Late Middle Ages

Contrary to traditional perceptions, in the late Middle Ages numerous contacts developed between countries north of the Alps, especially the Holy Roman Empire, and the Mediterranean. Economic and political historians have already confirmed the true extent of exchanges; and art historians have added valuable insights as to the many links of communication. To deepen our understanding of this phenomenon, the present paper addresses the evidence of literary history. Fictional or factual narratives do not necessarily provide hard facts but shed relevant light on a broad concept about the foreign worlds (mentality) whereto especially knights and pilgrims were traveling. We can identify numerous poets who talked explicitly about their visits to the Mediterranean or who have their protagonists travel widely both all over Europe and the neighboring countries. With this evidence in hand, we can proceed to reevaluate late medieval culture as having been much more international if not even global than previously assumed. As much as the Alps appeared to be a significant geographical barrier, the Mediterranean hinterlands were certainly an intimate part of this significant contact zone where East and West met.

La Capilla de Santiago de la Catedral de Toledo fue levantada entre 1430 y 1440 a instancias del condestable de Castilla, don Álvaro de Luna, con el propósito de servir como su panteón familiar. Sin embargo, su fatídica ejecución en 1453 llevaría a su viuda, Juana Pimentel (1414-1488), no solo a tomar las riendas de la casa y de los bienes dejados por aquel, sino también a asumir, junto a su hija, la función de restituir la buena imagen de la familia, utilizando a tal fin, tanto la política como las artes. En este artículo, nos  centraremos  en  el  estudio  de  la  dotación  realizada  por  la  condesa  en  favor  de  la  Capilla  de  Santiago  desde la perspectiva del queenship y de la señoralidad, reconociendo, en esta acción de patronazgo, una expresión de su poder señorial y un mecanismo de rescate del honor y prestigio del linaje de Luna.

Op de ochtend van 12 februari 2020 werd, na dagen van zuidwesterstorm
en springtij, een scheepsfragment op het Noordzeestrand van Terschelling
aangetroffen, precies tussen de strandpalen 9 en 10 (zie afbeelding 1).
Het wrak, dat ‘Terschelling Paal 9/10’ werd gedoopt, bleek afkomstig te
zijn van een schip met een tot dusver onbekende bouwwijze. Het schip
was overnaads gebouwd, waarbij de huidgangen elkaar als dakpannen
overlappen. Het schip had een gladboordige of karveel gebouwde romp,
een gladde huid dus. Een dergelijke bouwwijze was in Nederland nog
niet eerder aangetroffen. Dendrochronologische datering van het
scheepshout wees uit dat het onderzochte hout geveld was in het voorjaar
van 1546. De bouwwijze leek echter niet te passen in de heersende
ideeën over scheepsbouw in de zestiende eeuw. De Terschellinger
scheepsvondst zorgt daarmee voor een nieuwe impuls om de zestiende-
eeuwse scheepsbouw nader te onderzoeken, zowel op historisch als
archeologisch vlak.

Il seminario si propone un confronto tra le ricerche dedicate a ricostruire le dinamiche socio-economiche relative all’amministrazione e alle pratiche forestali della Val di Fiemme nel periodo compreso tra la fine dell’700 e il ‘900. Sarà l’occasione per fornire una panoramica dello stato dell’arte della storia economica, sociale e ambientale delle Alpi, con alcuni approfondimenti su ricerche che riguardano le risorse naturali e i domini collettivi in corso nella nostra regione.

In collaborazione con il Progetto Prin 2022 – “Valorising rural commons for a greener and fairer society. Insights from Southern and Northern Italy” e con il  Progetto Prin 2022  “Bridging geography and history of woodlands: analysing mountain wooded landscapes through multiple sources and historical GIS” dell’Università di Trento.

elle apporta les baronnies de La Tour d'Aigues et sa vallée et Rians, et l'ainée, Louise mariée à Claude de Montauban, baron de Saint-André (+ 1537), héritière universelle. Leurs fils Louis de Montauban d'Agoult, baron de Sault etc… épousa en 1527 Blanche de Lévis-Ventadour, fille du comte de Ventadour et de Jacqueline du Mas, tante du baron d'Allemagne précité ! Ils eurent deux fils, le cadet Jean, seigneur de 12 fiefs entre Dauphiné et Provence mourut sans alliance à la bataille de Saint-Denis en 1567. L'aîné, François (de Montauban) d'Agoult, comte de Sault 2 par LP d'avril 1561, baron de Forcalqueiret, Roussillon, etc… lieutenant général au gouvernement du Lyonnais, gouverneur de Lyon, chevalier de l'Ordre du Roi, mourut aussi à la bataille de Saint-Denis. Il s'était marié en

In October 1492, 27 Jews were burned at the stake near the small town of Sternberg, and all remaining Jewish inhabitants were expelled from the county of Mecklenburg on the north-eastern periphery of the Holy Roman Empire, because of an alleged case of Jewish host desecration. This article argues that an intersectional approach may be helpful to better understand the persuasiveness of such an accusation made by Christian contemporaries against their Jewish neighbours. It shows that the category “Jew”, when used by non-Jews to stress Jewish alterity, is characterized by an intersectional entanglement of religion, culture, and race that enabled the idea of Jewish collective guilt and inherited anti-Christian hostility. This image of the “murderous Jews” was used to legitimize various forms of violence against Jews as measures to allegedly protect the hegemonic majority society. The article also demonstrates that the hegemonic position that produced this antisemitic image is better described as “goyish”, because, although rooted in Christian anti-Judaism, it went against the Christian doctrinal norm of the time.

