Labor Economics

This paper assesses the effects of occupational segregation on the gender wage gap in urban Colombia between 1986 and 2000. The empirical methodology involves a twostep procedure whereby the occupational distributions of workers by gender are modelled using a multinomial logit model in the first stage. In the second stage, the multinomial logit estimates are used not only to derive a counterfactual occupational distribution of women in the absence of workplace discrimination but also to correct for selectivity bias in the wage equations for each occupational category using the procedure suggested by . Besides the explained and unexplained components in conventional decompositions of the gender wage gap, this methodology differentiates between the justified and unjustified effects of the gender allocation of workers across occupational categories. The results for urban Colombia indicate that controlling for selectivity bias at the occupational category level is found to be relevant in all years reviewed in this study. They also suggest that a changing composition of the female labour supply in terms of un observables (i.e., ability and motivation) is playing a role in the dramatic reduction of the observed wage gap.

Over the last four decades female labor force participation rate increases significantly in the South Asian countries, while it remains stagnant or sometime declines into the developed countries. The study is for investigating the macroeconomic determinants that play the vital role in decision making whether a female will participate in the labor force or not. Data are taken from five south Asian countries named Bangladesh, India, Sri-Lanka, Nepal, and Pakistan over the period of 1990-2015. Breusch-Pagan, Honda, King-Wu, Standardized Honda and Standardized King-Wu Lagrange Multiplier test confirm there exists cross-section effects. Hausman test confirms that fixed effect model is appropriate for empirical analysis for this study. But Breusch-Pagan LM test, Pesaran scaled LM test and Baltagi, Feng, and Kao bias-corrected scaled LM test confirm that there exist cross-sectional dependence in residuals. Therefore, Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) model has been employed to get the ...

İşgücü piyasasında esnekleşmenin bir yönü olarak ortaya çıkan atipik çalışma, farklı biçimlere sahip olmakla birlikte genel olarak zayıf iş güvencesi, kariyer fırsatlarından yararlanamama, düşük ücret ve iş tatmini ile nitelendirilmektedir. Atipik çalışmanın diğer bir özeliği de bu çalışma biçimlerinde kadınlar, göçmenler ve gençler gibi belli demografik gruplarının daha yoğun yer almasıdır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak da işgücü piyasasındaki bölümlenme dezavantajlı gruplar aleyhine derinleşmekte ve işçiler arasındaki sosyoekonomik eşitsizlikler artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, atipik çalışmanın yaygın biçimlerinden biri olan geçici veya sınırlı süreli işlerdeki kadın işgücü yoğunluğunun ve kadınların bu istihdam şekli altındaki mesleki dağılımın cinsiyete dayalı bir ayrımcılık içerip içermediği sorgulanmaktadır. Bu amaçla 2019 Hanehalkı İşgücü Piyasası Araştırması verilerinden yararlanarak Türkiye işgücü piyasasında geçici süreli çalışmanın cinsiyete dayalı görünümü araştırılmıştır. Buna göre kadınların çok büyük bir bölümü sürekli işlerde istihdam şansı bulamadığından geçici süreli işlerde çalışmakta ve kadınlar, erkeklerden farklı olarak nitelik gerektirmeyen ya da hizmet satış alanındaki meslek gruplarında yoğunlaşmaktadır.

How do demographic and educational factors affect a woman's occupational status? How common is non standard employment for different labour force groups and in different sectors of the labour market? This paper aims at analysing the impact of different "structural variables" in terms of risk for a woman working in the province of Pisa to be employed with a non-standard contract. Determinants of women's atypical employment in Pisa are studied using microdata for approximately 425.000 women employed in Pisa. Section 1 summarizes previous literature. Section 2 shows some descriptive evidence and the incidence patterns that exist for different demographic groups. In Section 3 regression methods are used to explore the association between particular worker characteristics and the likelihood of being employed in atypical jobs. Multivariate analyses conducted on administrative microdata during the economic crisis (2008-2013) show that some structural variables (citizenshi...

