. See the Kosovo Internet Project's website .

Dr. James Donald Tracy in his work Europe's Reformations, 1450-1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community first published in 1999 and then in 2006 with a second edition has produced a comprehensive seminal synthesis on the topical material of the religious upheavals that reshaped and molded early modern Europe. 1 Dr. Tracy is a distinguished American historian of the early modern period, who along with Heiko Oberman (Dutch historian and theologian), co-founded the Journal of Early Modern History. Dr. Tracy is also the Emeritus Professor at the University of Minnesota. This work by Dr. Tracy adds to the historiography of the Reformation and early modern European history a comprehensive and accessible exploration of the various Reformations (Protestant, Catholic, and otherwise) over a period of two centuries. This work is designed for the audience of both academics, scholars, and students by dismantling the traditional periodization and positing a break between the medieval and early modern eras instead of overly emphasizing the continuities and complex interplays of doctrine, politics, and social dynamics. This work by Dr. Tracy diverges from the work of other historians in this specific field like historians Diarmaid MacCulloch, Peter Marshall, Natalie Zemon Davis, Brad S. Gregory, and others. The divergence here is in the approach to the Reformation as a complex and multifaceted series of events versus a singular event. Dr. Tracy poses the central argument as being that the Reformation was not a single unified movement but was instead a series of varied but distinct Reformations occurring across the European continent from 1450 through 1650. The contention made in this argument is that the Reformation was actually shaped and molded by an interplay of theological, social, and political factors and/or variables that shifted significantly from region to region. 2 Dr. Tracy further makes the point that "the Reformation was a process, not an event" and points out that its impact had different effects in different regions of Europe. 3 The approach by Dr. Tracy is distinctly divergent from that of Diarmaid MacCulloch and his work The Reformation: A History where Dr. MacCulloch argues that the Reformation was a single, cohesive, and unified

This study sought to compare conforming behaviors between extraverted and introverted students at the Galaxy International Junior High School. A sample of 20 (ten introverts and 10 extraverts) were selected through the administration of the Eysenck Perso a conformity experiment whereby washroom symbols were presented to them. The subjects were asked to identify whether the symbols were female or male after listening to the wrong Correlation and Independent t tests were used to analyze the results. The study showed that student introverts conformed more than extraverted students. Introverted females also conformed more than introverted males and a positive relationship was established between the age of subjects and conforming behavior. It was recommended that further studies on cultural influence on conformity among introverts and extraverts be done and larger samples should be used.

The role of law in global value chains: a research manifesto The IGLP Law and Global Production Working Group* Most scholars attribute the development and ubiquity of global value chains to economic forces, treating law as an exogenous factor, if at all. By contrast, we assert the centrality of legal regimes and private ordering mechanisms to the creation, structure, geography, distributive effects and governance of Global Value Chains (GVCs), and thereby seek to establish the study of law and GVCs as rich and important terrain for research in its own right. Across a growing number of sectors and industries, value production is not just transnational in scope; it is organised and coordinated via global networks that link activities across as well as within firms and nations. These networks are increasingly referred to as 'Global Value Chains', or GVCs. The asserted causes of this phenomenon are multiple, and scholars debate which deserves designation as primary. 1 We * In alphabetical order: Grietje Baars,

This article illustrates in an anecdotal way the impact of digitalisation on international family law. Specifically, it explores the part that digital technologies have played in the expansion of cross-border assisted reproduction, with a particular focus on cross-border surrogacy arrangements. It then examines the interface between international parental child abduction and facial recognition technologies. The EU approach to the use of AI-powered facial recognition technologies is explained, before considering the potential utility of facial recognition technologies in the specific context of international parental child abduction.