This volume investigates the documents pertaining to bequests and donations in the modern age through a multidisciplinary perspective, ranging from a general legal and economic framework, to some specific case histories, and the comparison of different confessional and geographical contexts. Glimpses of daily life, artistic commissions, and devotions emerge from the analysis of testamentary dispositions. The volume concludes with a philosophical reflection open to new scenarios on relations with future generations.

Autori se u članku bave različitom ulogom seoskih utvrda u sjevernoj Istri u kontekstu različitih vojničkih zbivanja i uloge seoskog stanovništva u njima (upad osmanskih pljačkaških skupina te Prvi i Drugi mletačko-austrijski rat). Predstavljene su različite funkcije (pa i simbolične) arhitektonski različito utvrđenih zgrada (stražarskih kula, zidina sa stražarskim kulama, utvrđene crkve i utvrđene kraške jame), a za usporedbu je uzeta i veća utvrda koja je postala sjedište feuda -Socerb i to i u doba spomenutih vojnih događaja i u mirnodopsko doba. Ključne riječi: uloga seoskih utvrda, seoska vojska, simbolična vrijednost utvrda, Uskočki rat, Prvi mletačko-austrijski rat, sjeverna Istra Uvod U ranome novom vijeku seoske utvrde bile su značajka ruralnih područja kao i onih pod mletačkom vlašću te u habsburškim nasljednim zemljama. Njima su bile isprepletene sjeverna Istra i Kras (osobito koparsko zaleđe) te svi važni putovi koji su povezivali unutrašnjost s obalnim mjestima. Iako možemo zaključiti da su određene seoske utvrde nastale već u srednjemu vijeku (1411. godine je, primje-2

Аннотация. На протяжение нескольких столетий традиционной парадигмой развития внешней политики Англии являлось противостояние с Францией, в котором Англия опиралась на континентальных союзников. В XV веке таким союзником становится Бургундское герцогство. Однако в 1477 г. погибает бургундский герцог Карл Смелый, что приводит к войне за Бургундское наследство. Действия Эдуарда IV в отношение Франции и Бургундии в этот сложный период были крайне неоднозначны, а их оценка в дальнейшем вызвала оживленные дискуссии в исторической науке. Исследователи упрекали Эдуарда IV в алчности и боязни потерять французскую пенсию. Более того, существует мнение, что Эдуард IV имел намерение поделить ослабленное герцогство Бургундское с Людовиком XI. В настоящей статье мы постараемся выяснить, насколько справедливыми являются эти упреки, а также рассмотреть иные мотивы короля Эдуарда IV в изменении внешней политики Англии, исходя из итогов французской экспедиции 1475 г.

An approach to inequality and social mobility in Northern Castile (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries) 1 1 This work has been carried out as part of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation research project entitled Desarrollo comercial, desigualdad económica y movilidad social en la Castilla septentrional (1450-1580), Ref. PID2022-140952NB-I00.

This article revisits a leitmotif of modern Western scholarship on the Qur'an: the historical-critical appraisal of its accounts of the end of Jesus's earthly mission and its apparent denial of his crucifixion. Whereas most modern studies have sought to contextualize these passages by reading them in light of late ancient Christianity, especially its heresiology, this study adopts a different approach. These qur'anic narratives are read not against the backdrop of Christian sectarianism in Late Antiquity but rather as a response to late ancient Jewish polemics against, and parodies of, the life of Jesus of Nazareth. KEYWORDS Jesus of Nazareth, Qur'an, crucifixion, Jews and Judaism in Arabia, Toledot Yeshu

Arheologija u zajednici: privatno i javno (Popisivanje privatne arheološke zbirke) LIII Ivana Marinović Bunari u antičkome Rimu i nekoliko primjera iz rimske provincije Panonije LXVII Anđela Tenšek, Ivan Šapina Istraživanje prisutnosti invazivne vrste Ailanthus altissima (Mill.

Valldaura del Berguedà és al terme d'Olvan, però més a prop de La Quar. Un lloc de pas entre el Pirineu i la part central del que avui coneixem Catalunya, terra de conquesta. Els senyors de la Portella, fundadors del monestir benedictí de St. Pere de la Portella de La Quar, tenien el domini feudal d'aquestes terres. Sota aquesta casa es fundà una comunitat femenina al lloc de Favar (després Valldaura). Les dues comunitats, nascudes a principis de l'any 1000, seguiran evolucions diferents.  La de Valldaura serà lliurada al segle XIII a la reforma del Cister. Veurem les dificultats d'aquest i d'altres monestirs femenins.

Il contributo - derivato dalla relazione tenuta al Convegno «Di arbusti ed umili merici». Nuove prospettive filologiche e critiche sulla poesia “minore” del Medioevo (XIII-XV secc.), Napoli, Scuola Superiore Meridionale, 25-26 maggio 2023 - riassume le nuove acquisizioni sulla biografia e sulla produzione poetica di Lorenzo Moschi, mostrandone le ripercussioni negli studi filologici, linguistici e letterari, specificamente in ambiente digitale e con riferimento alle risorse prodotte dall'Istituto del CNR Opera del Vocabolario Italiano.