The under-representation of females within the labour market, particularly in managerial roles, has sparked a local and global debate on whether women, mostly mothers, face negative discrimination. This study distinctly adopts a field experiment methodology to investigate the presence of gender discrimination and the motherhood penalty against higher education (Bachelor, Master's, and Doctoral degree) females seeking full-time employment in the labour market at the initial stage of the recruitment process, being the call-back to the interview. This study took place in Malta, which was characterised by a low unemployment figure, complemented by strong economic growth at the time, thus enabling a proper analysis of the possible presence of gender-based discrimination even when labour demand is high. Field experiments were chosen as the methodology. This involved sending pairs of fictitious job applications belonging to two fictional male and female candidates (identical to each other except for the demographic characteristics) in response to job vacancies. Then, the employers' behaviour was recorded to assess whether they engaged in discriminatory practices. The analysis of the replies through the use of econometric models shows that there is no statistically significant evidence that employers engage in discrimination at the call-back stage of the recruitment process. Furthermore, during this distribution period, no particular age class was favoured or discriminated against, a finding that contradicts the idea that young female workers are discriminated against due to their maternal responsibilities. Such a study contributes to the growing literature on the subject, by being the first study done in Malta to scientifically test whether the significant gender employment gap present in various industries in Malta is attributed to negative discrimination against women or mothers with young children. * Ayrton Zarb

are allowed to see data about a particular person, household, business or organisation and the results in this paper have been confidentialised to protect these groups from identification. Careful consideration has been given to the privacy, security and confidentiality issues associated with using administrative and survey data in the IDI. Further detail can be found in the privacy impact assessment for the IDI available from www.stats.govt.nz. The results are based in part on tax data supplied by Inland Revenue to Statistics New Zealand under the Tax Administration Act 1994. This tax data must be used only for statistical purposes, and no individual information may be published or disclosed in any other form, or provided to Inland Revenue for administrative or regulatory purposes. Any person who has had access to the unit-record data has certified that they have been shown, have read, and have understood section 81 of the Tax Administration Act 1994, which relates to secrecy. Any discussion of data limitations or weaknesses is in the context of using the IDI for statistical purposes, and is not related to the data's ability to support Inland Revenue's core operational requirements.

This paper explores the causes, types and costs of inflation with the concept of inflation. Given the overall economy's complexity as the world biggest transition economy, the inflation pattern presents recurrent episodes of cyclical inflation surge and decline. This paper then examined the inflation determinants. With the review of literature and previous concept this paper identifies the effects of inflation and show the measuring system of inflation. CPI or consumer price index system is widely used measurement procedure of inflation. but with the change of life style and necessity of people only CPI cannot represent the actual rate of inflation in the current decade. This paper examined the basket of CPI and also shows some overall inflationary chart of current decade. with the change of standard of living the necessity and the choice of goods and services of the consumers changes. so now a days CPI cannot perfectly represents the inflationary situation. To find out the appropriate measurement process further research is necessary. This paper concludes with some suggestions regarding anti inflationary policies.

Using national risk and vulnerability assessment dataset, which is a nationwide household level dataset, a study was carried out to explore the impact of rural urban migrations on the wellbeing of migrants in terms of consumption expenditure and income level. Comparing the annual consumption expenditure and income level of migrant households with non-migrant households in origin places through a quantitative analysis, results show that rural-urban migrations can actually make migrant households better off; such that annual income level of migrant households were around 20% higher than non-migrant households. Furthermore, unemployment and underemployment are the main push factors in origin places. In addition, a primary survey was carried out in Kabul province, the capital of Afghanistan, with the intention to investigate the income earning ability of migrants after migration (Faryab migrants were chosen as sample). By regressing the monthly wage income of migrants on some major individual characteristics, results show that migrants with access to social networks and personal connections are hired in highly paid jobs than skilled migrants.

America" - DeLuca, 2004 Contents: [Introduction] [Origins] [What is the problem for which drug testing is the solution?] [Claims of drug testing proponents:] [Productivity] [Firestone] [Accidents] [Benefits] [Junk science drives U.S. policy] [Turnovers] [Decreasing positivity rates] [What can drug-testing technology accomplish?] [Drug testing is not a victimless crime] [Drug testing is expensive] [Drug testing is unconstitutional] [Let's just declare Victory!] [Problems caused by testing] [Alternatives] [References]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the financial reward and workers harmony in construction firms in Port Harcourt. The study adopted crosssectional survey research design. The target population of the study is 439 which constitute twelve (12) selected construction companies in Port Harcourt. Data for the study was collected through structured questionnaire. The Five (5) point Likert scale was used to measure responses from the respondents. Data was analyzed using mean and standard deviations with charts to displayed the study variables, while inferential statistics such as the Spearman rank order correlation coefficient statistics technique was used to test the hypotheses with the aid of statistical package for social science version 23.0 for the purposes of examining the nature and proposed associations. The results of the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between financial reward and workers harmony. Consequently, t...