Une « loi du pays » polynésienne peut être promulguée prématurément si des « circonstances particulières de l'espèce » le justifient et que le droit au recours est maintenu Note sous CE, 22 juillet 2020, M. T…, n° 440764. Florent Tap Docteur en droit Université Toulouse Capitole Solution. -Saisi d'une contestation dirigée contre une loi du pays polynésienne promulguée prématurément, le Conseil d'Etat admet la possibilité d'exercer un recours par voie d'action à l'encontre de la loi du pays et de son acte de promulgation. La promulgation irrégulière est en l'espèce validée par les « circonstances particulières de l'espèce » et le maintien du droit au recours pour les justiciables. Apport. -Par cette décision, le Conseil d'Etat comble une lacune de la loi organique du 27 février 2004 en admettant pour la première fois la possibilité de former un recours par voie d'action contre une loi du pays promulguée prématurément, et fixe précisément le régime contentieux applicable. Dans la droite ligne de la décision du Conseil constitutionnel du 26 mars 2020, le Conseil d'Etat valide ce manquement procédural au nom des « circonstances particulières de l'espèce ». C'est une « invitation au pragmatisme » que formule dans cette affaire le rapporteur public Alexandre Lallet dans ses conclusions à l'endroit du Conseil d'Etat. Du pragmatisme, il en fallait en effet à la juridiction administrative suprême pour rendre sa solution, au moins à deux égards. D'une part en raison de la situation contentieuse tout à fait spécifique des lois du pays polynésiennes qui paraît échapper à toute entreprise de systématisation et, d'autre part, en raison du contexte exceptionnel d'état d'urgence sanitaire dans lequel la « loi du pays » contestée a été adoptée, contexte qui commande parfois au juge de fermer les yeux sur certaines irrégularités procédurales au nom des désormais célèbres « circonstances particulières de l'espèce ». L'article 74 alinéa 8 de la Constitution habilite le législateur organique à déterminer, s'agissant des collectivités d'outre-mer dotées de l'autonomie, « les conditions dans lesquelles le Conseil d'Etat exerce un contrôle juridictionnel spécifique sur certaines catégories d'actes de l'assemblée délibérante intervenant au titre des compétences qu'elle exerce dans le domaine de la loi ». C'est sur ce fondement qu'a été adoptée la loi organique n° 2004-192 du 27 février 2004 portant statut d'autonomie de la Polynésie française. Son article 140 créé les « lois du pays »,

The prohibition of torture 3 Think-piece on the human rights information on the prohibition of torture 1. CAT yes no yes no OPCAT yes no no -ICCPR yes no yes no CRC yes no yes no CEDAW yes no yes no CPED yes no no -Source: OHCHR, 'World Maps on Ratifications' and 'UN Treaty Collection Database'

This article builds on Engebretsen and Baker's editorial to explore recent developments in medical neutrality, the depoliticization of healthcare, and political intervention in the context of the war in Gaza. We examine how international health organizations have increasingly, though insufficiently, taken a political stance, criticizing the detrimental structural forces affecting Palestinians' life and health. Concomitantly, many Israeli healthcare professionals and organizations have shifted from a declared neutral stance to endorsing the state's official narrative. Additionally, we analyze the connections between settler colonialism, Israeli and US policies, medicine, and international health organizations. While the discourse of decolonization provides valuable historical context for understanding the ongoing oppression of Palestinians, it often obscures critical issues, particularly the atrocity of the October 7 attack. We conclude by discussing the shift from literal denial to interpretive and implicatory denial, emphasizing the role of international health professionals and organizations in confronting these pervasive forms of denial.

Resumo: A morte de uma criança curda em uma praia da Turquia fez com que líderes europeus e a opinião pública reconhecessem que o caminho dos imigrantes até a Europa é o mais letal do mundo. Apesar desta verdade perturbadora, há pouco entendimento para solucionar a crise dos refugiados do Oriente Médio. Em setembro de 2015, os Ministros do Interior da União Europeia buscaram um acordo entre os países do bloco para o assentamento de milhares de refugiados. Contudo, os países do Leste são opostos à ideia de abrir suas fronteiras para refugiados, em sua maioria de origem muçulmana. Outros desfechos, como o resgate dos refugiados ainda no mar, a concessão de vistos humanitários ou a abertura de vias legais de imigração, também encontraram forte resistência dos Estados-membros. Mas, se a Europa não é capaz de resolver esta questão, as organizações internacionais podem, muitas vezes com uma postura crítica aos países da União Europeia por sua falta de ação, mudar essa situação? Esse artigo analisa como as organizações internacionais tentam realizar um debate alternativo e as mudanças por elas promovidas na governança internacional.

'The end of sovereignty': this has been an ominous refrain in the chorus of global political and human rights analyses aimed at reformulating a post-Cold War configuration of world power. In cultural studies, the same pronouncement is more likely made through a mix of theoretical exuberance and ambivalence toward a post-nationalist and cosmopolitan imaginary. This essay takes as a point of departure the rise of 'new sovereignties' Á a fractured Westphalianism Á as a rubric for understanding the political imagination about the international community today. It asks: to what dimensions of the regime of the new sovereignties can the human rights legal discourse as we know it today still exert influence, given the new configurations of globally disaggregated power? With human rights today reemerging as a bifurcation, how can cultural studies reconcile a theory of rights as subaltern claim-making with that of rights as an allenglobing tool in the neo-liberal order of world justice? Through a preliminary mapping of the moral-juridical and political forces that shape the regime of the new sovereignties, this essay attempts to illuminate why rights as international deontological politics is inadvertently complicit with the reproduction of rights as something constitutive of empire and neo-liberalism.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990, rapid structural changes emerged in almost every field in the world and many institutions and organizations were affected. The nation-state structure has been the most affected by this new process. Not only have the functions of the nation-state changed, but their sovereignty has also been limited to the maximum extent. However, the nation-state has not disappeared, as some argue; on the contrary, it has continued to be the focal point of the international system and international law. This process, called globalization, has also accelerated the globalization of law, but this has not yet been achieved. However, with some changes in the structure of the United Nations, and especially with sacrifices of sovereignty by powerful states, the ideal of a "Global World" can be achieved.