For a long time, historical research assumed that the lower nobility in German-speaking countries formed a closed class towards the end of the High Middle Ages. This idea of a “closure of the knightly estate” (“Abschließung des Ritterstandes”) has been the basis of numerous works on the history of the nobility and society as such, but has increasingly been criticised in recent times. Thus this powerful paradigm must be scrutinised. On the one hand, the thesis of a closure is based on a series of royal and imperial decrees from the 12th and 13th centuries, and thus has its roots in an attempt to gain normative control of the emerging lower nobility. On the other hand, this lower nobility was a fluid entity for centuries, which consolidated and erected barriers slowly and in various stages of development. In view of this social dynamic, the idea of an enclosure of the knightly estate in the Middle Ages is no longer tenable.

During the last years of the thirteenth century and the first half of the fourteenth several types of coin with incompatible legends are known from the Low Countries. We refer to these as 'hybrid coins'. Imitations of edwardian sterling pennies of this type are referred to by nichols Mayhew as 'enigmatic sterlings'. 2 there are also a number of imitations of the French gros tournois which are regarded as the products of a monetary convention between two different authorities. Around 1337 Louis of nevers, also known as Louis of Crécy (1322-46), introduced a new type called the leeuwengroot (Figure ).

Das Mitteldeutsche Doktorandenkolloquium ist eine gemeinsame Veranstaltung der Mittelalterlehrstühle der Universitäten in Sachsen, Sachsen.Anhalt und Thüringen und ermöglicht den Austausch über derzeit entstehende Qualifikationsschriften. Es findet dieses Jahr in Magdeburg statt.

Dette bilag er en liste over alle potentielle og bekraeftede råder og rigsembedsmaend for Erik Menved. Listen angiver hvornår de kan have vaeret råder og rigsembedsmaend ud fra kildematerialet, og hvornår de vides at have bestredet andre embeder for kongen. Det er vanskeligt at bestemme en persons status som råd. Dette må, som omtalt i selve afhandlingen, bestemmes ud fra en helhedsvurdering. Den følgende liste angiver den omtrentlige

This article discusses the shared content of three interrelated astronomical manuscripts from late medieval Italy, arguing that certain elements of this shared content trace their origins to Maghribī sources. This includes two tables of geographic coordinates with a pronounced focus on locations in North Africa as well as a gnomonic table for the latitude of Tunis. One of the coordinate tables is known to resemble an Arabic table in a zīj by Ibn al-Raqqām, who was active in Tunis, Béjaïa, and Granada in the period 1280-1315. It will be argued that a likely explanation of this knowledge transfer lies in the documented mercantile and diplomatic contacts between the Republic of Venice and Ḥafṣid Tunisia in the decades around 1300.

In Notiziario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta n. 11, 2019.  Si studiano le forme usate dai Signori di Padova Francesco I e Francesco II da Carrara (dal 1355 al 1405) per costruire la propria immagine pubblica, attraverso i documenti superstiti e i loro sigilli.

In the historic center of the town of Brindisi, during the renovation of Palazzo Guerrieri, an eighteenth century building, located a few hundred meters from the quay of the inner harbour, archaeological investigations were conducted within the complex on several occasions between 2001 and 2010. These revealed traces of Roman and Medieval urban settlement. Below the modern layers were found structures in opus mixtum of a Roman building dated from the early imperial period; they consist of walls delimiting rooms with vaulted ceilings and arched openings in brick, with a few traces of cocciopesto flooring collapsed from an upper storey. These structures are partially integrated into the body of a medieval building of which there were found rectangular rooms arranged around an open space, and an area for productive activities, documented by the presence of a small furnace and surfaces with traces of combustion. In the layers related to this phase fragments of pottery dating from the th...

The range of goods liable to the paying of tithe had long remained undefined both generally and within the Kingdom of Hungary. In theory, the faithful owed a tithe to the Lord from all they had, but in practice it was basically confined to the agricultural produce. The range of things liable to tithing was limited partly by objective (natural and structural) factors, and partly by local customs. Within the Carpathian Basin, the most frequently tithed items were wheat, millet and flax, as well as lambs, kids (young goats) and bees. The tithing of oats, barley, rye, and wine, or piglets and tolls was only possible if the environmental conditions were convenient. In Slavonia and the northern mountain regions a great number of local specialities are mentioned as subject to tithing (spelt, walnut, beans, marten hide, hops, calf, cheese). Compared to these areas, Transylvania was an ordinary region, with only the tithing of salt being a specific feature, while in the land of the Székelys the payment of tithe was confined to the smaller stock. Over the 14th and 15th centuries, the range of titheable items went through a process of gradual simplification with the disappearance of regional peculiarities.