Economic Papers are written by the Staff of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, or by experts working in association with them. The "Papers" are intended to increase awareness of the technical work being done by the staff and to seek comments and suggestions for further analyses. Views expressed represent exclusively the positions of the author and do not necessarily correspond to those of the European Commission.

The global economy in 2023 shows optimism for improvement and positive development. This is reflected in easing and relatively controlled inflation pressures in various countries, reduced energy price volatility, a strong labor market in developed countries, and resilient global demand. Over the last 3 years, the global economy has undergone significant changes. Some challenges faced include global economic uncertainty, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, technological changes, and climate change. The global economic growth in the last three years has undergone significant dynamics. Most countries experienced a deceleration in economic growth during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, in 2021 and 2022, some of these countries improved their economies and experienced favorable growth rates, even showing positive trends compared to the previous year, such as Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. Meanwhile, the global inflation rate has been relatively variable over the past four years. Inflation in 2023 in both developed and developing countries tends to weaken compared to the previous year.

This is an extended and revised version of NBER Working Paper # 3252. We thank the ESRC and the UK Department of Employment for financial assistance. The project has had a long gestation period (the first version was circulated in 1988). Helpful suggestions were made by participants in seminars at Cambridge (UK),

The objective of this study is to examine the potential impacts of different levels of educational attainment and infrastructure investment on income performance within the state of Missouri. Data are collected for all of Missouri’s 114 counties. Endogeneity testing is carried out and both ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares parameter estimates are presented. Results indicate that increased educational attainment levels and enhanced private capital stocks are associated with income gains. The effects of public capital stocks are not as clear-cut. Model simulations show the possible income gains from increasing educational attainment levels.

Providing competitive advantage in international markets, encouraging innovation, increasing productivity and supporting sustainable growth constitute the long-term goals of countries. In order to gain competitive advantage in changing market conditions, it is not enough to limit natural resources, capital, labor and production factors; the existence of social networks and information is also needed. To increase competitiveness in agriculture, which stands out as the primary sector for rural areas in country economies; there is a necessity to use technology, value-added production, effective use of resources, provide employment opportunities, employ qualified human resources and develop strong collaborations. In accordance with these needs, it is necessary to adapt the concepts of social and human capital to the agricultural sector and develop strategies for the current situation that are concretized with data. Within the scope of this study, a micro-scale study was carried out to analyze the social and human capital structure of the agricultural employment market in Konya. Face-to-face interviews were conducted via a survey with a total of 268 agricultural operators, 96 unpaid family laborers, 294 agricultural workers and 30 agricultural intermediaries. In employment areas where data were collected using social and human capital scales, problems such as social exclusion, feeling insecure due to working conditions, polarization between local and foreign labor, and low levels of bridging social capital were encountered. Policy recommendations have been developed to solve these problems and also policy recommendations have been made for community building and successful employment management in agriculture.

The subject of this Symposium, The Worker Representation and Participation Survey ("WRPS") eventually reported on in What Workers Want,' was motivated by practical policy concerns. In 1993, the Secretaries of Labor and Commerce in a new Clinton Administration jointly authorized the formation of a Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations. Chaired by John T. Dunlop, the former Secretary of Labor under Nixon and Ford and longtime dean of U.S. industrial relations, the formal charge of the Commission was broad. It was asked to make recommendations to the Secretaries on: (1) worthy ways (including "new methods and new institutions") to promote productivity through "labor-management cooperation and employee participation"; (2) changes in labor law to "enhance cooperative behavior, improve productivity, and reduce conflict and delay"; and (3) steps to "increase the extent to which work-place problems are directly resolved by the parties themselves," with the aim of reducing the enforcement burden on courts, agencies, and private litigants. We thought that this Dunlop Commission-especially with Freeman's subsequent appointment to it (along with other academic friends, business leaders known for good labor relations, two former Secretaries of Labor, t Prepared for the UNIVERsITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL OF LABOR & EMPLOYMENT LAW symposium on What Do Workers Want: Reflections on the Implications of the Freeman & Rogers Study.