Since the economic development has arisen as a model, some critical positions have emerged, both from theoretical aspects and in its terms of measurement. A non worthless set of indexes and indicators, so called alternatives, has been produced, building up an important basis of quantitative information. Examples of them are: Genuine Progress Index, Social Progress Index, Human Development Index, Basic Capacities Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Happy Planet Index. Each proposal contains innovative elements: new approaches or social components as gender and environmental issues, and more recently include also subjective aspects. This paper contains a critical systematization of indicators and indexes of objective/ subjective nature. A comparison is made and also statistical correlation for Latin-American countries.

La Haye Barış Konferansları -ve önceki girişimler-uluslararası hukukun özellikle ilkesel anlamda gelişmesine, evrenselleşmesine ve küreselleşmesine! olan katkılarına rağmen; barışın ciddi ve somut temellere dayandırılmasına muvaffak olamamışlardır. Hatta kanaatimizce, bu zamana kadar gelişen uluslararası ilişkiler ve yoğunlaşan yakınlaşmalar, devletlerin kendilerine olan güvenlerini artırmış ve buna paralel olarak da yeni denge düzeninde belirsizliklerin meydana gelmesine neden olmuştur. Bu dengesizlik içinde devletlerin menfaatlerini azami düzeye çıkarma hırsı kamçılanmış, bunun neticesi olarak da, barışın yerini yine savaşlar almıştır. Bu evrensel gelişmeye paralel şekilde savaş da evrenselbir nitelik kazanmış, âdetâ tüm dünyaya yayılmış ve sonuçta ağır tahribatlara yol açmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında özellikle bu tür savaşların tekerrür etmemesi ve kalıcı bir uluslararası barış düzeninin sağlanması amacıyla pek çok düşüncelerileri sürülmüştür. Bu düşüncelerin buluştuğu noktaise, neticede, Milletler Cemiyeti gibi evrensel bir teşkilâtlanma olmuştur. Diğer bir deyişle, uluslararası hayatı düzenlemek bakımından tarihin kaydettiği evrenselnitelikte ilk büyük teşebbüs, Milletler Cemiyeti'nin kurulması olmuştur2. Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzincan Hukuk Fakültesi Araştırma Görevlisi. Burada öncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki, tabii bir süreç olan "küreselleşme" ile yeni bir uluslararası ideolojik ve siyasi sistemi öngören "Yeni Dünya Düzeni" bir birilerinden farklı olgulardır. Diğerbir deyişle, insanlığın özlediği "evrenselleşme" anlamındaki "gerçek küreselleşme" ile bugün dayatılmaya çalışılan "sözde küreselleşme" farklıdır. Bizim taraf olduğumuz küreselleşme,birincisi olmak durumundadır. Dolayısıyla konuyu değerlendirirken bu temel ayrımdan hareket etmek gerekmektedir. Bu konuda ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. AKIL, Abdülkadir, Küreselleşen Hukuk ve Ulusal Egemenliğe Etkisi, (İ.Ü.

L’inscription des personnes sur les listes des mesures restrictives décidées
par l’Union européenne est une pratique qui se consolide en droit. C’est dans ce cadre
que quelques personnalités politico-militaro-sécuritaires de la RDC ont été visées.
Trois personnalités retiennent notre attention au regard des fonctions particulières
qu’elles ont assumées. Ces mesures restrictives, quoique devant respecter les droits
fondamentaux des concernés en leur reconnaissant le droit de recours et d’accès à un
tribunal impartial, contrastent, dans les faits, avec les droits de ces derniers et ce,
partant de la durée du maintien desdites mesures dont les plus récurrentes consistent
dans les restrictions au droit d’être admis sur le territoire de l’un des Etats membres
de l’Union européenne et  le gel des fonds ou d’autres avoirs financiers. Il importe
dès lors d’encadrer ce pouvoir du Conseil de l’Union en tenant compte à la fois des
objectifs poursuivis et des risques sur les violations des droits fondamentaux des
personnes concernées.