Through six case studies of major historical as well as recent droughts, the paper provides an overview of the documented short-and long-term drought impacts, the level of resilience, typical administrative and societal responses in historical Hungary and the Carpathian Basin, in East Central Europe, where even today drought is the singlemost important climate-related natural hazard. The analysis includes the presentation and complex system analysis of four outstanding, well-documented historical droughts occurred in the early 1360s, early 1500s, the 1710s(-1720s) and in the early 1860s, and the recent outstanding drought of 2022, with discussing the different levels, changes and development of drought mitigation, prevention and adaption methods since the Middle Ages until the present. Despite its low-lying, partly flood-prone position, the GHP, especially its central and southern parts are rather sensitive to droughts. Indeed drought is the leading natural hazard in the central and eastern, more continental parts of the CB, including the Transylvanian basins. However, the greatest droughts, such as the one that happened in 2022, usually affect the entire CB, except for its most westerly and north-westerly parts. Apart from the intensity and magnitude of drought and other weather-related or biological hazards (animal invasions and plant, animal, or human diseases), the negative consequences of major weather extremes strongly depended on the environmental and socio-economic context, and the local, regional, and international conditions that immediately preceded the drought. Among many factors, it is important to emphasise the international food market conditions and the role of grain (animal and other food) export prior to and during the drought, as a key additional factor of an evolving food crisis. Depending on the economic and political conditions, population density, the level of agricultural production, the administrative system, reserves, transportation and redistribution possibilities, the magnitude of regional differences, resilience capacities of the countries of the CB varied over time. Although it is not yet possible to provide a long-term overview of absolute resilience levels in the CB and their changes over time, in order to give some basic ideas, we present here a first hypothetic-holistic estimation of resilience levels of the CB over the last approximately 1000 years (Fig. ). Apart from the level of economic and legal-administrative development, and important additional factors such as transportation and storage capacity, war and natural hazards were the two most important triggers for societal resilience. The relatively high estimated climate resilience level of the high-medieval period in the CB (see Fig. ), even compared to other parts of Europe, 2 is related to the very low number of famines mentioned in narrative sources, 3 and the estimated low population density. 4 Furthermore, in the CB relatively high agricultural yields, the strong, relatively centralized state, the dense system of small agricultural settlements (allowing for relatively fast communication), land and water management practices were also important. 5 The overall image of a rich country in the view of foreign observers 6 and the fact that the documented crisis periods in other parts of Europe usually showed little or no signs in high-medieval Hungary or Slavonia may also indirectly support the higher resilience level of the country compared to other parts of (Central) Europe. Even after the Great Mongol Invasion (1241-1242), which caused the greatest high-medieval crisis and famine in the kingdom, large parts of the country economically regenerated relatively quickly, within years). 7 When detectable, high-medieval archaeological evidence also suggests a generally well-fed contemporary population, 8 which, in times of crisis in Western or West-Central Europe, the country acted as a receptive area towards European migrants. 9

EIs avencos en astronomia, geodesia i navegació van permetre que els mapes del segle XVIII comencessin a ser més precisos que els que s'havien fet fins aleshores. Es pot parlar d'una nova cartografía, dibuixada a partir d'una xarxa geodésica i que cobreix a gran escala tota l'extensió d'un regne o d'un estat. La complexitat de la seva elaboració exigeix el recolzament i el financament per part dels governs respectius. De fet és l'embrió deIs futurs serveis geografics que sobretot durant el segle XIX aniran apareixent en la majoria de paísos del vell continente Aquesta nova cartografía, que té com a pioner l' estat francés amb la "Carte de Cassini", va suposar un canvi de tot el procés d' elaboració d'un mapa, en relació amb el sistema tradicional. Les obres descriptives, dutes a terme la majoria de vegades per autors en solitari, varen donar pas a un procés forca complex que abarcava des d'operacions matematiques a nous sistemes de representació gráfica, la qual cosa significava la participació de personal amb diferents nivells de formació. Juntament amb aquesta cartografía que podem anomenar topográfica persistirá la cartografía tradicional al' estil de la feta en les impremtes deIs Paísos Baixos o de Franca en segles anteriors. En el marc d'aquesta transformació hem fet una analisi deIs mapes de Catalunya publicats en el segle xvrn per veure la incidencia real d'aquest procés en la producció de l'epoca. La producció cartográfica espanyola en el segle XVIII El regne espanyol no disposava a comencaments del segle XVIII ni de personal ni de (193) 59

Retournard E. "The costume and protection of miners in Europe from the High Middle Ages to the early modern period. A multidisciplinary approach", international symposium: Protecting Bodies at Work: Technical Devices, Materialities of Health, and Political Imaginaries, Geneva (CH), 18-19.09.2025

Paru dans Les Échos. Nouvelles de l’Abbaye de Saint-Maurice, Numéro 29, Année 2026.
Cet article analyse l'œuvre de Jean-François Reymond, une mosaïque représentant la rencontre des disciples d'Emmaüs avec le Christ ressuscité, installée à la basilique de Saint-Maurice. Après avoir replacé l'œuvre dans le contexte historique de sa création et de la tradition artistique chrétienne, l'étude explore la dimension théologique et symbolique du geste eucharistique représenté. À travers une lecture attentive des détails stylistiques et liturgiques, l'article souligne comment la mosaïque devient un témoignage visuel de la foi en la Résurrection et un prolongement de la catéchèse chrétienne.

Manuel Zeiler & Jennifer Garner (2025): Montanarchäologie an der Nahtstelle von Forschungsinstituten, Denkmalpflege und Citizen Science in Deutschland. Blickpunkt Archäologie 1/2025, 42-47.