Outlook Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia 2025-2029 dengan tema "Mengintegrasikan Asta Cita ke dalam Strategi Ketenagakerjaan di Masa Depan" merupakan kajian strategis dari Pusat Pengembangan Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan, Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia. Buku ini membahas tentang tinjauan kondisi ekonomi dan ketenagakerjaan tahun 2019-2024, gambaran ketenagakerjaan Indonesia tahun 2025-2029, isu strategis dan tantangan ketenagakerjaan Indonesia tahun 2025-2029, dan strategi kebijakan ketenagakerjaan Indonesia tahun 2025-2029. Isu strategis yang dibahas meliputi bonus demografi dan daya saing tenaga kerja, perkembangan teknologi dan dampaknya terhadap ketenagakerjaan, transisi menuju ekonomi hijau yang adil dan peluang pekerjaan hijau, serta persiapan tenaga kerja dalam menghadapi hilirisasi industri.

Secara global, kajian mencatat tantangan akibat pandemi COVID-19, ketegangan geopolitik, dan perubahan teknologi, yang memengaruhi pasar tenaga kerja. Di tingkat nasional, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia menunjukkan stabilitas dengan fokus pada digitalisasi, transformasi energi hijau, dan pengurangan ketergantungan pada sektor informal. Tren ketenagakerjaan 2025-2029 diproyeksikan positif, dengan tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja meningkat hingga 72,25% dan pengangguran terbuka menurun menjadi 4%.

Strategi ketenagakerjaan mencakup peningkatan daya saing tenaga kerja melalui pendidikan vokasi, pelatihan berbasis teknologi, dan pengembangan sektor hijau. Selain itu, kebijakan hilirisasi industri diarahkan untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja baru, meningkatkan nilai tambah ekspor, dan memperkuat daya saing global. Buku ini menekankan pentingnya kolaborasi pemerintah, swasta, dan masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan peluang bonus demografi, transformasi digital, serta transisi energi untuk mencapai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang inklusif, berkelanjutan, dan tangguh.

There are approximately 63 million labourers in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 ("Labour Act" or "Act") provides the statutory framework ensuring workers rights and responsibilities. Definition and application of the Act is the central issue of its enforcement. Unfortunately, the Act fails to include a large number of workers, including domestic workers; agriculture workers; and staff working at schools. This research reveals that there are numerous ambiguities and complexities in existing labour law, and in this regard there are many gaps in the existing law that require substantial amendment to increase its effectiveness. This paper suggests that the definition of a 'worker' for the purposes of the Act creates complexities which needed to be addressed. This paper critically examines the definitions of a worker and the application of the act under the existing Labour Act before drawing a conclusion on how the law ought to be reformed.

-ИЗАЗОВИ И ОДГОВОРИ Резиме Социологија друштвених промена, као грана опште социологије, представља облик примењене посебне социологије у систему савремених социолошких наука. У раду се разматра однос између мегатрендова у развоју светског друштва после Другог светског рата и развоја сазнајне праксе социологије друштвених промена у свету. Аутор анализира четири таласа друштвених промена (1. антиколонијалне и социјалистичке револуције, 2. развој индустријског и постиндустријског друштва, 3. слом социјализма и постсоцијалистичка транзиција и 4. процес глобализације) и њихов утицај на развој социологије друштвених промена. Аутор чланак завршава критиком и проблематизацијом различитих теоријских приступа у истраживању друштвених промена у постсоцијалистичким друштвима Југоисточне Европе. Социологија је настала средином XIX века из друштвене кризе и криза је, тврде историчари ове науке, увек плодно тле њеног развоја. У мирним временима она најчешће дрема, а социолози ухваћени у замкама текућих идеологија, остали апологете постојећег света моћи.

Perú / Mercado de trabajo / Segmentación laboral / Diferencias de ingresos laborales Las opiniones y recomendaciones vertidas en estos documentos son responsabilidad de sus autores y no representan necesariamente los puntos de vista del Departamento Economía.

The article first introduces the state-provided institutions for consumer protection in Hungary, then examines and systematises those factors having a significant impact on the public judgement of the work of consumer protection authorities. The study is based on the presumption that the public judgement of the work of consumer protection institutions is affected by many factors, and that these factors can be grouped and counted. After examining the main fields of activities of consumer protection institutions and the main factors and aspects affecting the judgement of the public, a model for the measurement of satisfaction is proposed.