Die Erhaltung von Bodendenkmälern ist Aufgabe der Landesarchäologien. Lange Zeit wurden aber montanarchäologische Denkmäler zu wenig oder gar nicht von ihnen berücksichtigt. Durch einzelne Forschungsprojekte zur Montanarchäologie, initiiert von Forschungsinstituten in Kooperation mit der staatlichen Denkmalpflege, wurde der Fokus der Landesarchäologien hinsichtlich montanarchäologischer Strukturen sensibilisiert. Neben der staatlichen Denkmalpflege und Forschungseinrichtungen sind Ehrenamtliche der dritte bedeutende Aktivposten im Themenfeld Montanarchäologie in Deutschland. Sie können lokal bis regional wirken und das kulturelle Erbe bewahren, zugleich aber führt mangelndes archäologisches Verständnis oft dazu, dass Denkmalsubstanz von den Ehrenamtlichen verändert oder gar zerstört wird. Wie wichtig das Zusammenspiel von Denkmalpflege, Forschungsinstitutionen und Ehrenamtlichen ist, zeigen die hier gewählten »best-practice-Beispiele« ›Gerhardsseifen‹ und ›Grube Landeskrone‹ im Siegerland (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

The preservation of archaeological monuments is the task of the State Archaeological Heritage Services. For a long time, however, they paid too little or no attention to mining archaeological monuments. Through individual research projects on mining archaeology, initiated by research institutes in cooperation with the state monument preservation authorities, the focus of the state archaeologies has been sensitised with regard to mining archaeological structures. Volunteers are the third most important asset in the field of mining archaeology in Germany, alongside the state heritage authorities and research institutions. They can have a local to regional impact and preserve the cultural heritage, but at the same time a lack of archaeological understanding leads to the alteration or even destruction of monuments by those volunteers. The ‘best-practice examples’ selected here, ‘Gerhardsseifen’ (Iron Age to Medieval times) and ‘Grube Landeskrone’ (19th century) in Siegerland (southern Westphalia, North Rhine-Westphalia), show how important the interaction between monument preservation, research institutions and volunteers is.

Sudeckiego z górnictwem metali. Na przełomie XII i XIII w. w Europie Środkowej doszło do przekształceń w zakresie praw i zasad, w oparciu o które prowadzono eksploatację złóż metali i formowania się zasad wolności górniczej (Bergfreiheit) 1 . Pozyskanie nowej grupy wolnych pracowników, miało wpływ na rozwój podejmowanych prac, tak w aspekcie przestrzennym jak i ilościowym. Jednocześnie wraz z zagospodarowywaniem nowych obszarów, fundacjami klasztorów, kolonizacją na prawie niemieckim, obserwować można wzrost liczby założeń obronnych, gwarantujących, początkowo przede wszystkim monarchii, egzekwowanie należnych jej dochodów. Stopniowo, za zgodą panującego, dochodziło do odstępowania uprawnień do eksploatacji kolonizowanych terenów, w tym również eksploatacji złóż metali. Niniejszy tekst powstał w celu bliższego scharakteryzowania przedmiotowych związków, wielokrotnie sugerowanych literaturze 2 . Są one elementem problematyki (wciąż słabo poznanych) związków zaplecza gospodarczego z działalnością inwestycyjną śląskich książąt. Na podstawie dostępnych nam danych spróbujemy odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jakim stopniu "opieka" nad terenami działalności górniczej stanowiła czynnik decydujący o samej budowie warowni, wyborze lokalizacji, czy jej późniejszej ewolucji. W odniesieniu do których obiektów zasadnym będzie twierdzenie, o dominacji górnictwa nad pozostałymi gałęziami gospodarki nowo tworzonych ośrodków władzy terytorialnej? W pierwszej kolejności dokonamy przeglądu wybranych, dobrze udokumentowanych związków obiektów obronnych z górnictwem rud metali. W dalszej kolejności chcielibyśmy podjąć próbę scharakteryzowania grupy obiektów dostępnych naszym badaniom jedynie poprzez pośrednie informacje źródłowe, obserwację form terenowych czy kontekst ich funkcjonowania.

Durante el siglo XIV comienzan a producirse en la corona de Castilla una serie de cambios y transformaciones profundas en sus estructuras organizativas que conducen a un incremento de los recursos fiscales, logísticos y militares disponibles. Este proceso, contemporáneo a otros territorios peninsulares y europeos, llevó a un aumento de las capacidades de reunión y sostenimiento de fuerzas militares en el tiempo y el espacio, a un cambio en la organización y conducción de la guerra, cuyas dimensiones espaciotemporales crecen, y en definitiva a un proceso evolutivo a largo plazo que conducirá a lo largo de la baja Edad Media a la aparición del ejército permanente como instrumento de poder del naciente estado moderno.A series of important changes and transformations in the organizational structure of the Crown of Castile took place during the fourteenth century and led to an increase in financial, logistical and military resources. This process which ocurred at the same time in other I...

Based on the probate inventories from 1694, the contribution presents the Carniolan property of Kamila Ursula von Grundler, Countess Maria Juliana von Attems, and Baroness Maria Isabella von Werneck. We examined in detail the information set forth in archival materials regarding household furnishings, silver-, pewter-, brass-, and copperware, majolica pottery, paintings, mirrors, books, clothes as well as jewellery and other valuables in the possession of the above-mentioned noblewomen. Our aim was to draw parallels among their property and to identify the aspects in which they differed.

This workshop aims to revisit the study of the political cultures of early modernity in Euro-American spaces from a historical-conceptual and interdisciplinary perspective, taking into account the contributions of R. Koselleck, Q. Skinner, G. Duso, J. Fernández Sebastián and E. Palti, among other authors. The present reflection focuses on two aspects: firstly, the role played by the processes of reception and re-appropriation of the Ancients – in particular the Greco-Roman, Hebrew and Christian traditions – in the shaping of political communities (of their histories, identities and otherness) between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.
Secondly, the study of public spaces and dynamics will be addressed from a post-Habermasian approach (F. Benigno, F. De Vivo, H. Hermant, S. Landi, M. Rospocher, M. Olivari, etc.), by exploring the emergence of diverse communicational transactions within the framework of a European geopolitics of interconnected transatlantic networks.

In seiner Rektoratsrede uber den ,Ursprung der bisch6flichen Insignien und Ehrenrechte" hat Theodor Klauser einer Anschauung widersprochen, die Josef Braun fast vier Jahrzehnte zuvor in einer Untersuchung iiber ,,Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient nach Ursprung und Entwicklung" niedergelegt hattel und die etwa so zusammengefaBt werden kann: ,,Die christlichen Bischofe.... haben im 4. oder 5. Jahrhundert das Bediirfnis empfunden, sich durch geeignete Rangzeichen und Gewander von den Klerikern niederen Grades und von den Weltleuten abzuheben; sie haben deshalb eine Reihe von Insignien und Kostumelementen erdacht, fur welche die Rangzeichen und die Amtstracht der hohen Staatswurdentrager das Vorbild abgaben' '2. Klauser setzte dagegen seine These, ,,da3 die rnsignien und Ehrenrechte der Bischofe identisch sind mit den Insignien und Ehrenrechten, die ihnen aufgrund ihrer Einreihung in eine der hohen staatlichen Rangklassen des spatromischen Imperiums zugefallen sind"'. Die Argumente, mit denen er die Nobilitierung der Bischofe uberhaupt und ihren Beginn in Konstantinischer Zeit zu beweisen sucht, sollen im Folgenden einer erneuten Prufung unterzogen werden. Als zeitlich friihestes Zeugnis zieht Klauser den Brief heran, den im Jahre 3I4 die Teilnehmer an der Synode von Arles an den Bischof von Rom,

UDK: 821.163.42.09 MaruliÊ, M. Brenda Dunn ‡Lardeau Izvorni znanstveni rad Université du Quebec a Montréal Dans le contexte de tentatives de réformes pré-tridentines, dans la littérature humaniste comme dans le bréviaire, il est intéressant d'observer, dès 1498, les stratégies de renouvellement de l'écriture hagiographique dans l'oeuvre majeure de morale du Croate Marko MaruliÊ (Marc Marule), De bene beateque vivendi institutione per exempla Sanctorum, publié à Venise, 1 tout spécialement par rapport à la réévaluation des abus du merveilleux médiéval. Je n'ai pas à présenter ici cet humaniste, dont l'oeuvre, considérée comme fondatrice de la littérature croate, a occupé une place importante dans la Renaissance européenne. Un témoin éloquent de ce rayonnement est la large diffusion de l'Institutio depuis l'original latin de 1498 jusque dans ses traductions jusqu'à la fin du XVII e siècle. A ce sujet, Leo Koπuta écrivait en 1986: «Au total, *Une version plus longue de cette communication a été présentée à Rome en mars 1999 lors de la Conférence de l'Associazione Italiana per lo Studio della Santità, dei Culti et dell'Agiografia sous le titre de «De bene beateque vivendi institutione per exempla Sanctorum (1498) de Marko MaruliÊ ou l'hagiographie médiévale revue par l'humanisme chrétienfl. 1 Mirko T o m a s o v i Ê note dans Marko MaruliÊ, «Marcus Marulusfl, trad. de l'italien par Charles Béné, Split-Paris: Knjiaeevni Krug Split Marulianum-Almae Matris Croaticae Alumni, 1996, p. 9-16 et tout spécialement aux p. 15 et 16 que le titre varie même dans les éditions latines, par ex. De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum ou

La carriera del valdostano Raoul Gros, arcivescovo di Tarantasia dal 1246 al 1271, è emblematica di come la posizione di vertice raggiunta da un ecclesiastico non solo di nobile famiglia, ma anche di grande talento personale, e abbastanza fortunato da durare molto a lungo nella carica, potesse avere ricadute significative in un ambito familiare allargato, includendo cioè la parentela non soltanto in linea maschile ma femminile, su una durata non di una sola ma di due e addirittura di tre generazioni, e in un orizzonte non soltanto locale ma internazionale.

De nombreux travaux se sont emparés des questions d’écart à la "norme" funéraire en se focalisant sur des périodes chronologiques précises. Mais l’absence de traitement funéraire, sous-estimée en contexte archéologique, est un pan de recherche peu exploré alors qu’il peut contribuer aux réflexions sur le fonctionnement des sociétés du passé. Par une approche interdisciplinaire et transchronologique qui nous a permis de nous appuyer sur de nombreux exemples transculturels, nous proposons d’explorer trois axes : les causes de l’absence de rites funéraires, le traitement des dépouilles concernées et la signature archéologique de ces traitements. Nous avons mis en évidence, entre autres, que pour les "mauvais morts", les mêmes causes peuvent conduire soit à une absence totale de rites funéraires soit à des rites altérés. Par ailleurs, le traitement "positif" des dépouilles de certains individus pour lesquels il n’y a pas de prescription funéraire, pose la question de la valeur d’une telle pratique. Il est également apparu qu’aucun traitement du cadavre n’est spécifique à l’absence de rites funéraires même si certains d’entre eux lui sont fréquemment corrélés. Nous proposons ainsi une aide à la réflexion pour identifier, nommer et interpréter les cas archéologiques dont les caractéristiques s’éloignent de la variabilité des pratiques funéraires connues pour un contexte donné.