Informality can be the result of restrictions that exclude some workers from formal positions. But many studies suggest that labor markets are well integrated, implying that a large fraction of informal employment is voluntary. Poverty alleviation efforts should thus be focused on vulnerable groups and bad times (recessions). And reforms that improve the balance of benefits and costs of formal employment can reduce informality.

This paper evaluates the cases for and against plant closing legislation. In spite of the growth of legislative efforts in the area, there has been surprisingly little effort devoted to analyzing what the effects are of existing plant closing legislation, of provisions in privately negotiated collective bargaining agreements that provide for advance notice in case of plant shutdowns and/or layoffs, and of voluntary employer provision of advance notice. The paper summarizes the results of previous research, and our own empirical analyses that used the January 1984 Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Displaced Workers, on the effects of advance notice on displaced workers' durations of nonemployment and post-displacement earnings. Based upon these findings, implications for public policy are drawn.

Few works have examined the relationship between maternal participation in the labor force and the availability of child care in developing countries. Existing papers also tend to rely on relatively simplistic, correlative analysis of the data rather than modeling the joint decision to invest in formal childcare and to choose a level of labor supply. This paper takes advantage of a policy-induced positive shock in the provision of child care to apply instrumental variables in a simultaneous equations context, resulting in estimates that are more rigorous than any currently available in a developing country context. Policymakers are able to optimize their policy choices if they have better information on the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the cost of child care, and we find no evidence that the program is associated with an increase in women's labor supply.

°Six anomalies in achievement test scores encountered by the'Aditin Independent'School District are described. These include crossing gaps with uninterpolated medians; total group median '4., declines while all subgroups:. medians rise; outlying total percentiles; percentile andgrade equivalent growth antithesis; same wjade equivalent earning a.different percentile, in each content area; and the median,, does not represent any group. Evaluators and . 4reseirchers must.know how t distinghish real achievement/gains from tartifactual: gains result4hg from anomalies such as those discussed in this paper. It is necessary to determine when an inconsistency is an error and when it 'Oar) explainable anomaly. When -interpreting achievement test sco4es, ihteragtion of types of scores such as percentiles and grade equPoglentsp shifts in student demdgraphics, and non-noimal distributions within groups being tested need to be carefully considered: The factors causing the anomalies and possible I solutions ire discussed. (DWH) 4.==,

This paper investigates whether the presence of ambitious entrepreneurs is a more important determinant of national economic growth than entrepreneurial activity in general. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to test the extent to which high growth ambitions of entrepreneurs affect GDP growth for a sample of 36 countries. Our results suggest that ambitious entrepreneurship contributes more strongly to macro-economic growth than entrepreneurial activity in general. We find a particularly strong effect of high-expectation entrepreneurship for transition countries. These results are interpreted in light of the ongoing debate about public policies designed to stimulate high growth start-ups.

The informal sector is part of the business units that usually found in small scale. The actors of informal sector are not organized, They worked as informal workers in informal sector due to migrations of people from the rural area to the urban area as an effect of inequality of development in rural area. In addition, that migrations happen due to the difficiulty in getting job in rural area. Informal workers, especially street vendors, have positive impacts and negative impacts to urban area. For government, the actors of informal sector sometimes could be the troublemakers, for example: they make the urban layout not beautiful as usual. The actors of informal sector tends to do their businesses everywhere without thinking whether their business locations are right or wrong. Their businesses are the cause of traffic jam , uncleanliness and untidiness in rural area. That problems make the reseacher has an interest to research about these informal workers, especially male migrant wo...