Sutera is today a small town in central-western Sicily, in the province of Caltanissetta. The inhabited center is located on the slopes of an enormous relief of chalky rock, Mount San Paolino, clearly visible even from a great distance and from the top of which you can see an immense panorama. The name of the place probably derives from the Greek soteira "savior" or soteria, "salvation", with reference perhaps to the cult of a "savior" divinity of Antiquity (Artemis?) or to Mount San Paolino which could offer salvation to the inhabitants due to its topographic characteristics. The historical sources on Sutera begin only with the Islamic conquest of Sicily and are not very many for the entire Middle Ages. In 860-861 the locality, already subjugated by the Muslims, broke the capitulation pact (amān) and had to be subjugated by the Saracens again. About two centuries later, in 1086, it was conquered by the Normans and in 1157 it was remembered as an inhabited place along a busy road by the Arab geographer al-Idrīsī. There is little information for the Norman, Swabian and Angevin ages. At the end of the 13th century, during the War of the Vespers, a royal castle is documented in Sutera for the first time in which the Angevin prince Philip of Taranto, captured in battle, was imprisoned for a few years. During the 14th century Sutera was granted as a fief several times to various lords. The documents relating to ecclesiastical tithes show the presence of the churches of S. Nicola, San Paolo (or Paolino?), S. Maria, S. Agata and a "royal chapel", perhaps in the castle. The documents and above all the toponymy suggest that the center expanded in the Islamic era with the creation of a rabad or suburb which gave its name to the current Rabato neighborhood. Near the Rabato is the Rabatello and the Giardinello district has also been mentioned since the 14th century. Even today the town is divided into these three districts. There is no historical or monumental evidence on the existence of a little town from the Byzantine and Islamic era perched on Mount San Paolino but this hypothesis cannot be discarded and is indeed suggested by the existence of a suburb called Rabad in Arabic on the slopes of the mountain. Our excavations, conducted in 2022 and 2024 and which we hope to continue, had the aim of finding structures of the existing castle on the top of Mount San Paolino, which has practically disappeared, and looking for traces of a possible inhabited center already existing on the mountain. For this second question, the discovery of workings on the rock face and traces of houses suggests the possibility that the mountain was the site of an inhabited center, which then moved to the slopes. The castle remained on the mountain, at least for the final two centuries of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern age. We excavated a living environment of the castle whose base was obtained by cutting the chalky rock. The

Manor Houses were the homes and centres of operation of Basque noble families during the Late Medieval Period. From early defensive Tower Houses to the Palaces of the early 16th century, Manor Houses evolved during the Late Middle Ages, adapting to different historical periods. Despite their heritage value, these buildings are in danger of being lost. Investigations of past centuries encouraged the emergence of false beliefs around Manor Houses -excessively old constructive periods, assignment of defensive origins to most buildings, etc.-. This has resulted in serious errors in heritage catalogues and, subsequently, a high number of unfortunate architectural interventions. This paper aims to analyse and characterize the typological evolution of Basque Manor Houses, in order that the results be used as guideline for future protection strategies. The work was divided into three sections: field work, documentary research and historical-constructive analysis. Collected data was uploaded into QGIS software, which was then used to carry out a comparative analysis. An inventory of 2050 Manor Houses has been developed, which includes a "Red List" of 472 buildings in danger of being lost. Five typologies of Manor Houses have been identified: one with a defensive function -the Tower House-and four types of nondefensive constructions -Tower Palace, Rural Palatial House, Large Palace and Village Manor House-. Most of the existent Basque Manor Houses were built after the mid-15th century and were non-defensive from their original construction.

The article examines the position of officials in the territory of Parma (Emilia-Romagna) from the 1440s to the 1490s, who served as castellans (commanders of castles) under the Sforza dynasty, that ruled the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Genoa in the second half of the 15th Century. The officials were native of Alessandria, Bologna, Catanzaro, Cremona, Florence, La Spezia, Lecco, Macerata, Massa-Carrara, Milan, Naples, Monza and Brianza, Novara, Parma, Pavia, Perugia, Piacenza, Pisa, Ravenna, Rimini, and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola. They served in Belvedere Piacentino (Pellegrino Parmense), Borgo San Donnino (now Fidenza), Borgotaro (now Borgo Val di Taro), Brescello, Castelguelfo (Noceto), Castelnuovo Parmense (or Castelnuovo Parmigiano, now Castelnovo di Sotto), Colorno, Grondola (Pontremoli), Guardasone (Traversetolo), Gusaliggio (Valmozzola), Noceto, Parma, Pellegrino Parmense, Poviglio, San Secondo (now San Secondo Parmense), Tizzano (now Tizzano Val Parma), Torrechiara (Langhirano), Torricella (Sissa Trecasali), and Vigolone (Calestano). The discourse follows the events of potentates which operated in the Parmesan area from the 1440s to the 1490s: the duchies of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio, the Republic of Venice, seigneuries of Da Correggio, Fieschi, Landi, Pallavicino, Piccinino, Rossi, Sanvitale, and Torelli, in addition to the state of Milan. The close examination is based on archival sources kept in Cremona, Milan, Paris, Parma, Pontremoli, Reggio Emilia, and Turin. Translated title; The Sforza Castellans in Parma and in the Parmesan Territory (15th Century). Language; Italian. Archivio Storico per le Province Parmensi, volume 75 (2023, printed 2024), pp. 307-24. Published in Parma (Emilia-Romagna – Italy). © “Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Province Parmensi”. - L’articolo descrive l’incarico degli ufficiali che tra gli Anni ’40 e ’90 del Quattrocento prestarono servizio come castellani (comandanti di rocche e fortezze) nel territorio di Parma (Emilia-Romagna) per conto della dinastia Sforza, signora del Ducato di Milano e della Repubblica di Genova durante la seconda metà del XV secolo. Gli ufficiali erano originari di Alessandria, Bologna, Catanzaro, Cremona, Firenze, La Spezia, Lecco, Macerata, Massa-Carrara, Milano, Napoli, Monza e Brianza, Novara, Parma, Pavia, Perugia, Piacenza, Pisa, Ravenna, Rimini e Verbano-Cusio-Ossola. I castellani operarono a Belvedere Piacentino (Pellegrino Parmense), Borgo San Donnino (ora Fidenza), Borgotaro (adesso Borgo Val di Taro), Brescello, Castelguelfo (Noceto), Castelnuovo Parmense (o Castelnuovo Parmigiano, oggi Castelnovo di Sotto), Colorno, Grondola (Pontremoli), Guardasone (Traversetolo), Gusaliggio (Valmozzola), Noceto, Parma, Pellegrino Parmense, Poviglio, San Secondo (attuale San Secondo Parmense), Tizzano (ora Tizzano Val Parma), Torrechiara (Langhirano), Torricella (Sissa Trecasali), and Vigolone (Calestano). La trattazione segue le vicende dei potentati attivi nell’area parmense fra gli Anni ’40 e ’90 del XV secolo: i ducati estensi di Ferrara, Modena e Reggio, la Repubblica di Venezia, le signorie Da Correggio, Fieschi, Landi, Pallavicino, Piccinino, Rossi, Sanvitale e Torelli, oltre allo stato di Milano. L’esame è basato su fonti d’archivio conservate a Cremona, Milano, Parigi, Parma, Pontremoli, Reggio nell’Emilia e Torino. Titolo originale: Castellani sforzeschi a Parma e nel parmense (XV secolo). Lingua: italiano. «Archivio Storico per le Province Parmensi», Parma (Emilia-Romagna – Italia), Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Province Parmensi, LXXV, 2023 (stampa 2024), pp. 397-24. © «Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Province Parmensi».

Arheološkim istraživanjima na položaju Kalješina na sjeverozapadnom dijelu otoka Ugljana istraženi su ostatci dvije suhozidne građevine koje je temeljem asociranih pokretnih nalaza moguće kronološki smjestiti u razdoblje 14. – 17. stoljeća. Analizom podataka iz povijesnih, topografskih i etnoarheoloških istraživanja zaključuje se da je riječ o stočarskim kompleksima koji su povezani s korištenjem pašnjaka za ispašu sitne stoke. Rezultati istraživanja pružaju uvid u arheološke karakteristike stočarskih nalazišta na otvorenom, a iz perspektive arheološke struke omogućuju nove podatke o organizaciji i načinima upravljanja stokom na otoku Ugljanu tijekom kasnog srednjeg i ranog novog vijeka.

When it comes to Francis, many people will say that he is a messenger of peace, but Francis participated in wars when he was young. Francis, who was sixteen years old in 1198, had already participated in a small battle against the Rocca Maggiore on the top of Assisi and won it. Four years later, he participated in the battle of Assisi, which supported the Pope, against Perugia, which supported the Holy Roman Emperor. He was defeated and captured, spent a year in Perugia prison, and was redeemed by his father.

Litewska tradycja bitwy pod Grunwaldem już na pierwszy rzut oka uzewnętrznia się odrębnością nazwy tej bitwy. Obok tradycyjnej niemieckiej nazwy bitwa pod Tannenbergiem i polskiej bitwa pod Grunwaldem w litewskiej historiografii przyjęła się nazwa žalgirio mūšis (bitwa pod Žalgirisem), która zaczęła się z czasem pojawiać w tekstach nie tylko litewskich 1 . Niektórzy białoruscy historycy byli zaniepokojeni, że obok tych trzech nazw brakuje białoruskiej nazwy bitwy. Mimo wszystko ich propozycja -bitwa pod Dubrowną (Dąbrównem) nie przyjęła się nawet w samej Białorusi 2 . Nazwy tej bitwy w języku niemieckim i polskim ukształtowały się od różnych nazw miejscowości znajdujących się w pobliżu miejsca bitwy, litewska zaś nazwa jest tłumaczeniem niemieckiego Grünwald na język litewski. Zaczęto jej używać w pierwszych dziełach historycznych w języku litewskim, z wyjątkiem pierwszego historyka Szymona Daukantasa piszącego po litewsku, który zgodnie z niemiecką tradycją miejsce bitwy nazywał Tannenberg 3 . Pierwszy litewskiej wersji Grunwaldu użył znany działacz odrodzenia narodowego Petras Vileišis. W 1885 r. tłumacząc z języka rosyjskiego zestawioną przez Jana Prekera chronologię wydarzeń w guberni kowieńskiej, podał on dwojaką nazwę miejsca bitwy -Grunwald (Žalkrūmis) 4 . W wydanym w 1887 r. tłumaczeniu 1 Np. w encyklopedii wydanej w języku angielskim podano odsyłacz: "Žalgiris See Tannenberg, Battle" (The Crusades. An Encyclopedia, ed.