SOMMARIO: 1. Gli ammortizzatori sociali ordinari e dell'emergenza. -2. Principale caratteristiche degli ammortizzatori sociali della crisi. -3. Critiche. -4. Conclusioni. La nozione di ammortizzatori sociali ricomprende in senso lato strumenti e istituti finalizzati alla tutela della disoccupazione. Da un punto di vista semantico ammortizzare vuol dire rendere morbido, attutire traumi, Pertanto volendo fornire una definizione si potrebbe parlare di ammortizzatori sociali quali strumenti per neutralizzare o ridurre al minimo possibile gli effetti derivanti al lavoratore dal passaggio da una situazione di lavoro ad una situazione di non-lavoro. Vi rientrano, pertanto, a pieno titolo, tutti quegli strumenti connessi al verificarsi di eventi che determinano una contrazione o una riduzione dell'attività lavorativa (cassa integrazione guadagni, contratti di solidarietà) strumenti, cioè, che intervengono al verificarsi di una condizione di disoccupazione transitoria o parziale. Parimenti sono ascrivibili alla categoria quegli strumenti finalizzati a garantire un sostegno al reddito al lavoratore che, a seguito di cessazione del rapporto di lavoro si trovi in uno stato di disoccupazione definitivo (trattamenti di disoccupazione, di mobilità etc). E' singolare come la stessa espressione di "ammortizzatori sociali" abbia avuto diritto di cittadinanza e, dunque, sia stata utilizzata soltanto quando si è cominciato a parlare della necessità di una riforma degli strumenti di tutela contro la disoccupazione; come a dire che la nozione nel momento in cui è stata coniata faceva riferimento a qualcosa che già era considerato superato, inadeguato e, dunque, da riformare, ma, al tempo stesso proprio perché si parlava di riforma e non di costruzione, l'espressione faceva necessariamente riferimento a qualcosa di già preesistente e, anzi, di già presente da così tanto tempo da avere bisogno di un riordino. "In attesa della riforma degli ammortizzatori sociali…": questo è l'incipit dell'art. 2, comma 36 della finanziaria 2009 (l. n. 203 del 22 dicembre 2008), ma è anche il refrain contenuto in tutte le leggi di bilancio degli ultimi anni ( 33 ). Il legislatore sembra mosso in subjecta materia da ciò che gli psicanalisti chiamano "coazione a ripetere" per cui da più di un decennio continua ad occuparsi della riforma degli ammortizzatori sociali ma in termini meramente programmatici; e ciò nonostante il fatto che l'esigenza di riorganizzazione dei sistemi di protezione sociale sia resa più impellente dal mutato scenario economico-sociale rispetto a quello esistente nel periodo in cui quei sistemi sono stati pensati e introdotti, caratterizzato da tassi di disoccupazione più contenuti e sensibili all'andamento congiunturale e da rapporti di lavoro stabili e standardizzati. ( 33 ) La medesima locuzione programmatica era contenuta nell'art. 2, comma 28, della l. n. 662/1996 "Norme in materia di servizi di pubblica utilità e per il sostegno dello sviluppo".

The increased importance of knowledge as a source of competitiveness for modern economies suggests that the organization of industries most conducive to innovative activity and unrestrained competition will be linked to higher growth rates. Entrepreneurial activity is generally assumed to be an important aspect of this organization. In the present paper we investigate whether a new and promising concept, Total Entrepreneurial Activity, influences GDP growth for 36 countries in a recent period. We will also test whether this influence depends upon the level of economic development measured as GDP per capita. With this test we aim to investigate to what extent the role of entrepreneurship has changed in the last decades of the 20 th century. Although the limited number of observations does not allow for many competing explanatory variables, we will examine the role of the so-called Growth Competitiveness Index. This variable captures a range of alternative explanations for achieving sustained economic growth. In addition, we incorporate the initial level of economic development to correct for convergence. We find that entrepreneurial activity indeed affects economic growth, but that this effect depends upon the level of per capita income. This suggests that entrepreneurship plays a different role in countries in different stages of economic development.

This paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship (as measured by fluctuations in the business ownership rate) and unemployment in Japan for the period between 1972 and 2002. We find that, although Japan's unemployment rate has been influenced by specific exogenous shocks, the effects of entrepreneurship on unemployment are not different when compared to other OECD countries. In the past, small firms in Japan benefited from the protective environment of the keiretsu structure. This secure environment no longer exists, and a new market environment conducive to new venture creation and growth has not yet been established. We argue that the Japanese government should actively stimulate an entrepreneurial culture.

This paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship (as measured by fluctuations in the business ownership rate) and unemployment in Japan for the period between 1972 and 2002. We find that, although Japan's unemployment rate has been influenced by specific exogenous shocks, the effects of entrepreneurship on unemployment are not different when compared to other OECD countries. In the past, small firms in Japan benefited from the protective environment of the keiretsu structure. This secure environment no longer exists, and a new market environment conducive to new venture creation and growth has not yet been established. We argue that the Japanese government should actively stimulate an entrepreneurial culture.